Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of the marble façade of the Certosa di Pavia: Materials...

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B U L L E T I N D E C O R R E S P O N D A N C E H E L L É N I Q U E

ASMOSIA VI IActes du VIIe colloque international de l’ASMOSIA

Thasos 15-20 septembre 2003

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference ofAssociation for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity

Thassos 15-20 september, 2003

Études réunies par Yannis MANIATIS

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É C O L E F R A N Ç A I S E D ´ A T H È N E S

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Ce volume comprend les textes des communications d’ASMOSIA VII, 7e con-férence internationale de l’Association pour l’étude du marbre et des autres pierresdans l’Antiquité (Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Anti-quity), qui s’est tenue dans l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Les thèmes abordés dans cescommunications sont à la pointe du domaine interdisciplinaire où se rejoignent lascience, l’archéologie et l’histoire de l’art ; ils reflètent un large spectre de larecherche sur les pierres, depuis la carrière jusqu’au produit décoré dans son étatfinal. Les sujets plus particulièrement abordés sont les suivants : (1) Considérationsarchéologiques et emploi du marbre ; (2) Carrières, techniques d’extraction, géologie etpropriétés de la pierre ; (3) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : le marbre ;(4) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : autres pierres ; (5) Techniques etdéveloppements ; (6) Bases de données ; (7) Propriétés de la pierre – Vieillissement–Restauration et (8) Pigments et peintures sur marbre.

This book contains the papers submitted to ASMOSIA VII, which is the 7th In-ternational Conference of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stonesin Antiquity. The conference was held in the island of Thassos, Greece. The sub-jects of the papers represent the state-of-the-art in the interdisciplinary field ofScience and Archaeology and Art-History and reflect a very broad range ofresearch and applications on stone, from the quarry to the final decorated object.In particular, the subjects cover: (1) Archaeological considerations and use of marble,(2) Quarries, Quarrying Techniques, Geology and Stone properties, (3) ProvenanceIdentification and Characterisation: Marble, (4) Provenance Identification andCharacterisation: Other stones, (5) Techniques and Developments, (6) Databases,(7) Stone Properties – Weathering – Restoration and (8) Pigments and paintings onmarble.

BULLETIN DE CORRESPONDANCE HELLÉNIQUE, SUPPLÉMENTS

41. Les Italiens dans le monde grec (IIe siècle av. J.-C.-Ier siècle ap. J.-C.). Circulation, dénomination, intégration. Actes de la Table ronde organisée à l’École Normale Supérieure,Paris, 14-16 mai 1998, édités par Claire HASENOHR et Christel MÜLLER (2002).

42. Recherches franco-albanaise I. L’Albanie dans l’Europe préhistorique, Actes du colloque de Lorient organisé par l’École française d’Athènes et l’Université de Bretagne-Sud, Lorient8-10 juin 2000, édités par Gilles TOUCHAIS et Josette RENARD (2002).

43. Le Néolithique de Chypre, Actes du colloque international organisé par le Département des Antiquités deChypre et l’École française d’Athènes, Nicosie 17-19 mai 2001, édités par Jean GUILAINE et Alain LE BRUN, avec la collaboration d’Odile DAUNE-LE BRUN (2003).

44. Les Messéniens de 370/369 au Ier siècle de notre ère. Monnayage et histoire, par Catherine GRANDJEAN (2002).

45. La sculpture architecturale byzantine dans le thème de Nikopolis du Xe au début du XIIIe siècle (Épire et Étolie-Acarnanie et Sud de l’Albanie), par Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2005).

46. Mythos. La préhistoire égéenne du XIXe au XXIe siècle après J.-C. Actes de la table ronde internationaled’Athènes (21-23 novembre 2002), édités par Pascal DARCQUE, Michael FOTIADIS et Olga POLYCHRONOPOULOU (2006).

47. Études d’archéologie délienne, par Philippe BRUNEAU, Recueil d’articles rassemblés et indexés par Jean-Charles MORETTI (2006).

48. La sculpture des Cyclades à l’époque archaïque. Histoire des ateliers, rayonnement des styles, Actes du colloque international, organisé par l’Éphorie desAntiquités préhistoriques et classiques des Cyclades et l’École française d’Athènes (7-9 septembre 1998), édités par Y. KOURAYOS et Fr. PROST (2008).

49. La Sculpture Byzantine VIIe – XIIe siècle, Actes du colloque international, organisé par la 2e Éphorie des Antiquités byzantines et l’École française d’Athènes (6-8 septembre 2000),édités par Charalambos PENNAS et Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2008).

50. La gigantomachie de Pergame ou l’image du monde, par Françoise-Hélène MASSA-PAIRAULT (2007).

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ASMOSIA VII


É C O L E F R A N Ç A I S E D ’ A T H È N E S

Directeur des publications : Dominique MulliezAdjointe aux publications : Catherine Aubert

Révision et mise au point des textes : Y. Maniatis

L’École française d’Athènes, qui a contribué à l’organisation de la rencontre ASMOSIA VII à Thasos, avec le centre Dimokritos, la18e éphorie des antiquités préhistoriques et classiques de Kavala et l’IGME, a pris en charge la totalité du coût de fabrication desactes dans sa collection, mais a autorisé à titre exceptionnel Yannis Maniatis à recourir aux normes éditoriales anglo-saxonnes.

Pré-presse et photogravure : EFA Velissarios Anagnostopoulos, Thymeli s.n.c.Coordination de la fabrication : EFA, Velissarios AnagnostopoulosImpression, reliure : Break In s.a.Conception graphique de la couverture : EFA, Velissarios Anagnostopoulos

Dépositaire : De Boccard Édition-Diffusion – 11, rue de Médicis, F – 75006 Paris, www.deboccard.com

© École française d’Athènes, 2009 – 6, rue Didotou, GR – 10680 Athènes, www.efa.gr

ISBN 978-2-86958-207-1

Reproduction et traduction, même partielles, interdites sans l’autorisation de l’éditeur pour tous pays, y compris les États-Unis.


BCHSupplément 51


ASMOSIA VIIActes du VIIe colloque international de l’ASMOSIA

Organisé par l'École française d'Athènes,

le National Center for Scientific Research “DIMOKRITOS”,

la 18e éphorie des antiquités préhistoriques et classiques (Kavala)

et l’Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration

Thasos, 15-20 septembre 2003

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of

Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity

organized by the French School of Athens,

the National Center for Scientific Research “DIMOKRITOS”,

the 18th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities (Kavala)

and the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration

Thassos, september 15-20, 2003




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CONTENTS

Préface Yannis Maniatis .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. XIII-XVI

ABBREVIATIONS IN BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... XVII

SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY TALK

Ch. KOUKOULI-CHRYSANTHAKI and S. PAPADOPOULOS .................................................................................................................................................................................................1-18The island of Thassos and the Aegean in the Prehistory

PART I: ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS – USE OF MARBLE

Th. STEFANIDOU-TIVERIOU ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19-29Thassian marble: A connection between Thassos and Thessaloniki

E.J. WALTERS .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31-41Thassian Julius Caesar

G.E BORROMEO, J.J. HERRMANN, Jr. and N. HERZ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 43-51Macedonian workmanship on a Thassian marble Hadrian in Providence?

