ZEMedS School Technical \u0026 Financial Toolkit nZEB* renovation for Mediterranean schools

$Page 1: ZEMedS School Technical \u0026 Financial Toolkit nZEB* renovation for Mediterranean schools$
ZEMedS School Technical & Financial ToolkitnZEB* renovation for Mediterranean schools

*nearly Zero Energy Buildings

http://www.zemeds.eu

http://www.zemeds.eu

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/

Introduction

This Toolkit has been developed by the joint collaboration of the ZEMedS Project

Consortium. It is aimed at providing regional public institutions, decision-makers,

building designers, contractors and other professionals of the Mediterranean Area

with valuable information on appropriate techniques and financial resources and

mechanisms to implement nZEB renovation initiatives in schools (primary and

secondary education).

The Toolkit incorporates detailed information on the benefits, technical strategies,

available technologies, regional perspectives, public and private funding

mechanisms and best practice studies on nZEB renovation of schools.

Renovation with the ZEMedS’ strategy include high energy and indoor

environment goals.

The ZEMedS Toolkit has been developed as product of the collaboration of the

project partners and it is intended solely to provide general guidance on matters

of interest for public institutions and professionals of the MED area. The content

of this toolkit does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union.

Responsibility for the information and views contained herein lies entirely with the

authors.

This Toolkit has been created as an interactive PDF, which will allow the user to

easily navigate around the document and its external information sources, by

using embedded links.

Objectives

- Raise awareness about the benefits of nZEB (as an holistic

approach) for existing schools

- Help building designers and decision makers to pave the way to

renovated schools consuming net zero energy as a final goal, with

key intermediate steps

- Provide guidance in assessing the deep renovation process, even if

it is implemented in different stages

- Highlight key steps and strategies in the refurbishment process

towards nZEB

- Provide decision makers with tools to assess the opportunities of

implementing nZEB renovation measures

- Allow decision makers to take informed decisions on nZEB

renovation

- Give guidance in the global cost approach and inform about the

current costs for nZEB related measures

- Act as an assistant in the selection of existing funding mechanisms

and channels and explore innovative supporting policies to help

policy makers set up new ones

- Promote a paradigm shift in the building sector by enforcing the

involvement of public administration.

ZEMedS in a nutshell: Energy

Reduce the energy demand-Source the remaining energyrequirement from RES

(a) Annual energy balance of non-renewable energysources is at maximum zero:

CPE – ProdRES ≤ 0CPE: Primary energy consumption yearly for following uses: heating, cooling, ventilation, DHW and lighting. In accordance with national primary energy factorsProdRES: Renewable energy supply

(b) Final energy consumption (all uses except DHW,Cooking, ICT and appliances):

CFE ≤ 25 kWh/mreference area².yearHeating/Cooling and Ventilation: CHVAC ≤ 20 kWh/m².yearLighting: Clighting ≤ 5 kWh/m².year

KEY STRATEGIES

UFaçade : 0.20- 0.40 W/m2KURoofs: 0.15 - 0.30 W/m2K

UWindows: 1.40 -1.80 W/m2K

External solar protection is needed

Limited air leakage

Key points to succeed in nZEB:

- Integrated design- Commitment from all users

- Energy management- Monitoring

Important note! This TOOLkit deals with many strategies that cover all energy uses, with the final target of reaching net-zero energy balance. However, in line with EPBD recast (2010), energy requirements have been set up for most energy consuming uses currently (HVAC, DHW and lighting).

ZEMedS in a nutshell: IEQ

Ensure good indoor air quality &

appropriate visual & acoustical

comfort

The indoor air should have

concentrations of

CO2 ≤ 1000 ppm

In addition the suggested

concentrations for Volatile organic

compounds, VOCs< 0.05 ppm &

Particulate matter, PM10< 50 µg/m3

(average in 24 hours)

KEY STRATEGIES

Ventilation rate: 5 -13 (l/s per person)

Average value: 8 l/s per person

Ventilation strategy may vary upon the site and local climate, from a

controlled natural ventilation (probably assisted by a fan to ensure

the minimum rates all over the school year) to a fully mechanical ventilation

with heat recovery, considering intermediate solutions too.

The use of non-toxic materials and properly choice of ventilation filters

will help improving air quality

ZEMedS in a nutshell: Thermal Comfort

Adequate thermal environment should be guaranteed

Minimum Operative Temperature in Winter season: 19-21ºC

Overheating should be limited to 40 hours in which internal

Temperature is above 28ºC annually

T air above 28 °C ≤ 40 hours/year

Maximum Operative Temperature in Summer season: 25-27ºC(only in the case where passive cooling techniques appear insufficient and a cooling system is finally adopted)

Sections

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Goal & Benefits1

Motivation

Climate change is the leading challenge we face today and the

building environment is in the front line of the battle to minimize

carbon emissions

Schools represent an important part of the public building stock. In

Mediterranean regions of Italy, Greece, Spain and France, there

are around 87.000 schools

In the field of energy savings in buildings, the interest towards the

school sector is deeply motivated: schools have standardized

energy demands, and high levels of environmental comfort should

be guaranteed

School buildings are one of the building sectors that should be

given precedence, as they affect the life of most people

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Motivation nZEB Definition BenefitsZEMedS

approach

nZEB definition in ZEMedS

Currently (August 2014), there is no official definition regarding nZEB that

applies to existing buildings.

In the framework of this TOOLKIT (ZEMedS project), the nZEB definition

has been defined as a FINAL ENERGY GOAL. This goal is very ambitious.

The authors do believe that ambitious targets need to be set up, particularly

when it concerns the young population.

A nearly Zero Energy school has been defined as the one in which annual

energy balance of non-renewable energy sources is zero for: heating,

cooling, ventilation, lighting and DHW.

Additionally, the maximum final energy consumption allowed, without

considering cooking, DHW, ICT and appliances is 25 kWh/m2/year.

Finally, Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) needs to be guaranteed, at

least in regards to air quality and overheating.

nZEB definition in

ZEMedS

Key criteria for nZEB in

Med schools

nZEB schools: requirements

Methodology requirements

Special cases

Remarks

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



approach

nZEB definition in ZEMedS

Primary Energy from non-renewable energy

sources covered by renewable energy

(EPBD uses)

0 kWh/m².year

(annual balance)

Final energy consumption (HVAC

and lighting)

CFE ≤ 25 kWh/m².year

Overheating limited to

40 hours over 28ºC annually

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is

guaranteed

CO2 ≤ 1000 ppm

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


nZEB definition in

ZEMedS


Med schools



Special cases

Remarks


approach

Key criteria for nZEB in MED schools

nZEBSchool

Very low heating demand

Avoid overheating

Renewable energy supply

Guarantee of IEQ

Raise awareness

Users/Education for future

generation

Local architecture

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


nZEB definition in

ZEMedS


Med schools



Special cases

Remarks


approach


Requirement 1

A nearly Zero Energy school is one in which annual energy balance of non-renewable energy sources is at maximum zero (EPBD uses)

Requirement 2

A nearly Zero Energy school has a maximum allowable final energy consumption of 25 kWh/m2/y

Requirement 3

A nearly Zero Energy school ensures a healthy environment and comfort for building occupants

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


nZEB definition in

ZEMedS


Med schools



Special cases

Remarks


approach


Requirement 1

A nearly Zero Energy school is the one which annual energy balance onnon-renewable energy sources is maximum zero

CPE – ProdRES ≤ 0

CPE: Primary energy consumption yearly for uses: heating, cooling,ventilation, DHW and lighting. Conversion coefficients are national ones.

ProdRES: Local renewable energy production yearly in primary energy

If local renewable energy is not feasible (it is required to demonstrate itwith a feasibility study) these options are possible (in order of priority):

- Neighborhood/town RES installation- 100 % green electricity from the grid (to be demonstrated with

the energy contract)

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


nZEBdefinition in

ZEMedS


Med schools



Special cases

Remarks


approach


Requirement 2

A nearly Zero Energy school has a maximum allowable final energyconsumption of 25 kWh/m2.y

CFE ≤ 25 kWh/m².year

CFE: Final energy consumption for uses heating, cooling, ventilation andlighting.

Reference surface area: surface area used in the regulation in thenational regulatory thermal calculation

Indicative maximum values are defined for final energy consumption forcertain uses:

Heating, cooling and ventilation CHVAC ≤ 20 kWh/m².year

Lighting Clighting ≤ 5 kWh/m².year

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


nZEBdefinition in

ZEMedS


Med schools



Special cases

Remarks


approach


Requirement 3

A nearly Zero Energy school ensures a healthy environment andcomfort for building occupants

Indoor Air Quality is guaranteed:CO2 ≤ 1000 ppm

Summer comfort:Maximum overheating time: T above 28 °C ≤ 40 hours/year duringoccupancy

Decision/policy makers & designers are highly encouraged to fix otherrequirements regarding indoor air quality (e.g. formaldehyde HCHO,particle matter PM), noise, natural light, cold surface effect, etc.)

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


nZEBdefinition in

ZEMedS


Med schools



Special cases

Remarks


approach


nZEB energy balance range

Final energy consumption

Ren

ew

able

en

erg

y b

alan

ce (

RES

-fo

ssil

fuel

s)

Net-zero line (for considered

uses)

25 kWh/m2/y

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


nZEBdefinition in

ZEMedS


Med schools



Special cases

Remarks


approach


Performing a “dynamic thermal simulation”- To validate the predicted final energy consumption (indicating the

consumption per use)

- To validate the summer comfort goal- To help decision makers to optimize the project (best compromise between

insulation, summer comfort and natural light)

Making a calculation of other energy consumption- To estimate the DHW consumption- To estimate the cooking/kitchen consumption- To estimate the specific electricity consumption depending on the

appliances- To identify the most energy-consuming equipment

Performing a Renewable Energy Sources study- To evaluate the local energy potential- To determine the techno-economic feasibility- To consider, when needed, nearby or grid RES

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


nZEBdefinition in

ZEMedS


Med schools



Special cases

Remarks


approach


Measuring the building’s air tightness- Before works, to identify the existing weaknesses- After works, to validate the implementation according to project

specific requirements and apply corrective measures

Monitoring the building- To measure the real consumption per use- To measure the indoor conditions to assess comfort and health

requirements- To adopt corrective measures or new actions to improve building use- To support the communication plan that involves the users

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


nZEBdefinition in

ZEMedS


Med schools



Special cases

Remarks


approach

Special cases

My school has special facilities (gymnasium, laboratory, ...)A global approach is best to minimize energy consumption but, in veryspecial cases, some facilities may not be taken into account in theZEMedS goals

It is not possible to install photovoltaic panelsAchieve ZEMedS goal is still possible, for example by producing heatand/or DHW from a renewable energy (i.e. geothermal, biomass) andsubscribing a "100% green electricity" contract from your electricitysupplier

Solar thermal collectors may not be installed as a ruleBecause of heritage protection regulations.Because energy demand and strategies adopted may not justify it

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


nZEBdefinition in

ZEMedS


Med schools



Special cases

Remarks


approach

Remarks

- nZEB’s goal needs to be supported by a global approach, including dynamicsimulations. Current regulative procedures in Italy, France, Spain and Greecedo not allow achieving the goals of ZEMedS’s approach

- nZEB’s goal is more difficult to achieve in renovation than in new buildings

- nZEB’s goal is a long-term oriented approach. Some measures may not be costeffective if they are considered separately

- Why an absolute value? Because we will call nZEB the same energy result. Ifthe energy goal was a relative criteria (i.e. -70% of heating demand), indeedthe energy consumption can vary from each building because of differentstarting points

- In some cases, nZEB will be simply not possible

- Beyond works, it is necessary to organize the maintenance/use of the schoolto maintain the level of performance. nZEB is not just for one year

- Documentation and instructions should be provided to users. nZEB is verysensitive to behavior

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


nZEBdefinition in

ZEMedS


Med schools



Special cases

Remarks


approach

Legislative and regulatory compliance

Greek

National

framework

Spanish

National

framework

Catalan

Regional

framework

French

National

framework

European Legal framework

Italian

National

framework


Energetic and Environmental benefits

Economicbenefits

Aesthetical and Cultural benefits

Health and Safety benefits

Social benefits

Educational benefits

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



approach

European Legal Framework

Three directives drive public effort on the renovation and energy efficiency of buildings:

- Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD): The EPBD sets out several

requirements, including the need for public buildings to be nearly zero-energy by 2019

and all new buildings by 2021. The EPBD also requires Member States to set a

minimum energy performance requirements fir new buildings and buildings undergoing

renovation with a view of achieving cost optimal levels

- Energy Efficiency Directive (EED): The EED contains a number of mandatory

measures designed to deliver energy savings across all sectors and prescribes

Member States to establish a long-term strategy for mobilising investment in the

renovation of residential and commercial buildings

- Renewable Energy Directive (RED): The RED is a piece of legislation driving the

deployment of renewable energy solutions in buildings and their integration in local

energy infrastructures

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding




Economicbenefits



Social benefits



approach

European Legal Framework

The closest definition to an nZEB building available at EU level is mentioned in the

Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), Article 2, as a building that has a

“very high energy performance. The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required

should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources,

including energy from renewable sources produced on site or nearby”

The same Directive states that “Member States shall ensure by 31 December 2020 all

new buildings are nearly zero-energy buildings; and after 31 December 2018 new

buildings occupied and owned by public authorities are nearly zero energy buildings”

Also Member States shall “draw up national plans for increasing the number of nearly

zero-energy“ and “following the leading example of the public sector, develop policies

and take measures such as the setting of targets in order to stimulate the transformation

of buildings that are refurbished into near zero-energy buildings”

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding




Economicbenefits



Social benefits



approach

Greek National framework

nZEB Definition: To date there is not any national law that embodies the 2012/27 EED

as far as concern a definition of nZEB that contains both a numerical target & a share of

renewable energy sources

Legislative framework: Law N.3851/2010 on RES (FEK 85/A/4.6.2010); All public

buildings by 2015 & all new buildings by 2020, should cover their primary energy

consumption from RES, combined heat & power, district heating or cooling, & energy

efficient heat pumps. National targets by 2020: reach a contribution of 20% from RES in

the national gross final energy consumption (from 5% in 2007), 40% in gross electricity

generation (from 4.6% in 2007), and 20% in final energy consumption for heating and

cooling

Implementation: Implementation still not monitored. It will be based on intermediate

targets for improving the energy performance of new buildings by 2015, with most

focusing on strengthening the building regulations &/or the energy performance

certificate level

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding




Economicbenefits



Social benefits



approach

French National framework

nZEB Definition: There is no national accepted definition of an nZEB solution in France.

However, Effinergie association recently proposed a label for new buildings. For the

renovation, we must wait for a new thermal regulation of existing buildings (not before

2016)

Legislative framework: Laws of the Grenelle Environment (2007) set the objectives of

the energy transition. The building sector is a strategic sector because it is the most

energy intensive, with almost 44% of the final energy consumed. It also generates 21%

of greenhouse gases emitted in France

- Reduction of energy consumption of the entire park buildings: -38% by 2020. (act n°

2009-967 of 3 August 2009)

- 500,000 major residential energy renovations by 2017 and obligation to renovate

public and private tertiary buildings before 2020 (act n° 2010-788 of 12 July 2010)

Implementation: some buildings are monitored with calls for regional projects co-

financed by ADEME

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding




Economicbenefits



Social benefits



approach

Italian National framework

nZEB Definition: There is no national accepted definition of an nZEB solution

Legislative framework:

- Law n. 90, August 3, 2013 adopts The Directive 2010/31/UE – EPBD recasts and

introduces the concept of nZEB buildings. However, several decrees are still missing,

including the decree defining the methodology for calculating the energy performance

of buildings (Annex 1 to Directive 2010/31/UE – EPBD Recast)

- The regulation in force, D.Lgs. 311/06, prescribes thresholds for the heating

consumption and for the thermal features of the envelope. It defines the Energetic

Performance Index and the maximum transmittance values for building envelope

depending on climatic zones and Surface to Volume ratio

- Italian NREAP, 2010 states that for new buildings and existing major renovations, 50%

of expected energy consumption for domestic hot water, heating and cooling must be

covered by RES. There will be a gradual increase of that percentage until 2017

Implementation: The implementation of the Italian National Strategy is still under

negotiation

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding




Economicbenefits



Social benefits



approach

Spanish National framework

nZEB Definition: There is no accepted definition of nZEB solution in Spain. A definition

is expected to be produced before 2018


- Royal Decree 235/2013 addressing the energetic certificate of those buildings built,

sold or rented in the terms established by the basic procedure. According to this

disposition will need to be nZEB new buildings from 2021 and the public buildings

built from 2019

- Modification of the CTE-HE 12/09/2013 for which limited values on the use of non-

renewable energies are established based on geographical zones. Need to comply

with energetic qualification B

Implementation: Implementation still not monitored although it will be based on the

definition A of the energetic qualification for those buildings built from 2021 onwards.

Intermediate measures will be implemented by 2015 and new funding instruments might

be designed accordingly

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding




Economicbenefits



Social benefits



approach

Catalan Regional framework


- Catalan Plan for Energy and Climate Change of Catalonia 2012-2020 (PEAC 2020).

The plan will define the Catalan Government’s approach towards energy policies, and

addresses issues related to the mitigation of climate change and energy

- The Catalan Government passed in 2013 the Catalan Strategy for the Energy

Renovation of Buildings in Catalonia. The strategy is expected to be implemented

during the 1st trimester of 2014 after the development of the Action Plan for the Energy

renovation of Buildings in Catalonia. The plan will be endowed with 2.6 million Euros

and will run between 2014-2020

Implementation: The implementation of the Catalan National Strategy is still under

negotiation

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding




Economicbenefits



Social benefits



approach


Reduced Emissions

The mitigation potential of emissions from buildings is important and as much as 80% of

the operational costs of standard new buildings can be saved through integrated design

principles, often at no or little extra cost over the lifetime of the measure

Engagement of Public institutions in a new energy paradigm

When analysing the situation in a macroeconomic perspective it is important that the

public sector engages in the development of specific activities aimed at the modification

of an energy paradigm deemed to generate significant conflicts due to the MED area

heavy reliance on energy imports and the subsequent vulnerability to external and

international energy shocks

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding




Economicbenefits



Social benefits



approach

Economic benefits

Reduced Energy Demand

Implementing nZEB solutions will result in a reduction of fuel demand in the public sector

premises. The long term optimisation of nZEB solutions will result in the reduction of

energy bills and a more sustainable energetic approach

Spill-over effect

The successful implementation of nZEB solutions in educational buildings will have a

spill over effect on other public sector buildings and departments. The extension to other

public areas will have a significant effect on the overall public budget

Disruptive Innovation

Even further than this it can be assumed that nZEB renovation and the tools used might

constitute a disruptive innovation that will help creating and fostering a new market for

renovation and retrofitting actions, displacing earlier technologies

Retention of economic activity

The implementation nZEB solutions will contribute to the retention of tradesmen and

service engineering activity

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding




Economicbenefits



Social benefits



approach


Air quality improvement

Air quality in nZEB schools is improved when compared to buildings constructed according

to the current practice. The improved air quality will results in much safer and healthier

environments for pupils and personnel working in the school premises

Reduced impact of allergies and respiratory problems

According to some studies buildings equipped with mechanical supply and exhaust heat

recovery ventilation systems show a correlation with health problems (allergy and respiratory

problems) that will be reduced with nZEB solutions

Reduction of artificial light

The reduction of artificial light use will have a positive impact on the well being of students

and their educational environment

Reduced danger of mould and fungus formation

Cultures of mould fungus tend to grow at critical places in a high humidity environment.

Humidity is usually increased in premises occupied by a significant number of people, as it is

the case with schools. Mouldy and fungus can be prevented by good thermal insulation

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding




Economicbenefits



Social benefits



approach

Social benefits

Alleviation of fuel needs

One of the main benefits of implementing nZEB solutions stems from the need to alleviate fuel

demand. It is important to note that as in the rest of benefits produced by nZEB solutions the payback

will be fully grasped over time

Development of a new construction sector paradigm

In a wider perspective the development of a new paradigm in the management of public buildings will

have an impact on the economic and social conditions in the region

Reinforcement of a new economic model for the sector

nZEB might help overcome current obsolete values and behaviours in a sector so fundamental for

economic and social development; a process in which public procurement should act as an

accelerator

Regeneration of local job conditions

The implementation and development of new technical skills and capacities within the building and

renovation sector will have a significant impact on the regeneration of a sector a deeply hit by the

economic stagnation of the last few years

Innovative statement about society

Supporting the development of nZEB buildings is a statement about the society we want for our kids

and about the environmental and community values we want to bestow to new generations

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding




Economicbenefits



Social benefits



approach


Promote education in eco-friendly environments

Allowing the new generations to grow and be educated in an eco-friendly environment as

that of nZEB schools will have as a result an ingrained sensitisation of children, thus

generating an acculturation process that will have a fundamental impact when these kids

reach the adult life

Promoting the “normality” of energy efficient solutions among kids

Promoting the “normality” of energy efficient solutions within young people’s values and

behaviours will be one of the most valuable outputs of any nZEB aimed action

Allowing students to monitor their energetic consumption

In energy efficient schools, students can monitor their school’s energy consumption from

energy data bases and have the opportunity to learn about the benefits of smart energy

management

Enhanced well being of the student will result in improved academic performance

Thermal comfort is an important factor for schools, since it guarantees the well being of

students

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding




Economicbenefits



Social benefits



approach


Safeguard of architectural and cultural heritage

The construction boom experienced in some of the Mediterranean countries in

the last decades, have resulted in the construction of new school buildings from

scratch. Although these new buildings have been constructed following the

highest technical and energetic standards, it might be argued that in the process,

the vast architectural and cultural heritage of the region might have been

forgotten.

nZEB must be seen as a valuable mechanism to improve this situation.

A guide to developing strategies for building energy renovation (Published in

February 2013, Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE)

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding




Economicbenefits



Social benefits



approach

http://bpie.eu/documents/BPIE/Developing_Building_Renovation_Strategies.pdf

ZEMedS approach: Paradigm Shift

Paradigm shift

Path to nZEB

Importance of Using RE

resources

Key issues

Long-term

• Local economy

• Low energy dependence

• Environmental impact

• Climate change

• High savings

• Low CO2 emissions

• Health improvement

• Pupils performance

Short-term

•Low savings

•High CO2 emissions

•Delocalization

•High energy dependance

When a renovation has an nZEB target, a

paradigm shift is needed. Current approaches

to increase energy efficiency of schools are

no longer appropriate, because energy

savings potential is limited.

Moreover, many other criteria, i.e.

indoor air quality, are traditionally

not considered from the beginning

of the design phase. The new

paradigm needs to be based on a

holistic approach and then

consider not only energy issues but

also other criteria (i.e. global cost,

indoor conditions, environmental issues).

Current short-term oriented renovations

neglect many aspects compared to long-term

oriented approaches.Key aspects short-term vs. long-term oriented approach

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



approach

Path to nZEB

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Paradigm shift

Path to nZEB


resources

Key issues


approach

Source: IEA SHC Task 40/EBC Annex 52 – J. Ayoub & S. Pogharian: http://task40.iea-shc.org/

http://task40.iea-shc.org/

Path to nZEB

In contrast with current practice,

when a renovation has an nZEB

target, the role of renewable energy

is no longer secondary but it may

represent 100% energy supply.

Consequently, during the design of

an nZEB renovation, a previous

analysis of local renewable

energy sources is required in order

to make the most appropriate

choices.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Paradigm shift

Path to nZEB


resources

Key issues


approach

Key issues

KEY ISSUES FOR MEDITERRANEAN REGIONS

- Choosing the right ventilation strategy

- Relying on a set of passive cooling techniques

- Heating demand is the highest energy demand, even in EU-MED

- High solar energy potential

- Abundant natural light being well-managed

KEY ISSUES FOR SCHOOL BUILDINGS

- Indoor environmental quality needs to be assured

- Renovation period must be strictly planned according to holidays

- High internal heat gains

- User behavior is key both to guarantee energy goal and to train future

generations

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Paradigm shift

Path to nZEB


resources

Key issues


approach

2 Technical Strategies

Schools in the Mediterranean consume most of their energy in heating the

indoor space (around 60-80% of the total energy consumption is heat,

including heating and domestic hot water uses).

Current overall consumption varies greatly according to local climate,

building typology, equipment and users’ behavior. Although there is few

statistical data, first estimations show that the average consumption may

not be far from 100 kWh/m2/year.

Current indoor conditions generally need to be improved to offer high

quality learning environments; insufficient ventilation rates (e.g. high CO2

(and other pollutants) concentrations have been recorded in many Greek

schools), glare problems, and common overheating during spring and

autumn have been reported.

Building designers, policy makers, constructors and school users need to

know the starting point in order to build and implement the strategies

both concerning the energy and the indoor conditions to guarantee the

energy goal and to train future generations.

Consumption and Comfort

Current Situation nZEB Design School YardsIEQMED Energy

Strategy

Consumption & comfort

Environment

Building

RES

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Where does the consumption come from? What consumes the most?

Heating, cooling, lighting… are there other important energy uses?

Action needed: ENERGY AUDIT

It is necessary to have a good knowledge about the energy use and

consumption in the school buildings that face a renovation process with high

energy goals.

- National methodologies

- Local auditors repertory

- EN 16247-1:2012 Energy audits - Part 1: General requirements

- ZEMedS – School energy assessment template

- Workshop on Energy Audits and Energy Management (EC)

- Criteria of an energy audit:

- Representative

- Reliable

- Based on measured, traceable operational data

- Build when possible on LCCA (Life Cycle Cost Analysis)

instead of SPP (Simple Payback Period)

Initial Consumption of the School

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Strategy


Environment

Building

RES

http://www.zemeds.eu/

http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/sites/energyefficiency/files/files/documents/events/ener-jrc_audits_workshop_ehoos.pdf

What are the current problems in indoor environments? Are there too high

concentrations of some pollutants? Where do they come from? What is the

ventilation rate? Are there any meetings planned to collect users’ feelings

(too hot, too cold, problems with glare, noise, etc...)?

Action needed: IEQ AUDIT

- No reference standard is currently available for an IEQ (Indoor

Environmental Quality) audit

- An IEQ audit should include:

- comfort (temperature, relative humidity, lighting, noise, smells...)

- ventilation rate

- gases and emissions (VOCs, CO, CO2, NOX, SO2, O3,

formaldehyde, radon)

- particles, bacteria, fungi and suspended fibers

- Electric and electromagnetic fields, static electricity

See the section IEQ in this Toolkit

IEQ course for students (Green Education Foundation-USA)

IEQ related to HVAC (checklist)

Comfort and Users

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Strategy


Environment

Building

RES

http://www.greeneducationfoundation.org/gefinstitute/images/GEF Institute/Classroom Materials/Indoor_Environmental_Quality.pdf

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/indoorenv/buildingventilation.html

Integration into environment

Regulatory environmentKnow the regulations defined by the planning documents (for France: PLU, SCOT, PADD ...) and architecture regulations (for France: ZPPAUP, historic building ...).Identify the limits to the public domain (thickness of outside insulation, position of rainwater gutters ...).

Architecture and heritage Identify architectural elements to allow an appropriate choice of technical solutions. This analysis shows whether the walls are insulated from the outside or inside. Can the windows be modified to optimize the contribution of natural light or solar gain?

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Strategy


Environment

Building

RES

Surrounding landscape

Sunshine and solar access: shadows over the building (high-rise building with a drop shadow for example)?

Orientation and exposure of the building and the windows?

Nature of the materials of walls, school yard, street,

sidewalks, heat island effect?

Solar shading?

Wind conditions (direction, frequency

and strength)?

Vegetation to improve summer comfort?

Do outdoor areas need to be considered?

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Strategy


Environment

Building

RES

Surrounding landscape

Other sources of pollution? Air pollution?

Noise pollution?

Other sources of pollution: soil, pollen .. ?

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Strategy


Environment

Building

RES

The school needs to be assessed in regards to the building level, the urban

planning and the educational programs. Information about current situation

and future programs may be needed to develop the nZEB renovation

project.

Action needed: BUILDING DIAGNOSTIC

- Is there a technical history of the building? Interventions, maintenance,

energy upgrade, other works already done, …?

- Does the building conform to all existing regulations? Accessibility,

earthquake, asbestos, lead, …?

- Are there existing disorders to which the renovation will also answer?

Humidity, noise, …?

- According to educational plans, which are the criteria that may affect

building renovation?

- What is the school community involved in this particular building(s)?

Building diagnostic

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Strategy


Environment

Building

RES

Can renewable energy sources on-site/nearby supply the future renovated

school?

Action needed: ASSESSMENT OF RES POTENTIAL

- Is there any RES District heating existing or planned in the

neighborhood?

- Does the building have solar access (presence of existing or potential

future shadow)?

- Biomass boiler: Is it feasible? Can the site be supplied with wood (truck

access, close, wood in the close vicinity, room for the boiler and wood

reserve …)?

- Is the site favorable to geothermal energy (ground favorable, sea/lake

water ...)?

- Is this a windy region? Are there wind maps available? Is the building

located in an open area?

RES potential

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Strategy


Environment

Building

RES

According to Effinergie (French association), the general steps for a low

energy renovation are the following 7. In the framework of Mediterranean

schools, 3 of them are highlighted.

The Key Steps of a Renovation Project

Diagnostic/Currentsituation

Planning DesignCompaniesconsulting

WorksReceptionof works

Use and maintenance

Special attention in MED schools’ renovation

NZEB approach

Design methodology

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Deep renovation vsStep-by-Step

renovation

Implementation

and follow up

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Strategy

When designing a Zero Energy School, energy demand reduction must be

tackled at the same time as the evaluation of the local renewable energy

resources (RES)’s potential.


Energy demand

RES contribution

Energy demand

RES contribution

Solar

Biomass

Geothermal

Envelope losses

System needs

Good habits

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation

Implementation

and follow upCurrent Situation nZEB Design School YardsIEQ

MED Energy Strategy

Design methodology

In the energy balance, special attention must be given in studying RES

potential, energy demand by use and the potential to reduce it.

Energy demand for heating may be covered by a determinate energy

source, while electricity may be covered probably by solar PV. For each

case, a thorough study is needed in line with the specificities of the building,

the site, the surroundings, the energy uses, and the occupants' needs.

In addition, indoor conditions need to be guaranteed in terms of health and

comfort.

Consequently, the energy balance is to be achieved with improved IEQ.

Finally, cost and implementation issues should be considered during the

analysis in order to take the feasible decisions at each step.


Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation

Implementation


MED Energy Strategy

Design methodology

Current energy consumption of schools is far from nZEB goals. Additionally,

current indoor conditions are not satisfying.

nZEB’s approach is ambitious. It intends to both comply with zero energy

consumption and current standards for indoor environments.

Mediterranean Approach

Current Regulation NZEB

Primary Energy

IEQ

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation

Implementation


MED Energy Strategy

Design methodology

The Way Towards Healthy nZEB Schools

THERMAL

ELECTRICITY

Thermal RESOR

Electrical RES

Extra RES

PV/wind

DHWDHW

Cooking

Heating Heating

Heating

DHW

Cooking Cooking

Now Better IEQ

Reduceddemand

RES supply

nZEB

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation

Implementation


MED Energy Strategy

Design methodology

In order to achieve the nZEB final goal in renovation, a global approach

needs to be undertaken, considering criteria such as: energy, environment,

users, health, comfort, learning outcomes, current situation, climate change,

local resources, local traditions, economy, regulations, policies, education

plans, commitment, etc.

Even though it is not often used, the current way to consider all these

factors in a successful way is to follow a holistic approach, involving all the

necessary actors.

The Way Towards Healthy nZEB Schools

Traditional way

Holistic approach

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation

Implementation


MED Energy Strategy

Design methodology

Holistic definition: Characterized by the belief that the parts of something

are intimately interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole.

The holistic approach is the one considering the building as a whole and its

interconnected subsystems, functions, uses and benefits.

A Holistic Methodology for Sustainable Renovation towards Residential Net-

Zero Energy Buildings (under development in University of Aalborg,

Denmark)

Method for Developing and Assessing Holistic Energy Renovation of Multi-

storey Buildings (Technical University of Denmark)

Holistic Approach

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation

Implementation


MED Energy Strategy

Design methodology

http://www.zeb.aau.dk/Projektbeskrivelser/Tilknyttede+PhD-projekter/A+Holistic+Methodology+for+Sustainable+Renovation+towards+Residential+Net-Zero+Energy+Buildings/

http://orbit.dtu.dk/fedora/objects/orbit:121862/datastreams/file_312fb2ba-2c11-4920-b9f1-6cf9c2ceb6b0/content

Before designing the renovation, it is necessary to check that the building

selection has been done according to a planning phase and that it is still

current.

Actually, Public Authorities (or private school owners) are highly

encouraged to analyze the school’s portfolio and set the renovation priorities

in order to elaborate a Master Plan.

This analysis will then determine which schools are the most concerned for

the ZEMedS’s renovations.

