Aerogel Based Insulation for Façade Renovation of Historical Buildings

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Aerogel based insulation for façade renovation of historical buildings

Michal Ganobjak, Eva Kráľova*

PhD. student, Faculty of architecture, Slovak University of Technology, Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Restoration, Námestie

slobody 19, 812 45 Bratislava, Slovakia, [email protected]*tutor, Assoc prof., Faculty of architecture, Slovak University of Technology, Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Restoration,

Námestie slobody 19, 812 45 Bratislava, Slovakia, [email protected]

Abstract: Demands to ensure the standard of living and work space requirements are reflected in the current standards. Change of purpose of industrial heritage structures from production to non-production purpose (the conversion) brings different requirements to meet the standards, which are different in comparison with original factory functions. Hence there is need for intervention (refurbishment changes, additions, demolitions) into the original material from which the industrial heritage structures are assembled.

Historic buildings were built at the time, when were not considered in the current intentions of energy efficiency. Abandoned industrial buildings for new uses objective cannot offer sustainable options to the current standard of interior. For solving this dilemma are frequently used standard procedures of addition of insulating boards to exterior side of façades. Result may appear as change in the architectural expression of the building. For valuable (memorable) architectures, this means a loss of cultural (aesthetic) values of the original building, which is in terms of cultural interest not acceptable procedure.

The construction market appear with new materials. One class of such thermal insulation materials are aerogel based thermal insulations. Paper shows application possibilities of aerogel based insulations on industrial heritage buildings.

Keywords: nanomaterials, aerogel, façade, industrial heritage

766 | conference Proceedings of the 9th eneRgY FORuM

“A change that is not an improvement is a degradation“

Adolf Loos, architect [1]

1. Introduction

Being inspired by the sentence of notable exponent of modern architecture, this article watch how the silica areogels act on the skin of historic buildings which are listed as the cultural monuments. Cases from practice show that even excellent defined values and individualized methodological regulation of building recovery can come to grief in the phases of its practical realization. Imperfect technical solution, inappropriate or incompatible material can endanger valuable parts of monuments. The paper presents the results reached in the frame of developing the doctoral thesis on the topic Application of New Materials in Conversion of Selected Power Plants. The example of Aerogel Usage in Brick Fasade Restoration. [2]

Demands to ensure the standard of living and working space are involved into the current technical standards. The function change of former production building to non-production purpose (i.e. conversion) in the structures of industrial heritage brings new requirements to achieve the relevant standards – different from those of original production function. In such case, there is emerging a need for intervention (add-ons, removal) to the original material composition, of which the construction of industrial heritage structures was compiled. On the building material market, there the new products (materials) are occurring continually. Some of them suggest promising potential useful also to restore/conversion of industrial heritage. The aerogels based thermal insulation represents one group of such materials.

The abandoned industrial buildings objectively can not offer sustainable options to the current standard of inner climate for new uses, because they were built in the period when the energy efficiency was not considered in the current intentions. As a solutions of this dilemma there could be used the exerted practices of supplementary added insulation material (boards, etc.) covering the exterior skin of façade. Result is a change of the architectural expression of building. In the case of valuable (memorable) architectures, this means a loss of cultural (aesthetic) values of the original building, what in terms of cultural interest is undesired procedure.

A crucial aspect for the preservation of cultural values of the buildings listed as the architectural monuments is the identification and inventory of that values for which the object is preserved. In order that the discussions about industrial heritage values should not lead into an abstract level, it is necessary to specifically identify the values carrier and to feature their visual expression. This paper observes the alterations of a particular values carrier - brick facades they are distinctive for the vast part of the industrial era’s monuments. In the case of re-use of initial building, there it comes to an increase in demands of energetic efficiency, as well as in user’s comfort of internal environment. Similarly, the principles of monument preservation are in force. It is concerned especially to maintain the expression and construction authenticity, the material and structures integrity, compatibility of materials and to enable the intervention reversibility. The objects of the former power plants, they are convenient for a new function, are the examined segment of monument for the purposes of this paper. The material based on aerogeles come across as convenient to improve the thermo-technical properties of the external cladding of brick carcass in the course of adaptation intervention of the former industrial facilities for the new function when the requirement of the aesthetic expression maintenance is given.

advanced BuIldIng skIns | 767

Figure 1. From left: Peter Tsou (Nasa) with sample of solid aerogel for space mission [3], aerogel insultation blanket Spaceloft [4], (Aspen Aerogels, Inc.), ultra-thin transparent insulation paint coating [5] (Industrial Nanotech, Inc.)