J. C. FANT .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53-57White marbles in the summer triclinium of the casa del Bracciale d’Oro, Pompeii

J.J. HERRMANN, Jr. and R.H. TYKOT ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 59-75Some products from the Dokimeion quarries: craters, tables, capitals and statues

P.A. BUTZ ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 77-87The Naxian Colossus at Delos: “Same Stone”

A. BETORI, M. GOMEZ SERITO and P. PENSABENE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 89-102Investigation of marbles and stones used in Augustean monuments of western alpine provinces (Italy)

F. BIANCHI and M. BRUNO .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 103-111Flavian amphitheatre: The Cavea and the Portico; Comments about the quality, quantity and the

working of its marbles

O. PALAGIA, Y. MANIATIS, E. DOTSIKA and D. KAVOUSSANAKI ........................................................................................................................................................... 113-132New investigations on the pedimental sculptures of the “Hieron” of Samothrace: A preliminary report

V. GAGGADIS-ROBIN, Y. MANIATIS, C. SINTÈS, D. KAVOUSSANAKI and E. DOTSIKA ...................................................................................... 133-146Provenance investigation of some marble sarcophagi from Arles with stable isotope and maximum

grain sizes analysis

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L. COOK and I. THOMAS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 147-157Faustino Corsi and the coloured marbles of Derbyshire

F. VAN KEUREN, L.P. GROMET and N. HERZ .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 159-174Three mythological sarcophagi at the RISD Museum: Marble provenances and iconography

PART II: QUARRIES, QUARRYING TECHNIQUES, GEOLOGY AND STONE PROPERTIES

J.A. HARRELL ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 175-186The Bokari granodiorite quarry in Egypt’s eastern desert

E. BLOXAM, P. STOREMYR and T. HELDAL .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 187-201Hard stone quarrying in the Egyptian old Kingdom (3rd Millennium BC): rethinking the social or-

ganization

T. ENDO and S. NISHIMOTO ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 203-210The ancient Egyptian quarry at Dibabiya

D. KLEMM and R. KLEMM ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 211-225Pharaonic limestone quarries in Wadi Nakhla and Deir Abu Hennis, Egypt

T. HELDAL, P. STOREMYR, E. BLOXAM, I. SHAW, R. LEE and A. SALEM ....................................................................................................................................... 227-241GPS and GIS methodology in the mapping of Chephren’s quarry, Upper Egypt: a significant tool for

documentation and interpretation of the site

P. STOREMYR, T. HELDAL, E. BLOXAM and J.A. HARRELL ................................................................................................................................................................................. 243-256New evidence of small-scale Roman basalt quarrying in Egypt: Widan el Faras in the northern Faiyum

desert and Tilal Sawda by El-Minya

P. STOREMYR and T. HELDAL .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 257-271Ancient stone quarries: Vulnerable archaeological sites threatened by modern development

P. HADJIDAKIS, D. MATARANGAS and M. VARTI-MATARANGAS .............................................................................................................................................................. 273-288Ancient quarries in Delos, Greece

M. WURCH-KOZELJ et T. KOZELJ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 289-307Quelques sarcophages rectangulaires d’époque impériale, des carrières thasiennes aux nécropoles de

Thasos

K. LASKARIDIS and V. PERDIKATSIS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 309-317Characterisation of the timeless white marble and quarrying activity in Thassos

PART III: PROVENANCE IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION (MARBLE)

F. GABELLONE, M.T. GIANNOTTA and A. ALESSIO ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 319-331The Torre Sgarrata wreck (South Italy): Marble artefacts in the cargo

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A. CALIA, M.T. GIANNOTTA, L. LAZZARINI and G. QUARTA ...................................................................................................................................................................... 333-342The Torre Sgarrata wreck: Characterization and provenance of white marble artefacts in the cargo

D. ATTANASIO, S. KANE and N. HERZ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 343-356New isotopic and EPR data for 22 sculptures from the extramural sanctuary of Demeter and

Persephone at Cyrene

D. ATTANASIO, G. MESOLELLA, P. PENSABENE, R. PLATANIA and P. ROCCHI .................................................................................................................. 357-369EPR and Petrographic provenance of the architectural white marbles of three buildings at Villa Adriana

T. CRAMER, K. GERMANN and W.–D. HEILMEYER ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 371-383Marble objects from Asia Minor in the Berlin collection of classical antiquities: stone characteristics

and provenance

M. BRUNO, C. GORGONI and P. PALLANTE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 385-398On the provenance of white marbles used in the baths of Caracalla in Rome

M. FISCHER ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 399-412Marble from Pentelicon, Paros, Thasos and Proconnesus in ancient Israel: an attempt at a chronolog-

ical distinction

Y. MANIATIS, P. SOTIRAKOPOULOU, K. POLIKRETI, E. DOTSIKA and E. TZAVIDOPOULOS ........................................................................ 413-437The “Keros Hoard”: Provenance of the figurines and possible sources of marble in the Cyclades

Y. MANIATIS, S. PAPADOPOULOS, E. DOTSIKA, D. KAVOUSSANAKI and E. TZAVIDOPOULOS .............................................................. 439-449Provenance investigation of Neolithic marble vases from Limeraria, Thassos: Imported marble to

Thassos?