In this sense, the methodology proposed in the framework of

SchoolVentCool project can be applied.

It proposes some criteria to help elaborate the Master Plan and end up with

a best practice renovation.

Therefore, it is very important to make a good choice and devote the efforts

needed in achieving the first successful real cases.

Otherwise, if the first renovation cases fail in achieving the targets, a lack of

confidence may spread among the actors involved.

Holistic Approach

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation

Implementation


MED Energy Strategy

Design methodology

http://www.schoolventcool.eu/

Existing Stock and Best Practice Renovation

Source: SchoolVentCool project, AEE INTEC

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation

Implementation


MED Energy Strategy

Design methodology

http://schoolventcool.eu/sites/default/files/Brochure SchoolVentCool_The Way Towards Your Cool Schooll.pdf

Integrated Design

When it comes to renovating a school building with high energy and/or

environmental goals, it is highly recommended to start following an

Integrated Design (ID) process.

According to MaTrID project guidelines, Integrated Design is advisable in

managing the complex issues arising from planning buildings with high

energy and environmental ambitions. Key issues are collaboration in multi-

disciplinary teams, discussion and evaluation of multiple design concepts as

well as clear goal-setting and systematic monitoring. In the early design

phases, the opportunities to positively influence building performance are

great, while cost and disruptions associated with design changes are very

small.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation

Implementation


MED Energy Strategy

Design methodology

http://www.integrateddesign.eu/downloads/MaTrID_Process-Guideline.pdf

Integrated Design

Source: MaTrID project, Supplement on scope of services and remuneration models,

www.integrateddesign.eu) Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation

Implementation


MED Energy Strategy

Design methodology

http://www.integrateddesign.eu

Integrated Design

Integrated Design (ID) is more time and effort consuming during early

phases (as illustrated in the previous slide). But this constitutes an

investment that will save future operational costs and maintenance during

whole building lifecycle. Suggested steps from MaTrID guidelines are:

Step 0. Project Development

Step 1. Design basis

Step 2. Iterative problem solving

Step 3. On track monitoring

Step 4. Delivery

Step 5. In use

The performance of buildings should be assessed in a lifecycle

perspective, both regarding environmental performance (LCA) and

costs (LCC).

(Source: MaTrID)

LCA: Life cycle assessment

LCC: Life cycle cost

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation

Implementation


MED Energy Strategy

Design methodology


Integrated Design

BENEFITS OF ID Main BARRIERS WITH ID

1. Higher energy performance2. Reduced embodied carbon3. Optimized indoor climate4. Lower running costs5. Reduction of risks and

construction defects6. More user involvement7. Higher value8. Green image and exposure of

the building

1. Conventional thinking 2. ID seems to costs too much 3. Time constraints in initial

design phase 4. “Skills tyranny”

Source: Estimations of increased/reduced costs connected to ID. (Source: MaTrID project, ID Process Guide, www.integrateddesign.eu)

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation

Implementation


MED Energy Strategy

Design methodology

http://www.integrateddesign.eu/

Integrated Design

Integrated Design Process was firstly developed in Canada, with the

experience gained from the demonstration program C2000 (from 1993),

focusing on high-performance buildings. Later on, Canada, USA, Europe

and other regions have applied the same principles to design more recent

buildings.

When ID is called Integrated Energy Design (IED), the focus is on the

energy consumption. There, early decisions are taken in favor of energy

performance in order to ensure achieving a better final performance.

- The Integrated Design Process (iiSBE 2005)

- Engage the Integrated Design Process (WBDG 2012), including

“charrettes” (creative multi-day sessions)

- The integrated design process – Benefits and phases (Canadian

Government Webpage 2014)

- Integrated Design Process Guide (Canadian Gouvernment)

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation

Implementation


MED Energy Strategy

Design methodology

http://iisbe.org/down/gbc2005/Other_presentations/IDP_overview.pdf

http://www.wbdg.org/design/engage_process.php

http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/efficiency/buildings/eenb/integrated-design-process/4047

http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/inpr/bude/himu/coedar/upload/Integrated_Design_GuideENG.pdf

Integrated Design

Lessons learnt

Some lessons learnt from implementation of ID in real building projects are the following:

1. “The earlier you start, the better it is”

2. ID is a process that works

3. Communication and collaboration among actors involved from the beginning

(including the occupants) is a key point for a successful implementation

4. Some additional tasks may be required (i.e. LCCA, Feasibility studies,

Monitoring users’ satisfaction)

5. Benefits of ID need to be comprehensive and clearly explained to the

decision makers

6. It is needed to define the design requirements as much as possible before

launching the tenders

7. Short simple payback times are a limiting factor for implementing sustainable

measures

8. Lack of methodological procedures easy to implement

9. ID facilitator should be an expert in nZEB and have managing skills

10. ID should be included in educational programs and follow latter building

phases, as implementation and use

11. ID implies a higher effort in the beginning. That means a higher risk that

constitutes a barrier. It is important to identify the risks and opportunities.

Source: MaTrID Workshop (Vienna 26th November 2014)

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation

Implementation


MED Energy Strategy

Design methodology

Integrated Design

ID and nZEB schools

- High energy target is at the core of the nZEB approach. Energy design is

then a key issue

- The use of dynamic thermal simulation is needed to ensure the nZEB

design. However, current regulative procedures will probably not be

compatible with the nZEB approach

- Moreover, indoor environmental quality – IEQ – is an additional key issue for

every building and particularly important in school buildings

- Involving school community in the design is necessary and offers great

replication potential about energy efficiency knowledge and habits to be

deployed into other kind of buildings

- Additionally, an implementation program is needed to achieve design

objectives during the use phase of the building

- Renovation works could be implemented in phases. Design phase needs to

pay particular attention to this aspect

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation

Implementation


MED Energy Strategy

Design methodology

Integrated Team

Success is linked to the team involved in elaborating the strategies and

making decisions. Multi-disciplinary teams will be needed to cover the

broader aspects linked to school renovation. Skilled professionals will

represent the different parts involved: owner, designer, consultant, manager,

operator, funder, and user, and may include:

- Building and building technology related experts: urban planners,

monument conservators, architects, HVAC and structural engineers,

specialists in fire precaution, ecological aspects, etc

- Energy related experts

- Experts in social and health matters

- Experts in the field of education

- Operators and ESCos (Energy Service Companies)

- Users and user-related persons like teachers, pupils and parents

The first buildings with low energy design have shown that commitment of

key actors (at least owner, designer and user) and support from local

institutions are key elements.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation

Implementation


MED Energy Strategy

Design methodology

Guidelines for Low Energy SCHOOLS / for energy efficiency in schools

- School Vent Cool project:

High performance renovation strategies for school

buildings in Europe. New solutions for ventilation

systems, natural cooling and application of prefabricated modules (2010-

2013)

Design approach

- School of the Future project:

Towards Zero Emission with High Performance

Indoor Environment - 4 demonstration buildings

in EU (1 in Mediterranean Italy) – Reports on technology,

IEQ and implementation (2011-2016)

nZEB approach

- Teenergy Schools project:

High energy-efficient architecture and improved comfort

for secondary school buildings in the Mediterranean area.

Mediterranean architecture design approach

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation

Implementation


MED Energy Strategy

Design methodology


http://www.school-of-the-future.eu/index.php/project-results/technology-screening

http://teenergy.commpla.com/content/teenergy-guidelines







Guidelines for Low Energy SCHOOLS / for energy efficiency in schools

- Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 School Buildings

Achieving 50% Energy Savings Toward a Net Zero Energy Building

(USA-ASHRAE 2011)

NZEB approach

- EURONET 50/50 MAX project:

Energy use and education in schools and

other public buildings (2013-2016)

Building use approach

- VERYschool project:

Smart solutions and energy management integrated

Into the platform "Energy Action Navigator” with

4 demonstration sites (2012-2014)

Energy management approach

More links and guidelines in the Appendix

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology

https://buildingdata.energy.gov/cbrd/resource/17

http://euronet50-50max.eu/en/

http://www.veryschool.eu/







Building Information Modeling (BIM)

BIMobject AB: The European Parliament recommends BIM-technology

Leaders from Europe's architecture, engineering and construction industry

expressed their support today of the European Parliament's decision to

modernize European public procurement rules by recommending the use of

electronic tools, such as building information electronic modeling, or BIM, for

public works contracts and design contests.

As a result, building and infrastructure projects are created and completed

faster, more economically and sustainably.

The adoption of the directive, officially called the European Union Public

Procurement Directive (EUPPD), means that all the 28 European Member

States may encourage, specify or mandate the use of BIM for publicly

funded construction and building projects in the European Union by

2016. The UK, Netherlands, Denmark, Finland and Norway already require

the use of BIM for publicly funded building projects.

Source: http://info.bimobject.com/Read.aspx?type=pr&id=1755425&date=201401

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology

http://info.bimobject.com/Read.aspx?type=pr&id=1755425&date=201401

Energy Design

- IES-VE (Energy + Ventilation + Comfort + Lighting)

- EnergyPlus – Open Studio(Free) / Design Builder

- Trnsys

- TAS

- Comfie-Pleiades (French)

- MIT Design Advisor (5 minutes early design)

- Energy tools directory US-Energy Dpt

- Energy tools directory – WBDG

- Software and resources directory for Environmental buildings (French)

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology

http://www.iesve.com/

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/energyplus_about.cfm

https://openstudio.nrel.gov/

http://www.designbuilder.co.uk/

http://www.trnsys.com/

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/software.cfm/ID=210/pagename_submenu=energy_simulation/pagename_menu=whole_building_analysis/pagename=subjects

http://www.izuba.fr/logiciel/pleiadescomfie

http://designadvisor.mit.edu/design/

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/subjects.cfm/pagename=subjects/pagename_menu=whole_building_analysis/pagename_submenu=energy_simulation

http://www.wbdg.org/resources/energyanalysis.php

http://www.bourgogne-batiment-durable.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/mediatheque/Logiciels-CAD.pdf



Daylighting

- WBDG daylighting

- Radiance – Open Studio (free)

- Ecotect

- DIALux

- Daysim

- Lighting software directory – US Energy Dpt

Other specific tools are provided in the corresponding chapters

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology

http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php

http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/HOME.html


http://usa.autodesk.com/ecotect-analysis/

http://www.dial.de/DIAL/en/dialux-international-download.html

http://daysim.ning.com/

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/subjects.cfm/pagename=subjects/pagename_menu=materials_components/pagename_submenu=lighting_systems

Heat Island Effect

nZEB’s design needs to take into account the local microclimate.

Cool materials and vegetation could mitigate heat island effects.

Animated picture of heat island effect

Source: NASA Source: ALE Montpellier

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology

http://greenbuilding.pdx.edu/Resources.php

http://www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/urban/urban_heat_island.html

Sunshine

The objective is to use the available solar energy as light or heat, including

recovering maximum solar gain in winter, while simultaneously reducing

direct sunlight in summer.

Best Practice: the maximum window area should face south because direct

exposure from the east and west often causes "overheating area" and visual

discomfort.

Sources: http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/

www.cuepe.ch

www.airdesignlab.com and [email protected]

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology

http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/

http://www.cuepe.ch

http://www.airdesignlab.com

mailto:[email protected]

Wind

The aim is to protect the building from wind and rain during winter, and to

ensure the summer comfort when the cool night air is needed.

The knowledge of the direction, frequency and speed of the prevailing winds

is essential. The topology of the site and the surrounding environment can

also help protect against winds discomfort.

Source: www.meteofrance.com

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology

http://www.meteofrance.com

Deep Renovation (Macro-Scale)

In a global approach, deep renovation means renovating a high number of

buildings with high efficiency targets.

Particularly, in the Deep Renovation of Buildings report, Ecofys states the

following:

‘Deep renovation’ means: a high level of energy efficiency improvement at a

rate of 2.3% of the building stock, with a high focus on the efficiency of the

building envelope and high use of renewable energy. This track leads to a

75% reduction in final energy use by 2050 (compared to 2010). Including

cooling, the present study estimates that the energy demand will be reduced

by at least 66%.

(...) Literature shows that alternatives to deep renovation for reducing the

fossil fuel import dependency, e.g. shallow renovation with a very high share

of renewables or alternative (domestic) supply options, are not cheaper and

create other dependencies or risks.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology

http://www.ecofys.com/files/files/ecofys-eurima-2014-deep-renovation-of-buildings.pdf

Deep vs. Step-by-Step Renovation

"Deep renovation benefits" Source: Eurima (2012): Renovation Tracks for Europe up to 2050

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology

http://www.eurima.org/uploads/ModuleXtender/Publications/90/Renovation_tracks_for_Europe_08_06_2012_FINAL.pdf

Deep Renovation (Micro-Scale)

At a building scale, according to Global Buildings Performance Network, a

standard renovation or refurbishment will often achieve energy savings

ranging between 20% and 30% and sometimes less.

However, as the GBPN research shows with a “deep” renovation, it is

possible to reduce a building’s energy use by more than 75%.

According to “Renovate Europe Campaign”, staged deep renovation

means the deep renovation of a building that takes place in a series of

planned stages, whereby the costs of undertaking a particular stage does

not preclude or increase the costs of carrying out subsequent stages.

Multiple Benefits of Investing in Energy Efficient Renovations - Impact on

Public Finances. Among the many benefits, Renovate Europe states that

energy efficient renovation is a great investment: 1€ invested by

government in renovations can return up to 5€ back to public finances.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology

http://www.gbpn.org/newsroom/report-gbpn-defines-concept-deep-renovation

http://www.renovate-europe.eu/Multiple-Benefits-Study


Step-by-Step Renovation

The term step-by-step renovation may apply to steps done in favor of

energy efficiency without having a final global target.

On the contrary, a deep renovation approach must be considered from the

beginning in order to achieve the final ambitious targets.

However, when funding or schedule reasons prevent the deep renovation at

a given time, it is then proposed to follow a staged deep renovation.

Key issues for a staged deep renovation:

- From the beginning, define long-term objectives

- Strict plan to implement the actions at different steps

- At each step, revision of status, targets and actions to carry out

- Keeping the commitment from the beginning until the end

- Technical key points:

- Envelope and ventilation should be implemented at the same step

- Thermal bridges treatment may imply some simultaneous actions

(i.e. changing windows and façade insulation)

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology

Step-by-Step Renovation

Examples of staged deep renovations, as proposed in the EuroPHit Project

© Passive House Institute, http://europhit.eu/

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology

http://europhit.eu/

http://europhit.eu/

Staged deep renovation

Source: ASCAMM elaboration

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

% %

Deep renovation

RES

Others

Catering

Lighting

DHW

Heating

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology


When it is time to implement a staged deep renovation, several scenarios arepossible. Decision makers will need to take into account many criteria (renovationneeds, school programs…) as well as availability of funds.

Some possible Implementation Plans:

- Renovation in 2 steps1. Envelope upgrade2. Systems and renewable energy

- Renovation in 3 steps1. Envelope upgrade2. Systems3. Renewable energy

- Renovation in 3 steps1. Windows , ventilation and lighting2. Façade and roof insulation, shading, thermal bridges3. Systems and RES

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology


Implementation Plan – Example 1

Now

STEP 1: Windows,

Ventilation, Lighting,

Investment, LCC

STEP 2: Façade, Roof, Shading,

Thermal bridges, School yard,

Investment, LCC

NZEB: Heating system, RES, Investment, LCC

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology

Now

STEP 1, Façade, Thermal bridges,

Windows, Ventilation,

Investment, LCC

STEP 2: Roof, Thermal bridges, Lighting, Shading, Heating system, Investment, LCC

NZEB: School yard, RES, Investment, LCC


Implementation Plan – Example 2

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology


Important considerations

- Whatever staged renovation is to be implemented, it is imperative to

develop a full NZEB renovation plan to ensure achievement of

ambitious final NZEB goals

- Users need to make part of renovation process from the beginning.

During the first step, users’ related actions should be implemented. Apart

from habits, a procurement process needs to be implemented to give

priority to Energy Star products

- Windows replacement should be done at the same time than ventilation

- If envelope is upgraded in stages, it is needed to foresee the future

actions in order to avoid thermal bridging and air infiltrations. Special

attention in windows-façade junction

- It is needed to foresee the future heating system (in NZEB situation),

among other reasons, in case a coupling between ventilation and

heating is to be done

- If ventilation ducts need to be installed, their integration could be done at

the same time than lighting replacement

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology


Important considerations

- When the boiler is so old that waiting for the final step is not possible,

intermediate possibilities need to be studied before installing a new

efficient boiler (i.e. two boilers/heat pumps of lower capacity, one of

which could be installed later in another school…)

- When renovating the roof, building integration of PV system needs to be

tackled

- Windows can be replaced before or after façade renovation (ideally at

the same time); however in both cases special care and some additional

work is needed to ensure thermal bridges treatment

- Ventilation works are directly linked to windows and airtightness

- If it is urgent to change the heating system, provide two boilers in

cascade with one which is sized to the needs after work

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology

Staged Construction and Use Phase

Construction phase

- Strict planning and execution to follow holiday period

- Foresee a margin period for eventual delays

- Engagement for the use phase

Use phase

- Monitoring (Effinergie guide, in French)

- Setting up a continuous improvement plan

- i.e. Energy management ISO 50001

- PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Act)

Source: www.bulsuk.com

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology

http://www.effinergie.org/images/BaseDoc/1256/1301_guide_suivi_instru_batiments_v1c.pdf

http://www.bulsuk.com

The Way to Achieve the Real Goal

From current energy consumption to achievement of the final nZEB goal, an

implementation program needs to guarantee the final result.

Most likely, the project goal will not be achieved during first year.

The implementation plan will include actions to monitor real results and

adopt measures (following PDCA methodology).

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Project target

2nd year?

1st year?

Current situation

Design methodology

The Way to Achieve the Real Goal

Example: low energy renovation in 2012 in La Castelle school (Lattes -

France)

95

55

4640.6

1418 17

20

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Existing Year 1 Year 2 Dynamic simulation

kWh

/m²

Final energy consumption (HDD= 1553)

heating

Electricity

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


NZEB approach

Integrated team


Design with climate


renovation


Strategy

Implementation

and follow up

Design methodology

The Way to Achieve the Real Goal Definition of IEQ

Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment

of Schools

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

Comfort

How IEQ affectsPupils Performance?

Enhance Indoor Environmental

Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues

IEQ Standards & Guidelines

IEQ ConcludingRemarks

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is most simply described as the

conditions inside the building.

Four main components are identified for an acceptable indoor

environment:

Indoor Air Quality IAQ

Thermal Comfort

Visual Comfort

Acoustic Comfort

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Strategy

Indoor Environment of Schools: Unique aspects

A. Schools are building with high occupancy:

- The number of people per square meter is quite high

- In addition, children spend almost 12% of their time inside classrooms, which is more

time than in any other building except their homes

B. Students’ comfort is related to learning performance

C. Indoor air problems do not always produce easily recognized impacts on health or

well-being

D. Students are much more vulnerable to indoor pollutants than adults due to their

differences in their absorption, metabolism, and physiology

E. Therefore, as children breathe more air than adults relative to their weights, they have

higher activity while their organs and tissues are growing

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy


Indoor air is 2 to 5 times more polluted than outdoor air due to:

- Chemicals

- Mold (Moisture problems - indoor mold growth)

- Particulates

- Poor Ventilation.

Acceptable IAQ: “air in which there are no harmful concentrations of contaminants as

determined by cognizant authorities and with which 80% or more the exposed

occupants do not express dissatisfaction“ (ASHRAE) IAQ Guide

Tair C RH% Air movement PM10 CO CO2 TVOC HCHO NO2 O3 Rn Bacteria

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

http://iaq.ashrae.org/


Source: EPA: IAQ Tools for Schools

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/tfs/refguide_toc.html

Thermal Comfort

Source: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, ASHRAE, 2009

Thermal neutrality, where an individual desires neither a warmer nor a colder environment, is a necessary condition for thermal comfort:

“a condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment”

- Air temperature

- Exchange of radiation

- Air movement

- Humidity

- Activity

- Clothing

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

https://www.ashrae.org/

Acoustical Comfort

Good acoustics for learning support easy verbalcommunication.Formerly, classrooms may have been constructedwithout adequate consideration of sound acousticalprinciples.Sources of noise hampering students' concentrationconsist of:- Outdoor external noise due to traffic- Sounds produced in hallways- Sounds produced in other classrooms- Sounds produced from mechanical equipment- Sounds produced inside the classroomRoom acoustical quality

- reverberation time- undesirable echoes and reflections

Sound insulation between rooms- air-borne sound insulation- structure-borne sound insulation

Background noise levels- technical installations- environmental noise

Source: OSHA

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/noise/health_effects/soundpropagation.html

Visual Comfort

Uniform illumination

Optimal luminance

No glare

Adequate contrast conditions

Correct colors

Absence of stroboscopic effect or intermittent light

Factors that Determine Visual Comfort

Visual comfort depends on appropriate natural and artificial lighting.

The proper design of an illumination system should offer the optimal conditions for visual

comfort.

Source: Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, ILO

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

Additional illumination for exacting visual tasks

5000-20000 LUX

General illumination for work indoors

500-5000 LUX

Reccomanded illuminance in low traffic zones or simple

visual requirements

20-500 LUX

•10000-20000 LUX-Special tasks

•5000-10000 LUX-Exceptionally exacting tasks

• 2000-5000 LUX-Prolonged tasks that require precision

• 1000-2000 LUX-Tasks with special visual requirement

• 500-1000 LUX-Tasks with normal visual requirement

• 200-500 LUX-Tasks with limited visual requirements

• 100-200 LUX-Areas not intended for continuous work

• 50-100 LUX-Only as a means to guide visitors

• 20-50 LUX-Zones open to public access with dark surrondings

http://www.ilo.org/oshenc/part-vi/lighting/item/284-conditions-required-for-visual-comfort

How IEQ affects pupils´ performance

Poor Air Quality

Indoor Air Quality is decreased by a large number of pollutants of very different kinds and

multiple sources.

In the context of the low-energy buildings and the development of nZEB buildings,

several questions arise as to their ability to ensure safety and reasonable comfort for the

users, and regarding the actual energy consumption of these buildings.

The indoor air pollution in classes has specific characteristics. This variation is explained

by a higher use, so there is more CO2 and bacterial load, a higher density of furniture

that emits most pollutants, the frequent use of work and maintenance products, and the

lack of specific ventilation systems involving stuffy air.

As the experience shows us, the concentration of formaldehyde is usually high, the IAQ

perception is quite bad, and the air flow rate in both mechanical and naturally ventilated

schools is usually not enough.

High indoor pollutant concentration may have a significant adverse impact on the health

of students, given that children are much more vulnerable to indoor pollutants, as they

breathe more air than adults relative to their weights, while their organs and tissues are

growing.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

How IEQ affects pupils´ performance

Thermal Discomfort

Comfort requirements are many and they are not all

related to the single temperature: thermal comfort

includes thermal temperature, but also humidity, cold

wall effect and air movement.

The resulting temperature & the "cold wall" effect

The resulting temperature at the center of a room is the average of the air temperature and the

surface temperature of the walls. Non insulated exterior walls are naturally colder than the center

of the room. Cold radiation caused by a cold wall creates a discomfort. Rather than increasing

the temperature of heating and therefore the expense of heating, it is necessary to insulate the

walls.

Humidity

Thermo-hygrometric comfort is generally considered satisfactory when the air has a temperature

of 20 °C and contains between 40% -60% relative humidity (RH%).

Below 30% of relative humidity, air can dry out the respiratory mucosa which then cannot stop

pathogens. Above 80%, the air, too humid, does not allow sweating and promotes the

development of micro-organisms (fungi, mites, etc.).

Draught

A higher air velocity is seen as a drop in temperature: for 18°C, an air velocity of 0.50 m/s results

in a decrease of the sensation of temperature of 1°C.

A shift from 0.10 to 0.30 m/s causes a cooling sensation.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

Poor Lighting & Noise Pollution

Visual quality

The visual quality of classrooms is important.

- Insufficient lighting requires a greater effort for

the eye, increasing eye strain, and may cause

headaches or long-term blurred vision.

- A dazzling lighting enhances and accelerates

the adverse effects mentioned above and can

lead to a loss of readability.

- Glare can make boards or computer screens

unreadable.

These effects are particularly harmful as the child,

in full development, is vulnerable to inefficient

visual quality.

Studies have shown a significant improvement of

memory, logical reasoning and concentration with

improved lighting.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

Acoustics

In the classroom,

communication is essential to

the learning process.

Proper acoustics is especially

important for children, because

their ability to hear and listen

differs from that of adults. In

addition providing good sound

quality reduces barriers to

education for people with non-

native language skills, learning

disabilities, and/or impaired

hearing.

How to promote Health & Comfort

- Use materials that do not emit pollutants or are low-emitting

- Supply adequate levels and quality of ventilation and fresh air for acceptable indoor

air quality

- Prevent airborne bacteria, mold and other fungi, as well as radon, through building an

envelope design that properly manages moisture sources from outside and inside the

building, and with heating, ventilating, air-conditioning (HVAC) system designs that are

effective at controlling indoor humidity

- Provide thermal comfort with a maximum degree of personal control over

temperature and airflow

- Create a high-performance luminous environment through the careful integration

of natural and artificial light sources

- Assure acoustic privacy and comfort through the use of sound absorbing material

and equipment insulation

- Control disturbing odors through contaminant insulation and removal, and by careful

selection of cleaning products

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

Reduce the Emission Sources

To achieve acceptable IAQ, the initial strategy to practice is source control, not only

during building renovation, but also over the life of the building.

For instance, decision makers can ask the designer to select and use materials/building

products that do not emit pollutants or are low-emitting of noxious or irritating odors,

and volatile organic compounds (VOC).

For example, formaldehyde (HCHO) is ubiquitous in our indoor environment, found in:

adhesives, paints, pens, markers, cleaning products, furniture, board, laminated

materials, varnishes, urea-formaldehyde foam insulation, vitrifying, etc.

Decision makers may take into account IAQ as a criterion in the tendering

specifications, requiring the use of materials boasting a label on low VOC emissions, as

the European label Indoor Air Comfort, or equivalent.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

Ensure proper ventilation

IAQ can be achieved with high ventilation rates for effective air renewal. However, there

are conflicts between energy performance and IAQ: significant airflow increases heat

loss and degrades the energy performance. Moreover, in the Mediterranean climate, the

question of ventilation is also closely linked to summer comfort.

Ventilation rate: Parameter ranges -- 5 (low): 8 (mid): 13 (high) (l/s per person)

- Natural ventilation may offer a feasible solution when outdoor environment is not

polluted or noisy, but needs to be properly designed and controlled in order to satisfy

both IAQ requirements and energy savings

- To minimize ventilation losses during the heating season, the baseline designs are

often provided with mechanical ventilation with heat recovery

- Additionally an hybrid solution with automated controlled windows could be feasible

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

Thermal Comfort Plan

- Providing indoor environmental comfort involves wall insulation and ventilation control

- Overheating in the warm period is an issue for the Mediterranean school building

design

- As new buildings are built with more thermal insulation and have improved standards

of air tightness, concerns are emerging about an increased risk of overheating

- Along with the importance of IAQ, overheating is a risk that needs to be managed

carefully as we move further towards the aim of nZEB and this now is a great concern

and priority that needs to be addressed.

Controlling Thermal Comfort:

1. Administrative controls [planning & rescheduling work times & practices]

2. Engineering controls: Heating, Air movement, AC, Evaporative cooling, Thermal

insulation

Source: https://www.ashrae.org/resources--

publications/bookstore/thermal-comfort-tool

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/controlling.htm

https://www.ashrae.org/resources--publications/bookstore/thermal-comfort-tool

Visual Comfort Plan

If designed and integrated properly, day lighting together with artificial lighting will

maximize visual comfort in the space:

- Natural and artificial lighting should be designed according to recommended EU

standards plus the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IES)

- Direct sun penetration should be minimized in work areas because the resulting

high contrast ratio may cause discomfort

- Optimizing student orientation in relation to the windows is also essential in

minimizing discomfort

- Computer screens should never be orientated facing the window (student with

back to window) or facing directly away from the window (student facing window).

Both of these alignments produce high-contrast ratios that cause eye strain. Situate

the computer screen and student facing perpendicular to the window wall to minimize

visual discomfort

- Direct glare from both natural and man-made sources in the field of view should be

reduced, particularly in spaces with highly reflective surfaces, such as visual display

terminals (VDTs)

- Flickering from some magnetic fluorescent lamps should be reduced using high-

frequency electronic ballasts

Conditions Required for

Visual Comfort

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

http://www.ilo.org/iloenc/part-vi/lighting/item/284-conditions-required-for-visual-comfort

Acoustical Comfort Plan

There are a number of things you can do to improve the classroom acoustics strategy.

The need for clear communication in classrooms has been recognized for many years

and is addressed by the Acoustical Society of America (ASA) in Acoustical Performance

Criteria, Design Requirements, and Guidelines for Schools.

Proper acoustics must be a priority in all design decisions and not adversely affected by

energy reduction measures. Addressing acoustics during the design phase of a project,

rather than attempting to fix problems after construction, likely will minimize costs.

Noise disturbances can come from external elements (road, construction, …). In this

case, the ventilation by opening the windows can bring discomfort. During a major

renovation, it is possible to redistribute classrooms and activities, depending on the

external elements, so in addition to optimizing the bioclimatic approach, noise pollution

can be reduced.

In the case of a Mechanical Ventilation, when the fans are not installed properly, it can

make noise, forcing users to cut the ventilation. Again, the proper implementation,

maintenance and monitoring of the system is essential.

Acoustic comfort can be also achieved through the use of sound absorbing material and

equipment insulation.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

http://scitation.aip.org/content/asa/standard/ansi/ASASTD.ANSI.ASA.S12.60.Part.1

Indoor Air Quality Assessment

An Indoor Air Quality Assessment is based on:

- Questionnaires: Due to a growing awareness of the indoor

environmental influence on occupants’ productivity and efficiency, there

is an increased interest in obtaining feedback from occupants, which is

often obtained by using a questionnaire:

(an example of occupants survey)

- Field Measurements: 1.Measurement techniques, 2.Instrumentation

3.Methodology (Sampling criteria, Analysis), 4.Parameters: Physical

(Temperature, Relative Humidity, Air Movement), Chemical (CO2, CO,

PM10, NO2, O3, HCHO, TVOCs & Rn), Biological (Airborne Bacteria)

- Simulations: Models could be used for analyzing the impact of sources,

sinks, ventilation, and air cleaners on indoor environment, plus to predict

indoor air flows and contaminant levels (IAQ models, CFD models:

CONTAM, COMIS).

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

http://www.gwu.edu/safety/health/pdf/iaqquestionnaire.pdf

http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/appcd/mmd/iaq.html

http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/IAQanalysis/CONTAM/

http://epb.lbl.gov/comis/

Indoor Air Quality Monitoring

IEQ can be assessed through measurements (temperature, humidity, air stuffiness,

brightness), but also through user feedback on their feeling of comfort. As it is subjective;

it is complex to find indicators of well-being

- Temperature sensors: temperature monitoring will, in addition to verifying the

proper operation of heating and its regulation, assess the level of summer comfort

- Light sensors: to control and optimize daylight and artificial lighting

- Humidity & CO2 sensors: to avoid health problems, measurement of carbon

dioxide and humidity are good indicators

To optimize the opening of windows, some

studies developed a light indicator to visualize the

air stuffiness in classrooms, based on the on-line

measurement of carbon dioxide. It lets the

teacher know the status of air stuffiness in the

classroom in real time.

The use of the light indicator showed a reduction

of the air stuffiness so even if it may not be an

adequate tool for all situations, it can be the

current means of awareness on indoor air quality

in schools.

Lum’Air®: apparatus dedicated to the air stuffiness measurement and control in

schools. Crédit Photo: Arnaud Bouissou, MEDDE

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

http://lodel.irevues.inist.fr/pollution-atmospherique/index.php?id=2098

http://lodel.irevues.inist.fr/pollution-atmospherique/index.php?id=2098

Users´ Indicators

Through a questionnaire it is possible to obtain feedback from occupants, also

thank to a growing awareness of the indoor environmental influence on

occupants’ productivity and efficiency.

Poor indoor environmental quality is often blamed for causing sick building

syndrome and the impact on health is even higher in schools.

Many studies have been conducted on the links between IEQ and health, and

also between IEQ and academic success.

The studies agree that improving the physical environment quality contributes

to a positive school climate and thus to academic success.

Based off the surveys of user's satisfaction, simple solutions regarding complaints

about discomfort (heat, noise...) can be implemented.