The literature describes characteristics [3] [4] [6 - 23] of aerogels that speak of the exceptional properties, when with almost negligible thickness [43 - 51] they should achieve efficiency comparable to standard thermal insulation technologies. Aerogel based materials are available on the market [2], but in practice they are still not widely used. In addition to the economic side, it is perhaps because there are not known experimentally validated case studies of use. There are no known implementations, credible references or scientific studies that confirm them. It nurses a serious abstention of the establishment of monument preservation service with the recommendation (references) of aerogels using for the monument renewal practice.

Information about the characteristics, instructions and experiences with the aerogels applying were not aimed at the building industry, as well as at the building processes till this time. In the building literature of international provenience, there is possible to find only the references about their existence. The actual scientific papers devoted to aerogels say a lot about the research and advancement on this field, but the literature does not mention about the practical application of materials not even about the attained results. Nevertheless, the aerogel based insulation materials are offering on the construction materials market. Their active applying in the building practice, however, is behind despite of their apparent and promoted potential. That’s why the functioning of aerogels based materials is needed to sufficiently verify and to assign an adequate application for the case of old building renewal, especially for the architectural monuments.

2. Methods

In the research proceeding there were applied various research methods, in particular the literature retrieval and the international literature sources search, the analyses and comparison of reached knowledge under the criterions of monument preservation, as well as under the criterions of thermo-technique. The theoretical pieces of knowledge about the aerogels and their physical characteristics were confronted with the demands of standard specification, of law acts and of the building monument preservation principles, too. The experimental applying of selected aerogels (transparent aerogel coating) based products on four case studies of former power plants (Figure 2.) on the territory of Slovakia which do not serve more for their initial purpose, The realized experiments proved the impact of aerogels on the unplastered brick façades. There was investigate means by means of experiments if the architectural expression of watched objects does not suffer a change of those crucial characteristics they are considered as the cultural value. In the same time, there was monitored if and how will be altered the physical characteristics of external cladding regarding the energy efficiency. The measurement results and their scoring were worked by the statistical methods in the form of compendious tables and diagrams.


Figure 2. Idustrial heritage case studies in Slovakia, location/orientation/sample

3. The need to reduce energy demands of existing buildings

Buildings (residential and commercial) represent for nearly 40% (Figure 3.) energy consumption. Inefficient building envelope causes a significant energy loss. International Energy Agency (IEA) prioritized improvement of the thermal properties of building envelopes in document (Technology Roadmap Energy Efficient Building Envelopes).


Figure 3. Final energy demand of EU 2013 by sectors. Buildings (Residential + Commercial) consume 40% of energy. [24]

It is expected that in 2050 only 10-20% of energy consumption will be required by buildings of the current (new) construction. Up to 80% energy consumption of buildings will be older buildings. In prognosis [25] IEA calculates that about 75% of today’s buildings stock will still exist in 2050. The biggest challenge in improvement of energy efficiency in the future are therefore reconstruction of currently existing buildings. This forecast indicates that “20% to 60% of energy consumption of buildings is dependent on the design and construction of envelope” [25]. Reducing energy consumption of building envelopes is therefore IEA´s priority.

Inefficient envelopes of existing buildings causes a significant energy loss, therefore were set as strategic priority. The strategy has identified various milestones. Between 2015-2025 is directed prompted researchers and manufacturers: „Develop advanced aerogel insulation that has high performance, lower cost, and offers greater benefits for space constraint applications.” [25]

4. Industrial heritage challenges

Efforts to raise the energy efficiency or comfort of existing industrial building brings with it risks of the loss of expression. The market offers a wide variety of thermal insulation contact systems [3] (ETICS), which can solve the issue of additional thermal insulation. In some cases, there is possibility of usage of thermal insulation from interior side. The current insulation materials are used in thick or more layers. Application is labor intensive and has invasive details. Extra weight has to be loaded by facade and peripheral structures. Thick layers change proportions of buildings, detract from the floor space and light areas of window openings.