M. UNTERWURZACHER, H. STADLER and P. MIRWALD ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 451-458Provenance study of Roman marble artefacts of an excavation near Oberdrauburg (Carinthia, Austria)

L. LAZZARINI ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 459-484The distribution and re-use of the most important coloured marbles in the provinces of the Roman

Empire

M. MARIOTTINI, E. CURTI and E. MOSCETTI ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 485-493The taste of the marbles in Roman villae (Tiburtina-Nomentana)

L. LAZZARINI and S. CANCELLIERE .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 495-508Marmor Thessalicum (verde antico): Source, distribution and characterization

P. LAPUENTE, B. TURI and Ph. BLANC ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 509-522Marbles and coloured stones from the theatre of Caesaraugusta (Hispania): Preliminary study

R.H. TYKOT, G.E. BORROMEO, C. CORRADO-GOULET and K. SEVERSON ....................................................................................................................... 523-532Marble sculptures from the Rhode Island School of Design: Provenance studies using stable isotope

and other analysis

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J. J. HERRMANN, Jr., R. NEWMAN and A. VAN DEN HOEK ............................................................................................................................................................................... 533-545Identifying Dolomitic Marble 2000-2003: The Capitoline Museums, New York, and Somnus-

Hypnos in Urbisaglia

PART IV: PROVENANCE IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION (OTHER STONES)

R. BUGINI and L. FOLLI ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 547-557On tesserae of Roman mosaics in Lombardy (Italy)

E. Roffia, R. Bugini and L. Folli .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 559-570Stone materials of the Roman villas around lake Garda (Italy)

P. DEGRYSE, P. MUCHEZ, E. TROGH and M. WAELKENS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 571-580The natural building stones of Helenistic to Byzantine Sagalassos: Provenance determination through

stable isotope geochemistry

Ø.J. JANSEN, T. HELDAL, R.B. PEDERSEN, Y. RONEN and S.H.H. KALAND ...................................................................................................................... 581-595Provenance of soapstone used in medieval buildings in the Bergen region, Western Norway

B. MORONI, I. BORGIA, M. PETRELLI and P. LAPUENTE ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 597-613Archaeometry of chert tools: For a non-destructive geochemical approach

J. CASSAR .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 615-626Classifying Maltese prehistoric limestone megaliths by means of geochemical data

F. ANTONELLI, L. LAZZARINI, S. CANCELLIERE and A. SOLANO .............................................................................................................................................................. 627-643“Granito del Foro” and “Granito di Nicotera”: Archaeometric problems

O. ÖZBEK ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 645-656The prehistoric ground stone implements from Yartarla: The preliminary results of a geoarchaeolog-

ical study in Tekirdag region (Eastern Thrace)

S. CHLOUVERAKI and S. LUGLI ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 657-668Gypsum: A jewel in Minoan palatial architecture; Identification and characterization of its varieties

L. LAZZARINI and F. ATHANASIOU ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 669-676The discovery of the Greek origin of the “Breccia policroma della Vittoria”

PART V: TECHNIQUES AND DEVELOPMENTS

J. ZÖLDFÖLDI and Zs. KASZTOVSZKY .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 677-691Provenance study of Lapis Lazuli by non-destructive prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA)

F. BIRICOTTI and M. SEVERI ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 693-698A new non-destructive methodology for studying the internal structure of white marble of artistic and

archaeological interest

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PART VI: DATABASES

S. PIKE ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 699-708A stable isotope database for the ancient white marble quarries of Mount Pentelikon, Greece

G. KOKKOROU-ALEVRAS, E. POUPAKI, A. CHATZICONSTANTINOU and A. EFSTATHOPOULOS ......................................................... 709-718Corpus of ancient Greek quarries

B. SZÉKELY and J. ZÖLDFÖLDI ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 719-734Fractal analysis and quantitative fabric analysis database of West Anatolian white marbles

PART VII: STONE PROPERTIES – WEATHERING – RESTORATION

A.TSIKOURAS, K. MIHOPOULOS, K. HATZIPANAGIOTOU and N. NINIS .................................................................................................................................. 735-743Correlations of mineralogy and physical properties for stones used in the building and the restoration

of the Asklepieion at Epidauros

I. PAPAYIANNI and M. STEFANIDOU ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 745-752Study of the behaviour of Serpentinite stones used for the construction of ancient Dioklitianoupoli in

Northern Greece

M. GREENHALGH .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 753-764Where have all the columns gone? The loss and reuse of antiquities in the Eastern Mediterranean

K. KOUZELI, and E. ZGOULETA ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 765-776Gypsum at the Minoan site of Knossos: Types and deterioration

L. GIORDANI, M. ODDONE, and S. MELONI .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 777-786Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of the marble façade of the Certosa di Pavia: Materials

provenancing and problematics related to decay

K. POLIKRETI, and Y. MANIATIS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 787-798Ionic and charge mobility on weathered marble surfaces, studied by EPR spectroscopy

PART VIII: PIGMENTS AND PAINTINGS ON MARBLE

B. BOURGEOIS and Ph. JOCKEY ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 799-809Polychrome Hellenistic sculpture in Delos: Research on surface treatments of ancient marble sculp-

ture - Part II

A. G. KARYDAS, H. BRECOULAKI, B. BOURGEOIS and Ph. JOCKEY .................................................................................................................................................... 811-829In-situ X-Ray Fluorescence analysis of raw pigments and traces of polychromy on Hellenistic sculpture

at the archaeological museum of Delos

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PRÉFACE

L’acronyme ASMOSIA désigne l’Association pour l’étude du marbre et autres pierres dans l’Antiquité(Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity), fondée lors d’un atelier de recherche

avancée de l’OTAN qui s’est tenu à l’hôtel Il Ciocco, à Lucca, en Italie, du 9 au 13 mai 1988. L’atelier

était intitulé : Le marbre en Grèce ancienne et à Rome : Géologie, carrières, commerce et artefacts. Il fut

suivi par une cinquantaine de participants qui représentaient de nombreuses professions : des physi-

ciens, travaillant dans le domaine de l’archéométrie, des archéologues, des historiens de l’art et des

conservateurs. Il fut organisé par Marc Waelkens et Norman Herz avec le but affiché d’encourager les

projets associant scientifiques, historiens de l’art et autres pour une meilleure compréhension des ques-

tions relevant de l’usage de la pierre par les Anciens. À la suite de cet atelier, une série de rencontres

fut programmée tous les deux ans et demi environ : la seconde rencontre eut lieu du 16 au 20 octobre

1990 à Louvain, en Belgique ; la troisième du 17 au 19 mai 1993 à Athènes, en Grèce ; la quatrième

du 9 au 13 octobre 1995 à Bordeaux, en France ; la cinquième du 11 au 15 juin 1998 à Boston, aux

États-Unis ; la sixième du 15 au 18 juin 2000 à Venise, en Italie ; la septième du 15 au 20 septembre

2003 à Liménas, sur l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Cette série de colloques fait partie intégrante de l’asso-

ciation ASMOSIA : ils ont pour objectif de promouvoir la collaboration entre les sciences, l’archéologie

et l’histoire de l’art pour une meilleure compréhension de l’exploitation, du transport, du traitement

et de l’emploi de la pierre brute dans l’Antiquité.