Classroom Survey

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

http://www.apexod.com/handiforms/toolsforschools.html

IEQ vs. Energy Efficiency

Parameters of Comfort Key Actions Impact on Energy Performance

IAQ

Humidity

Natural Ventilation Increased energy consumption if poor manag

ement & misuse

Mechanical ventilationNo effect, decrease or increase in energy con

sumption depending on the initial situation

Indoor T°C in cold period Insulation Decreases energy consumption

Indoor T°C in warm perio

d

(overheating)

Ventilation, insulation, shading Decreases energy consumption

Passive coolingDecreases energy consumption (for planned o

r current active cooling)

Air cooling Increased energy consumption

“Cold wall” effect Wall insulation Decreases energy consumption

Air movements Airtightness & controlled airflow Decreases energy consumption

Visual quality

Optimization of daylight Decreases energy consumption

Increased use of artificial lighting (avoid

glare, reach visual required standards)Increased energy consumption

Installation of energy efficient bulbs Decreases energy consumption

Acoustic quality Maintenance of mechanical ventilation Decreases energy consumption

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

IEQ Limits: Ventilation Rate

Ventilation according to CIBSE

Parameter ranges - low : mid-point : high

- Day (l/s per person) 5 : 8 : 13

- Night (air changes/h) 0 : 4 : 12

To minimize ventilation losses during the heating season, the baseline designs are often

provided with mechanical ventilation with heat recovery.

Ventilation according to ASHRAE

In line with the ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 (ASHRAE, 2004) a minimum outdoor

ventilation rate in breathing zone for classrooms (age 9 plus) is 5L/s-person.

Guidance/ Building Bulletin 101: ventilation for school buildings

Specify a minimum ventilation rate of 3 l/s per person in all teaching and learning spaces

when they are occupied. Furthermore, a ventilation rate of 8 l/s per person should be

achievable under the control of occupants, although it may not be required at all times if

the occupancy density decreases.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

http://www.cibse-sdg.org/resources/files/b43d6a5.pdf

https://www.ashrae.org/standards-research--technology/standards--guidelines/other-ashrae-standards-referenced-in-code

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/building-bulletin-101-ventilation-for-school-buildings

IEQ Limits

Parameter Source Concentration Level Exposure period

mg/m3 ppm

CO

WHO

USEPA

ASHRAE

HWC

TEE

100

60

30

10

29

10

40

10

29

13

25

9

35

9

25

11

15 min

30min

1h

8h

1h

8h

1h

8h

1h

8h

CO2

WHO

ASHRAE

HWC

1800

1800

6300

1001

1001

3504

1h

8h

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

IEQ Limits

Concentration Level TVOC Effects

Below 0.2 mg/m³

(or 0.05 ppm)Comfort

0.2 - 3,0 mg/m³

( 0.05 - 0.80 ppm)Discomfort

3,0 - 25 mg/m³

(0.80 - 6.64 ppm)Symptoms– Headache

Over 25 mg/m³

(6.64 ppm)Possible additional neuron toxic effects

The health effects of exposure to VOCs

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

http://www.fhi.no/dav/fb9b469003.pdf

IEQ Standards

- ASHRAE: Ventilation for acceptable IAQ: Standard 62.1-2013

- ASHRAE 55, 2004: Conditions that provide thermal comfort, Method for

Determining Acceptable Thermal Conditions in Occupied Spaces

- ISO 7730 (last reviewed 2009): Ergonomics of the thermal environment, the main

thermal comfort standard is ISO 7730 which is based upon the Predicted Mean Vote

(PMV) and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) thermal comfort indices

(Fanger, 1970)

- ISO 14415:2005 (last reviewed 2014)Ergonomics of the thermal environment —

Application of International Standards to people with special requirements provides

background information on the thermal responses and needs of groups of persons

with special requirements so that International Standards concerned with the

assessment of the thermal environment can be appropriately applied for their benefit

- Pr EN 15251:CEN/TC 156 “Ventilation for Buildings”, Indoor environmental input

parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings -

addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

https://ashrae.iwrapper.com/ViewOnline/Standard_62.1-2013

http://shop.iccsafe.org/media/wysiwyg/material/8950P219-sample.pdf

https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/


http://www.cres.gr/greenbuilding/PDF/prend/set4/WI_31_Pre-FV_version_prEN_15251_Indoor_Environment.pdf

IEQ Standards

- Pr EN 15239:CEN/TC 156, Ventilation for buildings,Guidelines for inspection of

ventilation systems

- WHO (global update 2005), Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone,

nitrogen, dioxide & and sulfur dioxide

- EN 12464-1 Lighting of workplaces – Part 1: indoor workplaces (CEN, 2002a)

- EN 12665 Light and Lighting – Basic terms and criteria for Specifying Lighting

requirements

- EN 13032-2: Lighting applications – Measurements and presentation of Photometric

Data of Lamps and luminaries

- CIE 117 Discomfort Glare in Interior Lighting (CIE1995)

- NEN 2057 Daylight openings of buildings

- EN 12354 Building acoustics: estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from

the performance of elements

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

http://www.cres.gr/greenbuilding/PDF/prend/set4/WI_30_Pre-FV__version_prEN_15239_Inspection_of_ventilation_systems.pdf

http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_eng.pdf?ua=1

IEQ Standards

- EN ISO 14257 Acoustics: measurements and parametric description of spatial sound

distribution curves in workrooms for evaluating acoustical performance

- EN ISO 140 Acoustics: measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building

elements

- EN ISO 10052 Acoustics: field measurement of airborne and impact sound insulation

and of service equipment noise; survey method

- ISO 9921 Ergonomics: assessment of speech communication

- EN ISO 18233 Acoustics: application of new measurement methods in building and

room acoustics

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy


IAQ: Tools for Schools: Action Kit (EPA) A framework for School IAQ Management, IAQ

Coordinator’s Guide, IAQ Reference, Checklists

More links and guidelines in the Appendix

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/actionkit.html



IEQ Concluding Remarks

ASHRAE’S Indoor Air Quality Guide: Best Practices for Design, Construction, and

Commissioning (ASHRAE 2009), which provides specific guidance for achieving the

following key objectives:

- Manage the design and construction process to achieve good IAQ

- Control moisture in building assemblies

- Limit entry of outdoor contaminants

- Control moisture and contaminants related to mechanical systems

- Limit contaminants from indoor sources

- Capture and exhaust contaminants from building equipment and activities

- Reduce contaminant concentrations through ventilation, filtration, and air

cleaning

- Apply more advanced ventilation approaches.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Definition of IEQ


of Schools


Comfort



Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues




Strategy


Mediterranean Challenges

- Saving energy and improving indoor conditions at the

same time

- Minimising already known overheating problems

- Diversity of climate and habits

- Facing climate change

- Involving current and future generations

- At the minimum cost

Challenges & Approach

Energy Steps

1. Use & Management

4. RenewableEnergy Supply

5. BuildingOperatingSystem

Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction

3. EnergyEfficientSystems

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Strategy

Mediterranean Approach

When designing the renovation of a school in a Mediterranean climate, some

basic criteria must be taken into account in the framework of a broader

methodology (see nZEB Design chapter):

- Current situation needs to be carefully studied

- Energy strategies are closely linked to indoor conditions, so IEQ strategies

must be considered at the same time

- Passive heating and cooling strategies must be combined in order to

achieve optimum results and minimise overheating

- Energy strategies must take into account all seasons (comfort during mid-

season has to be also guaranteed)

- Existing strategies for colder regions should not be transferred without

pondering the benefits and drawbacks first

- Heating demand is the highest relative demand. However, other energy

needs become more important in the energy balance than in colder climates

- A study of implementation of local energy from renewable sources is

needed

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Energy Steps

The following steps are proposed to face the energy challenge in MED schools. They are

arranged by priority in order to achieve the final nZEB goal and to develop firstly some

savings to help finance the works.

NOW Use and management

Demandreduction

Energyefficientsystems

Renewable energysupply

BuildingManagement

SystemNZEB

WISE! If we start with low costmeasures, savings can be invested in following steps

HELP! Usually not considered in short-term orientedenergy renovations

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Use and Management (low cost)

- Improve current energy use

- Assign an energy manager (see Solution S01)

- Adjust heating/cooling setpoint temperatures (see Solution S02)

- Improve users’ behaviour through their engagement, from previous analysis up to

implementation of solutions (see Solution S03)

- Set up an energy education plan (Teachers role and energy education)

- Install simple monitoring equipment (sensors and energy meters) in order to develop some

knowledge and identify short-term corrective actions

- Set up a program to know and improve IEQ running in parallel to the energy actions

- Set up a PLAN to purchase only best energy rated equipment (see Solution S28).

Challenge: integrate improved comfort standards and ICT without booming the energy goal

A better use and simple energy management actions can result in average energy savings of around 10%, even though

savings can differ widely depending on the status quo

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

http://www.euronet50-50max.eu/images/documents/Guidebook Energy Saving at School.pdf


Changes in user behaviour and simple energy management, with low cost investments,

result in average energy savings of around 10%. Savings potential varies widely

depending on the status quo, achieving up to 30% in some cases.

The first step of a renovation is to conduct an energy audit. At the same time, users can

set up an energy program to raise awareness and commitment among users, improve

energy use and have more knowledge to define the renovation strategy. During this first

stage, simple energy management tools may be used. However, it may not be

convenient to install a robust and expensive energy management system because of the

many changes in the systems that will occur during the renovation process.

These first low cost measures will promote users’ commitment and can facilitate the

funding of more ambitious measures, such as demand reduction actions, like upgrading

the building’s envelope.

Best energy rated equipment is crucial for achieving the nZEB goal. It is highly

recommended to set up a purchase plan that will cover any future equipment purchase.

However, this plan can not be used directly to purchase a new boiler, because prior

demand reduction strategies and RES availability have to be tackled.

Investments in energy efficiency equipment at this stage will compromise achieving

nZEB goals, thus making steps outside the path to nZEB.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy


Check

setpoint temperatures, book boiler with

maintenance operations actually carried out and

billing…Monitoring

Record (on dashboards for example) the bills

and personal statements, users’

feedback on comfort …

Compare actual energy consumption accounted by the building owner

with the amounts invoiced

Alert of any possible malfunction or

deviations as soon as possible

Adjust

energy supply and maintenance contracts

to actual needs, frequency of equipment

maintenance …

Regulate

and programming heating and cooling

Manage Ventilation (reduce

heating consumption, assure IAQ, summer

comfort) & Lighting (use daylight when possible, ensure light extinction

Current situation and good knowledge of facilities :

plans, maintenance reports, bills (works & energy), contract power

tariff subscription options …

Users’ awareness & involvement on management :

opening of windows, extinction of electrical appliances, etc…

Taining of maintenance staff if necessary

Low cost equipments :

purchase plan forA++ equipment, heating circuits

insulation, water saving

equipments, …

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Demand Reduction

Upgrading the building envelope in a holistic way (considering openings, walls, roof,

basement and thermal bridges) is a key factor that must be tackled before investing in

new efficient energy systems (i.e. boilers), that may become oversized with the new

reduced demand.

Care must be taken with passive heating techniques in MED schools, because it may

result in an increase in cooling needs. Passive heating and cooling strategies must be

tackled at the same time in order to assure the best decisions in each case.

Passiveheating

Passivecooling

Efficient

cooking

EfficientDHW

Daylightingmanagement

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Passive Heating

Passive heating includes all the techniques and solutions that use free heat from the sun

and internal gains in order to avoid heating with active systems.

- Passive solar design: Solar gains can be maximized through some changes in the

existing windows, but no changes of orientation can be done in existing buildings.

Attention must be paid to manage the solar gains without causing glare or

overheating; therefore, strategies in this sense are closely linked to daylight

management and cooling loads.

- Thermal insulation: It is imperative to insulate the envelope (prioritizing exterior

insulation) beyond current thermal regulations in order to achieve the nZEB goal.

Indicative values for thermal transmittance are:

Openings (frame+glass) Wall Roof Basement

U-value 1.40-1.80 0.20-0.40 0.15-0.30 0.30-0.60

These values need to be evaluated in energy studies, using design software (dynamic

thermal simulations). They are not universal target values, just indicative ranges for MED

regions. (See solutions S5-8 and S11-S13)

Passiveheating

Passivecooling

Efficient

cooking

EfficientDHW

DaylightingMNT

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Passive Heating

Thermal bridges: When insulation is needed, thermal bridges become very important. For

nZEB, losses through thermal bridges can be up to 15-30% of the envelope losses. Thermal

bridges are encountered when different construction systems are connected or when a

discontinuity on the insulation material appears. They can be linear or punctual. In renovation

projects, some thermal bridges are difficult to solve. However, efforts must be done to minimize

them, including appropriate design, planning and innovative products.

Generally, in the nZEB renovation approach, linear transmittance (-value) should be kept in

average under 0.45 W/(mK). (See solution S14)

Reduction of air infiltrations: In order to have the control on energy and ventilation flows, it is

needed to reduce air infiltrations. In MED schools they occur mainly through the windows, doors,

and also in installations (where walls or roofs have been pierced to introduce an element). (See

Solution S15)

Internal gains:

- People: In a school, free heat provided by the occupants is a major energy source. This

needs to be well-managed in order to provide heating when needed and displace heat during

warm periods to avoid overheating.

One possible strategy is to combine ventilation with free heat management in order to transfer

heat gains among different spaces. Other options are tackled in ventilation strategies

- Appliances: In a school, appliances are less implemented than in office buildings, therefore

causing less internal gains. Nevertheless, the increase in ICT usage, especially the computers

room, creates the need for tailored strategies

Highly efficient equipment must be prioritized at the moment of any purchase. (See solution S28)

Passiveheating

Passivecooling

Efficient

cooking

EfficientDHW

DaylightingMNT

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Passive Cooling

In Mediterranean schools, it is imperative to use a range of passive cooling techniques in

order to avoid active cooling; otherwise, we will face the situation where existing schools

(running without cooling systems nowadays) are equipped with cooling devices,

therefore increasing energy consumption. For this reason, the first three cooling

strategies (solar shading, cool surfaces and ventilative cooling) are applicable to all

cases.

Solar shading: It is imperative to use solar protections in MED schools. These have to

be designed to offer solar protection to avoid possible overheating or glare effects.

External devices offer good protection. Internal may be used just to manage daylight and

avoid glare problems. Adjustable brise-soleil offer an optimum solution. South, east and

west façades need solar shading. Completely automated systems may be limiting in

some cases, but user-managed systems are not recommended. A hybrid solution may

be consistent, with the commitment of trained users. (See Solution S03)

Cool surfaces: High reflective surfaces, also called cool surfaces, are low cost and

efficient solutions to decrease solar gains during warm periods. They are included in

exterior paintings for roofs and façades as well as in outdoors pavements. If a choice has

to be made, the roof should be prioritized. Additionally, when a PV system is installed,

cool surfaces help reduce overheating of solar panels, so higher efficiency is achieved.

(see Solution S10)

Passiveheating

Passivecooling

Efficient

cooking

EfficientDHW

DaylightingMNT

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Passive Cooling

Ventilative cooling: This refers to the use of natural or mechanical ventilation strategies

to cool indoor spaces. Attention must be paid to ventilation strategies as there is no

universal solution to prescribe and the one to be implemented has to fulfill three

requirements at the same time: health, comfort and energy savings. For cooling

purposes, night cooling and free-cooling techniques must be prioritized. Ceiling fans can

help improve comfort when temperature rises. (See Solution S16 and Venticool platform)

Thermal mass activation: This refers to allowing high thermal inertia elements (such as

concrete slabs) to activate during daily temperature oscillation in order to reduce cooling

loads. Thermal mass cooling potential is lower in MED regions than in cooler climates,

but it is a solution easy to implement when it just entails removing the false ceiling. (See

Solution S17)

Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers: EATHE is a ground source of heat and cold. Especially

in MED climates it offers a good option to cool buildings with low energy (if coupled with

a heat pump) and even no energy (if it is coupled with the ventilation system). It is often

called “climatic well”, “Canadian well” or “Provencal well”. In order to evaluate the cooling

potential, detailed information about the soil is needed. Design must be carried out by a

specialist in order to ensure the expected results. Ground tubes can conduct ventilation

air or constitute an independent net (then generally water is used). In renovation, high

investment cost in soil movements is a major barrier. (See Solution S22)

Passiveheating

Passivecooling

Efficient

cooking

EfficientDHW

DaylightingMNT

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

http://venticool.eu/

Efficient Cooking

Energy demand for cooking includes the need to cook or heat the meals.

Different situations are used in different countries: a vending machine with cold food

when almost all pupils eat at home (Greece), a fully equipped kitchen for almost all

pupils (most cases in Catalonia), or the catering option (heated on site or not).

In order to reduce cooking demand, many strategies can be followed.

Apart from the vending machine (see Solution S28), two main strategies need to be

implemented: good habits and best energy class equipment.

Additionally, tailored strategies to reuse the cooking heat or evacuate it (depending on

the needs), and its link to the ventilation strategies, need to be investigated. (See

Solution S29)

Passiveheating

Passivecooling

Efficient

cooking

EfficientDHW

DaylightingMNT

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Efficient DHW

DHW demand may vary greatly depending on each school.

When the demand is very low, it may not be a good option to install a specific system -

just an electric thermos will be enough.

When demand is higher than 200 litres/day, renewable energy supply options need to be

studied.

Moreover, aerated taps and good habits need to be implemented to ensure minimum

demand.

Passiveheating

Passivecooling

Efficient

cooking

EfficientDHW

DaylightingMNT

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Daylighting Management

Energy for lighting purposes may be high because there is not enough daylight entering

the classrooms, or because there is no appropriate management.

Improved daylight management may include light sensors, dimming, redirection of

daylight and even installing solar tubes. (See Solution S25)

Passiveheating

Passivecooling

Efficient

cooking

EfficientDHW

DaylightingMNT

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Energy Efficient Systems

Once the energy demand of the school has been reduced, it is time to integrate energy

efficient systems.

Systems powered by renewable energy must be the first option. When these are not

possible, fossil fuels may be introduced, keeping in mind that other systems working with

renewable energies should compensate this consumption.

Systems include a wide range of equipment and appliances, many of them often running

with electricity:

Ventilation HeatingActive cooling

Lighting Kitchen DHW Appliances

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Ventilation Ventilation HeatingActive cooling


Bestventilation

strategy

Currentsituation

Requirements

Ventilationoptions

Availabletechnologies

Management

Users

Cost

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Design Criteria

Analysis of current situation

- Exterior pollutant sources

- Exterior noise

- Interior pollutant sources

- Seasonal climate differences

- Winds and microclimate

- Heating and cooling demand

- Current air flow

- Current IEQ problems

- Building characteristics

- Current costs

Purposes of ventilation

- Reduce indoor pollutants

- Reduce outdoor pollutants

- Reduce cooling demand

(evacuate internal heat gains)

- Heat recovery

The aspects of ventilation that the designer

of classroom ventilation must relate to during

the design process.

Source: SchoolVentCool project, DTU

Ventilation in

classroom

Building characteritics

Energy consumption

Running costs

Initial costs

Comfort



Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

http://schoolventcool.eu/

Strategies

Urban area: If the exterior environment is polluted or noisy, natural ventilation will

probably not be feasible. However, night cooling can be certainly implemented.

Controlled natural ventilation will be suitable for many cases, even though natural

ventilation depending exclusively on opening of windows by the users is not compatible

with the nZEB approach. It has been demonstrated that this strategy for ventilation

results in poor air quality (high CO2 concentration and other pollutants). A natural and

controlled ventilation, with automated windows (and/or vents) linked to air-monitoring

sensors, is a highly recommended solution. Moreover, the design of the ventilation must

ensure appropriate air flow distribution and rate. In this sense, a Danish study has

concluded that natural ventilation performs better with an exhaust fan. (See Solution

S16)

Mechanical ventilation: In many cases it may be necessary to install a mechanical

ventilation system. The system can be centralized, decentralized or room-by-room. The

last option is easier to implement in already existing schools. The air flows, equipment,

filters, and ducts must be carefully chosen. Special care must be taken during both

design and implementation phases to avoid noise problems. (See Solution S18)



Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

http://www.rehva.eu/publications-and-resources/hvac-journal/2014/042014/indoor-air-quality-and-thermal-environment-in-classrooms-with-different-ventilation-systems/

Strategies

Hybrid (natural and mechanical): Natural and mechanical ventilation may be beneficial

to combine in order to fulfil ventilation requirements by limiting the investment cost. In

this sense, a controlled natural ventilation can be supported by a mechanical system

(from an exhaust fan up to an AHU with lower capacity) in order to reach higher required

airflows, especially when wind or thermal conditions are not favourable for natural

ventilation.

Heat recovery: Heat recovery is not prescribed for all MED schools. Instead, its

convenience should be evaluated for each particular case. The decision will be made

taking into account the heat recovery potential (for colder MED regions it will be certainly

more interesting), the presence or absence of active cooling systems, the air-flow, and

the investment costs.

Management: It is very important to ensure the functioning and maintenance of the

ventilation system. Specialized staff and additional training may be needed.

High efficiency ventilators: Solutions should integrate low consumption ventilators.



Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Strategies

Controlled natural ventilation Mechanical ventilation

Building current situation:

building features (orientation,

shape)

Orientation and openings shall allow cross ventilation / stack ventilation

Room height and size requirements to design ducted ventilation systems

Outdoor environment

Can not deal with highly polluted or noisy environments

Allows dealing with highly polluted environments and better control of external noises

UsersAutomatic windows or vents (users can participate in punctual ventilation by opening windows)

Users usually have little control

IAQ needs : minimum

ventilation

System must ensure good IAQ: sensors, monitoring, controllable windows opening, users awareness

System can easily ensure good IAQ if maintenance is diligently performed

Comfort

Risk of draughtsImplementation of passive cooling techniques: openings, shading, night cooling, thermal mass

Risk of draughts with some systems, although these should be easy to engineer outPotential fan noise and higher room-to-room sound transmission. Good engineering can reduce this.Easier to use for night cooling

Energy consumption

Natural ventilation can deteriorate energy performance if not properly controlled. Sensors and actuators consume very reduced energy

More energy efficient with heat recovery in winter but higher electrical load because of fans



Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Resources

A recent Danish study in classrooms concludes that mechanical ventilation and natural

ventilation with automatically operable windows with exhaust fan performed notably

better than the other systems.

Health-based ventilation guidelines for Europe (Healthvent project)

Implementation of ventilation in existing schools – A design criteria list towards passive

schools (SchoolVentCool project)

Integrated ventilation and free night cooling in classrooms with diffuse ceiling ventilation

(SchoolVentCool project)



Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy


http://www.rehva.eu/fileadmin/EU_projects/HealthVent/HealthVent_WP5_-_Final_Report.pdf

http://schoolventcool.eu/sites/default/files/Implementation of ventilation in existing schools.pdf

http://www.schoolventcool.eu/sites/default/files/Hviid-diffuse_ceiling_ventilation-okosan-11.pdf

Requirements

REGIONS Limit value (CO2 ppm) Ventilation rate (min)

United Kingdom 1500 (average)

Germany 1500

Belgium 500 8.3 l/s/person

Austria1000 or 1500 (under

discussion)

5.5 l/s/person (for 1000

ppm)

Finland 1200 6 l/s/person

Holland 1200

Denmark 1000 5.7 l/s/person

Lithuania 6 l/s/person

Portugal 1000 8.3 l/s/person

Norway, Canada, Brazil, China,

Japan, Korea, New Zealand1000

USA 700 over exterior air 7 l/s/person

MEDITERRANEAN Regions

France 1000

Italy 3.5 air changes/hour

Greece 6.2 l/s/p

Spain (schools) 500 over exterior air 12.5 l/s/person

Spain (kindergarten) 350 over exterior air 20 l/s/person

Health-based reference according to

HealthVent, which does not include

outdoor or indoor pollutants, other

than the own occupants pollution

load

4 l/s/person

Table. CO2 limit values for schools in different countries (and associated ventilation rates)

Source: ANSES, HealthVent, SchoolVentCool and own elaboration



Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Heating Systems

Heating demand will be highly reduced in comparison to the initial state. Oversized and

old heating system needs to be replaced or, at least, adapted.

Options to consider:

- SOLAR THERMAL (RES): Solar collectors to supply storage tank and use existing

radiators

- BIOMASS (RES): Wood biomass boiler

- NATURAL GAS (FOSSIL): High efficiency boiler (condensing boiler)

- ELECTRICITY (I): Low-temperature heat pump (linked to the ventilation system or to

radiators). If a split is considered, pay attention first to comfort related issues (dry air,

air speed and noise). It can be used as active cooling if needed

- ELECTRICITY (II): Ground source heat pump (water-water) (linked to the ventilation

system or to radiators). It can be used as active cooling if needed. High investment

cost

- District heating (RES): If available, it may constitute a good alternative



Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Considerations

Heating system upgrade will take into account current situation, new heating

demand (after demand reduction) and technical and cost issues.

For example, if boiler was replaced 3 years ago, it may be preferable to

invest the budget into actions other than the heating system.

In another hypothetic case, if existing radiators are in a good state and

budget is limited, a beneficial option can be to replace the energy supply

while keeping the existing radiators in the short-term.

When a thermal storage is needed, highly thermal insulated products will be

prioritized. Ducts need to be well insulated too.



Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Cooling Systems

If, after a range of passive cooling techniques, extra cooling is needed to

prevent overheating, high efficiency heat pumps will constitute a good

solution

Solar cooling: Even though very promising, investment cost is currently still

quite high and it will be most probably not cost-effective

Radiant ceiling: This provides satisfactory comfort to distribute cooling

energy



Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

High Efficiency Systems

- Best available technologies for the heat and cooling market in the

European Union (2012)

- ENERGY STAR Most Efficient 2014 — Boilers

- ENERGY STAR Most Efficient 2014 — Central Air Conditioners and Air

Source Heat Pumps

- ENERGY STAR Most Efficient 2014 — Geothermal Heat Pumps

- REHVA - Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air

Conditioning Associations



Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/111111111/26689/1/eur 25407 en - heat and cooling final report- online.pdf

https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=most_efficient.me_boilers

https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=most_efficient.me_cac_ashp

https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=most_efficient.me_geothermal_heat_pumps

http://www.rehva.eu/

High Efficiency Systems

Lighting

Artificial lighting needs to be improved by an appropriate daylight management,

sectorization, sensors and timing. (See solution 21 and 22)

Bulbs need to be replaced by high efficiency bulbs (LED offer currently good colors).

(See solution 20)

Kitchen

The kitchen consumes energy in appliances, cooking or reheating, and ventilation.

Regarding the cooking needs, many options are possible: electrical cooking, bio-

fuel/biogas powered, fossil-fuel powered (to compensate with other RES). (See solution

29)

DHW

When DHW demand is higher than 200 l/day, it is needed to cover 60% demand with

RES (solar thermal or biomass). Storage tank and ducts need to be highly insulated.

(See solution S31)

Appliances

In an nZEB school building, appliances will constitute an important part of energy

consumption. In order to save energy, any new equipment or replacement will be chosen

according to best energy class criteria. (See solution S28)



Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Renewable Energy Supply

RES supply must be studied in order to choose the

most suitable energy(ies) for each case. Different

possibilities may be identified at first and need to be

weighed taking into account several criteria

(availability, local resource, renewable character,

feasibility, investment cost, maintenance, school

energy demand).Solar PV

Biomass

Solar Thermal

Wind

In Mediterranean regions, solar energy has

high potential.

Nevertheless, in some cases it will not be

indicated.

Biomass, geothermal or wind may offer

good alternatives if local available

potential is evidenced.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Solar PVSolar

ThermalWind Biomass

Local RES available?

NZEB possible

If existing/projected RES District Heating, consider it first

Low thermal needs

NZEB 100% electricallypowered/balanced (PV/wind)

High thermal needs

PV/Wind for electricalneeds

Thermal supplyaccording to the

site

Urban: Solar Thermal/Geothermal mayoffer good options. Is biomass local,

emission-free and feasible?

Rural: Solar thermal/Local biomass/Geothermal or

other

NZEB still possible

Supply alternative: neighbourhood RES

installation orpurchase/invest on off-site

RES to be 100% RES powered

YES NO

WhenPV/Wind

isfeasible

Renewable Energy Supply

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

This is reliable, abundant and easy to implement. Roof-integrated is to be prioritized.

Even if pitched modules offer better performance, building integration (BIPV) will be

carefully studied (roof, façade, solar protections in the building and shades in the

playground…).

Indeed, district solar PV installation needs to be considered an option in the framework

of other energy needs in the area.

Feed-in tariffs and current fees may constitute opportunities or important barriers today

(depending on national regulations).

However, self consumption could be interesting because production and demand both

take place during the day.

Big figures: Annual production around 1200–1500 kWh/kWp. Module surface needed is

around 8 m2/kWp. Horizontal surface needed for installation of modules around 15-20

m2/kWp.

That means that only solar photovoltaic can come up for a minimum of 60 kWh/m2 if the

building has only one floor, 30 kWh/m2 for 2-storeys, 20 kWh/m2 for 3-storeys, etc.. (See

solution S30)

Solar PV Solar PVSolar

ThermalWind Biomass

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

This is reliable, abundant and not subject to feed-in tariffs. Installation must guarantee a

good design and prevent overheating and possible damage of collectors, especially

during summertime (holidays).

Maintenance is needed. Solar thermal can supply DHW and heating energy demand, but

a back-up system will be needed for cloudy periods.

Building integration needs to be considered from the beginning.

Solar cooling is technically feasible but still needs a high investment cost.

Big figures: Current flat plate collectors may offer around 700 W/m2. (See solutions S31

and S32)

Solar Thermal Solar PVSolar

ThermalWind Biomass

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Wind can be an abundant resource in some places. However, detailed wind maps

are not often available.

Wind turbines may offer a good option in rural sites with “constant” wind (even

though human perception might characterize a site as windy, wind is usually not

enough to run a turbine); while in urban areas, wind resource is more limited

(existing buildings limits and affects wind resource). (See solution 34)

Wind Solar PVSolar

ThermalWind Biomass

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Wooden local biomass offers a renewable source that is available when needed.

A storage system is needed and some precautions need to be considered.

It should be noted that rain may be scarce in the Mediterranean basin, which

implies low biomass production in the forests.

Indeed, only local sustainable biomass can offer a solution for nZEB buildings

(remote biomass will have a high embodied energy because of transportation).

(See solution S35)

Other RES may be possible according to the site conditions. Some possibilities

include the use of (local) biofuels or high efficiency heat pumps using the exterior

air, ground or groundwater as heat or cold source. (See solution S27)

Biomass and other RES Solar PVSolar

ThermalWind Biomass

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

BMS (Building Management System) is used to manage energy demand. It is a computer-based

control system installed in buildings that controls and monitors the building’s mechanical and

electrical equipment such as heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, etc.

EN 15232 “Energy performance of buildings – Impact of Building Automation, Controls and

Building Management” describes methods for evaluating the influence of building automation

and technical building management on the energy consumption of buildings and estimates that

for schools, the introduction of BACS can give savings up to 40% of thermal energy and up to

20% of electrical energy. Different options are available in the market, from complex systems to

more simple ones.

The goal is to have an overall view of the building and know what is going on in terms of

operating conditions (equipment, return control), measurements (temperature, operating times,

number of failures) and alarms (failure, abnormal stopping, measurement exceeding a

threshold). (See solution S38)

Benefits of BMS

- Good control of internal comfort conditions

- Effective response to HVAC-related complaints: users’ comfort improved

- Effective monitoring and targeting of energy consumption

- Early detection of problems

- Effective use of maintenance staff (maintenance scheduling)

VERYschool project has developed a useful energy management tool for school buildings.

SMART Building Operating Strategies

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy


SMART Building Operating Strategies

Comfort parameters

(T°C, humidity, CO2,

lighting …)

Monitoring

RES

ControlEquipments

(heating, cooling,

ventilation, lighting, …)

Energy consumptions

Detection of problemsALARM

RegulationProgramming

Energy

meters

Sensors

Improvement

Reduction

Optimize

coverage needs

Valves, power,

electric shutters,

lights …

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Must-Have Criteria for nZEB Schools

- Engagement of school community

- Solar shading

- Envelope thermal insulation

- Improved ventilation

- A range of passive cooling techniques (solar shading, cool roof and night ventilation)

- Strategies to decrease electrical consumption:

- LEDs or similar

- Purchase only certified A++ equipment

- Acquire good energy practices

- Make a “moderate” use of ICT and appliances according to educational needs

- PV or Wind supply in order to cover electrical demand

- Efficient cooking

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Energy Steps

1. Use & Management



Must-HaveCriteria

nZEB schools

2. DemandReduction



Strategy

Regeneration of the school yards

Regeneration of the school

yards

Solar Control

Promote Natural

Ventilation

Regulate Air temperature and relative

humidity

The regeneration of the schoolyards is a challenge for environmental sustainable schools.

In summer, sunshine overheats grounds and facades. Microclimate and its interaction on the

indoor thermal comfort must be controlled to minimize summer discomfort without compromising

the winter comfort and efficiency.

The main parameters affecting the urban microclimate are radiation, convection and humidity.

Other parameters can be taken into account: lighting, whose variability in space and time is very

important in the summer, contributing to users’ comfort or discomfort, and surrounding noise

which may aggravate sensation of thermal stress.