For building objects with textured surfaces of facade or artistic details are conventional insulation systems not adequate. Additional weight must be attached by additional anchors, which is affecting the integrity of the building. Even simple shapes (frames, cornices) lose their proportion after the insulation. In terms of architecture are ETICS systems suitable for new buildings or other modifications where placing was anticipated. The consequences of loss of expression of the original architectural intention, damage to the authenticity and integrity of historic buildings shows that for historic industrial architecture is usage of conventional insulation system not appropriate. In terms of building physics conventional insulation can completely change the internal climate system of building (heat transfer, diffusion of water vapor and air infiltration), therefore it needs that effects of application will be evaluated.

The characteristic side effect of industry is need for constant modernization, which often deeply affects the original structure of the building. Preservation of industrial heritage objects is not restoration to selected


historical period, but a review of importance, protection and incorporation of valuable components and true interpretation, as the basis for their further active use. At the past for industry construction has always been used advanced materials which solve difficult design tasks. [33] The use of current - new materials for the purpose of improvement structures of industrial heritege is in the spirit of modernisation and preserving industrial heritage character. Industrial heritage structures have used progresive, often mass-produced, standardized and prefabricated types of materials (construction products) in the spirit of the economic efficiency and functionality.

According to international charters and declarations is considered as a most important maintaining the authenticity and integrity [26] of the historical building. Interventions in the form of new materials, construction products, new technologies and equipment that become a permanent part of the building, may affect the preservation of the authenticity of the architecture. Therefore, intervention rate to the authenticity of the work is monitored and evaluated in experiments.

“Where traditional techniques prove inadequate, the consolidation of a monument can beachieved by the use of any modern technique for conservation and construction, the efficacy of which has

been shown by scientific data and proved by experience.“

(Venice charter) [32]

International conventions and documents permit the use of new materials in the reconstruction of buildings of architectural heritage, if they are compatible with authentic structures and these new materials have been tested and their effect on the physical original is not negative. It appears that there are no legislative requirements that would form an obstacle to the use of new materials, which have proven physical compatibility with the original, those that generate the minimal interference with the authenticity and integrity of the original, i.e. those which prove the condition of perfect reversibility of material application. The paper aims to verify whether new aerogel based materials meet these requirements. Preservation chalenges of new material use:

• maintain authenticity of heritage structures • maintain integrity of the original structures • compatibility with existing structures and materials • reversibility of application

5. Aerogel

Aerogel material is open-cell solid foam, mesoporous (pore diameter from 2 to 50 nm), made of a network of connected (nano) structures and which has a porosity (non-solid volume), more than 50%. [27] Most aerogels has porosity between 90 to 99.8 +%. The term aerorgel is not associated with a particular substance, but rather to the (internal) geometry. Chain structure with a diameter of 2-5 nm are connected to fixed open pores of an average size of 20 nm, where gas molecules can move. The definition includes, in particular its internal “architecture”. The concept of aerorgel is (already) not limited to material or production method. It can consist of a wide variety of substances. “Without exaggeration, we can assume that hardly any substance can not be changed into the aerogel.” [28] Aerogel began to be understand rather as a state of matter, like solid, liquid or gas (and plasma). [28] Depending on the type of used substance it may have significantly different properties. Most researched is silica aerogel ( SiO2). This paper research this aerogel.


5.1 Brief history

Table 1. Brief history from discovery of aerogel to building applications [29] [30] [31]

year event

1931 Steven Kistler prepared first aerogels at College of the Pacific in Stockton

1950 - 1970

Kistler worked on the development of aerogel production technology. Accepted a position at Monsanto. Affordable product was selled under Santocel® name. Monsanto stoped the production of aerogel in the 60´s for persistent technical problems and excessive costs.

1970 -

Research Group at the University Claude Bernard in Lyon (France) and other groups considerably simplified process of aerogel production.

1983 BASF started manufacture of aerogel, the production of a product called BASOGEL stoped in 1996. [31]

1986Tewari and Hunt patented drying process with supercritical drying of aerogels. It used the carbon dioxide at relatively low temperatures and pressures.

1989 Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) prepared aerogels for the space program.