La publication des actes a été bien accueillie à la fois par les historiens de l’art, les archéologues et lacommunauté scientifique, comme par les corps de conservateurs; elle a contribué à susciter une coopé-

ration interdisciplinaire sans cesse élargie. Dans la mesure où, avant la création de l’association, cettecoopération était minimale, ce fut là, en fait, un progrès décisif. Pour la bonne organisation et la publi-

cation de ces rencontres, on a également eu la chance de bénéficier du soutien financier d’agences nationaleset internationales, comme la fondation Samuel H. Kress Foundation, l’OTAN, etc.

Le nombre de membres de l’association a plus que quadruplé, passant de 50 en 1988 à environ 250

aujourd’hui, représentant 25 pays. En dehors des actes de colloques, ASMOSIA publie également àraison de deux fois par an l’ASMOSIA Newsletter.

À ce jour, ce domaine de la recherche a fait preuve d’importantes avancées dans la mesure où les sources

matérielles dont on dispose pour l’usage du marbre et des autres pierres dans l’Antiquité ont été lar-gement étudiées et où les matériaux eux-mêmes ont fait l’objet de caractérisations géologiques et

physico-chimiques. Les bases de données avec leurs paramètres analytiques se sont développées et les

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caractéristiques de différents types de pierres brutes se sont accumulées. Bien des problèmes archéolo-giques ou relevant de l’histoire de l’art trouvent désormais une meilleure réponse et une meilleure explicationpar le recours aux analyses scientifiques et aux bases de données, qu’il s’agisse de la provenance, de l’iden-tification, de la diffusion, du traitement, des assemblages et de la préservation d’importants artefacts.

Le 7e colloque international de l’association ASMOSIA s’est tenu à Liménas, la ville principale et leport de l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Il a été organisé par le laboratoire d’archéométrie-NCSR « Demokritos »,l’École française d’Athènes, la 18e éphorie des antiquités préhistoriques et classiques, l’IGME (Institute

of Geology and Mineral Exploration). Le comité d’organisation, composé de Y. Maniatis, K. Polikreti,Z. Bonias, S. Papadopoulos, T. Kozelj, M. Wurch-Kozelj et M. Varti-Mataranga, tient à adresser ses

remerciements à la Municipalité de Thasos qui a mis à disposition la salle de conférences du « Kalogeriko »

et a tout mis en œuvre pour faciliter le bon déroulement du colloque, le ministère grec de la culture

et le ministère grec de l’Égée ainsi que l’Association des entreprises du marbre de Thrace et de Macédoine

pour leur soutien financier.

Ce volume réunit les contributions présentées au 7e colloque international de l’association ASMOSIA.

Les thèmes abordés dans ces communications sont à la pointe du domaine interdisciplinaire où se rejoi-

gnent les sciences, l’archéologie et l’histoire de l’art ; ils reflètent un large spectre de la recherche poursuivie

sur les pierres grâce à la coopération des sciences et des humanités. En particulier, les thèmes abordés

recouvrent presque tous les aspects qui concernent la pierre depuis la carrière jusqu’au produit décoré

dans son état final, sans exclure les questions du vieillissement et de la restauration.

Tous les textes soumis pour publication dans ces actes ont fait l’objet d’une révision attentive par un

ou plusieurs réviseurs, ce qui en garantit le haut niveau, le caractère innovant et la portée scientifique.

En la matière, nous exprimons nos sincères remerciements aux membres du comité exécutif de l’asso-

ciation ASMOSIA, N. Herz, L. Lazzarini, P. Storemyr, J.J. Herrmann Jr., Ph. Jockey, S. Kane, J. Harrell,

ainsi qu’aux members du comité scientifique du colloque qui ont apporté leur concours à la difficile

révision des textes présentés dans ce volume.

En outre, nous voulons remercier V. Zatta, secrétaire de l’Institute of Materials Science-NCSR

« Demokritos » pour son aide dans le traitement des actes et les étudiants-chercheurs du laboratoired’archéométrie-NCSR « Demokritos » D. Tambakopoulos et M. Maniati pour leur aide dans l’orga-

nisation et la relecture des épreuves.

Nous tenons aussi à exprimer notre plus profonde gratitude à l’École française d’Athènes et, en parti-

culier, à son directeur, le professeur D. Mulliez : l’École française d’Athènes, en effet, a supporté la

totalité du coût de fabrication et du travail de publication des actes dans le Supplément 51 du Bulletinde Correspondance Hellénique. Nos remerciements vont également à Sandrine Huber, ancienne adjointe

aux publications de l’École française d’Athènes, et à Catherine Aubert, qui lui a succédé à ce poste,

pour la part qu’elles ont prise dans l’élaboration de la publication.

Yannis Maniatis

Président de l’association ASMOSIA

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PREFACE

ASMOSIA stands for the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity and was

founded at a NATO sponsored Advanced Research Workshop held at Il Ciocco, Lucca, Italy, 9-13 May,

1988. The Workshop was entitled, “Marble in Ancient Greece and Rome: Geology, Quarries, Commerce,

Artifacts” and was attended by fifty persons representing many varied professions: physical scientists

working in Archaeometry, archaeologists, art historians, and conservators. It was organized by Marc

Waelkens and Norman Herz with the avowed goal of encouraging collaborative projects among sci-

entists, art historians and others in order to better understand the problems associated with ancient

man’s use of stone. Following that a series of meetings were held scheduled approximately every two

and a half year: the second meeting was held October 16-20, 1990 in Leuven, Belgium; the third May

17-19, 1993, in Athens, Greece; the fourth October 9-13, 1995 in Bordeaux, France; the fifth June

11-15, 1998, in Boston, USA; the sixth June 15-18, 2000 in Venice, Italy; and the seventh in September

15-20, 2003 at Limenas on the Island of Thassos, Greece. These series of conferences form an integral

part of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones Used in Antiquity (ASMOSIA) and

their aim is to promote the combined scientific, archaeological and art-historical research for a better

understanding of the exploration, transportation, treatment and use of stone raw materials in Antiquity.

The publications of the proceedings have been well received by both the art historical, archaeological,

and scientific, as well as museum communities and have helped to inspire an ever increasing interdis-

ciplinary cooperation. Since previous to ASMOSIA, such cooperation was minimal, this has indeed

been a great accomplishment. We have also been fortunate in receiving financial support for our meetingsand publications from national and international agencies, such as the Samuel H. Kress Foundation,

NATO etc.

Membership in ASMOSIA has grown over four-fold, from under 50 in 1988 to about 250 now andrepresenting 25 countries. Publications apart from the conference proceedings include the currently

twice-yearly ASMOSIA Newsletter.