The purpose of regeneration of the school yards is to create comfortable spaces around

buildings.

- The designer can try to see what enhances radiation, convection and humidity.

- The planning and architectural design of outdoor living spaces should take into account

seasonal changes and daily fluctuations in external environments (mainly temperature and

sunshine) and choose their location and optimal configuration.

Objectives MeansEliminate exposure to Solar Radiation, create shade

Enhance Natural Ventilation

Regulate Temperature & Humidity of the air

Solar protection and Shading devices

The location and height of buildings

Vegetation

Color of materials

Use of water

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Strategy

Regeneration of the school yards

Treatment of outdoor spaces helps mitigate the harsh climatic constraints around

buildings which make these areas used for only a part of the day. Also, regeneration of

the school yards can improve comfort inside the premises.

There is an urban microclimate around the buildings. In summer, sunshine overheats

grounds and facades.

Microclimate and its interaction on the indoor thermal comfort must be controlled to

minimize summer discomfort without compromising the winter comfort and efficiency.

The main parameters affecting the urban microclimate are radiation, convection and

humidity.

Other parameters can be taken into account: lighting (whose variability in space and time

is very important in the summer), contributing to users’ comfort or discomfort, and

surrounding noise which may aggravate sensation of thermal stress.

The purpose of regeneration of the school yards is to create comfortable spaces around

buildings.

- For this, the designer can try to see what enhances radiation, convection and

humidity.

- The planning and architectural design of outdoor living spaces should take into

account seasonal changes and daily fluctuations in external environments (mainly

temperature and sunshine) and choose their location and optimal configuration.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



yards

Solar Control

Promote Natural

Ventilation


humidity


Strategy

Solar Control

The first step to improving summer

comfort in outdoor spaces is to control

exposure to solar radiation: solar

protection, seasonal vegetation, etc.

These external devices extend the

architectural shading system of the

building in order to create comfortable,

sheltered areas and reduce indoor

thermal discomfort. Additionally, they

limit sun exposure of the scholars

(promoting skin health)

Fixed shading devices

Generally used as protection for rain,

covered outdoor areas (walkways,

awnings, canopies), if opaque and

ventilated, can create comfortable

shaded area.

Spaces with significant shade are also

caused by multi-store buildings which

can be considered as fixed sunscreen

Variable and mobile shading devices

Their effectiveness is optimal on the south side of buildings where summer solar sector constraints are not

the strongest; the sun is above the horizon and the energy received is lower than for the east and west

exposures. Deciduous vegetation is part of this type of protection

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



yards

Solar Control

Promote Natural

Ventilation


humidity


Strategy

Source: http://buildingdignity.wscadv.org/site-design/empower/

http://buildingdignity.wscadv.org/site-design/empower/

Solar Control

Vegetation as summer sunscreen: Plantations near buildings provide shade in summer without blocking the winter sun (deciduous trees) and reduce soil exposure to solar radiation. Deciduous vegetation planted on the east, southeast, southwest and west sides of buildings can reduce the cooling energy demand or increase summer comfort (highest priority should be given to west-facing windows). Plants create shade on the ground and walls and allow the use of outdoor spaces while keeping indoor comfort. For example, climbing plants protect the walls from direct sunlight.

The choice of plants: Plants should be selected based on their ability to adapt (soil, temperature, humidity), their size and nature (trees, lining, deciduous trees) but above all, depending on their role (sun or wind protection). Thus, it is recommended: - Use local species of Mediterranean type, more robust and resistant to high heat

conditions- Choose the species according to the type of area concerned and leaf: diversify the

species as much as possible to take advantage of the thermal characteristics associated (linden promote dense shade, pine filter light, willows are adapted to wetlands)

- Plant windbreaks around hedges to reduce the phenomenon of drying soil by the wind.

When choosing plants, pay particular attention to future maintenance needs (consumption of water for watering, pruning trees and shrubs, etc) and the risk of allergy they can cause by pollen.

Applications: hedges, pergolas, lawns, ground cover plants on walls

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



yards

Solar Control

Promote Natural

Ventilation


humidity


Strategy

Promote Natural Ventilation

- The movement of the air increases the cooling body by accelerating

convective exchanges but also the evaporation of perspiration

- The cooling effect is achieved with air temperature below 32° C, in the

shade. This situation happens throughout the day in the coastal strip and

in the morning and evening in land

- The choice of plant or mineral windbreaks against strong winds for winter

is not incompatible with the development of comfortable outdoor

environment; these have to be placed in areas where the air must

circulate freely

- Outdoor vegetation should guide the movement of air by filtering dust

during warm periods

- As mentioned above, walkways naturally ventilated can create comfort in

summer.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



yards

Solar Control

Promote Natural

Ventilation


humidity


Strategy

Regulate Air Temperature and Humidity

Radiation can cause a "cold wall" effect, which is a source of discomfort during winter inside the

premises, but which can improve the comfort of the user outside.

For example, in summer, while solar radiation increases the temperature of the walls and of the

air, walls and grounds which have been in the shade for at least 6 hours can create a beneficial

role of “cold wall”. Work on outdoor environment radiation is essentially based on the choice of

colors and materials, as well as vegetation.

Outside walls and materials’ color

The ability of materials to reflect solar radiation (albedo) depends upon their color and their

nature (mineral or vegetable). The colors have different absorption coefficients of solar radiation.

The so-called "cold" colors (blue and green) absorb strongly solar radiation: light blue is more

absorbent than brown. Avoid absorbing colors: under the action of sunlight, they contribute to

heat the air and create a radiator effect for the user who passes nearby.

For summer comfort, light colors are required because clear surfaces store and radiate less

heat. Highly reflective materials, such as polished aluminum, almost do not heat up.

In winter, a high coefficient of solar reflectance of grounds located in the south will be favorable

for buildings: the reflected part of the radiation increases the thermal and light contribution

through windows.

Application: clear gravel, concrete slabs, paving light color, etc.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



yards

Solar Control

Promote Natural

Ventilation


humidity


Strategy

Regulate Air Temperature and Humidity

Vegetation as "cold wall“: Compared to a building wall which heats by the effect of sunshine,

the planted wall façades act as a very effective "cold wall": the color and texture of foliage allow

absorption of solar radiation who (approximately 30%) is removed by evapotranspiration.

This phenomenon works better with deciduous plants.

Vegetation also provides humidification through gas exchange and water vapor between plants

and the atmosphere. In addition, the presence of plants reduces the heat island through albedo

and evapotranspiration.

The use of water: cooling by humidification: The natural evaporation of water of a fountain or

transpired by vegetation (lawns, trees) creates a lowering of the temperature of the ambient air in

the immediate vicinity. However, for plants, the amount of water involved is relatively low, so the

cooling effect of evapotranspiration is limited.

Warning : water-wise gardens in the Mediterranean area can be a solution for resistance to high

heat and water savings, but these plants, with limited capacity of shading and

evapotranspiration, do not significantly contribute to cooling the environment. Water-wise

gardens only have a decorative role.

The evaporation of irrigation water plays a more important role (wet soil storage, thermal

regulator).

The effect is more effective when the air is dry. Evaporation caused by misting, watering soil, etc.

is more effective but is a high water consumer.

Moreover, artificial methods of humidification must be well studied regarding the safety of

children, as well as the consumption of water and energy. Also, be attentive to the presence of

stagnant water, always conducive to the proliferation of mosquitoes.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



yards

Solar Control

Promote Natural

Ventilation


humidity


Strategy

3 Operating Strategies

Roles and Responsibilities

Public Actors Private Actors New ActorsRegional

StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation

European Union

National Governments

Municipalities

Energy Agencies

Regional Administration

Negotiating Directives and Regulations Guiding Member States

implementation of nZEB

Establishing the objectives and

priorities informing EU Funding

Developing and monitoring funding

mechanisms

Enforcing concerted actions and

promoting cooperative initiatives

Raising awareness on the development and need to

develop nZEB activities

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Schools


- Comply with the regulations and directives agreed at EU level

- Set the strategies and action plan aimed at achieving the EU guidelines

- Elaborate the National Operational Plans to distribute EU’s Cohesion Policy Funds

- Collect taxes and use own resources in financing nZEB initiatives

- Articulate collaboration with regional administration in the funding and implementation

of strategies and actions

- Responsible for Education Competences (in some countries together with regional

governments)

- Manage the General Education Budget: for further details please refer to the National

State Scheme Budget Section

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


European Union


Municipalities

Energy Agencies


Schools


StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation


- Comply with the regulations and directives set up by national strategies

- Elaborate the Regional Operational Plans and Strategies to distribute EU’s Cohesion

Policy Funds allocated by the national government

- Elaborate the regional strategies and action plans to invest the region’s own resources

- Collect taxes and use own resources in financing nZEB initiatives

- Articulate collaboration with national administration in the funding and implementation

of strategies and actions

- Articulate collaboration with municipalities in the identification and funding of

renovation actions

- In some countries responsible for educational competences

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


European Union


Municipalities

Energy Agencies


Schools


StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation


- In charge of the maintenance of School buildings and equipment

- Responsible for the identification of renovation needs in public buildings and

equipment

- Articulate collaboration with regional government in the identification and funding of

renovation actions

- Articulate collaboration with schools in the identification of renovation needs and

requirements

- Responsible for the assessment of energetic rehabilitation results and identifying best

practices

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


European Union


Municipalities

Energy Agencies


Schools


StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation


- Responsible for the implementation at regional and national and local level of the

current strategies and action plans

- Promotion of cooperation activities in the sector and meeting for relevant agents

- Analysis and sector assessment tasks

- Participating in the development and management of related funding mechanisms

- Responsible for the transfer of international best practices related to the sector

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


European Union


Municipalities

Energy Agencies


Schools


StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation


- Educational responsibilities

- In charge of the identification malfunctioning or needs of improvement in the premises

and the equipment

- Responsible for the communication of the improvements and renovation requirements

to decision – maker level

- Ensure that municipalities and decision-making institution are aware of the renovation

needs and requirements

- Collaborate with municipalities (mainly environment departments) in promoting energy

saving programmes, encouraging Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency through the

application of usage and management best practices and i.e. 50/50 methodology,

which consist in introducing economic incentives in exchange for energy saving

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


European Union


Municipalities

Energy Agencies


Schools


StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation


Energy Service Companies

Financial Entities

Energy Firms

- Consultancy support in the implementation of nZEB solutions

- Capture energy efficiency potential of schools

- Provision of a service model that overcomes traditional market barriers

- Identification of technical and financial solutions for nZEB implementation in schools

- Ensure that nZEB savings cover the costs of its implementation on the long term

- Provision of a comprehensive package of services

- Monitoring and supervision of the project from its beginning to end

- Assume the technical risks on behalf of the school/municipality

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation


- Provision of financial mechanisms supporting the implementation of nZEB solutions

- Promotion of a new long-term pay-back approach towards nZEB

- Set up cooperation mechanisms and channels with public authorities

- Development of energy efficiency oriented financial packages

- Offer interest reduced loans to introduce nZEB

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Financial Entities

Energy Firms


StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation


- Invest efforts in the identification of renewable energy solutions

- Provide the technical expertise for the implementation of renewable energy solutions

in schools

- Ensure the energy performance is achieved

- Help setting nZEB standards

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



Financial Entities

Energy Firms


StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation


- Promote competitiveness and new solutions

- Foster collaboration among its members and with local actors

- Define innovative packages and solutions for nZEB actions

- Cooperate with public actors in the identification of energetic needs and opportunities

Energy Clusters

Energy Consortium

Educational Consortium

Public-Private Partnership

Definition:

Non-Profit organisations bringing together companies to

promote and develop new products and solutions

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation


- Foster and carry out energy research to obtain results of high scientific and

technological value

- Lead the development of the energy technology research lines and market valorization

- Offer engineering services with high added value to the companies in the energy field

- Become a strategic consultant for the Administration on energy issues

- Build a collaboration network with the major national and international energy

technology and research centers

- Offer companies and entrepreneurs the technological innovations resulting from

research.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Energy Clusters

Energy Consortium




StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation


- Bring together the private and public capacities for the development of nZEB actions

- Enhance economic and technical capacities of the actions

- Reduce the risks associated to nZEB actions

- Foster the involvement of a wider variety of actors

- Combine operational capacities of public bodies with the technical expertise of the

private sector

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Energy Clusters

Energy Consortium




StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation


- Instruments for the cooperation and collaboration between public administration

bodies in the deployment of their responsibilities

- Traditionally formed by regional and municipal bodies

- In charge of the maintenance of School buildings and equipment

- Responsible for the identification of renovation needs in public buildings and

equipment

- Articulate collaboration with regional government in the identification and funding of

renovation actions

- Articulate collaboration with schools in the identification of renovation needs and

requirements

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Energy Clusters

Energy Consortium




StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation

Objectives and steps of Regional Strategies for nZEB

- Assessing public building stock nature, state and needs

- Assessing the actual financial mechanisms and designing new financial support lines

- Identification of legal and technical parameters and measures

- Evaluation of the impact of nZEB on the environmental and educational systems

- Identification of the necessary procedures for tendering and contracting

- Identification of new energetic indicators

- Designing new promotional strategies

- Creation of supporting agents and instruments for the implementation of nZEB

solutions

Objectives

National Structure

Example of Regional

Strategies

RegionalStructure

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation

National Structure for nZEB

National Government

Ministry of PublicWorks and Transport

Ministry of Education Ministry of FinanceMinistry of Agriculture,

Food, and Environment

Ministry of Energy

Stakeholders:

a) Representatives of

Regional and municipal

Energy Agencies

b) Energy Services

firms

c) Energy clusters

d) Energy consortium

a) Collaborate with the

rest of entities in the

development and

implementation of nZEB

concept

b) Assess national needs

c) Promoting nZEB as an

innovative socioeconomic

solution

a) Evaluation and

diagnostics of existing

public buildings

b) Develop new

technical parameters

c) Develop new possible

financial instruments

and tools

d) Develop new legal

and technical measures

e) Identify the

necessary procedures

for tendering and

contractingStakeholders:

a) Constructors

Associations

b) Construction

consortium

c) Public and private

universities

d) Architecting

associations

e) Private Architecting

companies

f) Individual architecture

a) Identify the impacts of nZEB on

the educational system

b) Identify actions and strategies

that could improve the

acceptance of nZEB concept

c) Assess and identify the

possible changes in the

educational system components

Stakeholders:

a) Educational associations

b) Schools

c) NGO

d) Individual experts

e) Public and private

universities

a) Assess the existing

funding mechanisms

b) Identify new lines of

funding

Stakeholders:

a) Banks

b) Individual Financial

advisors

c) Financial advisor

firms

d) Public and private

universities

a) Identify the impacts of the

implementation of nZEB on

the environment

b) Identify promotional

strategies

Stakeholders:

a) Environmental

Organizations

b) NGO

c) Civic Associations

EU Directives

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Objectives

National Structure

Example of Regional

Strategies

RegionalStructure


StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation

Regional Structure for nZEB

Regional Government

Dpt. of Public Works and Transport

Dpt. of Education Dpt. of Finance Dpt. of Environment Dpt. of Energy

The department

of energy

throughout the

regional and

municipal energy

agencies will be

the responsible of

developing all

strategies related

to the usage of

renewable energy

resources,

This department will

be the responsible

for developing and

issuing the

correspondent

licenses and

certificates, providing

technical support,

designing new

technical measures

and classifying the

materials utilized.

The Education

Department will be the

responsible of evaluate

the public awareness in

the regional educational

centers and assess the

compatibility of the

educational materials

with the nZEB concept.

The financial

department will

have the

responsibility to

develop new

funding

mechanisms that

allow individuals,

private and public

entities to apply

nZEB concept.

This department will

be the responsible of

evaluate the impacts

of the implementation

of nZEB on the local

environment ,

promote the new

strategies , and raise

the public awareness

about the importance

of nZEB in the

environment

protection.

National Directives

EU DirectivesGoal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Objectives

National Structure

Example of Regional

Strategies

RegionalStructure


StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation

1º Draft Strategy MARIE: General Overview

EU

Le

ve

l

MS

Le

ve

lCommon Framework

Common Framework

Strategic Managment, Financing, Monitoring and

Evaluation

Ensuring the coherence for all MED regions

Tra

ns-n

atio

nal, R

egio

nal and L

ocal

Level

Improving the Regional and Local legislations

regarding Renewable Energy Efficiency

Complementaries formation and

communication programmes

Plannings adaptation to

facilitate the REE

Investment and Funding

Mechanisms Programmes

Organising and Coordinating

Public and private

commitment in favor of

REE

Innovative products

and services

Local FrameworkFinal users + REE ´s Agents (Investors, Building

administrators, consultants, constructors)

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Objectives

National Structure

Example of Regional

Strategies

RegionalStructure


StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation

Municipal Energy Management Strategies

Government of Catalonia

(Generalitat de Catalunya)

Provinces Municipalities

Administration Buildings

Housing (Social housing, etc.)

Other publicbuildings(Schools,

Hospitals, etc.)Public fund

a) Assigned taxes

b) Transfer of the guarantee fund of

basic public services

c) Global sufficiency fund

a) Grants

b) Energy Performance

contracting with

Energy Services

Company

Priva

te F

un

d

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation

Creation of a “Central Point”

nZEB Central Office

Gather Information

Evaluates school needs

Guarantees audits and

data

Centralizes tendering

and funding process

Involves sector firms

Cooperates with energy

clusters

Ensures public bodies

involvement

Monitors the process

What is it

Responsibilities

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding



StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation

Creation of a “Central Point”

- Identify target buildings, typologies and conditions

- Identify beneficiaries and eligible cases

- Guarantee that an energy audit is conducted by the candidate school

- Prioritise measures to be implemented

- Assess options for deep renovation

- Determine actions required

- Create comprehensive packages of measures with a clear long term

objective

- Set requirements for sustained energy efficiency and performance

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


What is it

Responsibilities


StrategiesMunicipal

EMSPublic building

renovation

Solutions4

Solutions

The Solutions chapter includes a repertory of technical solutions for the

building use, the building envelope, energy related equipment, renewable

energy sources, control and management and school outdoors.

These solutions constitute many different proposals that may be selected

and combined according to each particular case.

Each solution is provided with key information, useful links and highlights

particular points regarding the schools in the Mediterranean regions.

In order to make a suitable selection of solutions for each particular school,

please read before the guidelines and support to taking decision that is

provided in previous sections (Technical strategies and Operational

strategies)

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

S01. Energy manager/team

S02. Adjust heating/cooling temperatures

S03. Users’ commitment

S04. Solar shading

S05. Windows’ replacement

S06. Exterior roof insulation

S07. Interior roof insulation

S08. Cavity roof insulation

S09. Green roof

S10. Cool roof and façades

S11. Exterior façade insulation

S12. Interior façade insulation

S13. Cavity wall insulation

S14. Reduction of thermal bridges

S15. Reduction of air infiltrations

S16. Controlled natural ventilation

S17. Mechanical ventilation

S18. Thermal mass activation

S19. Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE)

S20. Daylight management

S21. Artificial lighting improvement

S22. Lighting system improvement

S23. Best energy class substitutes

S24. Efficient cooking

S25. Solar photovoltaic

S26. Solar thermal for DHW

S27. RES Heat pump

S28. Wind turbine

S29. Biomass/wood energy

S30. BMS - Building Management System

S31. Exterior environment

USE

ENVELOPE

SYSTEMS

ENERGY SUPPLY

OUTDOORS

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

S01. Energy

Manager/team

CONTROL AND MONITOR

An energy manager is responsible for planning, controlling and monitoring

energy use in the school, and can be represented by a person or a team.

Their goal is to improve energy efficiency by evaluating energy use and

implementing new policies and changes where necessary. This is not a full

time job and it does not require technical skills

INVOLVE USERS

Energy managers need to be motivated and organize communication

throughout the school. As everyone in a school has an impact on energy

use, the energy manager/team needs to work closely with managers,

teachers, maintenance staff, cleaners, students and parents to help identify

opportunities for savings

In nZEB MED schools, consumption is moderate and every bit counts: temperature control that does not

work, lights left on, faulty ventilation ... all problems that may exist must be quickly detected.

For example:

• Ask cleaning staff to report any faulty lighting;

• Ask students to report areas that are overheated, where doors and windows do not close properly,

or where lighting or equipment is being left on;

• Ask maintenance staff to monitor and adjust control settings to meet but not exceed internal

requirements for heating and ensure all ventilation equipment is switched off when the building is

unoccupied.

KEY POINTS

Control and monitor energy use

Elaborate an action plan, including objectives

Involve staff and students

Eliminate wasteful practices and ensure they do not recur

Involve maintenance staff

Tools

www.carbontrust.com (Energy Management

guide)

http://www.energystar.gov (ENERGY STAR

Guidelines for Energy Management)

http://www.ksba.org (Kentucky SCHOOL

ENERGY MANAGERS PROJECT)

See project EURONET 50/50max

In MED Schools

USE ENVELOPE SYSTEMSENERGY

SUPPLY

CONTROL &

MANAGEMENTOUTDOORS

Solutions Costs FundingGoal &

Benefits

Technical

Strategies

Operating

Strategies

http://www.carbontrust.com/

http://www.energystar.gov/

http://www.ksba.org/

http://www.centerforgreenschools.org/Libraries/Resources_Documents/Behavior-based_Efficiency.sflb.ashx

http://www.euronet50-50max.eu/

S02. Adjust

heating/cooling

temperature

CONTROL

An efficient heating/cooling control is essential to create the conditions for

optimal comfort, namely, taking advantage of solar and internal gains, which

can cover up to 50% of heating needs. The main control unit will adjust the

heating/cooling power as needed. But it must also integrate a terminal control

to be able to react locally, quickly and accurately

ROOM BY ROOM

Today it is possible to manage the temperature room by room and to take

into account the occupancy. The users need to be informed but leaving them

the control of thermostat may be risky, because they do not usually have

enough information to ensure good comfort while keeping energy savings. A

program to manage occupancy in order to adjust temperature could provide

a beneficial solution

In MED Schools

In nZEB MED schools, adding 1 °C to indoor temperature may increase consumption by about 15% or

about 2 kWh/m² year in Primary Energy.

Current adjustment of temperatures sometimes involves third parties that are not participating in every day

life of the school. This increases the gap between need and energy provided. Energy systems should be

managed on-site and adapted to current climate and needs. Moreover, adjustments made according to local

weather forecasts may offer a better thermal response of the building.

The terminal control must be very precise. Thermostatic valves should be replaced by systems able to react

much more quickly and with a value of control accuracy (CA) of less than 0.8 ° C. This allows you to stay

very close to the set temperature: remember that 21 °C consumes 30% more than at 19 °C.

In the case of air conditioning, it is necessary to install a control device that will stop it when internal air

temperature is below 26 °C. A setting too low is often synonymous with dry air and discomfort.

KEY POINTS

Control temperature setting and take measures to check;

Heat / cool only when needed;

Make sure radiators and vents are not obstructed;

Involve users to optimize the settings

Tools

http://www.energieplus-lesite.be/In nZEB MED schools, adding 1 °C to indoor temperature may increase consumption by about 15% or

about 2 kWh/m² year in Primary Energy. Current adjustment of temperatures sometimes involves third

parties that are not participating in every day life of the school. This increases the gap between need and

energy provided. Energy systems should be managed on-site and adapted to current climate and needs.

Moreover, adjustments made according to local weather forecasts may offer a better thermal response of

the building. The terminal control must be very precise. Thermostatic valves should be replaced by systems

able to react much more quickly and with a value of control accuracy (CA) of less than 0.8 ° C. This allows

you to stay very close to the set temperature: remember that 21 °C consumes 30% more than at 19 °C. In

the case of air conditioning, it is necessary to install a control device that will stop it when internal air


KEY POINTS

Control temperature setting and take measures to check

Heat / cool only when needed

Make sure radiators and vents are not obstructed


In MED Schools


SUPPLY

CONTROL &

MANAGEMENTOUTDOORS


Benefits

Technical

Strategies

Operating

Strategies

Overview

Source pictures: Ademe / F. Macard

http://www.energieplus-lesite.be/

S03. Users’

Commitment

The occupants are key actors to succeed in nZEB goals. They can have either a positive or

negative influence on the total energy consumption and comfort of a building, depending on

their behaviour. Commitment in energy issues in a school community will offer both short-term

results and long-term goals, because of pedagogic purposes. A users’ program needs to be set

up, focusing on the people, rather than the equipment. This program will include raising

awareness, training for energy and training for building management. Users need to be

involved from the design process and feel responsible for the comfort and energy use. In

regards to nZEB buildings, users’ impact is more important than in traditional buildings. Even

with the most energy efficient equipment, if people are leaving lights on 24/7, or if programming

set points and run times are incorrect, you will never see the expected savings.

In MED Schools












KEY POINTS





Tools

- Energy tips for schools

- Calculation of energy savings

- See project EURONET 50/50max

- User Behaviour

- Powering Down

- Saving Energy Money in Schools

- Increasing EE behaviours among

adolescents

In MED schools there are two factors that should be faced:

• Raising awareness of the school community, tackling both energy education and building system

management

• A high variability of indoor conditions depending mainly on the solar pattern. This involves thermal loads

and natural lighting. Users respond dynamically to the change of solar conditions, while usually the

systems are static. The introduction of intelligent automatic and dynamic control systems could improve

this situation.

In MED schools, the aspects of user-behaviour deeply affecting energy performance are:

• Opening of windows: special attention must be paid to not open the windows while the heating or air

conditioning systems are on and IAQ is guaranteed

• Solar shading: used when needed, to avoid recurrent overheating due to the incoming solar radiation or

glare problems

• Turn off lighting when not needed

• Don't leave equipment in stand-by mode

• Be aware about the correct use of existing components and systems (valves, local controller, set points

and so on)

In MED Schools


SUPPLY

CONTROL &

MANAGEMENTOUTDOORS


Benefits

Technical

Strategies

Operating

Strategies

Overview

Source picture: http://www.designshare.com/index.php/projects/three-mile-creek-elementary/images@4072

http://www.euronet50-50max.eu/images/documents/Guidebook_50-50_step_by_step_Energy_efficiency_and_saving_at_school.pdf

http://www.euronet50-50max.eu/images/energy_savings/Exemplary_spreadsheet.xls

http://www.centerforgreenschools.org/Libraries/Resources_Documents/Behavior-based_Efficiency.sflb.ashx


http://www.new4old.eu/guidelines/E3_Part3_H2.htm

mailto:http://www.centerforgreenschools.org/Libraries/Resources_Documents/Behavior-based_Efficiency.sflb.ashx

mailto:http://www.schoolsforenergyefficiency.com/ultimate-guide-save-energy-money-schools

http://web.stanford.edu/group/peec/cgi-bin/docs/behavior/research/Final Report - Increasing Energy Eff Beh among Adolescents.pdf

http://www.designshare.com/index.php/projects/three-mile-creek-elementary/images@4072

S04. Solar Shading

In MED Schools












KEY POINTS





Tools

- Solar Shading For the European Climate

- Solar Control

- Window Orientation & Shading

- Integrated PV in shading systems for

Mediterranean countries

- In Mediterranean climate, solar heat gains through glazing can represent a substantial input of heat to a building

- External shading devices (80-90% reduction of the heat gains of the window) are recommended as they are more

efficient than internal

- Sun shading devices can be fixed or movable. For classes exposed to the east or the west, it is better to install

movable sun shading devices, because they can be removed in winter to let the sun come in and heat the air

- Simple devices, correctly designed, are often as effective as high-tech systems

- For rooms exposed to the south, either movable or fixed shading devices can be installed, because even with fixed

shading devices sufficient winter sun will be allowed into the room

- The solar shading systems are suitable for new and refurbished schools

- Some solar shading systems can also be used to produce electricity, when they contain photovoltaic modules

- A common approach for the MED climate is the traditional external wood shutters and blinds, which is a very

effective device with day lighting function

In MED Schools

CONTROL OF SOLAR RADIATION

Can be achieved through:

- Shading devices

- Orientation & aperture geometry

- Control of solar-optical properties of opaque & transparent

surfaces

- Urban design

- Vegetation

The most apparent role of shading device is the protection from

direct solar radiation & the consequential internal heat

Benefits of Solar Shading Systems:

- Less cooling load

- Better thermal comfort

- Better visual comfort

EXTERNAL SHADING

- Horizontal overhangs: are a common traditional, fixed

shading system in hot climates. On a south façade, they

can block high summer sun but permit the lower angle

winter sun

- Shutter: The horizontal slats of the shutter successfully

reduce solar heat gains while allowing illuminance &

ventilation. Direct & Diffuse radiation are blocked by the

shutter, but reflected light is permitted to pass (results in

improved visual comfort & reduced heat gains)

- Blinds: moveable adjustable device

- Louvre: can be adjusted to different climatic conditions

INTERNAL SHADING

- Curtains: reduce significantly the light but only reduce

heat gain by a small amount They also reduce ventilation

& block views

- Blinds: permit diffuse light while excluding direct sunlight,

& can also act as a daylighting device by redirecting light

onto the ceiling

According to BRE data, the shading coefficient varies

between 0.40 (Cream Holland linen blind) to 0.81 (Dark green

open weave plastic blind). According to ETSU data, the

shading coefficient varies between 0.49 (Light curtain-closed)

to 0.85 (Venetian blind-open OR net curtain-open weave)


SUPPLY

CONTROL &

MANAGEMENTOUTDOORS


Benefits

Technical

Strategies

Operating

Strategies

Overview

http://erg.ucd.ie/UCDERG/pdfs/mb_shading_systems.pdf

http://wiki.naturalfrequency.com/wiki/Solar_Control

http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/consumer/buildings/homes/windows/shading.htm

http://www.aivc.org/resource/assessment-integrated-pv-shading-systems-energy-savings-and-interior-comfort-conditions

S05. Window’s

Replacement

Tools

SOFT: Window software from LBNL, Comsol software

Thermal properties of windows

INDUSTRY: EuroWindoor umbrella organization,

Glass for Europe, European Windows Film Association

INTERACTIVE: BUILD UP Community Windows,

Interactive platform Glassfiles

TECHNOLOGY: Envelope Technology Roadmap

(IEA), and Annex

NATIONAL: Verre online (French)

Windows to be prescribed in MED schools should be high performance, low-e double glazed windows. No triple glazing

is necessary in MED climate; only in schools with important Heating Degree Days values, located in the mountains or

nearby could be interesting. Solar factor for MED schools should not be lower than 0.4-0.5. Windows will be chosen

according to heating and cooling demand, and other criteria (airtightness, acoustics, daylight…). When replacing the

window, ventilation strategy and façade insulation need to be studied too. Then, ventilation through the window could

be one option. Attention must be paid to the overall energy performance of the chosen solution to be implemented. A

solar film could be installed in existing windows to reduce current heat solar gain; however, if thermal properties are low

performing, whole replacement of the window is needed.

In MED Schools

GLAZING

Glazing is a key element. It must provide daylight, allow solar

gain and, with the help of solar shading, prevent overheating.

Commercial products include double to triple pane. Energy

performance indicators are: thermal transmittance in the center

of the glass (Uglass), solar factor (g-value, used in Europe for

the glass; SHGC is used in USA to evaluate solar heat gain of

the whole window, including solar shades), and psi-value for

the glass edge (including spacer). Typical Uglass for double

glazing with Argon gas can reach 1 W/m2K, meanwhile triple

pane reaches 0.6. Glass solar factors in the market range

between 0.8 and 0.3. Traditional metal spacers (psi value 0.1)

are being replaced by “warm edge” products (psi value 0.04).

Glass light transmittance (LT) values range between 0.1 and

0.9.

HIGH PERFORMANCE FRAMES

High performance frames are

available in the market, now efforts

are mainly made in lowering the

purchase cost. U-value for frames

can reach 0.6 for the highest

insulating frames. Many materials

can be used; when an aluminum

or steel frame is chosen a good

thermal break is imperative. High

performance frames are proposed

in aluminum, wood-metal, PVC or

steel.

WINDOWS

Windows represent a big potential in

energy savings. In the nZEB

approach, high performance windows

are needed to minimize heating and

cooling demands. U-value for windows

include Uglass, Uframe and psi-value

(spacer) and it depends on the

product, the geometry and dimensions

of the window.