1993 Aspen Systems began development of aerogels contract with NASA

1995 Aspen Systems has developed a flexible aerogel blanket for space suits

2001 It was founded Aspen Aerogels, Inc., producer of thermal insulation for various uses, dedicated for building construction

2003Cabot Corporation (Boston) begins production of aerogel in Frankfurt as the first company that uses drying under ambient conditions, which reduces the cost compared to traditional production

2000 - 2014

new types of aerogels made of different base materials, aerogels with improved properties, affordable aerogels

5.2 Properties, application possibilities

In recent years, the market for building materials offers several insulating materials based on aerogels with the advice of exceptional thermal insulation properties and other parameters (thickness, length, weight, transparency, hydrophobicity). Thermal conductivity λ of commercially available insulation from 13.1 to 13,6 mW/(m.K), the values obtained are 4 mW/(m.K). Standardized value of λ for polystyrene is 0.033 to 0.036 W/(m.K). Products with aerogel offer a recommendation for use in reconstruction. However, there are almost no relevant references on their use, or scientific articles supporting the use of the architecture. Ultrathin composite aerogel blankets produced by Aspen Aerogels and Cabot Nanogel in thickness of 5 and 10 mm promise to revolutionize the thermal insulation of existing buildings. Manufacturer Industrial Nanotech offers 13 paint products from the 5 products usable for residential use and construction as a paint insulation with aerogel base.


Figure 4. Fiber of insulation blankets (Spaceloft) are covered with micro-particles of aerogel. Primary insulating function have aerogel partcicles with open cell structure. [41]

5.3 Pallette of aerogel based materials

From the results of research and market supply can be inferred that the alleged nanotechnology is still looking for suitable applications in practice. Offer is visible material in various forms of products (Table 2.) expanding range of insulation products by insulating glass, plaster, powder, granules, membranes, blankets, and other forms of composite construction material with insulating properties. The pioneering venture is seen in widening range of conventional materials by improving their properties e.g. panels of mineral wool, polystyrene or plasterboard enriched by aerogel.

Table 2. Palette of silica aerogel based insulation materials aimed for construction [2]

type form

aero

gel S

iO2

hom

ogen

ous

compact form

solid sheet, boards and fittings

films and sheets

bulk grains, granules, pellets, powder

com

posi

te

fibre crosslinked

insulation blanked, fabric

solid panels, boards

mixtures

paints and coatings

plaster (interior/exterior)

construction materials

building blocks, panels


6. Characteristics of experiments and the results

Table 3. Designed experiments for impact research of aerogel based coating

category No. experiment descriptionap

plic

atio

n

1.application experiment - color change and gloss, monitoring samples

describes the action to the color of samples (brightness, hue and saturation), transparency, gloss, the texture, the behavior over time, roughness, stickiness, touch feeling, temporary and permanent changes in appearance

2.

water permeability observation and wettability of samples with the coating (hydrophobicity)

the reaction with liquids affect the appearance and performance, temporary and permanent changes in appearance and effects of exposure to water and other liquids

effe

ctiv

ity

3.measurement the surface temperature by contactless temperature device

determines the response to natural light treated and untreated part of the facade (samples), comparison of absorption of heat received from the sunlight at the specified samples (side by side)

4.active thermography - Infrared thermal reflectance / absorption of surface

Effectively insulated part in the daily sunlight appears with higher surface temperature. Non-insulated façade is able to absorb heat. The method proposed is because not all of the reference objects are currently in use.

5.passive thermography - infrared thermal properties of the facade

images in the infrared spectrum of transferred heat in the winter at night, with no interference heat from daylight, experiment is designed for case studies in use, with thermal difference between inside and outside

6.

measurement of the impact to Thermal ransmittance – U of existing structure

measurement of insulation coating operation according to the method adapted to the specific conditions conductivity meter. Comparison of measured values of heat transfer coefficient on the treated and untreated parts of the facade

reve

rsib

ility

7. test of reversibility of application

rate and methods of reversibility of application (paint removal)

Exp. 1 Measuring of color change and specular reflection gloss

Recommended number of coats (3 coats) causes noticeable, but not high difference in color and its attributes. Visually it is almost perceptible, but captured by the device (Spectrophotometer). Laboratory test can be generalized that the largest (but not great) shift in color was right after the first coat, while the other two have not cause a significant difference. Each brick sample reacted differently. Color difference is noticeable at local and sub-application, which can be compared with the untreated parts. For widescale use is the caused color difference not recognizable due to the absence of references.