Today, the field has witnessed important advances as the raw material sources for marble and otherstones used in Antiquity have been studied to a great extend and the materials have been characterised

geologically and physicochemically. The databases with analytical parameters have been expanding andexperience with the characteristics of different types of raw stone materials has been accumulating. Many

archaeological and art-historical problems can now be better resolved and explained using the advancedscientific methods and databases. Such problems may be related to provenance, identification, movement,

treatment, assemblages and preservation of important artifacts.

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The 7th International ASMOSIA Conference was held at Limenas, the main town and harbour of theisland of Thassos, Greece. It was organized by the Laboratory of Archaeometry-NCSR “Demokritos”,the French School at Athens, the 18th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities and the Institute

of Geology and Mineral Exploration. The Organizing Committee, Y. Maniatis, K. Polikreti, Z. Bonias,S. Papadopoulos, T. Kozelj, M. Wurch-Kozelj and M. Varti-Mataranga would like to thank and

acknowledge the Municipal Authorities of Thassos for providing the Conference building “Kalogeriko”

and all the necessary facilities in order to make this Conference possible, the financial support of the

Greek Ministry of Culture, the financial support of the Greek Ministry of the Aegean and the financial

support of the Association of Marble Enterprises of Macedonia and Thrace.

This book contains the papers submitted to the 7th International ASMOSIA Conference. The sub-

jects of the papers represent the state-of-the art in the field and reflect a very broad range of research

and applications carried out in cooperation between the sciences and the humanities. In particular, the

subjects cover almost everything on stone from the quarry to the final decorated object, including even

aspects of weathering and restoration.

All the papers submitted for publication in these proceedings went under a peer reviewing process by

one or more reviewers. This guarantees that the papers published in this volume are of high standards,

innovative and scientifically sound.

For this, we expresses his sincere thanks to the Executive Committee of ASMOSIA, N. Herz, L. Lazzarini,

P. Storemyr, J.J. Herrmann Jr., Ph. Jockey, S. Kane, J. Harrell, and the Scientific Committee of the

Conference and also to other professional colleagues who helped with the difficult task of reviewing

the papers presented in this volume.

In addition, we want to thank Mrs V. Zatta, the Secretary of the Institute of Materials Science of NCSR

“Demokritos” for her help in processing the proceedings and the research students of the Laboratoryof Archaeometry-NCSR “Demokritos” Mr. D. Tambakopoulos and Mrs. M. Maniati for their help in

organising and proof readings of the papers.

We also expresses his deepest gratitude to the French School at Athens and particularly to its Director

prof. D. Mulliez for undertaking the full cost and effort of publication of the proceedings as Supplement 51

of the Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique. Thanks are also due to Mrs. S. Huber, former publication

officer of the French School, and Mrs. C. Aubert, present publication officer, for organizing the pub-lication.

Yannis Maniatis

Current President of ASMOSIA

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INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF THE MARBLE FAÇADE OF THE CERTOSA DI PAVIA: MATERIALS PROVENANCING AND PROBLEMATICS RELATED TO DECAY

L. GIORDANI1, M. ODDONE2 and S. MELONI2

1. Dipartimento di Chimica Generale, Università di Pavia, Pavia ,Italy.

2. Istituto C.N.R. per l’Energetica e le Interfasi – Sezione di Pavia, Dipartimento di Chimica Generale,Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.

ABSTRACT

The Certosa di Pavia is a magnificent monastic structure built at the end of Middle Age. Many marble elementsfrom the façade have been sampled and analyzed by INAA. In order, to confirm the provenance reported byhistorical records (Carrara and Candoglia), the whole compositional database was submitted to a statisticalprocessing in comparison with a number of Mediterranean marble supply areas. This gave uncertain results,probably due to alteration. The distribution of the REE, and the depth of the europium anomaly in particular,were then investigated, and much better diagnostic results were obtained.

KEYWORDS: CERTOSA DI PAVIA, WHITE MARBLES, PROVENANCE, NEUTRON ACTIVATIONANALYSIS, TRACE ELEMENTS, MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, RAREEARTH ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION

INTRODUCTION

The Certosa di Pavia (Chartreuse of Pavia, N Italy), former Carthusian abbey of Pavia (VICINI

1988), is a magnificent monastic structure maintained as a national monument since 1866.Its construction, in the style of the Italian Gothic, began, in 1396 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti,duke of Milan. Little more than the nave was completed in this style since the Renaissance,whereas a new taste quickly dominated the design of the edifice.

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778 L. GIORDANI, M. ODDONE and S. MELONI

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The manufacturing of the façade of the church started in 1491 by a group of architects andsculptors under the leadership of Giovanni Antonio Amadeo and was finished in the mid ofthe 16th century. Built of rich marbles and profusely ornamented with fine sculptural decora-tions, the façade is one of the masterpieces of Renaissance decorative design. The main choirwas badly damaged during World War II, but was restored between 1953 and 1959(VICINI 1988).

Historical records assign the used marbles either to the Carrara area (Apuan Alps) or to theCandoglia area, in the West Italian Alps (ALESSANDRINI et al. 1988).

Many investigations have been reported in the literature on the provenance of a number ofstone materials used to manufacture artifacts of archaeological or historical interest, with spe-cial reference to marble. Some of these investigations deal with “geological” (i.e. geochemical,mineropetrographic) parameters or have a physical approach (cathodoluminescence, ESR-EPR spectrometry, etc.). In other cases, a chemical approach is followed, involving thedetermination of the elemental composition with different techniques: X-ray fluorescencespectrophotometry, plasma spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, or neutron activa-tion analysis (NAA), as in the present case. A general review of the various experimentalmethods used to investigate ancient marbles is reported elsewhere (e.g. GORGONI et al. 2002;GREEN et al. 2002).

Provenance determinations are usually carried out by a statistical comparison with data baseson artifacts of known origin or on samples collected from the ancient supply areas reported inhistorical sources (HARBOTTLE 1976; BIGAZZI et al. 1986; MELONI et al. 1993; MELONI et al.1995; PEARCE et al. 1996; MELONI et al. 2000; MELONI and ODDONE 2000; NEFF 2000).

The University of Pavia has promoted a research program on the conservation status of theCertosa. An investigation was started on the evaluation of the decay of the marble façade of themonument and on the possibility to carry out provenance studies even on materials deterio-rated due to a very long exposure (up to 5 centuries) to atmospheric agents.

For the present chemical investigation, white to light colored marble samples were collectedfrom the Certosa façade and were submitted to instrumental neutron activation analysis(INAA); this aimed at the determination of Ca, Fe and a large number of trace elements. Thecompositional database and some parameters based on rare-earth elements (REE) have beenused to verify the provenance of the samples.