SUPPLY

CONTROL &

MANAGEMENTOUTDOORS


Benefits

Technical

Strategies

Operating

Strategies

Overview

Source pictures: 1. Technoform Bautec; 2. http://www.technoform-bautec.com/solutions/thermal-break/

http://windows.lbl.gov/software/

http://www.comsol.es/blogs/simulating-thermal-performance-windows/

http://www.swisspacer.com/en/sites/default/files/images/performance-table.jpg

http://www.eurowindoor.eu/eurowindoor.html

http://www.glassforeurope.com/en/products/characteristics.php

http://www.ewfa.org/

http://www.buildup.eu/communities/windows

http://www.glassfiles.com/home

http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapEnergyEfficientBuildingEnvelopes.pdf

http://www.iea.org/media/freepublications/technologyroadmaps/IEAEnvelopeRoadmapAnnexesABFinal18Decemberv1.pdf

http://www.verreonline.fr/index.php

http://www.technoform-bautec.com/solutions/thermal-break/

S06. Exterior roof

insulation

Tools

- Thermal Insulation Report EC

- International Federation for the Roofing

Trade

- Envelope Technology Roadmap (IEA), and

Annex

- E-toiture (in French)

In the nZEB approach, external insulation is considered the priority among roof insulation options. In order to undergo a

good implementation, insulation material should be chosen according to technical properties; additionally, it is highly

encouraged to include environmental impact criteria (LCA). Waterproofing needs to be guaranteed and roof junctions

with façade, openings need to be studied and treated to minimize thermal bridges. At the moment of installing an

exterior roof insulation, a cool roof and integrate photovoltaic can easily be applied. In the case of a ventilated covering

(tiles or similar), it is highly encouraged to place a radiant barrier over the insulation material to help reduce heat gains.

Moreover, fire regulations can affect choosing one or other solution/material. When acting on the roof, it is a good

moment to consider other functions and aesthetics; so major changes as converting a pitched roof into a flat roof or

vice versa may apply. In warm climates, a flat roof could even be refurbished into a new pitched roof including a

ventilated attic. The higher investment in this cases may be one of the main barriers.

In MED Schools

FLAT ROOF INSULATION

A flat roof is the most common case for Mediterranean school buildings.

External insulation is easy to apply and may be done following two basic

techniques: inverted roof and conventional roof. In the first choice, the

waterproofing layer is in the warm side, so it is exposed to fewer thermal

differences; while in the second option, it is exposed to higher thermal

differences but insulating material is more protected. When insulating a flat

roof, it must be considered if it is accessible to people (i.e. used as

playground). Additionally, PV and cool roof materials may be integrated at the

same time.

PITCHED ROOF INSULATION (HEAVY)

Pitched roofs may be less common in MED

buildings. However, the typical solution is a high

inertia pitched slab. Even local particularities

can show brick pitched roof over a series of

masonry wall partitions. Roofing material

(commonly tiles) must be removed (carefully to

minimize breaking of tiles) and replaced again.

PITCHED ROOF INSULATION (LIGHT)

Wooden structure pitched roof may be

encountered mainly in mountain regions

and in France.

Usually, a wool-type insulation is

installed, with the corresponding

waterproof membrane and raster to

support the tiles.

Exterior roof insulation consists of an insulating material applied on top of the roof slab or over the wooden structure, which is covered with a roofing material. The manner in

which the insulation is applied and the type of covering depends mainly on whether the roof is flat or pitched. Advantages: Best option to minimize thermal bridges; protection

of roof structure; mature technology and vast product offer; does not affect interior space. Disadvantages: Higher investment cost than other roof insulations due to the need

to remove existing covering material (for pitched roofs).


SUPPLY

CONTROL &

MANAGEMENTOUTDOORS


Benefits

Technical

Strategies

Operating

Strategies

Overview

Source pictures: 1 and 2: DOW Building Solutions; 3: Rockwool

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/pdf/thermal_insulation_GPP_ background_report.pdf

http://www.ifd-roof.eu/



http://www.e-toiture.com/

S07. Interior roof

insulation

Tools


- International Federation for the Roofing

Trade

- Envelope Technology Roadmap (IEA), and

Annex

- E-toiture (in French)

In the nZEB approach, external insulation is considered the priority among roof insulation options. When not possible,

interior insulation can be prescribed. Insulation material should be chosen according to technical properties;

additionally, it is highly encouraged to include environmental impact criteria (LCA). Waterproofing needs to be

guaranteed and roof junctions with façade, openings… need to be studied and treated to minimize thermal bridges.

Finally, fire regulations can affect choosing one or other solution/material.

BE AWARE that in France, structural disorders have appeared for some flat roofs insulated in the interior side,

because of colder temperatures for the roof slab and condensation problems. In any case, this solutions needs to be

studied in detail to guarantee no damage and correct functioning.

In MED Schools

FLAT ROOF INSULATION

A flat roof is the most common case for Mediterranean school

buildings. Internal insulation may be placed when external is

not possible. Insulation is installed with the help of a support

and a finishing is added over it. The system needs to be

adapted to the current situation, where previous removing of

existing materials (false ceiling…) may be needed.

PITCHED ROOF INSULATION (HEAVY)

Pitched roofs may be less common, and typical MED solution is

a high inertia pitched slab. In this case, applying internal

insulation is easy and fast. Sometimes there is no insulation

access because of architectural peculiarities, for example a

brick pitched roof over a series of masonry wall partitions.

PITCHED ROOF INSULATION (LIGHT)

Wooden structure pitched roofs may be

encountered mainly in mountain regions

and in France. Wooltype insulation tends

to be common and it is installed with the

help of wooden profiles.

Interior roof insulation consists in applying insulation material from the inside of the roof; what is to say, in the inner side of the roof structure. Usually a vapor retardant barrier

is needed in the inner side of the insulation in order to avoid interstitial condensation. Advantages: Low investment cost; easy to apply; no scaffolding needed. Disadvantages:

Affects the use of the loft space; implementation interrupts activities inside the building; may increase thermal bridges, must be complemented with insulation on interior

façade; no other energy measure can be applied at the same time (cool roof, PV, radiant barrier).


SUPPLY

CONTROL &

MANAGEMENTOUTDOORS


Benefits

Technical

Strategies

Operating

Strategies

Overview

Source pictures: 1 and 2: Rockwool; 3. URSA


http://www.ifd-roof.eu/



http://www.e-toiture.com/

S08. Cavity roof

insulation

Tools


- Carbon Trust - Roof insulation

In the nZEB approach, external insulation is considered the priority among roof insulation options. Cavity roof insulation

is a low cost solution that needs to be previously analyzed in terms of energy savings potential. Depending on the

existing roof, it may constitute a good alternative or just a complement/intermediate step to achieve moderate

performance. Insulation material should be chosen according to technical properties; additionally, it is highly

encouraged to include environmental impact criteria (LCA). Singular points as roof junctions with façade, wall partitions,

openings… need to be studied and treated to minimize thermal bridges. Finally, fire regulations can affect choosing one

or other solution/material. If a cavity roof insulation is performed, little work is needed to convert the attic into a

ventilated chamber, in order to help reduce heat gain from solar radiation.

In MED Schools

FLAT VENTILATED ROOF

When the existing roof is a flat ventilated roof,

blowing/injecting an insulating material may be a

possibility to improve roof thermal properties. However,

potential for energy savings will be limited by air chamber

width, intermediate masonry (acting as thermal bridges)

and the current state of the chamber.

PITCHED ROOF

Pitched roofs are less common in Mediterranean school

buildings. Nonetheless, when encountered, they can be

insulated with rolled or blown/foamed materials on the upper

side of the slab.

PITCHED ROOF WITH PARTITIONS

Locally, some particular roofs have been built

with a range of internal partitions. Access to the

attic will be probably limited but blown, foamed

or rolled insulation, even panels, could be

considered for installation. However, partitions

will create thermal bridging.

Cavity roof insulation consists in applying insulation material in an existing air chamber (in flat roofs) or inside the attic, over the upper slab. The first option (flat roof) offers

low potential and should not be the sole roof insulation; while the second option (without partitions) will represent a low payback measure. Previous analysis and skilled

professionals are needed to implement this solution; in addition, final check with thermography is highly recommended. Advantages: Low investment cost; generally easy and

fast to apply; no scaffolding needed; does not affect the interior space. Disadvantages: It may increase some thermal bridges (if many partitions are present, this is a weak

point), final performance uncertain, no other energy measure can be applied at the same time (cool roof, PV, radiant barrier).


SUPPLY

CONTROL &

MANAGEMENTOUTDOORS


Benefits

Technical

Strategies

Operating

Strategies

Overview

Source pictures: 1 and 4: ETSAV-UPC


http://www.carbontrust.com/media/19469/ctl178-how-to-roof-insulation.pdf

S09. Green Roof

Tools

- http://www.greenroofs.org/

- http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/gree

nroofs.htm

- Design Guidelines for Green Roofs Peck, S.

and M. Kuhn. 2003 (French)

The benefits of a green roof vary widely depending on the type of green roof, thickness and density in particular. If

properly designed, a green roof can reduce energy needed to provide cooling and heating by absorbing heat and acting

as thermal insulators for buildings. It can also improve pupils’ health and comfort: urban heat island can be moderated,

air quality can be improved, noise can be reduced (especially for low frequency sounds), quality of life and aesthetic

value can be improved but only if the green roof is visible and/or accessible to the public, which is rarely the case

(safety, risk of deterioration)). In a school, a green roof can offer educational opportunities. Furthermore, when the

objective of achieving an nZEB school involves a PV system, a green roof can be compatible. However, limiting factors

such as water demand, maintenance and mosquitoes need to be previously assessed.

In MED Schools

A green roof is a vegetative layer grown on a rooftop, which includes, as a minimum, a root repellent system, a drainage system, a filtering layer, a lightweight

growing medium and plants, and shall be installed on a waterproof membrane of an applicable roof. There are three main types of green roof systems,

according to their thickness: the extensive roof, semi-intensive roof and intensive roof. Extensive roofs are currently the most common type at present, mainly

due to their low cost, light weight and low maintenance, making them adaptable to many existing buildings. They are also often planted with sedum, due to

their resilience to drought and their high covering power, but they are generally not diverse enough and the substrate is too thin to increase biodiversity. Also,

it is recommended to avoid the monoculture of sedum to strive for greater plant diversity (between 20 and 30 species). Benefits : Green roof can increase

roofing membrane durability by decreasing their exposure to large temperature fluctuations that can cause micro-tearing, and ultraviolet radiation; it can

enhance storm water management by reducing and slowing storm water runoff in the urban environment; can increase biodiversity. Limitations : Costs

(installation and maintenance) ; accessibility and maintenance ; bearing capacity of the roof ; water demand.

Extensive Semi-intensive Intensive

Thickness 3 – 12 cm 12 – 30 cm > 30 cm

Bearing 30 – 150 kg/m² 150 – 350 kg/m² > 350 kg/m²

Vegetation Sedum Grasses, Perennial Herbaceous,

shrubs, trees

Maintenance Twice a year, no

much watering

Four times per year,

watering recommended

As traditional

garden

Access no Yes Yes

Cost 30 – 70 €/m² 100€/m² 150 – 200€/m²


SUPPLY

CONTROL &

MANAGEMENTOUTDOORS


Benefits

Technical

Strategies

Operating

Strategies

Overview

Source pictures: SIPLAST

http://www.greenroofs.org/

http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm

http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/inpr/bude/himu/coedar/upload/Design-Guidelines-for-Green-Roofs.pdf

http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/inpr/bude/himu/coedar/upload/Design-Guidelines-for-Green-Roofs.pdf

http://www.verreonline.fr/index.php

S10. Cool roof &

façades

Tools

- European Cool Roofs Council

Cool Roofing Information CRRC

- Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium

of Strategies , EPA

- Cool roof Project IEE

- Cost & energy savings, DOE cool roof

calculator

- Mitigation Techniques IDES EDU

Cool roofing is a system that reflects solar radiation and emits heat, keeping roof surfaces cool under the sun (due to increased solar

reflectance and high infrared emittance). It can be made of a highly reflective type of paint, a sheet covering, or highly reflective tiles

or shingles.

Cool Roofs allow building owners, architects, civil engineers, energy consultants and policy makers to optimize the energy and

environmental performance of a single building or an urban environment, depending on the use, design, environment and the

surrounding climate.

White painted roofs have been popular since ancient times in Mediterranean buildings. It is known that the use of light colors redirect

most of the incident solar radiation and results in lower surface temperatures. Cool roofs are a mix of these old concepts and modern

technologies. Studies have shown that Cool Roofs technology is efficient in Mediterranean climatic conditions.

A low cost measure such as a cool coating can significantly contribute to increasing thermal comfort conditions inside a building,

making it more energy efficient and additionally increasing the life time of the roof.

In MED Schools

COOL ROOF

A Cool Roofing product is characterized by higher

solar reflectance in comparison to conventional roof

materials of the same color and high infrared

emittance values. Cool Roofing products can be

applied to all types of roofs. Α Cool Roof minimizes

solar heat gain keeping roof surfaces cooler under

the sun. This is due to the materials used, which both

reflect the solar radiation (increased solar reflectance)

and release the absorbed heat (high infrared

emittance).

COOL COATINGS

Cool coatings are white or special reflective pigments that reflect sunlight. Coatings are

like very thick paints that can protect the surfaces from ultra-violet (UV) light and

chemical damage, and some offer water protection and restorative features. The use of

cool coatings is an inexpensive and passive solution that can contribute to the

reduction of cooling loads in air-conditioned buildings and the improvement of indoor

thermal comfort conditions by decreasing the hours of discomfort and the maximum

temperatures in non air-conditioned residential buildings.

BENEFITS OF COOL ROOF PRODUCTS

FOR BUILDING OWNERS

• Reduce the energy required for interior cooling

• Reduce thermal stresses on the roof, potentially improving system lifetimes

• Improve indoor thermal comfort

• Reduce running and maintenance costs.

BENEFITS OF COOL ROOF PRODUCTS

FOR POLICY MAKERS

• Have a positive impact on the global

environment by reducing the energy required

for interior cooling and related greenhouse gas

emissions

• Help to mitigate the urban heat island

effect.

Solar reflectance (% of solar energy reflected by a surface) and thermal emittance (how much heat a material will radiate per unit area at a given

temperature), have noticeable effects on surface temperature of the materials. Conventional roofs have low reflectance but high thermal emittance, while cool

roofs have high reflectance and infrared emittance. According to the research (EPA), conventional roofs can be 31- 47°C hotter than the air, while cool roofs

tend to stay within 6-11°C of the ambient temperature. The cost premium for cool roofs versus conventional roofing materials ranges from zero to 1,63 cents

per square meter (6,1-24,4 €/m²), depending on the application.

Conventional roof system

Cool Roof

Hourly values of surface temperatures for both, the

reference (A) and cool (B) roof building. The surface temperature

difference can reach a maximum of 25 °C during summer (Experimental

and numerical assessment of the impact of increased roof

reflectance on a school building in Athens, A. Synnefa et al, 2012,

Energy & Buildings, Vol.55, pp7-15)


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(Img copyright pending)

Source picture: 2: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778812001028

http://coolroofcouncil.eu/downloads.php?did=1

http://coolroofs.org/resources/home-building-owners

http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/resources/pdf/CoolRoofsCompendium.pdf

http://coolroofs.univ-lr.fr/

http://web.ornl.gov/sci/roofs+walls/facts/CoolCalcEnergy.htm

http://www.ides-edu.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/7-Urban-heat-island-effect-and-mitigation-techniques.pdf

http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/resources/pdf/CoolRoofsCompendium.pdf

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778812001028

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778812001028

S11. Exterior Façade

insulatioon

Tools

- ETICS European Association

- Rockwool ventilated façade

- French association Mur Manteau

- EURIMA

- Energy Saving Trust UK

In the nZEB approach, external insulation is considered the first choice when studying façade insulation options because of the

greater benefits comparing to internal or gap insulation. To achieve a successful implementation, insulation material should be

chosen according to technical properties (thermal, mechanical, acoustic, fire, water and vapor, stability…); additionally, it is highly

recommended to include environmental impact criteria (LCA). Vapor diffusion retarders (not vapor barriers) are generally not needed.

However, they should be carefully studied and their properties should be chosen according to the construction materials, the

ventilation strategy and local climate conditions. For ventilated solutions, a radiant barrier added in the inner side may help to reduce

heat gain. When installing external systems it may be the appropriate moment to integrate solar shading, cool materials and/or BIPV.

Moreover, fire regulations can influence the choice of one or other solution/material. Finally, because of exterior intervention, some

work could be performed during school days if needed.

In MED Schools

ETICS - EIFS

External Thermal Insulation System

(ETICS/EIFS): Composed envelope consisting

of various prefabricated components (adhesive,

insulation material, anchors (if required), base

coat, reinforcement (glass fiber mesh), finishing

coat/top coat with system primer and/or paint

coating, accessories) that are applied directly

on the façade.

VENTILATED FAÇADE

The ventilated façade allows air circulation through its structure. It is an

envelope consisting of an outer layer made of different materials that is

attached to the building walls using a substructure usually made of wood,

steel or aluminum, and a ventilated air gap of varying width which contains

the thermal insulation.

OTHER

Exterior insulation can be included in

finishing elements, non-ventilated

cladding, double-wall or even in heavy

cladding solutions.

External Façade Insulation consists in applying a layer of a thermal insulation material to the external walls. Many techniques can be used, ETICS and ventilated façades

being the most widespread in MED countries. If needed, previous treatment of the existing wall will be performed.

Advantages: Reduction of thermal bridges and consequently of condensations; building walls suffer less thermal solicitations; conservation of the walls thermal inertia; does

not affect the inside of the building and the activities performed; adaptable to any façade geometry; opportunity to include other energy measures; gives the façade a new look;

mature technology; board variety of insulating materials can be used.

Disadvantages: Reduced number of skilled professionals; scaffolding needed; balconies may form thermal bridges that are difficult to solve; changing the aesthetics may be

a barrier for some high value façades; higher investment cost than other insulation techniques; invasion of public space may occur due to increase of the building’s volume;

façade may become less resistant to vandalism actions.


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Source picture: 1: ISONAT: 2: Rockwool; 3 and 4: ©Mur Manteau

http://www.ea-etics.eu/

http://www.rockwool.com/

http://www.mur-manteau.fr/index.php

http://www.eurima.org/uploads/Modules/Mediacentre/brochure_en.pdf

http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Insulation/Solid-wall-insulation/Choosing-external-wall-insulation

S12. Interior Façade

insulatioon

Tools

- EURIMA

- Energy Saving Trust UK

In the nZEB approach, external insulation is considered the first choice when studying façade insulation options. However, if the

external façade must be preserved in its original state, internal insulation may be the right option. To achieve a successful

implementation, insulation materials should be chosen according to technical properties (thermal, mechanical, acoustic, fire, water

and vapor, stability…); additionally, it is highly recommended to include environmental impact criteria (LCA). Vapor diffusion retarders

(not vapor barriers) may be needed to avoid interstitial condensations. Therefore, a previous analysis needs to be performed,

including the construction materials, the ventilation strategy and local climate conditions. Finally, fire regulations can influence the

choice of one or other solution/material.

In MED Schools

RIGID INSULATION BOARDS

Plasterboard backed with rigid insulation

(foamed plastic) is fitted to the inner part of the

walls. Insulation boards are attached to the wall

using continuous ribbons of plaster or adhesive.

STUD WALL

A metal or wooden studwork is attached to the wall, filled with insulating

material, and covered with plaster. The use of both a vapor control layer

(internal) and a breathable membrane (external) creates an air barrier that

helps to improve the air tightness of the building and to limit condensations.

BEHIND INNER WALL

Internal insulation can be installed over

the inner side of the existing wall. A new

masonry wall is built afterwards to protect

it and give a finishing.

Interior Façade Insulation consists in applying an insulating material and a covering to the inner side of the façade. The systems commonly used include anchors, insulation

and finishing (usually supplied by the same dealer). Different techniques can be used depending on the insulation material and the implementation choices. Because of many

identified drawbacks, in Belgium interior façade insulation is only prescribed in cases where external façade must remain unchanged.

Advantages: External façade remains unchanged; well-known technique among professionals; mature technology; scaffolding is not needed or very simple; board variety of

insulating materials can be used; lower investment cost than for external insulation.

Disadvantages: Important increase of thermal bridges; building walls increase thermal solicitations; reduction of room space; wall’s thermal inertia is not conserved; major

impact on the inside of the building and the activities performed; risk of interstitial condensations.


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Source picture: 1: Pladur-Uralita; 2. ISONAT; 3. Rockwool

http://www.eurima.org/

http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Insulation/Solid-wall-insulation/Choosing-internal-wall-insulation

S13. Cavity Wall

insulation

Tools- Carbon Trust guidelines

- Cavity Insulation Guarantee Agency UK

- ECIMA Cellulose EU association (in French)

- ATEC CSTB Cellulose insufflation in cavity

wall (in French)

In the nZEB approach, external insulation is considered the first choice when studying façade insulation options. However, cavity

walls may be present in MED schools built before 1975. If cavity insulation appears to be a good complement or an intermediate

solution, some precautions need to be taken. A preliminary analysis is needed to evaluate the current wall condition and energy

savings potential, as some construction material will probably be stocked in the wall cavity. Then, it is necessary to find the

appropriate insulation material, the right technology to introduce it and qualified staff to implemented it. A final verification procedure

(including thermography) is needed.

In MED Schools

TECHNOLOGY

Cavity façade insulation consists of the incorporation of an insulating

material into the air cavity between the building blocks, inside the wall.

The insulation is injected through small holes drilled through the outer

or inner brickwork. This technique can be used in well-maintained

double-walls, and it is recommended that the cavity is at least 5 cm

wide. It is applied by skilled professionals following specific

indications. Final thermal performance may be very limited and quite

uncertain; therefore, in the nZEB approach, it may only be

recommended as a low cost complementary measure to future

insulation improvements.

INSULATION MATERIALS

Only shape-free materials are

suitable to be applied. A broad

commercial offer is available: blown

mineral wool, blown cellulose or

sheep wool, plastic beads (EPS),

expanded perlite/vermiculite,

polyurethane or urea formaldehyde

foam. Insulation material should be

chosen according to technical and

environmental criteria.

Advantages: Low cost; easy to apply; exterior and interior appearance is conserved; scaffolding is not needed; no reduction of room or outdoors space;

board variety of insulating materials can be used.

Disadvantages: Lack of information about current condition of the air cavity (may contain rubble or building scrap); low final thermal performance; insulation

thickness is limited by the width of the cavity; thermal bridges will be increased in most cases; walls thermal inertia is reduced.


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Source picture: 1 and 2: ThermaBead; 3: ECIMA; 4: Rockwool

http://www.carbontrust.com/media/19461/ctl176-how-to-implement-cavity-wall-insulation.pdf

http://www.ciga.co.uk/cwi-info/cwi-systems/

http://www.ecima.net/

http://www.cstb.fr/pdf/atec/GS20-U/AU070116.pdf

S.14 Reduction of

thermal bridges

Tools

a

In MED SchoolsThe additional transmission losses lead to a higher heating energy need and are becoming especially important in the case ofnZEB buildings; reducing the thermal bridge is highly desirable to reach nZEB performance. Thermal bridges are strongly relatedto the insulation system, internal or external insulation, which determines the possibilities of treating thermal bridges of theenvelope and those related to any balconies, rolling shutter cases, etc. Impact of insulation attachment systems in masonryconstruction can be reduced by using, if possible, low-conductive ties and limiting the frequency. Many solutions could beconsidered to reduce thermal bridges of balconies, as insulating the lower side of the balconies. A more complicated and costlyoption is to demolish it. Thermal bridge breakers can also be used to reduce heat losses. For example, they can be placed at thejunctions between walls and floors. They are also integrated into the frame of aluminium windows to improve their performance.

Benefits: Problems with cold spots and moisture damage are reduced; nocomplicated and tedious calculations to make, just a few clearlyformulated principles for planning the details.Limitations: Higher costs; in renovation, completely thermal bridge freeimplementation is not possible with justifiable effort (e.g. basement plinth,projecting balcony slabs etc) ; external insulation, most effective solutionto reduce thermal bridge can be impossible in some buildings witharchitectural value; In renovation, thermal bridge breakers’ use is limitedbecause they primarily aim at junctions between floors and internalinsulated walls. The implementation of thermal bridges breakers includesspecial attention in terms of mechanical strength, fire resistance and therisk of noise transmission between floors.

http://www.asiepi.euhttp://www.passivhaustagung.dehttp://www.buildup.eu/communities/thermalbridgeshttp://www.energieplus-lesite.be

Thermal bridges can occur at various locations of the building envelope, whenever there is abreak in the continuity, or a penetration of, the insulation. It can result in increased heat flow,which causes additional transmission losses, lower inner surface temperatures and possiblymoisture and mould problems. Examples of thermal bridges include :• Junctions between: low floor and exterior wall, intermediate floor and walls, high floor andexterior walls, high floor and parapet;• Load-bearing walls penetrating through the basement ceiling;• Masonry projecting out of the envelope (balconies);• Reveals around windows and doors (sides/above and below at the window sill);• Studwork in timber frame walls (interrupting the insulation);• Steel wall ties in masonry construction.


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http://www.asiepi.eu/wp-4-thermal-bridges.html

http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/passive_house_avoiding_thermal_brigdes.html

http://www.buildup.eu/communities/thermalbridges

http://www.energieplus-lesite.be/

S.15 Reduction of

Air infiltrations

ToolsIn MED Schools

ENERGY SAVINGSImproving the air tightness limits air infiltration and therefore heating requirementsof the building. In existing buildings, these air leaks can represent up to 40% ofheating needs. We must therefore set a goal that must be measured to validate thequality of work. For example : n50 < 0.6 /h (PassivHaus label); 0.6 -1.0 m3/(m2·h)(BBC French label for housing).

COMFORT IMPROVEMENTImproving the air tightness also controls air flow circulating through theventilation system for better air quality. Furthermore, an airtightness defectresults in cold drafts and moisture laden. This creates discomfort to the user and arisk of mildew. It also improves acoustic comfort in relation to outside noise.

Even if the average outside temperatures are lower in Mediterranean climate, our regions are often verywindy. So it is important to work on the air tightness, especially to ensure thermal comfort for users andensure a good quality of indoor air.

In addition, after improving building insulation and equipment, air infiltration becomes the most consistentsource of loss, along with thermal bridges. It is therefore impossible to reach a level of nZEB if air tightness ofthe building is not improved.

Although the regulation does not impose, it is necessary to make an in situ measurement of airtightness. It isideal to first perform a blower door test before finishing for validating the quality of structural and insulationworks. A second blower door test will definitively confirm the results at the end of the work.

COST The price of a blower door test depends on the size of the building and measurement tools available

(€ 1,000 minimum for a blower door test).

Movies :

Energivie program in France

Guides

Government of Ireland

Energivie France

Minergie Swiss

Guide technique Étanchéité des Menuiseries

Extérieures (TREMCO)


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http://www.energivie.info/page/film-etancheite-a-lair-batiments

http://www.environ.ie/en/Publications/DevelopmentandHousing/BuildingStandards/FileDownLoad,18749,en.pdf

http://www.energivie.info/content/etancheite-a-lair-batiments-guide-a-lusage-professionnels

http://www.minergie.ch/tl_files/download_fr/Messanleitung_2011_fr.pdf

http://www.arbocentre.asso.fr/uploads/Construire/Reglementation/RT 2012/GUIDE_TECH_BBC_2012_tremco.pdf

S.16 Controlled natural ventilation (I)

a

NATURAL VENTILATION – VARIABLES THAT AFFECT AIR MOVEMENTSNatural ventilation, unlike fan-forced ventilation, occurs due to air moving through the building under the natural forces of buoyancy and wind. Fresh air is required in buildings toensure air quality and comfort (eliminate odors, cooling).Natural ventilation, without any control, does not guarantee current indoor air quality standards and high energy savings in Mediterranean school buildings, even if it hasbeen well-designed. That is the reason why it needs to be controlled and even, when needed, combined to a mechanical ventilation.

3 types of natural ventilation effects :Wind causes a positive pressure on the windward side and a negative pressure on the leeward side of buildings. To equalize pressure, fresh air will enter any windward opening

and be exhausted from any opening on the leeward side and the roof.Buoyancy ventilation may be temperature-induced (stack ventilation) or humidity induced (cool tower).Temperature differences between warm air inside and cool air outside can cause the air in the room to rise and exit at the ceiling or ridge, and enter via lower openings in thewall.Differences in humidity can allow a pressurized column of dense, evaporated cooled air to supply a space, and lighter, warmer, humid air to exhaust near the top.

Factors affecting natural ventilation:• At site scale : Local topography, vegetation, and surrounding buildings have an effect on the speed of wind hitting a building.Approximate wind directions are summarized in seasonal "wind rose" diagrams. However, wind data collected in a weather station can differ dramatically from actual values at aremote building site with local microclimate conditions (influenced by natural and man-made obstructions).• At building scale :- Wind-induced ventilation is maximized when the ridge of the building is perpendicular to the summer winds.-Natural ventilation is more easily created in narrow buildings; consequently, buildings that rely on natural ventilation often have an articulated floor plan.

Moreover, the amount of ventilation depends critically on the careful design of internal spaces, and the size and placement of openings in the building :

Each room should have two separatesupply and exhaust openings. Locateexhaust high above inlet to maximizestack effect. Orient windows across theroom and offset from each other tomaximize mixing within the room whileminimizing the obstructions to airflowwithin the room.

A ridge vent is an opening at thehighest point in the roof that offers agood outlet for both buoyancy andwind-induced ventilation. The ridgeopening should be free of obstructionsto allow air to freely flow out of thebuilding.


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S.16 Controlled natural ventilation (II)

In MED Schools

Natural ventilation, properly controlled, may be appropriate for nZEB MED schools.Previous studies need to be performed to ensure air quality, thermal comfort, airdistribution and flow. Control is done by actuators placed in automated windows orvents. When the school is one-storey high, stack ventilation with roof openings will beconsidered. Needed night cooling will be much easier to implement in this situation. Inschool buildings, where high ventilation flows are needed to ensure IAQ, it may benecessary to include an exhaust-fan into the outlet window/vent. This would be the mostsimple case of hybrid ventilation, and even in other cases a complete mechanicalventilation system may be needed.

Health-based ventilation guidelines for Europe (Healthvent project)ClassVent and ClassCool: school ventilation design tool (UK)Natural ventilation COOLVENT tool (MIT)Software LOOP DA 3.0 (US)Ventilative cooling and venticoolAIVC Air Infiltration and Ventilation CentreDanish experimental study in classroomsTrend Controls BrochurePotential of night ventilation in office buildings in SpainNatural ventilation (WBDG)Control of naturally ventilated buildings (Univ Sheffield)http://www.shef.ac.uk/civil/research/eeb/naturally-ventilated-buildings

CONTROLLED NATURAL VENTILATIONNatural ventilation may offer a feasible solution when properly designed(considering all the criteria that affect air movement), for areas not affectedby air pollution or noise. In nZEB approaches, it is required to control naturalventilation, via an automated system, which the user should be able tooverride (always supported by a warning’s systems to avoid significant energyloss). Interior air velocity should not compromise thermal comfort for theoccupants (at air velocities of 0.5 m/s, the perceived interior temperature canbe reduced by as much as 1°C). Air diffusion is a complex phenomena, so it isadvisable to refer to specialists in this field (engineering, manufacturer, ...).

KEY ELEMENTSA system that allows controlled natural ventilation includes automated windowsand/or vents, actuators and motor controllers, in order to ensure the required flowand proper diffusion of fresh air. These elements are offered by many manufacturers.It is important to choose the ones offering at least a soundless mode (slow speed),protection of window durability (many actuators in the same window need to becorrectly coordinated). The proposed system needs to be linked to the general BMS inorder to optimize opening/closing schedule and times. Automated windows may beplaced in upper zones in schools, while internal openings are subjected to sound issues(to be studied in each case). Maintenance is needed to ensure proper function of allthe elements.

Tools


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https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/classvent-and-classcool-school-ventilation-design-tool

http://coolvent.mit.edu/

http://www.ibpsa.us/simbuild2012/Papers/SB12_TS03b_3_Emmerich.pdf


http://www.aivc.org/


http://www.trendcontrols.com/en-GB/marketing/Documents/English Brochures/Eng Nat Vent Bro v1 lo res.pdf

http://www.aivc.org/resource/potential-night-ventilative-cooling-strategies-office-buildings-spain-comfort-analysis-0

http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php

http://www.shef.ac.uk/civil/research/eeb/naturally-ventilated-buildings

http://www.shef.ac.uk/civil/research/eeb/naturally-ventilated-buildings

S.17 Mechanicalventilation

In MED SchoolsIn schools, rooms have intermittent and variable occupancy. All solutions must adapt the flows according to the occupation : a minimum

flows to the occupation, through several possible ways: - Programming acting on the flow, depending on occupancy classroom scenarios;- Modulating the flow depending on the CO2, humidity or presence.Careful design and skilled professionals are needed to avoid disturbance caused by the noise of a poorly designed and implemented system. Other complementary solutions can help to further minimize energy consumption: hybrid ventilation, heat recovery in the case of a double flow ventilation, fans with low energy consumption, preheating of fresh air (Heat-to-air heat exchanger, Trombe wall, air solar collector…).