Figure 5. Measuered values of Gloss reflection of insulation paint by application techniques

All application techniques caused minimal change in gloss (Figure 5.) after the first coat (1n). This change in gloss is imperceptible. The second application (2n) caused a observable shift in the level of gloss. After the third application (3n) the gloss level didn´t tend to increase with the technique of brush and roller. Differently reacted sample applied by airbrush, which the gloss value increased after the third application. The marked difference in the change of gloss after material application (as opposed to the change of color) appeared after the second application of the insulation paint material. After three layers are applied gloss values increased. The total shift of the gloss value is from lower level “matte” class to the lower level of “semi-matte class”. Observed values of gloss are low. Range of gloss is between 0 – 100.

Exp. 2 Water permeability and wettability of samples

Insulating coating was tested for water permeability (Figure 6.) on four original bricks of case studies I-IV., the original (untreated) and treated parts. From the measurement results from all samples, it was found that water permeability of three (recomended) layers of the aerogel based coating on the treated part was zero.

Figure 6. sample I. The difference between the non-treated side (a left) and treated (b rigth) by insulation coating after 5 hours. Experiment conducted on samples of brick I. - IV. samples.


Figure 7. Schematic representation of the surface wettability by contact angle CA. [34] Due to the CA the surface can be classified into different categories.

Figure 8. x) olive oil, y) pigmented alcohol 97%, v) pigmented water, w) dirty water (soil suspension) on untreated (a) and treated (b) part of brick sample with aerogel based coating

According contact angles of untreated (a) and treated brick part (b) is a visible change of the surface properties of the material after treatment (Figure 8.). Applied drop of oil (x) on the modified part (b) shows that the surface is oleophilic. Even more non-wetting ability appears alcohol (y) having a small contact angles with the surface of the coating. Water (v) and the dirty water (w) shows the normal surface wettability. After treatment of bricks (b) surface does not absorb fluids into the volume, that provide protection properties of bricks. Treated surface reacts to liquids such as (CA <90 °) normal (Figure 7.). Treatment does not show the announced super-hydrophobic properties of aerogel. In this form the coating product are probably reduced by coating binders.

Exp. 3 Mesurement of surface tempereatures of façade by infrathermometer

At the examined specimens of case studies have been measured subtle variations in the temperature of the treated (b) compared to the untreated sample (a) on sunlit side. The average temperature of the treated sample was slightly higher. Difference between measured (calculated) average temperatures represents about 0.3 to 1.2 ° C. The measured temperature difference is too small, in deviation tolerance of device. The reason of the temperature differences is unimportant, whereas so small difference may be caused by deviation of measurement device. The fact that both samples do not respond significantly differently i.e. emitting infrared radiation samples is the same, says that cured treated specimen (3 coats) does not significantly affect thermo-reflective properties. Reflections of IR radiation and absorbtion by wall from sunlight, since IR radiation falls through the transparent paint directly to the brick-coating interface. Treated and untreated part have approximately the same emissivity of about 0.92 to 0.93 which says that there are not good inhibitors of IR radiation. Question of economic returns of application should be reconsidered.


Exp. 4 Active thermovision

Figure 9. Photo vs. thermogram of case study I. Average temperature of treated part (b) is 0,25 ºC higher than untreated (a)

In the experiment was measured not significant temperature differences (Figure 9.) between the treated (a) and untreated sample (b). The average temperature of the treated sample was slightly higher. This marginal difference may be the “random” for example caused by the color difference of the bricks or “darken effect” after application. Picture (Figure 9.) shows that untreated part (a) contains some significant light bricks that appear on the thermogram cooler. The difference in temperature between the (b) and (a) in the case study I. is only 0.25 ° C. The difference is smaller than the deviation of the measurement (± 0.97 to 1.17 ° C protocol). It can be considered that there have not been observed important differences in temperature of the samples (a) and (b). The samples placed in direct sunlight behaved equally. It is known that the surfaces (brick and paint ) have the same emissivity value, thus are not good inhibitors of IR radiation. There were not observed thermal properties of the backward surface heat emission.

Exp. 5 Pasive thermovision

The experiment is planned to realize in winter 2014/2015. Thermogram of transferred heat through perimeter in the winter at night, with no heat interference from daylight. Experiment is designed for used case studies at the time of use, with thermal difference min. 15 degrees of Celsius, between inside and outside.