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INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF THE MARBLE FACADE OF THE CERTOSA DI PAVIA 779

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EXPERIMENTAL

SAMPLING

14 marble samples, mostly referring to ornaments and statues, have been collected from thefaçade of the monument, as shown in Figure 1 and described in Table 1. Some samples ap-peared altered in color and consistency. In a preliminary investigation carried out by X-raydiffraction and FTIR spectroscopy (GIORDANI et al. 2003), these altered samples showed thepresence of neogenetic gypsum (dihydrated calcium sulfate), deriving from the sulphatationof carbonates due to alteration, mixed up with the original calcite matrix.

In previous researches (MELLO et al. 1988; MELONI et al. 1988) carried out according to theJaffrezic approach (JAFFREZIC 1976), it was demonstrated that “white” marble samples may beconsidered homogeneous and representative of the investigated material if amounts higherthan 0.4 g are submitted to analysis. Consequently, aliquots of about 0.5 g of the ground andwell-homogenized samples were inserted into polyethylene vials for irradiation.

REFERENCE STANDARDS

An internal synthetic reference standard was prepared by adding known amounts of the in-vestigated elements to super pure calcium carbonate. In addition, the NIST Coal Fly Ashstandard reference material SRM 1633a (NBS 1985; KOROTEV 1987) was used for the evalu-ation of the accuracy.

IRRADIATION

Samples and standards were irradiated at the 250 kW TRIGA Mark II nuclear reactor of theUniversity of Pavia for 60 hours at a thermal neutron flux of about 1 × 1012 cm-2 s-1.

RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS

Induced radioactivity was measured by gamma-ray spectrometry using a hyper pure Ge de-tector coupled to a multichannel analyser and to a personal computer. Spectral analysis wasperformed by using the EG&G Ortec Gamma Vision software package.

Countings started after 3 days of cooling and were repeated after 1 and 3 weeks or even moreif necessary, for the determination of Ca, Fe, Sc, Cr, Ni, Co, Zn, Rb, Zr, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce,Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, Th, and U.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The contents of Ca, Fe and a large number of trace elements in the marble samples investi-gated are reported in Table 2. They are the average of three or more independent

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determinations. Average precision for most elements is in the range of 0.2 – 10 %, dependingon their abundance. An increasingly lesser precision was found for U (13.7 %), Th (14.4 %),Lu (17.4 %), Hf (19.3 %), and Yb (21.7 %). As for accuracy, the data obtained for standardNIST-SRM1633a “Fly Ash”, reported in Table 3 in comparison with the certified referencevalues and some other values taken from the literature (NBS 1985; KOROTEV 1987), fullyconfirm the reliability of the analytical method.

According to the preliminary results of a careful investigation (still in progress) on these al-tered samples, meaningful increases of the content of some elements such as Ni, Zn, Co, andCr, known to derive from deposition of atmospheric particulate, can be observed with respectto the corresponding “fresh” white marbles. This would seem to stress the role played byhuman activities in the deterioration of cultural heritage. In addition, an enrichment of lightrare-earth elements with respect to the heavy ones has also been observed.

In order to confirm the provenance indications given by historical records, compositionaldata have been first submitted to multivariate statistical analysis using the NCSS 6.0 software(NCSS 6.0 1996). A linear discriminant analysis procedure was applied adding to the Certosadata file the compositional data of the two most interesting supply areas (i. e. Carrara andCandoglia) and some other white marble quarries of the Mediterranean basin: Naxos,Hymettus, and Marmara. In the "a priori" classification, the Certosa samples have been in-serted as an independent group. The procedure output indicates that Rb, Hf, Zn, Ho, and Scare the most discriminant variables.

The canonical-variates scores diagram (fig. 2) shows a good separation of the various supplyareas, confirming the general diagnostic significance of the statistical procedure followed. TheCertosa samples are well grouped, indicating a certain chemical (and statistical) affinity. Onthe other hand, none of them is found to fall within a given reference cluster. By proximityconsiderations, it would only seem that their provenance is more likely from Carrara, subor-dinately from Candoglia. This relative indetermination is evidently due to the effects ofalteration, having it changed the original distribution of at least some of the elements ana-lyzed, as indicated above.

Attention was then addressed to the rare-earth elements (REE), which usually are useful in anumber of geochemical studies, such as those concerning the formation, evolution, and clas-sification of a number of rocks and soils (ROLLINSON 1993), as well as in archaeometric studies(MELONI and ODDONE 2000). The distribution of the REE, normalized with respect to chon-dritic meteorites, is just the same for all samples showing a light REE (La-Eu) enrichmentcompared to the heavy ones (Gd-Lu); all of them show also the so-called Eu negative anomaly.The intensity of this anomaly is evaluated in terms of “depth”, expressed as the ratio Eu/Eu*,of the normalized Eu content to the one, Eu*, obtained as the geometrical mean of the nor-malized content of the adjacent elements, Sm and Gd.

The values of this quantity for the marble samples from the Certosa and for white marble sam-ples from Carrara and Candoglia, the two supply areas of more specific interest, are shown inTable 4. Most of the samples (C1, C2, C3, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C12, C12b and C13) still

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have, in spite of alteration, a Eu/Eu* ratio very similar to the average for Carrara. On the otherhand, a few other samples (C4, C5, and C11) still show a Eu/Eu* ratio very similar to that forCandoglia, thus fully confirming the historical records (MELONI and ODDONE 2000).

Fig. 2. — Linear discriminant analysis: canonical variates plot .

Fig. 1. — A view of the Certosa di Pavia façade, showing the sampling points..

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CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the Certosa marbles are variably deteriorated and polluted. However, somebasic provenancing procedures, such as the stepwise application of a general multivariate sta-tistical processing followed by the evaluation of the distribution of the REE, especially asregards the depth of the europium anomaly, may be confidently used.

Table 1: Description of the samples.

SAMPLE PERIOD COLOR

C1 San Giovanni Evangelista (statue) 2nd half XV century White

C2 Santa Barbara (statue) 2nd half XV century White

C3 San Michele (decoration around the statue) XVI century White-pale gray

C4 Balustrade above main portal ----- White-pale gray

C5 Dragon above mullioned window (right side) End of XV century White-pale yellow

C6 Decoration above mullioned window (left side) End of XV century Pale gray

C7 Mullioned window (right abutment) End of XV century Pale gray

C8 Moses (statue) Probably a copy White-pale gray

C9 Band above blind window (right side) End of XV century White

C10 Capital above mullion, blind window (left side) End of XV century White

C11 Lintel above columns (left side main portal) 1st half XVI century White

C12 Rosette above capital, main portal (right side) 1st half XVI century White-pale yellow

C12b Fragment of C12 1st half XVI century White-pale yellow

C13 San Giovanni Battista (medallion below the statue) 2nd half XV century White

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Table 2: Ca, Fe (%) and trace element average content (µg/g) of the marbles investigated.