SchoolVentCool guidelinesHealth-based ventilation guidelines for Europe (Healthvent project)AIVC Air Infiltration and Ventilation CentreREHVA (Federation of associations)EVIA (European Ventilation IndustryAssociation)CETIAT (France)

The appropriate ventilation solution for an existing school is primarily constrained by the existing conditions (service space, load-bearing elements, room height, location etc.) andsecondary by trade-offs between initial costs, running costs, desired indoor climate quality, and expected energy use. A new system is being demonstrated in Belgium : These windowsinclude in their frame a double flow ventilation system with heat recovery (http://www.bricker-project.com/Technologies/Aerating_windows.kl).Benefits : Appropriate strategies and ventilation system can satisfy IAQ, quiet environment, and energy savings.Limitations and watch-points:• Ventilation can be supplied in a number of ways in the classroom with more or less risk of draught to the occupants in the comfort zone;• Control air flow necessarily involves the airtightness of the building but also, and especially, the airtightness of ductworks;• Maintenance must be ensured : replacement of defective components, check the flow fans, vents, etc.

CENTRALOne air handling unit and large ducts ventilate large areas.

DECENTRALISEDMultiple air handling units and smaller ducts for smaller

areas.

DECENTRALISED COMPACT ROOM UNITCompact air handling unit in each room eliminates ducts.

Mechanical ventilation is characterized by a fan transporting inlet and/or outlet air through duct systems where heat recovery, air flow control and conditioning of inlet air are possible. Amechanical ventilation system is either characterized as a central system or as a decentralized system. In Europe, mechanical ventilation is usually provided with negative pressure whilepositive pressure could also be considered to avoid some particular pollutants (radon).

Tools


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http://schoolventcool.eu/


http://www.aivc.org/


http://www.evia.eu/en/

http://ww.cetiat.fr/

http://www.bricker-project.com/Technologies/Aerating_windows.kl

S.18 Thermal mass

activation

Tools

IN SUMMERThermal mass absorbs heat from within the room, keeping it cool. Of course, it will also absorb heat fromthe hot air outside – the external surface must therefore be insulated to prevent this. It is vital to be ableto remove the heat being released by the thermal mass overnight (night ventilation): cool night breezespass over the thermal mass, drawing out stored energy.

IN WINTERThermal mass works where it can absorb heat generated by the sun. The sun enters the roomthrough windows and heats the surfaces it falls on, as well as the air in the room. It will re-

radiate this warmth back into the room at night.

In MED SchoolsIn schools, usually not equipped with active cooling systems, premises must be protected against temperature peaks; inertia is an

indispensable complement to sunscreens and night ventilation. Correctly used, thermal mass evens out variations in temperature, whichcan increase comfort and reduce energy costs.In school premises, internal partitioning is often light and low. In this case, thermal mass is mainly provided by external walls and floorslabs. Where false ceilings are present, they should be removed to allow thermal mass activation. Moreover, in schools, with intermittentoccupancy, thermal mass requires a certain anticipation for operating the heating and/or cooling; a precise and quality programming isrequired. In the Mediterranean region, even useful, cooling potential is limited (around 10% in cooling demand) comparing to colderclimates.

http://www.level.org.nz/passive-design/thermal-mass/

http://environmentdesignguide.com.au/media/misc%20notes/EDG_65_AH.pdf

Thermal mass is the ability of a material to absorb, store and re-release heat. Thermal mass is mainly provided by load-bearing interior walls, exterior walls, ceilings and floor. How much heat these elements canhold depends on what they are made of and how thick they are. The color of a surface significantly impacts its ability to absorb heat. Dark, matt and textured thermal mass surfaces absorb more heat than light,reflective surfaces. Some materials take longer to absorb heat, but can hold it for longer. For example, concrete floors will absorb more heat and hold it longer than timber floors. To be effective, thermal massmust be integrated with passive design techniques : appropriate areas of glazing facing appropriate directions with appropriate levels of shading, ventilation and insulation.Benefits : In the Mediterranean areas, thermal mass is generally very advantageous for better comfort and lower consumption of cooling.Limitations and watch-points:• In renovation, it is not always possible to enhance the thermal mass of a building;• Thermal mass is lowered by:

- Internal insulation: external insulation of walls is preferable;- Presence of light lining, airtight false ceilings, raised floor: high-floor and low-floor have to be heavy, false ceilings have to be ventilated (if it does not compromise fire protection between floors);

• Heating control may be more complicated.


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http://www.level.org.nz/passive-design/thermal-mass/

http://environmentdesignguide.com.au/media/misc notes/EDG_65_AH.pdf

S.19 Earth to Air heat

exchange

ToolsIn MED Schools

Given the technical and economic difficulties in renovation, Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers can rarely be implemented in a school renovation.The interest of the EAHE in MED schools is mainly based on the pre-cooling effect in summer. In the case where it could be implemented, astudy is required to define energy savings arising in relation to an active cooling system. It is also imperative to provide a contract for healthmaintenance. To avoid the risk of degrading IAQ, it is preferable to use a water glycol heat exchanger with buried tubes.

http://www.ibpsa.org

Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers, also known as earth tubes, are tubes buried in the ground that use geothermal exchange to pre-heat / pre-cool outside air entering a building’s HVAC system. As the temperatureof the ground is practically constant, it substantially reduces ambient air temperature fluctuations. Systems can be driven by natural stack ventilation, but usually require mechanical ventilation. In some casesair is circulated via air handling units, allowing filtering and supplementary heating/cooling. A simple controller can be used to monitor inlet and outlet temperatures, as well as indoor air temperatures.Regarding the cooling phase, the EAHEs are used either as stand alone systems or as additional auxiliary systems: e.g. in summer the pre-cooling effect can be used to increase the performance of reversibleair-to-air heat pumps (GSHP), but it is also possible to combine it with other passive or low-energy strategies, such as night natural or mechanical ventilation. Ground coupling ducts or tubes can be of plastic,concrete or clay – the material choice is of little consequence thermally due to the high thermal resistance of the ground. Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers are suited for mechanically ventilated buildings with amoderate cooling demand, located in climates with a large temperature differential between summer and winter, and between day and night. A technical study is systematically required for tubes andventilation rates sizing, and to define its management.Benefits : Provide low-consumption cooling in the summer and pre-heating of air in the winter; can be interesting in noisy areas where opening windows can be problematic.Limitations and watch-points: Difficult implementation in renovation; high installation costs; can be economically attractive if the renovation requires earthworks; need available land to accommodate thelength of tubes; maintenance necessary to avoid any health risk with indoor air quality.

IN WINTEREarth-to-Air Heat Exchangers allow the use of the relative warmth of the ground in winterto heat the incoming air.

IN SUMMERThis cools the external air due to the coolness of the ground.


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http://www.ibpsa.org/

S.20 Daylighting

Management

Tools

SOLAR TUBESTubular daylight guidance systems, widely used for transportingdaylight usually from the roof to the core of buildings, wherewindows are not available.

LIGHT SHELVESHorizontal surfaces, mounted either inside, outside or onboth sides of a window, dividing it into a larger lower partand a clerestory window above the shelf. Light shelves shadethe areas close to the windows from direct sunlight whilereflecting daylight to the ceiling, thus increasing andhomogenizing daylight levels in the space.

BLINDSMade from plastic or fabric, or even the Venetiantype, they are positioned on the internal orexternal part of the window, so as to shade thespace by reducing the incomingdaylight/sunlight.

In MED SchoolsSolar Tubes: Even though Mediterranean schools usually have adequate area of side windows, solar tubes can be used in order to bring daylightto the deepest areas of classrooms and to dark corridors. Great tube lengths and elbows decrease the system’s performance. The system isdifficult to be implemented on existing buildings. Furthermore, special attention must be paid in ensuring proper sealing and preventingoverheating (a solar protection may be needed).

Light Shelves: Light shelves should be placed at a height that would minimize the risk of accidents for all types of users and that would avoiddirect view of the upper reflective surface of the shelf, that would cause glare. Their performance is maximum to southern exposures. Blindsshould only be placed below the shelf.

Blinds: Blinds are considered necessary in all Mediterranean schools, for minimizing glare. When positioned outside the window they may alsooffer thermal protection from sun radiation.

Glare in MED Schools: Glare is a very common problem in Mediterranean countries, because of the increased levels of sunlight. The factors mostlikely to create glare issues and should be encountered are: 1. Very high levels of daylight (large, non-shaded windows); 2. Highly reflectiveinterior surfaces; 3. Highly reflective facades of the opposite buildings.

Solar Tubes

Light Shelves

Blinds


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http://www.solatube.com/

http://www.hunterdouglascontract.com/home/index.jsp

http://www.assimakopoulos.gr/en/Products/VenetianBlinds/PublicIndividuals/

S.21 Artificial lighting

improvement

Tools

AUTOMATIC CONTROLAutomatic controls switch or dim lighting based on time, occupancy, lighting-level strategies,or a combination of all three. In situations where lighting may be on longer than needed, lefton in unoccupied areas, or used when sufficient daylight exists, consider installing automaticcontrols as a supplement or replacement for manual controls.An occupancy sensor automatically turns on lighting when someone enters the space. If thelast person to leave the rooms does not turn the lights off manually, the occupancy sensorturns them off after a pre-set time delay.

DAYLIGHT SENSITIVE CONTROLDaylight control is also one of theautomatic controls. It also integratescommon lighting sensors that givefeedback to the system about the lightingperformance status. If daylight is enough,artificial lighting is switched off, and viceversa.

SECTORIZATIONCircuiting the lights to allow individuallamps within a fixture to be controlledseparately adds flexibility, providingdifferent levels of lighting that can be usedfor different activities, and maximizesenergy saving.

In MED SchoolsMinimizing the use of the load related to the lighting system is very important in the perspective of nZEB buildings. On one hand, by improving the lightingsource technology (see S22 – Lighting system improvement), on the other, through an optimization of lighting management through control systems.

In the case of schools, expected savings from the use of occupancy sensors in classrooms alone can range from 10-50%. These savings come from simplyturning lighting off when the rooms are unoccupied and lighting is not necessary. Other lighting controls can reduce lighting energy consumption as well. Forinstance, the EPA has estimated that the use of daylight controls can result in savings up to 40%. Perhaps most importantly, these savings can be realizedwithout affecting the quality of educational activities or the efficiency of the learning environment.

Many other areas in a school are ideal for lighting control including administrative offices, libraries, cafeterias, auditoriums, storage areas, field lighting,locker rooms, and more.

The use of daylight controls is an effective strategy for classrooms and administrative areas where the daylight contribution is substantial. In such areas,occupancy-based controls can be added to switch or dim the lights as needed. When daylight drops below the target level, the photo-sensor sends a signalto return the electric lighting to a higher level of light.

Best Practices for Schools

Daylighting Controls 1

Daylighting Controls 2

Occupancy Based Lighting Control Systems

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http://www.eng-forum.com/articles/articles/bpschools.pdf

http://web.stanford.edu/group/narratives/classes/08-09/CEE215/ReferenceLibrary/EDR Design Briefs/sg-4-controls.pdf

http://scholar.google.it/scholar?q=daylighting+control+in+school&hl=it&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart&sa=X&ei=sq60U9KtEob-OcvJgbgJ&ved=0CCIQgQMwAA

http://lrt.sagepub.com/content/42/4/415.short

S.22 Lighting system

improvement

SIMPLE BULB REPLACEMENT – PLUG&PLAYFluorescent tube replacement with LED tubes requires “solving the ballast issue”. In fact,fluorescent tubes need ballasts to operate (giving a high voltage burst to get started andregulating the amount of power) and LEDs do not (they just use a driver). However, the ballastremoval is expensive, as it requires electrical works, and this is why fluorescent tubereplacement isn’t very popular. Fortunately, now the market has introduced products with anintegrated driver that operates on the existing ballast, meaning that the LED tube can simplyreplace the fluorescent tube without removing the ballast.

BALLAST REMOVALAlthough electrical modifications arerequired, ballast removal has severaladvantages :- no wasted power in the ballast,- reduced long term maintenance costs,- dimming option is possible.

WHOLE FIXTURE REPLACEMENTEquivalent products should have similarlight distributions to ensure the lumensproduced are directed where they areneeded. The photometric features of alighting source highly depends on thefixture. This is why in some cases, the wholefixture replacement can be the mostefficient solution.

In MED SchoolsThe amount of savings related to fluorescent lamp replacement depends greatly on the chosen method. Nevertheless, the majority of the LED advantages isclearly known:

• Mercury Free – Unlike fluorescents, LEDs contain no mercury. This makes them safe for the environment and results in no recycling fees;

• Dimmable – Many LEDs have full dimming capabilities, whereas FLs are expensive to dim and do so poorly;

• Directional Lighting – LEDs offer directional light (illumination exactly where you need it). On the other hand, fluorescents have multi-directional light, whichmeans some light is lost in the fixture and other unnecessary places;

• Work Well with Controls – Fluorescent lights tend to burn out faster when integrated with occupancy sensors and other controls. In contrast, LEDs workperfectly with control systems, since their life is not affected by turning them on/off;

• Quality Light - Today’s LEDs produce light in a variety of color temperatures similar to fluorescent, but don’t have any flickering issues that can happen withfluorescent;

• Lifespan – The average life of a T8 LED is 50,000 hours, versus only 30,000 hours for an average T8 LFL. One thing to keep in mind though, is that there arenow linear fluorescent T8 lamps that last up to 84,000 hours.

Green Public Procurement -Indoor Lighting - Technical Background Report

European Lighting Industry

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http://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/pdf/Draft Technical Background Report on Indoor Lighting.pdf

http://www.lightingeurope.org/

S.23 Best energy

class substitutes

Tools

ENERGY CONSUMPTIONOpting for the cheapest product is not always the best solution. Computers, televisions,video-projectors, refrigerators - all of these devices consume a lot of electricity. The analysismust be based on a 5-year lifecycle of your equipment. For example, the difference in termsof energy consumption, if you compare the most and least efficient equipment, you can saveup to € 200 per computer.

OTHER ADVANTAGESMore efficient equipment in terms of energy efficiency results in reducedheat generation, valuable extra workspace and longer life of yourequipment.Also, in case of active cooling, your air conditioning costs will decrease.

In MED SchoolsIn nZEB Med schools, it is possible that there is virtually no need for heating but, paradoxically, the risk of discomfort in summer isconsiderable. Some internal heat sources must be limited in the summer. In addition, in the primary energy balance, the specificelectricity use can be 50% of total consumption. This consumption is often underestimated because it depends on equipment thatis not always identified at the design stage.

Opting for the best energy efficient equipment has multiple benefits and is essential for MED schools if you want to do without airconditioning. Therefore, an nZEB renovation needs to include a “best energy class” replacement PLAN to face the new acquisitions.

Benefits : Low energy consumption, financial savings in the long term, less noise in operation, less heat in the atmosphere.Limitations : Higher purchasing costs, higher embodied energy product.

COST: For each purchase, a life cycle cost analysis should be performed.

http://www.eu-energystar.org

http://www.guide-topten.com/

http://www.energyrating.gov.au/


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Source picture: 1: http://www.eu-energystar.org/fr/; 2. http://goo.gl/JA9qdO

http://www.eu-energystar.org/fr/

http://www.guide-topten.com/

http://www.energyrating.gov.au/

http://www.eu-energystar.org/fr/

http://goo.gl/JA9qdO

S.24 Efficient cooking

Tools

EQUIPMENT AND HABITSAfter lighting, the kitchen equipment consumes the most electricity. Sochoose high performance equipment (label A+++) and adopt good cookinghabits. Whatever the cooking method or equipment (electricity, gas…), limitthe number of appliances and optimize their size and adopt several simplemeasures which can minimize consumption.

REFRIGERATORS EXAMPLE‐ Position fridges/freezers away from heat sources; ‐ Set the thermostat at the right level, defrost regularly; ‐ Keep doors closed (install alarms for example);‐ Respect temperature regulations of cold room or refrigerator. Increasing cooling

temperature by 1°C can reduce energy consumption by 4%.

In MED SchoolsMeals are not always prepared on site. They can be warmed or sometimes there is no canteen in thebuilding. In any type of school buildings, especially in Mediterranean areas, limiting the use and theconsumption of kitchen equipment can limit the internal source of heat and so, the use/need of coolingsystem.

COST: The first rule is to adapt the size of the equipment to its needs. Indeed, the purchase price andenergy consumption are directly dependent on the size. Equally beneficial, choosing the equipment thatconsumes less does not always mean higher prices.

Austin public schools project(energystar)

http://www.savingtrust.dk(criteria for high performance products)

http://www.carbontrust.com/resources/guides


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Source picture: 1: http://goo.gl/oI2otc; 2. http://goo.gl/5DRQu6

http://www.energystar.gov/ia/products/commercial_food_service/Austin_Public_School_CS.pdf?faf7-f3b5

http://www.savingtrust.dk/

http://www.carbontrust.com/resources/guides

http://goo.gl/oI2otc

http://goo.gl/5DRQu6

Solar Photovoltaic Technology Basics National Center for Photovoltaics Photovoltaic Reliability Publications Pre-dimensioning tool PV-GIS Design Software Pvsyst, PV Database, BIPV Report 2013http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/others/pv_guide.pdfhttp://www.bre.co.uk/filelibrary/pdf/rpts/Guide_to_the_installation_of_PV_systems_2nd_Edition.pdf

http://www.epia.org/home/

http://web.ornl.gov/sci/solarsummit/presentations/ORNL-Coonen.pdf

PV SOFTWARE FREE

S.25 Solar PV

Tools

Photovoltaic (PV in short) is a form of clean renewable energy. Most PVmodules use crystalline silicon solar cells, made of semiconductor materialssimilar to those used in computer chips. Thin film modules use other types ofsemiconductor materials to generate electricity. When sunlight is absorbed bythese materials, the semi-conductor material in the PV cells is stimulated bythe photons of the sunlight to generate direct electrical current (DC). They willwork as long as they are exposed to daylight. The electricity generated iseither used immediately or is stored (eg. in batteries) for future use. Solarmodules themselves do not store electricity.

Traditional solar cells are made from silicon, are usually flat-plate,and generally are the most efficient. Second-generation solar cellsare called thin-film solar cells because they are made fromamorphous silicon or nonsilicon materials such as cadmiumtelluride. Thin film solar cells use layers of semiconductor materialsonly a few micrometers thick. Because of their flexibility, thin filmsolar cells can double as rooftop shingles and tiles, building facades,or the glazing for skylights. Third-generation solar cells are beingmade from a variety of new materials besides silicon, including solarinks using conventional printing press technologies, solar dyes, andconductive plastics.

There are many ways to install PV systems in a building.For existing buildings, the most common mannerwithout drastically affecting its appearance is to mountthe PV modules on a frame on the roof top. In a newdevelopment, besides mounting on the roof top, the PVmodules or panels could in a creative, aesthetically-pleasing manner be integrated into the building facade.It could also be integrated into external structures suchas canopies, car park shelters and railings.

In MED SchoolsThe following factors shall be considered, for the installation of PV panel in a school: Annual electricity consumption, local regulations refer to the installation and the system power, electricity tariff, orientation and size of the roof surface, and economic point of view. Benefits: • Unlimited renewable energy source; • Solar energy is a locally available resource (amount depends on location); • When grid connected, it can displace the highest cost electricity during times of peak demand; • PV panels can provide revenue by selling excess electricity in times of low demand (local policy); • Noise-free operation. Limitations: • High installation costs;• High embodied energy of PV cells and requirement of rare metals; • PV panels require regular cleaning; • Associated inverters may cause reliability and energy consumption (if not properly designed) issues because they heat up during operation; • Requires careful positioning to obtain optimum performance; • Solar energy is not available during night and is less available during cloudy days.


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Source picture: 2: ASCAMM; 3: ©Mur Manteau

http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_photovoltaics.html

http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/

http://www.nrel.gov/pv/performance_reliability/publications.html

http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/

http://www.pvsyst.com/en/

http://www.pvdatabase.org/index.php

http://www.seac.cc/fileadmin/seac/user/doc/SEAC_BIPV_Report_2013.pdf

http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/others/pv_guide.pdf

http://www.bre.co.uk/filelibrary/pdf/rpts/Guide_to_the_installation_of_PV_systems_2nd_Edition.pdf

http://www.epia.org/home/

http://photovoltaic-software.com/free.php

http://photovoltaic-software.com/free.php

S.26 Solar thermal for

DHW & heating

Tools

SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMSUsing a solar collector, they turn the sun’s radiation into heat and thentransfer that heat to air or water. There are multiple types of solar thermalcollectors: evacuated tube, batch systems, air collectors and flat-platecollectors. These can be mounted to a roof or wall to provide solar waterheating and space heating for the building.

FLAT PLATE COLLECTORConsists of: (1) a dark flat-plate absorber, (2) a transparent coverthat reduces heat losses, (3) a heat-transport fluid (air, antifreeze orwater) to remove heat from the absorber, and (4) a heat insulatingbacking.

EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTORIt is composed of hollow glass tubes. The air betweenthe tubes is pumped out, while the outside of the tubesis heated, creating a vacuum. This mechanism createsexcellent insulation, trapping the heat inside the tube,making solar hot water evacuated tubes highlyefficient.

In MED SchoolsFor the installation of solar thermal systems, the following factors shall be considered: annual DHW and heating demand and,its distribution, existing technology for DHW production and heating, orientation and size of the roof surface, the location of theexisting DHW storage tanks in the facility, the installation of DHW and heating storage from architectural viewpoint (availableplace), and economic point of view.The potential for Solar Thermal and the associated environmental benefits are significant.Advantages:• Unlimited renewable energy source;• Locally available resource;• Different types of collectors are available, which makes integration flexible for different building types;• Simple and robust design of collectors.Limitations:• In sunny periods too much heat is generated which can cause water to boil in pipes;• In case hot water consumption is limited it is important to decide how to use the generated heat;• The system always requires a source of back-up heating, which can represent a double investment.

Solar Thermal Energy

Free Solar Thermal Software

Solar Thermal Requirements

Types of Solar Thermal Collectors

http://www.slideshare.net/AmericanSolar/solar-heating-for-schools-1454385

http://www.solarschools.net/resources/stuff/solar_thermal.aspx

Solar thermal for heating : Operation is the same, but it needs more collectors’ surface and a large storage volume. However, the size and initial cost of conventional solar thermal systems for heat supply, whichdepend not only on the heat collected but also on the storage facilities, affect its successful utilization on a large scale. Careful design and skilled professionals are needed to optimize solar thermal collectors’surface and thermal storage. Solar thermal energy can be used for cooling systems, but these systems are more complex and rare.


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http://www.solar-thermal.com/solar-thermal.pdf

http://photovoltaic-software.com/solar-thermal-free.php

http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/09-10/Rural_renewables/Oppotunities.html

http://solartribune.com/solar-thermal-collectors/

http://www.slideshare.net/AmericanSolar/solar-heating-for-schools-1454385

http://www.solarschools.net/resources/stuff/solar_thermal.aspx

S.27 RES heat pump

Tools

HEAT PUMP TECHNOLOGYHeat pump technologies are used to collect heat or cold from air, ground or groundwater.In electrically powered heat pumps, the heat transferred can be three or four times greater thanthe electrical power consumed, giving the system a coefficient of performance (COP) of 3 or 4, asopposed to a COP of 1 for a conventional electrical resistance heater.

EFFICIENCYMost of the energy for heating/cooling comes from the externalenvironment. According to the US EPA, geothermal heat pumpscan reduce energy consumption up to 44% compared with air-source heat pumps, and up to 72% compared with electricresistance heating. Minimum COP required should be 3 or more.

In MED SchoolsIn nZEB Med’s school renovation, because of the lower heating requirements of the building, the existing heatingsystem can operate with low temperature. This situation is perfectly adapted to the heat pumps which can operatewith optimum efficiency.

However, the thermo-geology of the ground under and around the school must also be known or analyzed, to be surethat all the proper criteria are met (a high conductivity, a high specific heat capacity and a good geothermal gradient).

Aerothermal heat pumps are easier to install and more cost-effective. However, high efficiency current products aremore adapted to residential market than schools or commercial buildings.

Benefits: Low energy consumption, low operating costs, financial savings in the long term (for geothermal), bothheating and cooling, minimum installation space, no combustion and no chimney.

Limitations: Lack of knowledge ranging from technicians to decision makers, requires low temperature heatingdistribution, requires good thermo-geological conditions (geothermal). Current refrigerant are more environmentallyfriendly (ozone) but have still moderate global warming potential. Only few innovative products are offering “naturalrefrigerants” as CO2 gaz.

www.groundmed.eu - technicalguidelines and case studies

www.geotrainet.eu - training online

www.geopimed.eu - general information and case studies

www.regeocities.eu - general information


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http://www.groundmed.eu/

http://www.geotrainet.eu/

http://www.geopimed.eu/

http://www.regeocities.eu/

S.28 Wind Turbine

Wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The energy in the wind turns two or three propellers around a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to create electricity. Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups: the horizontal-axis variety and the vertical-axis design. Currently, horizontal-axis wind turbines offer the best guarantees in terms of technical and financial matters. Utility-scale turbines range in size from hundred kilowatts to as large as several megawatts. Larger wind turbines are more cost effective and are grouped together into wind farms. Single small turbines, generally below 36 kilowatts, are for domestic use. Wind turbines attached to the building have to be avoided.

Wind flow patterns and speeds vary greatly depending on the region, the altitude, and are modified by surrounding vegetation, buildings and differences in terrain. Ideally, wind must be regular and strong without turbulence or gusty wind conditions throughout the year. Wind turbines operate for wind speeds generally between 14 and 90 km/h.

In MED SchoolsOnly schools located in rural areas may consider installing a wind turbine, because it needs a very open space to get some results. Given the technical and economic constraints, the value of a wind turbine is mainly based on the educational aspect, because a wind turbine that spins can help "see“ energy, in contrast to PV system. However, to go through with the process, displaying the real-time production with a counter can be a plus.

Implementation of one or several wind turbines must take into account :• Wind resource : wind studies are needed on-site, at different heights;• Neighborhood : distance to buildings, trees, etc. to reduce turbulence issues and distance tousers to reduce noise;• Landscape (protected architectural and natural sites);• Maintenance: production monitoring, type of wind turbine mast (tilt system mast otherwisenacelle needed).

Benefits : Unlimited renewable energy source; wind energy is a locally available resource (amount depends on location).Limitations : High installation costs; requires careful positioning to obtain optimum performance; wind resource is very random, production is intermittent.

Catalogue of European Urban Wind Turbine Manufacturers (2005)Urban wind technologies (2005)Urban wind turbines Master Thesis (2010)Experimental results (UK)Small scale wind energy (Carbon Trust UK)

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Source picture: 1: © Région Rhône-Alpes / Jean-Luc Rigaux

http://www.urbanwind.net/pdf/CATALOGUE_V2.pdf

http://www.urbanwind.net/pdf/technological_analysis.pdf

https://upcommons.upc.edu/pfc/bitstream/2099.1/10503/1/Cristia Arbo Lack - Urban Wind Turbines - Master thesis - 250210.pdf

http://www.warwickwindtrials.org.uk/2.html

https://www.carbontrust.com/media/77248/ctc738_small-scale_wind_energy.pdf

S.29 Biomass/ Wood

energy

Tools

RENEWABLE AND LOCALIts low carbon energy if obtained from sustainable sources, leading tosignificant savings in carbon dioxide emissions.

Use of biomass heating systems increases rural employment and keepsrevenue in the local economy.

EFFICIENTWood energy is a suitable solution toheat schools and eventually producesdomestic hot water. Modern boilers areefficient, almost as clean as otherenergies, and are automatic.

ECONOMICWood energy could make savings on theheating costs by replacing the current fossilfuel system. Its price depends on localsupply chains and is not dependent onglobal issues.

In MED Schools

Control and performance : Modern boilers have very good performance and there are even wood condensing boilers. Theregulation system is identical to that used in other energies.

Wood type and storage : The wood pellet boilers are best suited to the low heating requirements of nZEB schools. Thesize of the storage silo is low and maintenance is reduced. The distribution of heating can also be preserved. If no space isavailable inside the building, there are boxes ready to be connected (including the boiler, pellet silo, hydraulics, chimney).

Primary balance energy: The presence of wood energy helps to more easily achieve the nZEB goal and limit theinvestment needed to produce electricity locally.

Educational opportunity : The presence of a wood heating system can be used for educational purposes to explain theenergy supply chains.

COST: National and local financial aid is often available.

http://www.southwestwoodshed.co.uk/static/wp-content/uploads/Regen_-_guidance_note_schools.pdf

http://www.cibe.fr/


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Source picture: 1: http://goo.gl/ubPx6T; 2: http://goo.gl/ovWJgq; 3: http://goo.gl/22lfzE

http://www.southwestwoodshed.co.uk/static/wp-content/uploads/Regen_-_guidance_note_schools.pdf

http://www.cibe.fr/

http://goo.gl/ubPx6T

http://goo.gl/ovWJgq

http://goo.gl/22lfzE

S.30 BMS Building

Management System

eu.bac Position Paper - Proposal for a Directive on energy efficiency

EN 15232 Energy performance of buildings – Impact of Building Automation, Controls and Building Management

ISO 50001:2011 – Energy Management System

Example 1- Can2Go

Example 2 - Siemens

According to the European Building Automation and Controls Association (eu.bac), around 20% of energyconsumed by buildings is wasted and in the 27 EU countries only one in five buildings has BEMS, and a largenumber of non-residential buildings do not have any. Demand for building automation technologies is expectedto increase with new regulation constraints because it’s more energy efficient, in comparison with other retrofitsolutions (e.g. increasing insulation, window replacement, etc). In fact BEMS are cost-effective measures,requiring low costs, and with a quick return on your investment. Great benefits, both in terms of energy andeconomic savings, can be achieved through an optimal building energy management.

In MED SchoolsFrom quasi-passive buildings to active buildingsBig savings can also be reached by introducing automated control system in schools, that remotely manage not only thesystems but also the building components: a monitoring system that could observe what is happening -especially non-efficient solutions (e.g. a window left open in winter while students move to a lab for the next hour) - and activate achange immediately (e.g. automatically closing the window). First of all, an automated system consisting, where both asensor network (which monitors in real time the status), and a control system (that identifies and activates a controlpolicy), has to be integrated. Furthermore, a set of building components and technologies that could perform quickresponse actions (e.g. automated windows, automated natural vents, automated solar radiation screens) can beincluded in the school. The challenge is to identify a set of building elements and technological components that can beeasily and cheaply installed.

From automated control to “shared control”In schools, as in all public buildings, with a high occupancy rate, the integration of an automated control system canreveal a lot of possible inefficiencies (in terms of comfort and/or energy) due to the contrast between the automaticcontroller and human actions.Thus, it is necessary to foresee a shared control system, where humans have continuous interaction andcommunication with the automation system. In this system, the occupants are the final deciders, but are aware of thebest energy saving strategy (e.g. opening the window contrary the system’s advice). Many solutions can be identified,using a smart end-user device (smart display). The potential of the interactive communication between the controlsystem and the school user has to be exploited.

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Source picture: http://goo.gl/vsnSLV

http://www.eubac.org/uploads/media/eu.bac_position_paper_PDEE.pdf

http://www.siemens.fi/pool/products/industry/building_technologies/rakennusautomaation_ymparistovaikutukset_en.pdf

http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/management-standards/iso50001.htm

mailto:http://www.can2go.com/documents/can2go_cs_21.pdf

mailto:http://www.hqs.sbt.siemens.com/gip/general/dlc/data/assets/hq/Synco-GAMMA-Application-Guide---School-building---class-room_A6V10374900_hq-en.pdf

http://goo.gl/vsnSLV

S.31 Exterior

Environment

Tools

GREEN SCHOOLYARD BENEFITS1) Increases the environmental awareness of children;(2) Contributes to health promotion;(3) Helps children contact and interact with the naturalenvironment, as a combination of both entertainmentand creative play;(4) Improves the students’ physical activity;(5) Enhances their innate sense and curiosity with thenatural environment;(6) Contributes to the environmental improvement ofthe entire neighborhood.

MICROCLIMATEA local atmospheric zone (a small-scale area such as a garden, park, valley orpart of a city) where the climate differs from the surrounding area. Theconditions in a microclimate are impacted by a number of factors:

1. Temperature; 2. Humidity; 3. Wind; 4. Radiation; 5. Ius,; 6. the nature of theSoil & Vegetation; 7. the local Topography; 8. Latitude; 9. Elevation; 10.Season

THERMAL COMFORT“A condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermalenvironment” (ASHRAE).The main factors that affect comfort are:(1) Air temperature, (2) Exchange of radiation, (3) Air movement, (4)Humidity, (5) Activity, (6) ClothingDesigning for thermal comfort requires tools that can provide forobjective assessment of the landscape and an understanding of theconditions of comfort.

INTEGRATED PLANNINGAn integrated planning of the microclimate can providethe tools for creating thermally comfortableenvironments and energy efficiency landscapes: (1)Knowledge of prevailing climate conditions (2) Analysis& understanding of landscape data (3) Methods forapplying, through landscape design, to createcomfortable microclimate and minimize the energyuse.