Exp. 6 Thermal transmittance - U measurement

For structures composed of multiple materials layers is used to express the thermal properties Thermal transmittance - U. Inverted value means Thermal resistance R = 1/U. With historic buildings is not sufficient if for the calculation of Thermal transmittance U are used the table values of the individual layers in the calculation. Historically authentic materials may not correspond to the tabulated values. It is common practice that the layers of historical materials and their properties are not known. There is often difficult to determine material composition of historically valuable buildings without invasive techniques. Invasive exploration and sampling, however, it is always questionable and undesirable with monument architecture. Calculation method for the determination of Thermal transmittance - U with the historic architecture for these practical reasons is indicative only.

Determine the thermal properties of the Nansulate® - aerogel based coating by calculation is not possible according to the manufacturer’s information [42], therefore was chosen method of measurement samples in real condition. For measurement of of the Thermal transmittance - U was chosen method of measurement


by Testo 635 test kit for the measurement thermal trasmittance. Measurement of the Thermal transmittance by test kits is not standard method.

Figure 10. Chart of the measured U values of the treated sample (b)

The measured values were culminated without stabilization around the calculated value (Figure 10.). Case of insufficient thermal gradient within exterior and inerior i.e. small temperature difference between inside and outside caused that exact measurement could not be realized. The value of thermal transmittance of the two samples and comparison of the differences between them is very rough. It is proposed to implement the experiment in the winter months.

Exp. 7 Reversibility

The experiments of reversibility will be carried after all long lasting experiments of appearance observation and measurements of insulation effectivity of aerogel based coatings.

7. Discussion

All four buildings of the former power plants, which was conducted verification experiments are protected as architectural monuments listed in the central list of monuments of the Slovak Republic. Therefore, the implementation of the experiments required the approval of the territorially competent authorities of the State Monuments Service. Although these institutions have approved the experiment, yet the area of experimental applications of aerogels was limited, so that in case of change of expression of facade surface would not appear disturbing within the whole.

Selected transparent coating insulation material with an aerogel basis was researched for the application impact on unplastered brick facades in three recommended layers in the experimental part. Visual impact of application has been examined in detail. Samples become little darker and saturated after cured appliction. Applicated layers have given semi-matte gloss to surface. The material does not significantly affect the change of expression. At experimets were not measured any thermal or superhydrophobic manifestations of applied layer. It is expectable, that to achieve insulating effect it would require a thicker layer of applications. However, it must be re-verified experimentally, because a thicker layer may change the visual character aesthetic expression treated architecture. Effects of tested coating material on several coats (more than 3) have not been studied. Ultrathin coating with aerogel base advertise various properties (hydrophobizing, antifungal, anti-corrosion, anti-settling dust, moss growth, self-cleaning, etc.) that can be used for the selected type of rough surfaces.

Measured values that characterize aspects of thermal techniques have shown that to obtain convincing results would be useful to verify the application on a larger area. This would eliminate the effect of heat


transfer from the surrounding - the application of aerogel untreated - facade area. The objectivity of the results require that measurements of thermal factors should be repeated further in winter.

Experiments has not verified the ability of reversibility of applied material intervention, which is another essential criterion for the use of material to objects protected as monuments. This experiment is scheduled last after all experiments of appearance and insulation efficiency.

Implementation of experiments showed that, for the verification of the effects and impacts of the applications of aerogel coating to protected surfaces of monument architecture is essential close collaboration of technologists from the production of aerogels with architects and methodologies for the protection of monuments. With regard to the expected development of the aerogels production and their deployment in construction, such cooperation is necessary and it would be appropriate to relevant experiments were carried out in the foreseeable future.

Figure 11. Comparison of the added thermal resistance R [ (m2.K) / W] by 5 mm thick insulating material, conversion according to the standard λ values STN 73 0540 [35], Nansulate [36] and Spaceloft (Certificate)

8. Conclusions

The results achieved by experiments showed that the aerogels based insulation materials with their unique characteristics (Figure 11.) combination can be convenient for the renewal of historic architecture of industrial heritage in the controlled situations. The various and different material consistence of the industrial heritage buildings, as well as the large types palette of aerogels based products and their relevant characteristics do not generalize the reference. For to exact reference – expert’s opinion – each material require the individual examination / experimental verifying for the specific material composition of historic building.

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Aerogel Based Insulation for Façade Renovation of Historical Buildings

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