Element C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C12b C13

Ca% 38.01 37.57 37.69 38.10 37.53 37.10 36.46 37.97 36.10 36.99 36.11 39.80 39.33 38 .10

Fe% 1.10 1.00 1.01 1.79 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.05 0.99 1.30 1.03 2.05 1.86 0.99

Sc 0.09 0.16 0.88 2.00 0.91 0.09 0.17 0.77 2.06 0.12 0.12 0.90 0.77 0.56

Cr 1.89 1.90 3.63 4.13 4.57 1.09 2.09 3.24 8.77 7.53 6.88 9.14 8.62 0.33

Ni 0.60 0.84 1.02 1.47 4.75 0.57 0.98 1.12 1.32 0.63 0.66 1.16 1.14 0.72

Co 0.22 0.88 0.89 1.24 1.43 0.43 0.87 1.11 2.04 2.12 1.84 2.88 2.71 1.91

Zn 7.39 7.05 14.22 11.65 14.57 7.08 7.09 14.35 15.58 9.39 8.36 16.27 15.23 9.29

As 0.56 0.15 3.42 2.46 4.14 0.68 0.61 4.37 5.10 0.77 0.68 5.17 4.84 0.77

Rb 0.81 5.20 9.79 24.58 10.56 1.18 4.58 10.88 24.16 4.84 3.91 24.90 25.10 4.61

Zr 11.19 17.00 33.34 29.90 31.02 9.89 12.65 30.74 19.67 12.97 11.60 19.57 18.49 13 .32

Sb 0.05 0.02 0.16 0.28 0.17 0.30 0.15 0.28 0.29 0.14 0.13 0.31 0.29 0.36

Cs 0.15 0.22 2.53 1.26 4.56 1.47 0.85 1.11 1.31 0.90 0.84 1.35 1.27 0.96

Ba 23.33 26.04 56.31 27.90 55.39 25.78 27.32 55.10 26.91 31.20 27.13 27.65 25.91 30 .97

La 0.89 1.11 1.31 1.14 1.22 0.19 0.25 1.48 1.57 1.08 1.19 0.33 0.32 1.40

Ce 1.55 1.97 2.41 2.33 2.80 0.35 0.46 2.60 3.30 2.27 2.54 0.72 0.67 1.45

Nd 0.56 0.75 0.91 0.92 1.01 0.13 0.19 0.99 1.35 0.93 1.04 0.29 0.28 0.79

Sm 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.03 0.024 0.11 0.17 0.10 0.13 0.04 0.03 0.17

Eu 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.004 0.0035 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.04

Gd 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.084 0.02 0.027 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3

Tb 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.21 0.02 0.031 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04

Ho 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.047 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05

Tm 0.0038 0.0046 0.0057 0.0057 0.0163 0.0081 0.0125 0.0111 0.0141 0.0069 0.0071 0.0090 0.0084 0.0215

Yb 0.0021 0.0026 0.0031 0.0032 0.0310 0.0042 0.0055 0.0051 0.0066 0.0048 0.0038 0.0056 0.0041 0.0125

Lu 0.0023 0.0027 0.0034 0.0034 0.0453 0.0032 0.0056 0.50 0.0063 0.0043 0.0044 0.0047 0.0044 0.0147

Hf 0.26 0.29 0.23 0.57 0.38 0.63 0.71 0.04 0.35 0.41 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.41

Ta 0.10 0.08 0.12 0.15 0.71 0.10 0.15 0.49 1.30 1.23 0.87 1.18 1.07 0.58

Th 0.10 0.14 0.57 1.25 0.61 1.69 1.59 1.52 2.63 2.79 2.72 2.99 2.91 3.46

U 0.11 0.23 0.73 0.64 0.79 0.31 0.50 0.99 0.65 0.68 0.61 0.76 0.23 0.46

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Table 3: Major (%), minor and trace (µg/g) element contents in SRM1633a“Coal Fly Ash”.

NIST SRM 1633a

Element This work NIST, 1985 Korotev, 1987

Ca% 1.10±0.05 1.11±0.01 0.9±0.2

Fe% 9.43±0.04 9.4±0.1 9.39±0.19

Sc 39.6±0.2 (40) 38.6±1.1

Cr 196.4±0.9 196±6 193±5

Ni 129.6±0.8 127±4 130±27

Co 44.6±0.7 (46) 44.1±1.0

Zn 223.6±0.09 220±10 -

Rb 134.6±0.5 131±2 134±3

Sb 6.66±0.07 6.8±0.4 6.15±0.15

Cs 10.51±0.04 (11) 10.42±0.23

Ba 1342±11 (1500) 1320±40

La 82.4±0.2 - 79.1±0.1

Ce 175.5±0.4 (180) 168.3±1.6

Nd 76.7±0.3 - 75.7±2.0

Sm 17.6±0.2 - 16.83±0.20

Eu 3.67±0.04 (4) 3.58±0.07

Gd 16.9±0.3 - -

Tb 2.40±0.04 - 2.38±0.07

Ho 3.81±0.04 - -

Tm 1.23±0.04 - -

Yb 7.68±0.05 - 7.50±0.13

Lu 1.190±0.006 - 1.075±0.13

Hf 7.34±0.04 (8) 7.29±0.22

Th 24.34±0.03 24.7±0.3 24.0±0.3

U 10.45±0.09 10.2±0.1 10.3±0.3

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Table 4: Evaluation of the depth of the europium negative anomaly.

Marble samples Eu / Eu*

Certosa (C1, C2, C3, C6, C7,C8, C9, C10, C12, C12b, C13) 0.5 ± 0.1

Certosa (C4, C5, C11) 0.90 ± 0.08

Carrara (13 samples) 0.51 ± 0.09

Candoglia (12 samples) 1.03± 0.02

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ALESSANDRINI, G., ABRATE ZOHAR DI KARSTENGERG, M.A., BUGINI, R., DASSÙ, G., FEDELI, E., PE-RUZZI, R., REALINI, M., and SORLINI, C., 1988, La Certosa di Pavia: passato e presente nellafacciata della Chiesa, Centro Gino Bozza per lo Studio delle Cause di Deperimento e deiMetodi di Conservazione delle Opere d'Arte. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma.

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GIORDANI, L., ODDONE, M., and MELONI, S., 2003, “The Certosa di Pavia monument: evaluation ofthe marble facade decay and implications for materials provenancing” Congresso Nazionaledella Società Chimica Italiana XXI, 22 – 27 giugno 2003, Torino, (abstracr AN-CO-047).