In MED Schools• MED schools exhibit usually a rigid, concrete structure, with lack of vegetation, shading and water elements;• Regions with Mediterranean climates have relatively mild winters and hot summers, so the regeneration of the school yards couldcontribute to the environmental and energy efficient design of schools;• The main reason for considering microclimate in landscape design is to create comfortable habitats for humans;• Students and adults should become more active and generate sustainable and innovative ideas for the area’s development, toachieve greener environments;• Designing for thermal comfort requires tools that can provide for objective assessment of the landscape and an understanding ofthe conditions of comfort;• Design Factors: (1)Height, Spacing & orientation of buildings (2) Road pattern (3) Size & location of open spaces(4) Vegetation (5) Wind shelter (6)Shading (7)Wind breaks

Designing open spaces

Interventions for Outdoor Environment

UHI & Mitigation techniques

Sustainable Schoolyards

Transforming Urban School yards


SUPPLY

CONTROL &

MANAGEMENTOUTDOORS


Benefits

Technical

Strategies

Operating

Strategies

Overview

http://www.ides-edu.eu/downloads/educational-packages/outdoor-environment/

http://www.ides-edu.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/8-Comfort-Indices-Interventions-for-the-Outdoor-Environment.pdf

http://www.ides-edu.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/7-Urban-heat-island-effect-and-mitigation-techniques.pdf

http://blog.cdesignc.org/transforming-urban-schoolyards/

http://blog.cdesignc.org/transforming-urban-schoolyards/

Costs5

Cost Calculation Methodologies

Cost

Calculation

Sources

Cost Calculation

Sources

Considerations

Global data is available at a country level. For reference, please, follow the next links to

your specific countries:

- Austria (Statistics Austria)

- Finland (Statistics Finland)

- France (batitel)

- Greece (Hellenic Statistical Authority)

- Ireland (Central Statistics Office Ireland)

- Norway (Statistics Norway)

- Poland (PMR Poland)

- Portugal (Statistics Portugal)

- Spain (Instituto Nacional de Estadistica)

- Sweden (Statistics Sweden CCI)

- United Kingdom (Building Cost Information Service)

- United Kingdom (BIS Construction Market Intelligence)

Regarding the cost of energy and carbon emissions, the values published by the European

Union (http://ec.europa.I/energy/observatory/trends2030/indexen.htm) and the 2010 scenario of

the International Energy Agency for the Gas were assumed

(http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/publications/weo-2010).

For a review of the electricity and gas price evolution developed by ZEMEDS with EUROSTAT

DATA please click HERE

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Renovation/

Replacemen

t

http://www.statistik.at/web_en/statistics/Prices/construction_costs_index/index.html

http://www.stat.fi/til/rki/index_en.html

http://www.batitel.com/index.php

http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/PAGE-themes?p_param=A1399

http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/construction/

http://www.ssb.no/bygg_en/

http://www.constructionpoland.com/

http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_publicacoes&PUBLICACOESpub_boui=123674788&PUBLICACOEStema=5414344&PUBLICACOESmodo=2

http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=/t07/a081&file=inebase&L=1

http://www.scb.se/Pages/Product____12507.aspx

http://www.bcis.co.uk/site/index.aspx

http://www.bis.gov.uk/analysis/statistics/construction-statistics

http://ec.europa.i/energy/observatory/trends2030/indexen.htm

http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/publications/weo-2010

Cost Calculation Methodologies

Each country also count with different specific databases (free to use and fee based) which will provide

more specific data. As an example please refer to the following (ES) Databases:

- CYPE, SA (www.generadordeprecios.info)

- Colegio de Aparejadores de Guadalajara (goo.gl/5FNbVc)

- Base de Costes de la Construcción de Andalucía www.juntadeandalucia.es (Download)

- Comunidad de Madrid www.madrid.org (Internet )

- Fundación de Estudios para la Calidad en la Edificación de Asturias www.fecea.org (Internet)

- Gobierno Vasco www.presupuesta.com (Internet)

- Institut de Tecnologia de la Construcció de Catalunya ITeC www.itec.es (Internet )

- Instituto de la Construcción de Castilla y León www.iccl.es (Download)

- Instituto Tecnológico de Galicia www.presupuesta.com (Internet)

- Instituto Valenciano de la Edificación www.five.es (Internet)

NOTE: Due to the early success of Presto, thirty years ago, many different private and public entities (most

from Autonomic regions) published this type of databases. Non Spanish Presto users may easily use these

databases as long as the use the integrated translation tools and allow for price adaptation to the local

market. Sometimes the labor may be cheaper and the industrial products more expensive, or the other way

around.

Other databases

- RSMeans: www.rsmeans.com (USA: CD & Internet)

- SPON: www.sponpress.com (UK, Asia-Pacific, Ireland, Africa, Europe, Latin America Books)

- Batiprix: www.batiprix.com (France Internet)

- Free Construction Cost Data: www.allcostdata.info (Internet )

- Compass International: www.compassinternational.net (International Books)

Cost Calculation

Sources

Considerations

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t

http://www.generadordeprecios.info/

http://www.itec.es/

http://www.iccl.es/

http://www.five.es/

http://www.rsmeans.com

http://www.sponpress.com

http://www.batiprix.com

http://www.allcostdata.info

http://www.compassinternational.net

Cost Calculation Considerations

In the case of energy efficiency refurbishments, it is always necessary to distinguish

between expenditure for refurbishment measures, which would have anyway been

required from a maintenance point of view, enhancement measures, and measures

having the sole purpose of improving the condition of the school in terms of energy

efficiency.

Only the investments associated with energy efficiency, may be taken into

account when considering the cost-effectiveness of a refurbishment,

i.e. expenditure (investment) versus income (value of energy savings).

Cost Calculation

Sources

Considerations

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t

Cost of Thermal Envelope Renovation

Site Renovation action Average cost Comments

Façade

External thermal insulation 24 – 34 €/m2Including manpower, debris collection, mortar coat

and painting. M2 of treated wall. Does not include

VAT. Based on a standard insulation thickness.

Internal thermal insulation 18 – 26 €/m2Including manpower, debris collection, mortar coat


VAT. Based on projected foam insulation.

Awning 70 – 96 €/m2

Includes manpower. M2 of installed awning. Does not

include VAT. The lower range applies to manual

systems while the higher range applies to motorized

systems. Does not include scaffolding costs.

Insulation of pillars and other

thermal bridges31 – 55 €/m2

Including manpower, debris collection, mortar coat


VAT.

Roofs

Additional external insulation 38 – 52 €/m2Including manpower, debris collection, mortar coat


VAT.

Additional internal insulation 23.5 – 32.5 €/m2Including manpower, debris collection, mortar coat


VAT.

Increase thermal mass 120 – 196 €/m2Including manpower, painting. M2 of created thermal

mass. Does not include VAT.

External double insulation 80 – 102 €/m2Including manpower, debris collection, mortar coat


VAT.

Thermal

Envelope

Installations

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t

Cost of Renovation of Installations

Site Renovation action Average cost Comments

Gaps

Replacement of

window frames35 – 45 €/m2

Includes collection of replaced frame, installation of the new frame,

manpower. Price for m2 of window. Does not include VAT.

Replacement of

window glass28 – 36 €/m2

Includes collection of replaced glass, installation of the new glass,

manpower .Price for m2 of glass Does not include VAT.

Glass improvement 18 – 25 €/m2 Price for m2 of glass. Does not include VAT.

Floor

Floor insulation is rather complex and needs an individual analysis for each case. 40-60€m2 of

treated area; however, consider requirements such as minimum height and the need for further

renovation actions (such as door frames)

Domestic

Hot

Water

Introduction of DHW

systems (Solar Thermal)400 – 620 €/m2

Includes complete panels installation, piping, pumps and other required

equipment. Price per m2 of installed panel. Price for solar installation.

Does not include VAT. Assumes pre-existence of gas heater. The higher

price range would also include the potential for heating.

HVAC

Substitution by new

high-performance

systems (full installation

required)

Need specific technical details

High-performance gas

system1500-2000€

Assuming a pre-existing gas installation and based on a

approximated 70kw- 1000m2.

Biomass heating 6000-10000€Prices of biomass heating, including deposit, can vary significantly

depending on the different sources of biomass and their efficiency.

70kw-1000m2 including installation.

Natural ventilation 120 – 180 €/m2Includes manpower and debris collection. Price for m2 of treated wall.

Does not include VAT.

LightingSubstitution of

conventional lights by

LED s

130 -200 €/unitIncludes lamp substitution and collection of old lamp. Does not include

VAT.

Thermal

Envelope

Installations

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t

Factors discouraging renovation

- Long waiting period for return on investment, economically speaking

- Limited financial instruments available in the EU that are aimed exclusively at nZEB promotion

- Budgetary constraints from local, regional and national public administrations in charge

- Renovations for nZEB almost always entail other investments for regulation purposes (fire

safety, handicap access...)

- Technical issues often lead to increased financial requirements

- Not considering the life-cycle of the building and focusing only on the initial investment and

not the yearly operating costs

- Lack of legal and regulatory standards

- nZEB solutions are technically challenging for historical and cultural buildings

- Absence of awareness and knowledge among policy makers and financial institutions on

nZEB solutions

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t

School renovation cost-effectiveness

Site Renovation action

Maintenance costs (% of

installation costs per year)

Maintenance includes a reserve

for replacement

Façade

External thermal insulation 2-5%

Internal thermal insulation 2-5%

Awning 15-20%

Insulation of pillars and other thermal

bridges2-5%

Roofs

Additional external insulation 4-6%

Additional internal insulation 2-5%

Increase thermal mass 2-4%

External double insulation 4-8%

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t


Site Renovation actionMaintenance costs (% of

installation costs per year)

Gaps

Substitution of windows frames 3-5%

Substitution of window glass 4-6%

Improvement of glass properties 2-6%

HVAC

Substitution by new high-performance

systems7-15%

Natural ventilation 2-5%

LightingSubstitution of traditional lights by

LEDs4-6%

Domestic

Hot

Water

Introduction of DHW systems 8-13%

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t


Site Renovation action Energy Reduction

Façade

External thermal insulation 4 - 7 %

Internal Thermal insulation 4 - 8 %

Awning <1%

insulation of pillars and other thermal bridges <1%

Roofs

Additional External insulation 4 - 6 %

Additional Internal insulation 2 - 3 %

Increase thermal mass 3 - 5%

External double insulation 2 - 3 %

Gaps

Substitution of windows frames 3 - 4 %

Substitution of windows glass 3 - 4 %

Improvement of glass property 1 - 2 %

Floor

HVAC

Substitution by new high performance systems 4 - 7 %

Natural ventilation N/A

Biomass boiler 5 - 10 %

Condensation boiler 10 - 15 %

Lighting Substitution of traditional lights by LED ones 3 - 4 %

Domestic Hot WaterIntroduction of DHW systems (solar thermal assuming also a use

for heating)25 - 35 %

Based on the model of a Mediterranean-climate school, with an average of 1000m2, built on the 1980S and

that has not undergone any significant renovation since then. (figures based on CE3 software)

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t


Based on the model of a Mediterranean-climate school, with an average of 1000m2, built on the 1980S and

that has not undergone any significant renovation since then. (figures based on CE3X software)

Site Renovation action CO2 Emissions Reduction

Façade

External thermal insulation 5 - 8 %

Internal Thermal insulation 5 - 9 %

Awning < 2 %

insulation of pillars and other thermal bridges 2-3 %

Roofs

Additional External insulation 4 - 7 %

Additional Internal insulation 3 - 4 %

Increase thermal mass 5 - 7 %

External doble insulation 4 - 5 %

Gaps

Substitution of windows frames 4 - 5 %

Substitution of windows glass 3 - 4 %

Improvement of glass property 1 - 2 %

HVAC Substitution by new high performance systems <15%

Natural ventilation

Only recommended when properly

controlled and planned. (see solution

S16)

Biomass boiler 100 % *

Condensation boiler 17 - 21 %

Lighting Substitution of traditional lights by LED ones 4-5%

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t


Site Renovation action Durability

Façade

External thermal insulation 30 - 40 years

Internal thermal insulation 30- 40 years

Awning 5 - 10 years

Insulation of pillars and other thermal bridges 30 - 40 years

Roofs

Additional external insulation 20 - 30 years

Additional internal insulation 30 - 40 years

Increase thermal mass 40 - 50 years

External double insulation 20 - 30 years

Gaps

Replacement of window frames 20 - 30 years

Replacement of window glass 20 - 30 years

Improvement of glass properties 15 - 25 years

HVAC Substitution by new high-performance systems 15 - 25 years

Natural ventilation 40 - 50 years

Lighting Replacement of traditional lights by LED ones 10 - 15 years

Domestic Hot Water Introduction of DHW systems 10 - 15 years

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t


- Study “reference” buildings – New and existing schools

- Apply various energy performance measures to exemplary buildings using thermal

dynamic simulation software

- Calculate overall cost of improvements for various energy performance measures

which integrate economic factors (fluctuating interest rates, energy prices…)

- Perform calculation from an investor’s perspective and from a social perspective

- Calculate cost Eur/m2 vs KWh/m2/yr (refer not only to present prices but carry

projections based on average cost increases)

- Identify gaps between current energy performance standards in building regulations

and cost-effective solutions

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t


Schools’ main investments apply to the following categories:

- Major renovation projects (or new construction)

- Building retrofits

- Exterior lightning upgrade

- Cogeneration plants

- Renewable technologies

- Heating and cooling systems

All of these will have a major impact when considering the costs of an nZEB project.

Therefore, it is important to apply some careful thinking and reflection that will condition

the return of nZEB investments.

Among the issues that could facilitate a major return of these projects are a careful

planning, avoiding cream skimming, identifying cash flows, focus on life cycle analysis

and monitor cost-effectiveness.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t


CAREFULL PLANNING

nZEB Projects with comprehensive objectives increase the range of financing

possibilities and allow for greater short and long term benefits and a broader focus when

considering future needs and goals.

Clearly defined objectives such as:

- modernised infrastructure

- environmental compliance or

- improved comfort / functionality will increase the projects option for success

These objectives must be carefully analysed in order to guarantee the major coherence

with the available funding mechanisms.

Along with determining the project’s objectives, the school must clearly define its

investment criteria, enabling project designers and managers to make fiscally sound

investment decisions.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t


AVOID CREAM SKIMMING

“Cream skimming” is the undesirable yet common practice of investing in simple projects with

relatively low initial costs (relative to school size and budget parameters) and quick paybacks.

While such investments are financially attractive in the short term, pursuing them may prevent a

school from capturing more significant long term benefits that are likely to result from more

extensive and capital intensive retrofits.

For instance, the graphic below illustrates an example where 2 options are open to a school:

- Option 1: A basic renovation targeting measures with low cost and a rapid payback

- Option 2: A deep retrofit with a long term and nZEB approach

0

250.000

500.000

750.000

1.000.000

-250.000

1.250.000

-500.000

1.500.000

1.750.000

2.000.000

5 10 15

Years

20

Option 2: Deep

- Pros: significant energy/€ savings,

longuer term results, CO2 ↓.

- Cons: Higher initial costs, longer

renovation period.

Option 1: Basic

- Pros: fast, easy, low cost; short

payback.

- Cons: Lower savings; higher

consumption, shorter periods

for replacement and higher

maintenance costs.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t


IDENTIFY ALL CASH FLOWS

Cash flow scenarios that identify all costs and savings over the life of an nZEB project

are crucial elements of any financial analysis. The life of an nZEB project is determined

by taking into account the term for any project financing and identifying how long

resultant benefits will accrue to the end user, while also considering the life span of all

other costs and savings associated. When considering clash flows scenarios the

following range of costs must be taken in to account:

- Planning and Management

- Capital acquisition and financing

- Installation and commissioning

- Operations and maintenance

Internal expertise, as well as financial advisors / consultants are required to estimate

several cash flows components, including inflation, price changes, legislative (tax)

implications and future cost deviations. Both responsible agents and external

consultants must those cash flows that turn positive more quickly (i.e. ESCOs

contributions help reduce initial negative cash flaws and speed up returns).

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t


FOCUS ON LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS

Lifecycle costs (LCCs) should be used when measuring alternate approaches (including

no action alternatives). Life Cycle Analysis include costs of acquiring, installing, owning,

operating, disposing of a building, facility or equipment. Lifecycle cost integrates all

positive and negative cash flows accruing to a project over its useful life. The value of

broad based benefits outweighs the value of energy savings alone, and project

managers should include them in the cost benefit analyses.

MONITOR COST-EFFECTIVENESS

The performance of efficiency measures and the resulting savings must be monitored

and quantified through sound measurement and verification methods defined at the

beginning of the project. Protocols should set the basis for energy efficiency performance

and energy efficiency monitoring.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t


Case Study

Façade, internal

insulation

Solar heating system

AwningReduction

P.T.:

Roofs, internal

insulation

Roofs, external

insulation

Roofs,double

insulation

Increasing thermal

mass

Replacement of

windowsframes

Installation of

double window

glass

Installation of

reflective window

glass

Installation of LED

bulbs

Energy consumptionkWh/m2 year

kWh/m2 year

kWh/m2 year

kWh/m2 year

kWh/m2 year

kWh/m2 year

kWh/m2 year

kWh/m2 year

kWh/m2 year

kWh/m2 year

kWh/m2 year

kWh/m2 year

kWh/m2 year

Heating System 124,06 115,63 124,23 123 118,6 113,19 113,85 111,41 109,21 111,65 112,67 120,15 124,06

HVAC 17,59 17,17 17,59 17,56 15,26 14,87 14,98 14,06 13,82 14,54 14,68 16,84 17,59

Hot Sanitary Water 195,23 195,23 67,74 195,23 195,23 195,23 195,23 195,23 195,23 195,23 195,23 195,23 195,23

Lighting 17,63 17,63 17,63 17,63 17,63 17,63 17,63 17,63 17,63 17,63 17,63 17,63 2,95

COST14.558,79

€2.675,43

€513,74

€13.330,00 €

14.840,00 €

23.850,00 €

46.640,00 €

83.740,00 €

3.456,60 €

2.765,28 €

1.728,30 €

15.450,00 €

Energy consumption 0,42 0 0,03 2,33 2,72 2,61 3,53 3,77 3,05 2,91 0,75 0

Heating System 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

HVAC 0 127,49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Hot Sanitary Water0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14,68

Total savings 8,85 127,32 1,09 7,79 13,59 12,82 16,18 18,62 15,46 14,3 4,66 14,68

Price KWH 0,178168

Savings (€/Year/m2) 1,576786822,684349

80,1942031

21,38792872

2,42130312

2,28411376

2,88275824

3,31748816

2,75447728

2,54780240,8302628

82,6155062

4

Total savings:

(€/Year/1060m2)1671,39 24045,41 205,86 1471,20 2566,58 2421,16 3055,72 3516,54 2919,75 2700,67 880,08 2772,44

Return: (Year) 8,71 0,11 2,50 9,06 5,78 9,85 15,26 23,81 1,18 1,02 1,96 5,57

Investment/ Saving:

€/m2/Year/KWh1.645,06 21,01 471,32 1.711,17 1.091,98 1.860,37 2.882,57 4.497,31 223,58 193,38 370,88 1.052,45

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t

Assessing renovation Vs Replacement / New

construction

There are many factors apart from the renovation cost that have an important effect on

the decision of the improvement of the existing building or the new construction.

Decision Makers

Social Responsibility

Funding

Time factor

Projected objectives

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t

Assessing renovation Vs Replacement / New

construction

Is the building improvement compatible

with the educational systems

requirements?

Time Factor

Existing building is protected or considered

as historic heritage?

What is the environmentally impact of the

new construction on the educational

community?

Social Responsibility

Is the target CO2 emission achievable?

Is high participation of Renewable energy

available?

Are energy consumption rates reducible?

Is Cost – Effectiveness achievable?

Projected Objectives

In case of renovation, Is considered the high

validity of the additional cost?

The necessary investments are available and

compatibles with the budgetary objectives?

The building improvement or new building

construction is compatible with the budgetary

allocations?

What are the possible financial tools?

Funding

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t

The importance of Energy prices

Energy prices represent a major driver for the nature and composition of energy demand. Both

gas and electricity are considered essential goods in the sense that they cover basic needs.

Consumption of essential good, is on the other hand, inelastic, with respect to price changes. By

inelastic is not meant here that consumption does not respond to prices change, but rather, that

consumption will decrease (if it does) in very different percentages than that of the prices’

change. When considering the development of nZEB initiatives it is, therefore, important to bear

in mind both prices fluctuation and the limited margin for response.

In the case of energy efficiency measures we may assume that there is a general tendency

towards an overall increase of energy prices; this has a direct impact in encouraging actors to

take the necessary action towards energy consumption reduction, as well as represent a major

factor to be considered in any kind of pay-back calculation method.

As an example of this impact the following tables present the energy prices evolution during the

last decade in order to help understanding their impact upon any nZEB renovation initiative.

NOTE: The following tables and graphs include both consumer and industrial prices;

depending on the typology and size of the school, they might fall into one of both

categories.

NOTE II: Please note that the calculations do not include taxes (industrial); fees or other

additional costs.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t


Electricity Prices (medium households) Electricity Prices Medium IndustriesGoal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t


Gas Prices (medium households) Gas Prices Medium IndustriesGoal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t


YEAR 2003 Av. ↑↓ 2004 Av. ↑↓2 2005 Av. ↑↓3 2006 Av. ↑↓4 2007 Av. ↑↓5

EU (28 countries) : : : : :

Greece 0,0606 2,5% 0,0621 2,6% 0,0637 0,9% 0,0643 2,8% 0,0661 44,8%

Spain 0,0872 1,5% 0,0885 1,7% 0,09 4,4% 0,094 6,8% 0,1004 12,0%

France 0,089 1,7% 0,0905 0,0% 0,0905 0,0% 0,0905 1,8% 0,0921 -0,8%

Italy 0,1449 -1,0% 0,1434 0,4% 0,144 7,5% 0,1548 7,1% 0,1658

YEAR 2008 Av. ↑↓6 2009 Av. ↑↓7 2010 Av. ↑↓8 2011 Av. ↑↓9 2012Av.

↑↓102013

Av.

↑↓112014

Average

Electricity

cost price

increase

EU (28 countries) 0,1175 4,2% 0,1224 -0,5% 0,1218 5,2% 0,1281 4,2% 0,1335 2,6% 0,137 1,1% 0,1385 2,80%

Greece 0,0957 10,2% 0,1055 -7,6% 0,0975 5,1% 0,1025 3,9% 0,1065 9,9% 0,117 2,9% 0,1204 7,09%

Spain 0,1124 15,1% 0,1294 9,5% 0,1417 12,7% 0,1597 10,6% 0,1766 -0,8% 0,1752 1,1% 0,1771 6,78%

France 0,0914 -0,7% 0,0908 3,5% 0,094 5,7% 0,0994 -0,8% 0,0986 2,1% 0,1007 5,7% 0,1064 1,66%

Italy : : : 0,1397 3,4% 0,1445 3,7% 0,1498 2,7% 0,1539 3,40%

Source of Data: Eurostat

Last update: 28.11.2014

Hyperlink to the table: here

General Disclaimer of the EC website: http://ec.europa.eu/geninfo/legal_notices_en.htm

NOTE: Based on the EUROSTAT data, the partners have developed the tables below. These represent the

yearly increase (or decrease) in electricity prices for medium sized households, as well as providing an

average based on the number of years for which reliable data is available.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=ten0011

http://ec.europa.eu/geninfo/legal_notices_en.htm







yearly increase (or decrease) in gas prices for medium size households, as well as providing an average

based on the number of years for which reliable data is available.

YEAR 2003 Av.↑↓ 2004 Av.↑↓2 2005 Av.↑↓3 2006 Av.↑↓4 2007 Av.↑↓5


Greece : : : : :

Spain 10,43 -4,6% 9,9528 3,0% 10,2548 12,7% 11,75 4,2% 12,271 10,9%

France 9,06 -4,5% 8,65 4,0% 9 16,7% 10,81 5,3% 11,42 7,1%

Italy 9,86 -9,9% 8,879 1,2% 8,984 13,9% 10,43 11,6% 11,794 2,0%

2008 Av.↑↓6 2009 Av.↑↓7 2010 Av.↑↓8 2011 Av.↑↓9 2012 Av.↑↓10 2013 Av.↑↓11 2014

Average

Gas Cost

Increase

11,68 7,5% 12,63 -14,1% 11,07 7,1% 11,92 11,6% 13,49 3,9% 14,04 2,2% 14,36 3,06%

: : : : : 17,4 -7,4% 16,2 -7,41%

13,777 5,9% 14,64 -14,5% 12,7863 -1,3% 12,62 18,9% 15,57 3,7% 16,16 2,8% 16,62 1,40%

12,29 5,5% 13,01 -6,2% 12,25 8,8% 13,43 8,6% 14,7 6,3% 15,69 2,8% 16,14 2,35%

12,031 15,0% 14,158 -35,5% 10,449 14,7% 12,25 13,7% 14,19 9,4% 15,66 -6,0% 14,78 1,03%

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t









yearly increase (or decrease) in electricity prices for industrial consumers, as well as providing an average

based on the number of years for which reliable data is available.

YEAR 2003 Av.↑↓ 2004 Av.↑↓2 2005 Av.↑↓3 2006 Av.↑↓4 2007


Greece 0,0614 2,5% 0,063 2,3% 0,0645 3,4% 0,0668 4,3% 0,0698

Spain 0,0528 1,9% 0,0538 21,6% 0,0686 4,9% 0,0721 11,0% 0,081

France 0,0529 0,8% 0,0533 0,0% 0,0533 0,0% 0,0533 1,5% 0,0541

Italy 0,0826 -4,6% 0,079 6,3% 0,0843 9,7% 0,0934 9,1% 0,1027

Av.↑↓5 2008 Av.↑↓6 2009 Av.↑↓7 2010 Av.↑↓8 2011 Av.↑↓9 2012 Av.↑↓10 2013 Av.↑↓11 2014

Average

yearly

increase

in prices

0,088 7,9% 0,0956 -4,5% 0,0915 1,5% 0,0929 2,9% 0,0957 -1,8% 0,094 -2,5% 0,0917 0,60%

18,9% 0,0861 9,2% 0,0948 -10,9% 0,0855 6,8% 0,0917 8,8% 0,1006 3,3% 0,104 4,6% 0,109 4,85%

11,5% 0,0915 16,7% 0,1098 1,1% 0,111 -2,6% 0,1082 6,3% 0,1155 0,9% 0,1165 1,7% 0,1185 6,80%

9,7% 0,0599 10,2% 0,0667 2,9% 0,0687 4,8% 0,0722 10,8% 0,0809 -4,9% 0,0771 -3,8% 0,0743 2,90%

: : : 0,1145 4,0% 0,1193 -6,3% 0,1122 -3,9% 0,108 2,05%

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t









yearly increase (or decrease) in gas prices for industrial consumers, as well as providing an average based

on the number of years for which reliable data is available.

YEAR 2003 Av.↑↓ 2004 Av.↑↓2 2005 Av.↑↓3 2006 Av.↑↓4 2007 Av.↑↓5


Greece : : : : :

Spain 10,43 -4,8% 9,9528 2,9% 10,2548 12,7% 11,75 4,2% 12,271 10,9%

France 9,06 -4,7% 8,65 3,9% 9 16,7% 10,81 5,3% 11,42 7,1%

Italy 9,86 -11,0% 8,879 1,2% 8,984 13,9% 10,43 11,6% 11,794 2,0%

2008 Av.↑↓6 2009 Av.↑↓7 2010 Av.↑↓8 2011 Av.↑↓9 2012 Av.↑↓10 2013 Av.↑↓11 2014

Average

yearly gas

price

increase

11,68 7,5% 12,63-

14,1%11,07 7,1% 11,92 11,6% 13,49 3,9% 14,04 2,2% 14,36 3,06%

: : : : : 17,4 -7,4% 16,2 -7,41%

13,777 5,9% 14,64-

14,5%12,7863 -1,3% 12,62 18,9% 15,57 3,7% 16,16 2,8% 16,62 3,77%

12,29 5,5% 13,01 -6,2% 12,25 8,8% 13,43 8,6% 14,7 6,3% 15,69 2,8% 16,14 4,92%

12,031 15,0% 14,158-

35,5%10,449 14,7% 12,25 13,7% 14,19 9,4% 15,66 -6,0% 14,78 2,62%

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Cost

Calculation

Sources

Renovation

Costs

Discouraging

Factors

Cost-

effectiveness

Energy

prices

Renovation/

Replacemen

t



Funding6

The European Funding SchemeOverview

ELENA

Cross-Border Cooperation

INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020

Transnational Cooperation

European Neighbourhood

Instrument

European Energy Efficient

Fund

EU Funding mechanisms

EU level

H2020

ERDF

ELENA

Other

National/Regional level (incl.

Structural Fund)ERDF

Private Funding

Preferential Loan

Guarantee

Energy Performance contracting with owner finance

Energy Performance contracting with ESCO

finance

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding

ProgrammesSelf Funding

National State

Budget SchemesPrivate Funding

European Funding Scheme

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


H2020

European Energy

Efficiency Fund EEEF-EEPR

Cooperative ERDF (Project

Based)

ELENA –European Local

Energy Assistance

European Local Energy Assistance

Part of the European Investment Bank (EIB) efforts on climate and energy policy

objectives. This joint EIB – European Commission initiative helps local and

regional authorities to prepare energy efficient or renewable energy projects.

Funding for ELENA comes from the EC’s Intelligent Energy Europe Programme.

The money is invested to provide technical assistance to local and regional

authorities seeking to implement energy plans.

The aim is to generate bankable projects that ca attract external finance, for

instance forma local banks or other financial institutions and is also expected to

involve Energy Service Companies in its implementation (thus, financing third

parties).

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


http://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/getting-funds/project-development-assistance/index_en.htm


ELENA CurrentAvailable

GrantsTypology Examples

Period 2014-2015

PurposeProvides Grant Support for the development

of large scale SE Investment Projects

Scheme Type Project Development Assistance

Nature Public Beneficiaries

Beneficiaries Project Partners

Process Project Application

Resources € 30 million

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State




Funding actions CurrentAvailable


- Structure municipal and regional large-scale and long-term programmes

on nZEB

- Develop Business and Viability Plans for the implementation of nZEB

solutions at local level

- Conduct Energy Audits setting the path for further nZEB projects

- Preparing tendering procedures and contracts framing large scale public

nZEB operations

- Implement individual large scale projects on nZEB at local level

- Funding for the implementation of technical solutions

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State




BEAM-GRAZ CurrentAvailable


Location City of Graz (Austria)

Beneficiaries Municipality of Graz

Planned

Investments

Automated energy monitoring and controlling system (EMC) in 300 public buildings

(>500 m2)

Energy efficient refurbishment of 18 municipal buildings

New concepts for integrating energy efficiency in 5 new public buildings reaching passive

house standard

Main

Activities

Financing model for the EMC system including profiling of requirements, building

surveys, preparation of tender documents and launching produces

Detailed energy audits and planning of building interventions, as well as financial model

development including energy performance contracting that goes beyond typical savings

15-20%

Detailed planning for new buildings at passive house standard including architectural

contest

Expected

results

Energy savings: 356 toe/year

RES production: 15 toe/year

GHG reduction: 710 tCO2e/year

Project costTotal cost: 510.914 Euro

EU contribution: 383.202 Euro

More detailsProject web page: http://www.gbg.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10201841/4817071

Contact Person: [email protected]

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State




http://www.gbg.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10201841/4817071


ESCOLIMBURG2020 CurrentAvailable


Location Province of Limburg (Belgium)

Beneficiaries Province of Limburg, Infrax (public grid operator), Dubolimburg (provincial consultancy)

Planned

InvestmentsEUR 19.8 million in the refurbishment of public buildings

Main

Activities

Engage all 44 municipalities in the Province to define detailed building renovation plans

Develop an integrated renovation service delivered by Infrax, which includes energy

audits, detailed specifications, tendering, works supervision, and potentially pre-financing

of the works

Buildings will be retrofitted with an average of 40% savings (30% minimum)

Communication at national and EU level

Capacity building for the building sector in the Province

Expected

results

Energy savings: 374 toe/year


GHG reduction: 19,504 tCO2e/year

Project costTotal cost: 1.174.380 Euro

EU Contribution: 880.785 Euro

More detailsWeb page: www.limburg.be

E-mail: [email protected]

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State




http://www.limburg.be/


2020 TOGETHER CurrentAvailable


Location Province of Torino (Italy)

Beneficiaries Province of Torino, Environment Park, Piedmont Region, City of Turin

Planned

Investments

The project will invest in the energy efficiency refurbishment of 59 public buildings and

1,272 public street lighting points.