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MELLO, E., MELONI, S., MONNA, D., and ODDONE, M., 1988, “A computer-based pattern recognitionapproach to the provenance study of mediterranean marbles through trace elements analy-sis”, in N. HERZ and M. WAELKENS (eds), Classical Marble: Geochemistry, Technology, Trade,NATO ASI Series E, Applied Sciences, 153, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, pp. 283-291.

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MELONI, S., ODDONE, M., GENOVA, N., CARAMELLA CRESPI, V., MELLO, E., TANDA, G., ARIAS, C.,BUONAMICI, M., and BERZERO, A., 1993, “Provenance studies of ancient Etruscan marblemonuments and Sardinian pottery by neutron activation analysis and data reduction”, J. Ra-dioanal. Nucl. Chem., 168, pp. 273-286.

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MELONI, S., ODDONE, M., GENOVA, N., and CAIRO, A., 2000, “The production of ceramic materials inRoman Pavia: an archaeometric neutron activation analysis investigation of clay sources andarchaeological artifacts”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 244, pp. 553-558.

MELONI, S., and ODDONE, M., 2000, “On the provenance of the white marble of some medieval arksfrom San Felice Monastery (Pavia)”, in A. GUARINO (ed.), Proceedings of Science and Tech-nology for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage in the Mediterranean basin, Elsevier, pp. 471-476.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS SRM 1633a, 1985, Trace elements in CoalFly Ash, Gaithersburg, MD (U.S.A.).

NEFF, H., 2000, “Neutron Activation Analysis for provenance determination in Archaeology”, inE. CILIBERTO and G. SPOTO (eds), Modern Analytical Methods in Art and Archaeology, JohnWiley & Son Inc., New York, pp. 81-134.

PEARCE, M., MELONI, S., SETTI, M., GENOVA, N., ODDONE, M., and MUGGIA, A., 1996, “A multidisci-plinary investigation of Roman bricks from the Torre Civica – Pavia (NW Italy)”, Sci. Techn.Cult. Herit., 5, pp. 19-27.

ROLLINSON, H., 1993, Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation, Longman,Harlow, UK, pp. 133-141.

VICINI, D., 1988, Pavia e Certosa. Guida storico artistica. Azienda di Promozione Turistica del Pavia,Pavia.

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BCHSupplément 51


ASMOSIA VI IActes du VIIe colloque international de l’ASMOSIA

Thasos 15-20 septembre 2003

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference ofAssociation for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity

Thassos 15-20 september, 2003


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Ce volume comprend les textes des communications d’ASMOSIA VII, 7e con-férence internationale de l’Association pour l’étude du marbre et des autres pierresdans l’Antiquité (Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Anti-quity), qui s’est tenue dans l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Les thèmes abordés dans cescommunications sont à la pointe du domaine interdisciplinaire où se rejoignent lascience, l’archéologie et l’histoire de l’art ; ils reflètent un large spectre de larecherche sur les pierres, depuis la carrière jusqu’au produit décoré dans son étatfinal. Les sujets plus particulièrement abordés sont les suivants : (1) Considérationsarchéologiques et emploi du marbre ; (2) Carrières, techniques d’extraction, géologie etpropriétés de la pierre ; (3) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : le marbre ;(4) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : autres pierres ; (5) Techniques etdéveloppements ; (6) Bases de données ; (7) Propriétés de la pierre – Vieillissement–Restauration et (8) Pigments et peintures sur marbre.

This book contains the papers submitted to ASMOSIA VII, which is the 7th In-ternational Conference of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stonesin Antiquity. The conference was held in the island of Thassos, Greece. The sub-jects of the papers represent the state-of-the-art in the interdisciplinary field ofScience and Archaeology and Art-History and reflect a very broad range ofresearch and applications on stone, from the quarry to the final decorated object.In particular, the subjects cover: (1) Archaeological considerations and use of marble,(2) Quarries, Quarrying Techniques, Geology and Stone properties, (3) ProvenanceIdentification and Characterisation: Marble, (4) Provenance Identification andCharacterisation: Other stones, (5) Techniques and Developments, (6) Databases,(7) Stone Properties – Weathering – Restoration and (8) Pigments and paintings onmarble.

BULLETIN DE CORRESPONDANCE HELLÉNIQUE, SUPPLÉMENTS

41. Les Italiens dans le monde grec (IIe siècle av. J.-C.-Ier siècle ap. J.-C.). Circulation, dénomination, intégration. Actes de la Table ronde organisée à l’École Normale Supérieure,Paris, 14-16 mai 1998, édités par Claire HASENOHR et Christel MÜLLER (2002).

42. Recherches franco-albanaise I. L’Albanie dans l’Europe préhistorique, Actes du colloque de Lorient organisé par l’École française d’Athènes et l’Université de Bretagne-Sud, Lorient8-10 juin 2000, édités par Gilles TOUCHAIS et Josette RENARD (2002).

43. Le Néolithique de Chypre, Actes du colloque international organisé par le Département des Antiquités deChypre et l’École française d’Athènes, Nicosie 17-19 mai 2001, édités par Jean GUILAINE et Alain LE BRUN, avec la collaboration d’Odile DAUNE-LE BRUN (2003).

44. Les Messéniens de 370/369 au Ier siècle de notre ère. Monnayage et histoire, par Catherine GRANDJEAN (2002).

45. La sculpture architecturale byzantine dans le thème de Nikopolis du Xe au début du XIIIe siècle (Épire et Étolie-Acarnanie et Sud de l’Albanie), par Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2005).

46. Mythos. La préhistoire égéenne du XIXe au XXIe siècle après J.-C. Actes de la table ronde internationaled’Athènes (21-23 novembre 2002), édités par Pascal DARCQUE, Michael FOTIADIS et Olga POLYCHRONOPOULOU (2006).

47. Études d’archéologie délienne, par Philippe BRUNEAU, Recueil d’articles rassemblés et indexés par Jean-Charles MORETTI (2006).

48. La sculpture des Cyclades à l’époque archaïque. Histoire des ateliers, rayonnement des styles, Actes du colloque international, organisé par l’Éphorie desAntiquités préhistoriques et classiques des Cyclades et l’École française d’Athènes (7-9 septembre 1998), édités par Y. KOURAYOS et Fr. PROST (2008).

49. La Sculpture Byzantine VIIe – XIIe siècle, Actes du colloque international, organisé par la 2e Éphorie des Antiquités byzantines et l’École française d’Athènes (6-8 septembre 2000),édités par Charalambos PENNAS et Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2008).

50. La gigantomachie de Pergame ou l’image du monde, par Françoise-Hélène MASSA-PAIRAULT (2007).

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