Main

Activities

Refurbishment of 59 public buildings with an aim to save on average 36% of energy

Refurbishment of 1,272 public street lighting points with the aim to save on average 50%

of energy

Development of “network procurement” as a model to reduce time and cost of

administrative tender procedures and increase the attractiveness of investments

Explore how European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) can support the economic

viability and de-risking of low energy efficiency refurbishment investment through EPC

schemes

Increase impacts of upcoming ERDF measures (2014-2020) on energy efficiency and

tailor them to local specific needs

Expected

results

Energy savings: 1,796 toe/year



Project costTotal cost: 9.4 Million Euro


More detailsWeb page: www.provincia.torino.it


Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State




http://www.provincia.torino.it/


MARTE CurrentAvailable


Location Region of Marche (Italy)

Beneficiaries

Region of Marche, Regional Health Company, Modena Energy and

Sustainable Development Agency, Marche Polytechnic University,

Italian Society for Healthcare Engineering and Architecture

Planned

Investments

The project will mobilise financing for the energy refurbishment of

5 healthcare buildings including acute care hospitals and nursing

homes.

Main

Activities

Refurbishment of 5 acute care hospitals and nursing homes

aiming to achieve energy savings of on average 36%

Develop innovative financing models and strategies to support

energy efficiency investments using a mix of instruments

including the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)

Expected

results




Project costTotal cost: 15.54 million Euro


More detailsWeb page: www.regione.marche.it


Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State




http://www.regione.marche.it/


POSIT”IF CurrentAvailable


Location Region of Ile-de-France (France)

Beneficiaries Société d’Economie Mixte Energies POSIT’IF

Planned

Investments

Low-energy refurbishment with guaranteed energy savings in

32 condominiums as well as 8 social housing and public buildings

Main

Activities

Developing extended Energy Performance Contracting services

to condominiums beyond normal market standards

Delivering Energy Performance Contracts (EPCs) to small

housing companies and municipalities / local government

services

Providing tailored capacity building activities to condominiums,

social housing companies and municipalities

Expected

results


RES production: N/A

GHG reduction: 5406 tCO2e/year


EU Contribution: 1.545.763 Euro

More detailsWeb page: www.energiespositif.fr

Email: [email protected]

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State




REDIBA CurrentAvailable


Location Barcelona province (Spain)

Beneficiaries Diputacio de Barcelona

Planned

Investments

Development and rolling out of the investment programme:

Establishment of a contractual framework to ensure the development

of investments

Implementation of the EE projects through the involvement of

ESCOs

Development of a PPP approach to implement investments in PV

and other RES in public buildings .

Main

Activities

Installation of PV plants on roofs of public buildings

Retrofitting of public lighting and traffic lighting systems

Municipal buildings refurbishment

Expected

results

PV electricity production: 114 GWh/y

Energy savings: 280 GWh/y

CO2 reduced: 185.000 tCO2eq/y

Jobs created/sustained: PV: 3,000 jobs in installation and

maintenance; EE: 2,000 jobs

Project cost EU Contribution: 1.999.925 Euro

More details Email: [email protected]

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State




Horizon 2020

Framework for the funding of the innovation and research activities at EU level. Horizon

2020 is a €79bn funding programme aimed at supporting research and innovation across

the European Union. Competitions for funding will run from 2014 to 2020. Each

competition is run on a dedicated theme.

One of the pillars of the Horizon 2020 is “Societal Challenges” in the European Union

were two funding are available for Energy and Climate Change.

Societal Challenges EUR million

Secure, Clean and Efficient Energy 5782 of which 183 for EIT

Climate action, resource efficiency and raw materials

3160 of which 100 for EIT

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Horizon 2020 CurrentAvailable

GrantsTypology

Period 2014-2015

Purpose

Supports the development and deployment of innovative SE

technologies and solutions.

Includes the successor to the IEE II and PDA activities under its

Energy Challenge – Energy Efficiency Focus Area, topic EE 20.

Scheme TypeFunding

Project Development Assistance

Nature Public and Private Beneficiaries

Beneficiaries3 Entities from EU Member States

Consortiums for Project Development Assistance

ProcessApplication to INEA, EASME, RTD or DG ENER

Application to EASME

Resources Based on Call

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Funding actions CurrentAvailable

GrantsTypology

- Projects aimed at the development of innovative technological solutions

for nZEB

- Cooperation initiatives between public and private agents in the

development / deployment of nZEB solutions

- nZEB project development assistance (funding for development

assistance)

- Public engagement projects on nZEB (not strategic level)

- Demonstration project on nZEB

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Cooperative ERDF

INTERREG A: Cross-Border Cooperation: Cross-border cooperation between adjacent regions aims to develop cross-border social and economic centres through common development strategies. The term cross-border region is often used to refer to the resulting entities, provided there is some degree of local activity involved. The term Euroregion is also used to refer to the various types of entities that are used to administer Interreg funds. In many cases, they have established secretariats that are funded via technical assistance: the Interreg funding component aimed at establishing administrative infrastructure for local Interreg deployment. Interreg A is by far the largest strand in terms of budget and number of programmes.

INTERREG B: Transnational Cooperation (SUDOE): Transnational cooperation involving national, regional and local authorities aim to promote better integration within the Union through the

formation of large groups of European regions. Strand B is the intermediate level, where generally non-contiguous regions from several different countries cooperate because they experience joint

or comparable problems. There are 13 Interreg IVB programmes.

INTERREG C: Interregional Cooperation (INTERREG Europe): Interregional cooperation aims to improve the effectiveness of regional development policies and instruments through large-scale information exchange and sharing of experience (networks). This is financially the smallest strand of the three, but the programmes cover all EU Member States.

European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI): The European Neighborhood Instrument (ENI), which has replaced the European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI). The ENI will support the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) and turn decisions taken on a political level into actions on the ground.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


CBC Programme

The main aim of cross-border cooperation is to reduce the negative effects of borders as

administrative, legal and physical barriers, tackle common problems and exploit

untapped potential.

Through joint management of programmes and projects, mutual trust and understanding

are strengthened and the cooperation process is enhanced. cross-border cooperation

deal with a wide range of issues, which include:

Overview Typology Example

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Funded Actions

- Exchange of regional strategies and best practices

- Implementation of common strategies for the development of the nZEB

sector

- Raising awareness initiatives

- Identification of new competences among the regional key actors

- Roles and responsibilities information exchange

- Transnational studies and data compilation on nZEB

- Transnational cooperation among key actors



Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Southwest EU STCOverview Typology Example

PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION

The Southwest European Space Territorial Cooperation Programme is

supporting regional development by means of the joint financing transnational

projects through the European Regional Development FUND (ERDF) within

the framework of the European Territorial Cooperation Objective for 2007-2013.

OBJECTIVES

TO1: Promoting research, technological development and innovation

TO3: Improving the competitiveness of SMEs

TO4: Encouraging the transition to a low-carbon economy in all sectors

TO5: Encouraging adaptation to climatic change and risk prevention and management

TO6: Protecting the environment and promoting the efficient use of resources

BENEFICIARIES: All public entities and non-profit-making bodies involved in this cooperation space may

take part as partners in SUDOE projects (national, regional, and local administrations, other public bodies,

research centers, universities, socio-economic players or bodies, etc.)

AVAILABLE BUDGET: € 106 Million Euros

TIPOLOGY OF ACTIONS TO BE FUNDED: Establishment of inter sector networks of cooperation;

Implementation of common strategies for the development and implementation of nZEB solutions; Best

practices and knowledge exchange; Awareness raising actions; Identification of new roles and competences

among the key agents; Transfer of information and knowledge between implementation agents and

professionals; Funding for the implementation of technical solutions

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


E4ROverview Typology Example

Location Spain, Portugal and France

Beneficiaries

ITG. Fundación Instituto Tecnológico de Galicia (ES)

INEGI. Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial (PT)

Junta de Extremadura (ES)

EIGSI La Rochelle (FR)

Planned

Investments

Encourage and promote energy rehabilitation of buildings within the European southwest, through

the realization of practical tools that help establish both energy efficient and economically criteria.

Main

Activities

Development of a Web Portal that is the meeting point of all agents involved in energy

rehabilitation and store the documents generated during the execution of the project and remain

continuously updated.

Cataloging measures and strategies specific energy saving energy rehabilitation.

Organization of various public events for the dissemination of results among professionals in the

rehabilitation sector and the dissemination of brochures and other promotional items.

Expected

results

Development of a data base: Products, Technologies, Fund schemes, legislative, etc.

Creating a Web Application to evaluate energetic renovation of buildings, to quantify improvements

in energy saving strategy and prioritize among the most efficient in both energy and economically.

Organization of seminars and an international congress with different experiences for the

dissemination of results among other professionals from the rehabilitation sector



More detailsWeb page: www.e4rproject.eu


Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


http://www.e4rproject.eu/


ECOHABITATOverview Typology Example

Location Spain and France

Beneficiaries

Université de Toulouse (FR)

Féderation Sud Ouest des SCOP du Bâtiment et des Travaux Publics (FR)

Mancomunidad de Municipios del Área Metropolitana de Barcelona (ES)

Universitad Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) (ES)

Fundación Privada Ascamm (ES)

G.A.I.A. (Associación por la Generacion de Autonomia e Innovación en la Arquitectura)

(ES)

Planned

Investments

Establish a network of cooperation, transnational between the French and Spanish

players in the field of construction and urban planning, to promote the implementation

and dissemination of technological innovation in in terms of Buildings.

Main

Activities

Identification - in each regional partners - practices, social practices, technologies, costs,

regulations, government incentives and institutional procedures. In a second step building

a common stock based on knowledge transfer and the opening of the application of new

technologies prospects for sustainable buildings.

Expected

results

Data base, Methodologies, protocols, strategic planes, Formation models, Pilot test,

Clusters. Professional network

Project costTotal Cost: 1.257.080 Euro


More detailsWeb page: www.ecohabitat-sudoe.eu


Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


http://www.ecohabitat-sudoe.eu/


CBC Programme

OBJECTIVES

The overall objective of the INTERREG EUROPE Programme

is to improve the effectiveness of regional policies and

instruments.

The Programme will address four thematic objectives:

- Strengthening research, technological development and

innovation

- Enhancing the competitiveness of SMEs

- Supporting the shift towards a low-carbon economy in

all sectors

- Protecting the environment and promoting resource

efficiency

BENEFICIARIES: Managing Authorities of Structural Funds

Programmed; Regional/Local Authorities; Agencies, Research

Institutes, Thematic policy Organizations



The INTERREG EUROPE programme aims to

improve the implementation of regional

development policies and programmes, in

particular programmes for Investment for Growth

and Jobs and European Territorial Cooperation

(ETC) programmes.

BUDGET AVAILABLE: € 359 Million

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Funded ActionsOverview Typology Example

- Identification of nZEB best practices among European regions

- Exchange and transfer of nZEB best practices among regional public

administrations

- Implementation plans for the deployment of nZEB strategies

- Strategic cooperation among policy decision makers

- Development and implementation of “mini-projects” under a more general

project

- Awareness raising initiatives

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


ECO REGIONSOverview Typology Example

Location Sweden, France, Finland, Hungary, Germany, Italy, Malta, Norway

BeneficiariesRegion Lombardy (Italy), Region of Bavaria (Germany), Region of Northern Great Plain (Hungary),

Brussels (Belgium)

Planned

Investments

Improving the governance of Eco-Innovation and Green Technologies in the Private Sector.

Actions will be based on transferring good practices based on the RUR@CT methodology and

involving RUR@CT partners.

Main

Activities

Disseminating the project’s activities and achievements outside the project to the relevant

stakeholders in Europe (e.g. policy makers at the local, regional, national and European levels).

Exchange of experiences dedicated to the identification and analysis of good practices. (core

element to the project).

Expected

results

More exclusively transfer-oriented, targeting transfers achievement during the project lifetime and

at a decisive stage (political validation), notably because a big part of the work was done before

the project starts.

Strong involvement of policy-makers, associated from scratch.

Involvement of every local stakeholder, for the real integration of the GP at all levels.

Ambitious implementation plans, planning the real transfer of the GP AND the improvement of

the existing policy.

Creation of synergies with other projects and networks.

Project cost Total Cost: 1.482.814 Euro

More details Web page: www.ecoregionsproject.eu

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


http://www.ecoregionsproject.eu/

SERPENTEOverview Typology Example

Location Italy, Sweden, France, Cyprus, Belgium, Slovakia, Spain, Czech Rep, Poland, Ireland

Planned

Investments

Improve energy efficiency in different typologies of publicly owned or managed buildings

through improved public policies.

Main

Activities

Develops new competence and expertise in measurements and methods for advanced

design of energy efficient buildings, picks up and documents the best practices and

recommendations based on real-life information, and finally, transfers all the

accumulated knowledge to building professionals and industry representatives, local

building authorities and citizens, educators, equipment manufacturers and system

providers.

Expected

results

theoretical understanding and practical application of energy efficiency initiatives

responsible energy consumption

foster proactive involvement

energy and economic savings

identify good practices related to energy efficiency in public buildings

design and implement pilot actions

develop and disseminate a common manual


EU contribution: 1.531.970 Euro

More details www.serpente-project.eu

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


http://www.serpente-project.eu/

IEEBOverview Typology Example

Location Sweden, France, Finland, Hungary, Germany, Italy, Malta, Norway

Beneficiaries Nordic countries

Planned

Investments

Create a Nordic network of universities, research, business and society to develop new

solutions and promote energy efficiency in buildings.

Main

Activities

Develops new competence and expertise in measurements and methods for advanced

design of energy efficient buildings, picks up and documents the best practices and

recommendations based on real-life information, and finally, transfers all the

accumulated knowledge to building professionals and industry representatives, local

building authorities and citizens, educators, equipment manufacturers and system

providers.

Expected

results

Technological development of low-energy solutions in housing

Transfer of knowledge about energy solutions to the construction industry and the

society

Measurement techniques to decrease energy consumption

Measuring the energy consumption in existing buildings through the energy signature

Contributing in matching standards and technical solutions for energy efficiency, thus

leading to better prerequisites for international trade.

Project costTotal Cost: 32.568 Euro


More details www.oamk.fi

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


http://www.oamk.fi

ENIOverview Typology Example


The European Neighborhood Instrument (ENI), which has replaced the

European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI).

The ENI will support the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) and turn

decisions taken on a political level into actions on the ground.

Effective from 2014 to 2020 the ENI seeks to streamline financial support,

concentrating on agreed policy objectives, and make programming shorter and

better focused, so that it is more effective.

KEY ACTIONS

- Bilateral Programmes covering support to one partner country

- Multi country Programmes which address challenges common to all or a number of partner countries,

and regional and sub-regional cooperation between two or more partner countries

- Cross-border cooperation Programmes between Member States and partner countries taking place

along their shared part of the external border of the EU (including Russia)

IMPACT

Under the ENI, Neighborhoods will:

- Become faster and more flexible

- Offer incentives for best performers through the more-

for-more approach that allows the EU to increase its

support to those partners that are genuinely

implementing what has been jointly agreed

- Be increasingly policy-driven based on the key policy

objectives agreed with the partners, mainly in the ENP

bilateral action plans

- Allow for greater differentiation

- Mutual accountability

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


ENIOverview Typology Example

BUDGET: The ENI will build on the achievements of the European Neighborhood and Partnership

Instrument (ENPI) and bring more tangible benefits to both the EU and its Neighborhoods partners. It has

a budget of €15.433 billion Euro and will provide the bulk of funding to the European Neighborhood

countries through a number of programmes

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Funding Actions

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State



Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

- Raising awareness activities on nZEB

- Cooperative actions aimed at the identification of nZEB implementation

schemes

- Cooperation actions among private and pubic actors

- nZEB industry development initiatives


Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


DIDSOLIT

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State



Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

Location Greece, Egypt, Jordan, Spain

Beneficiaries Autonomous University of Barcelona (Spain, Barcelona)

Planned

Investments

Promote and implement innovative technologies and know-how transfer of small-scale solar

energy decentralized systems in public buildings/premises

Main

Activities

Mapping and analysis of existing small-scale solar technologies

Production of standard “Conceptual Designs” concerning the solar-power applications developed

(including thermoelectric dish-stirling and parabolic-trough, photovoltaic glass-substitute sheets

and thin-layer/film sheets)

Drafting of reports addressing the rules and regulations for installing decentralised solar power

systems in the regions concerned by the project

Organization of conferences, workshops and training sessions for promoting the developed solar

solutions

Expected

results

Improved knowledge of the status of development and market-availability of innovative small-scale

solar power technologies for in-buildings applications

10 solar power applications implemented in 10 selected public buildings

Increased solar power created (260 kWp) and produced (380 MWh) in the selected buildings

Enhanced interest of local private and public stakeholders for decentralized applications of

innovative solar energy systems in public buildings and facilities

Innovative solar technologies, know-how and best practices transferred



More details www.didsolit.eu

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


MED SOLAR

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State



Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

Location Spain, France, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan

Beneficiaries Trama TecnoAmbiental S.L (SPAIN, Catalunya)

Planned

Investments

Promote and implement innovative technologies and know-how transfer in the field of solar

energy, especially photovoltaic energy

Main

Activities

Survey of the national regulations and legal frameworks related to photovoltaic energy

Identification of financing mechanisms allowing for the development of photovoltaic projects

Research and development on innovative photovoltaic technologies

Drafting of a socio-economic impact study to demonstrate the cost-effectiveness and impact of the

pilot plants

Creation of a cross-border network engaging several public authorities, universities, SMEs,

engineers, etc.

Expected

results

National energy grids and their weakness characterized in Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine

Set of recommendations defined to improve legal frameworks and energy tariff schemes

Power from solar energy increased in 3 public buildings and 1 industry (between 500-800 m2 of

photovoltaic modules installed)

Pilot plants tested, validated and monitored



More details www.medsolarproject.com

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


MED DESIRE

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State



Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

Location Italy, Spain, Tunisia, Lebanon, Egypt

BeneficiariesPuglia Region – Research and Competitiveness Service, Industrial Research and Technological Innovation

Office (Italy – Puglia)

Planned

Investments

Facilitate the take up of distributed solar energy and energy efficiency in the target regions, by achieving an

effective cross-border cooperation and by raising public awareness on the related benefits for the environment

and for sustainable local development

Main

Activities

Benchmarking of national/regional policies and programmes focused on solar energy and energy efficiency

Analysis of current certification procedures for solar energy technologies in MPC and EU regions

Elaboration of recommendations and action plans for improving legislative and regulatory frameworks

Capacity building initiatives for solar energy technicians and professionals to ensure the quality of components

and installations

Training sessions for policy-makers in charge of solar energy regulation

Elaboration of innovative financial and market stimulus instruments

Expected

results

Strengthened capacity of public administrations and regional institutions

Higher and more diffused competences of local technicians and professionals, facilitating the removal of the

main technical barriers for distributed solar technology

Innovative tailored financial mechanisms and market stimulation instruments designed to support the

widespread diffusion of solar energy technologies

Strengthened participatory approaches and increased awareness among public and private local stakeholders

A wide consensus achieved amongst public and private key stakeholders on the central role of renewable

energies for sustainable development and environmental protection

A cooperation framework established among providers of energy technologies and services in EU

Mediterranean Countries and Mediterranean Partner Countries (MPC) to foster the development of a

sustainable common energy market



More details www..med-desire.eu

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


FOSTER in MEDOverview Typology Example

Location Spain, Italy, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Tunisia

BeneficiariesUniversity of Cagliari – Departament of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture (Italy,

Sardegna)

Planned

Investments

Transfer knowhow in the solar energy field, to implement a shared design methodology and to

promote solar energy innovative technologies at civil society level

Main

Activities

Creation of 6 info points

Networking between similar projects and initiatives

Formulation of policy papers

Training dedicated to 400 stakeholders (designers, SMEs/installers and university students) to

transfer technical knowhow

Information seminars to promote the benefits of solar technologies involving 350 citizens and 3500

students

Expected

results

Cultural and normative barriers, design and technical gap that can delay the diffusion of solar

technologies identified through comprehensive context analysis

Solar technologies and its technological trends promoted

Local legislations on solar energy compared and common innovation proposals defined

Design, architectural integration and installation competences transferred

Solar energy consumption increased in 5 public buildings through 85 kWp of photovoltaic panels

installed



More details www.fosterinmed.eu

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


http://www.fosterinmed.eu/

Energy Efficient FundOverview

Currentavailable

fundTypology Examples

The European Energy Efficiency Fund (EEEF) is an innovative Public-Private Partnership

dedicated to mitigating climate change through energy efficiency measures and the use of

renewable energy in the member states of the European Union. It focuses on financing energy

efficiency, small-scale renewable energy, and clean urban transport projects (at market rates)

The final beneficiaries of EEEF are municipal, local and regional authorities as well as public and

private entities acting on behalf of those authorities such as utilities, public transportation

providers, social housing associations, energy service companies etc. Investments can be made

in Euro, or local currencies, however the latter is restricted to a certain percentage.

DIRECT INVESTMENTS: These comprise projects from project developers, energy service

companies (ESCOs), small scale renewable energy and energy efficiency service and supply

companies that serve energy efficiency and renewable energy markets in the target countries.

INVESTMENTS INTO FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS:

These include investments in local commercial banks,

leasing companies and other selected financial

institutions that either finance or are committed to

financing projects of the Final Beneficiaries meeting the

eligibility criteria of EEEF

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Forfaiting structure-

guaranteed savings from

the ESCO OverviewCurrent

availablefund

Typology Examples

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Funding via special

purpose vehicle OverviewCurrent

availablefund

Typology Examples

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


OverviewCurrent

availablefund

Typology ExamplesEnergy Efficient Fund

Period Ongoing

Purpose

Uses unspent funds of the EEPR. It focuses on financing energy

efficiency, small‐scale renewable energy, and clean urban transport

projects targeting municipal, local, regional authorities (and national

authorities, if justified) as well as public and private entities acting

on behalf of those authorities.

Scheme Type Structured Finance Vehicle

Nature Public Private Partnerships

Beneficiaries Local Authorities and ESCO’s

Process Direct investment or via Financial Institutions


Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


OverviewCurrent

availablefund

Typology ExamplesEnergy Efficient Fund

- nZEB oriented building upgrade initiatives

- nZEB technical solutions installation

- Large scale operation in buildings

- Development of role models

- Applied research

- Promotion of inter sector cooperation for the implementation of nZEB

technical solutions

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


OverviewCurrent

availablefund

Typology Examples

Energy Efficiency upgrade

of the University Hospital

S.Orsola Malpighi –

Bologna, Italy

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


OverviewCurrent

availablefund

Typology Examples

Building retrofit of the

University of Applied

Science - Munich, Germany

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview

ELENA


INTERREG Europe

EU level

Horizon 2020



Instrument


Fund

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Overview

Current Available Funds

Regional Operational Programmes

RIS 3 – Smart Specialization

European Regional Development Fund

In the 2014-2020 programming period the European Structural and Investment Funds

(ESI Funds), and specially the Cohesion Policy Funds, are expected to allocate a

minimum of 23bn€ to sustainable energy actions. The funds are governed by the

Commons Provision Regulation (CPR) as well as fund-specific regulations.

Under the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) a minimum percentage of

funding will be directed to energy efficiency, renewable energies, smart distribution

systems and sustainable urban mobility: 20% for developed regions, 15% for transition

regions and 12 for less developed regions.

These funds will be planned and deployed within the regional Operational Programmes.

The investment priorities set within the ERDF and the Cohesion Fund (thematic

objective 4) and related to the nZEB initiatives in schools are:

- Promoting the production and distribution of energy derived from renewable sources

- Supporting energy efficiency, smart energy management and renewable energy use in

public infrastructures, including public buildings

- Developing and implementing smart distribution systems at low and medium voltage

levels

- Promoting the use of high-efficiency cogeneration of heat and power based on useful

heat demand

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


European Regional Development Fund

Period 2014-2020

Purpose

European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), European Social Fund

(ESF) and Cohesion Fund (CF), provide funding for investment in a wide

range of areas to support economic, social and territorial cohesion, including

investments in EE, RE, energy infrastructure and sustainable urban transport,

as well as related research andinnovation.

Scheme Type Priorities set out in Operational Programmes at national or regional level

Nature Public and Private

Beneficiaries Public and Private

ProcessSpecific to each MS or region, shared responsibility between EC and MS

authorities


Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview




European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Smart Specialization

In order to ensure the coherence of strategies and in order to make more efficient use of

the Structural Funds, the different member states have developed national and regional

strategies for smart specialization innovation (known as RIS3) and integrated agenda for

territorial economic transformation. Importantly, the proposal from the European

Commission's cohesion policy for 2014-2020 will be a prerequisite in this regard to the

use of ERDF funds.

The strategy RIS3 put into effect, thus there is the need to develop an innovation

strategy based on intelligent research by concentrating efforts on promising areas of the

local context. These strategies support the technological innovation and practice through

the involvement of all stakeholders.

During the period 2014-2020 regions will publish specific calls targeted to energy

efficiency and low carbon economy in order to follow these funding opportunities for

nZEB, please refer to the following links:

- Languedoc-Roussillon: www.laregion.fr

- Catalonia: www.gencat.cat

- Regione Veneto: www.regione.veneto.it

- Regione Marche: www.regione.marche.it

- Regione Toscana: www.regione.toscana.it

- Attica: www.attikis.gr/en/Pages/Proclamations.aspx

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview




European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


http://www.laregion.fr

http://www.gencat.cat

http://www.regione.veneto.it

http://www.regione.marche.it

http://www.regione.toscana.it

http://www.attikis.gr/en/Pages/Proclamations.aspx


Languedoc Roussillon

Veneto Region

Tuscany Region

Marche Region

Attica

Catalunya

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview




European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


ROP Catalunya

Investment

Priority 4.2 IP Promoting energy efficiency and use of renewable energy by companies

Investment

Priority 4.3 IP

Support for energy efficiency and use of renewable energy in public infrastructure,

including public buildings and housing

Specific Actions

Savings Plan and energy efficiency in the buildings of the Generalitat de Catalunya.

Measures to improve efficiency and energy savings in the buildings of the Generalitat

de Catalunya and the replacement of equipment and facilities and the addition of

control equipment and energy management for energy and cost savings at a time that

will be conducted the state of the equipment and facilities is improved. The

performances will be conducted primarily with energy service companies that assume

implementation of improvements and renovations of facilities and ensure energy

savings.

Savings Plan and energy efficiency in public infrastructure and buildings of local

authorities.

Measures to improve the efficiency and energy savings in buildings of local

authorities such as the renewal of equipment and facilities and the addition of control

equipment and energy management for energy and cost savings at a time will be

conducted that improves the condition of equipment and facilities. Systems

implementation activities and renewable energy generation systems, high efficiency

air conditioning as neighbourhood networks will also be made ; and the

implementation of Management Systems Energy Efficiency ( SGE ) in buildings and

public facilities , monitoring data collection, centralization and processing of

information through ICT technologies.

Read Morehttp://fonseuropeus.gencat.cat/web/.content/80_fons_europeus/arxius/PO_FEDER_C

ATALUNA1420_v5_versio-juliol.pdf

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview



European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State



http://fonseuropeus.gencat.cat/web/.content/80_fons_europeus/arxius/PO_FEDER_CATALUNA1420_v5_versio-juliol.pdf

ROP Marche

To support energy efficiency, efficient use of energy and use renewable

energy in the Public infrastructure, including public buildings, and in

housing

The choice of P.4.c) is due to the presence of high energy consumption by

the domestic sector, linked in case of the public to the age of the assets.

The high cost of investment efficiency energy would not be in most cases

sustainable absence of mechanisms incentiv .

Foreseen investment in Objective 4 for the Regione Marche €32.7M

Read Morehttp://www.europa.marche.it/Portals/0/Documenti/programmazione_2014-

2020/POR-FESR_approvato_Assemblea_regionale.pdf

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview



European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State



http://fonseuropeus.gencat.cat/web/.content/80_fons_europeus/arxius/PO_FEDER_CATALUNA1420_v5_versio-juliol.pdf

ROP Tuscany

To support energy efficiency, efficient use of energy and use renewable energy in

the Public infrastructure , including public buildings, and in housing

PUBLIC: The Region intends to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy use in

industrial companies , also supporting measures to reduce CO2 emissions according to

the criteria and guidelines of the Plan Environmental and Regional Energy (PAER) and

depending on the achievement of the objectives burden sharing set by national policies

(D.M 15/03/2012). The reasons are represented by the difficulties encountered in Regional

which show: (i) the 30% of the final energy consumption due to industry; (ii) the industrial

sector is responsible for the emission into the atmosphere of 13 million tons of CO2; (iii)

the energy expenditure of companies is well above an average European, a factor that

reduces level international competitiveness.

PRIVATE: The heating of buildings is responsible for atmospheric emissions at a rate of

approximately 43.07 % of the total CO2 emissions. For these reasons, the region in line

with the PAER - under Axis Urban – must implement measures designed to eco- efficiency

and reduction of primary energy consumption buildings and public facilities or to use public

in order to help reduce the energy consumption in macro land areas identified and the

objectives of reducing atmospheric emissions and cost.

Read Morehttp://www.sviluppo.toscana.it/fesrtest/index.php?section=03_Documenti%20della%20Reg

ione%20Toscana

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview



European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State



http://www.sviluppo.toscana.it/fesrtest/index.php?section=03_Documenti della Regione Toscana

ROP Veneto

Priority 4 Supporting the shift towards a low carbon economy sectors

Key

actions to

be funded

- Promoting Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy in Enterprises

- Supporting Energy Efficiency, Smart Energy Management and

Renewable Energy Use in Public Infrastructures, including in public

buildings and housing sector

- Developing and implementing smart distribution systems that operate at

low and medium voltage levels

- Promoting the use of high-efficiency co-generation of heat and power

based on useful heat demand

- Overall European Union support 46.3€ million (these actions will be

further financed by Italian funds

Read

More

http://www.regione.veneto.it/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=67d343b3-

dc71-4d9b-aa29-d3d3bb704fb5&groupId=121704

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview



European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State



http://www.regione.veneto.it/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=67d343b3-dc71-4d9b-aa29-d3d3bb704fb5&groupId=121704

ROP Languedoc

The final version of the Operational Programme for the Languedoc

Roussillon region has not been officially published at December 2014.

The draft for the Languedoc Roussillon Operational Plan does not include

any specific topic directly addressing the renovation of schools. However,

other priorities might offer the possibility to integrate initiatives indirectly

related to this field, such as:

AXIS II: Reduction of the territorial vulnerability, guaranteeing their

environmental activity and limit their CO2 emissions.

Measure III: Promote energy efficiency and development of renewable

energies, and contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions.

For more information subsequent updates, please visit the link provided

here

Read

More

http://www.europe-en-france.gouv.fr/Des-programmes-pour-qui-pour-

quoi/Trouver-une-aide/Programmes-regionaux-pluri-regionaux-et-

nationaux/Le-FEDER-en-Languedoc-Roussillon-PO

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Overview



European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State



http://www.europe-en-france.gouv.fr/Des-programmes-pour-qui-pour-quoi/Trouver-une-aide/Programmes-regionaux-pluri-regionaux-et-nationaux/Le-FEDER-en-Languedoc-Roussillon-PO

ERDF Based Vouchers

ESCO’s Based Programmes

Example

nZEB Renovation Vouchers Systems

Public Agency //

Central Office

managing ERDF

funds

1

School Voucher

Application2

SCHOOL

Voucher Delivery

3

4

ESCO

Renovation Service

5

6

Service Report

Voucher

reimbursement

Payment (Voucher)

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


nZEB Renovation Vouchers Systems

- Esco’s willing to participate in the process will be certified by the managing public

authority Schools

- Following the publication of the of the nZEB Renovation Vouchers call by the

Governing Authority the potential school candidates will fulfill an individual application,

indicating the service they wish to implement and the provider they want to collaborate

with

- Once the application has been received by the Governing Authority, a specific team is

set up to assess the quality of applications and the optimality of the process will be

analysed

- If the action is accepted, the school will be awarded with a voucher and will submit a

formal petition to the already certified ESCO - Firm to receive the service

- Once the service is completed, the school handles the voucher to the company that

has offered the service

- The service provider sends a report on the service provided to the programme

managing authority that will evaluate the work done in relation to the school initial

application

- If the service is positively evaluated, the managing authority of the programme makes

the payment to the service provider for the amount stipulated in the voucher.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


ERDF Based Vouchers


Example

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State



AGENCY

COMMITMENT TO

CONDUCT

RENOVATION

ACTIONS

INFORMATION AND

RESOURCES

IDENTIFICATION

PROJECT

BRIEF

CALL FOR

PORPOSALS

INVESTMENT

AND MEASURES

PROPOSAL

INSTALLATION

OF NZEB

ENERGY

MEASURES

SERVICE

PROVIDER /

MONITOR

PERFORMANCE

PUBLIC AGENCY

RESPONSIBILITY

ESCO’S

RESPONSIBILITY

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


ERDF Based Vouchers


Example

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


RE:FIT Programme

Location City of London

Beneficiaries The city of London

Background

RE:FIT Schools energy efficiency programme is a London-wide schools energy

reduction initiative using the competitive, performance based RE:FIT building

retrofit programme.

Developed and supported by the Mayor of London, Department for Education (DfE) and

the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC), the RE:FIT Schools energy

efficiency programme supports London’s schools to retrofit their existing buildings with

energy conservation measures, thereby reducing carbon emissions and achieving

substantial annual cost savings. The level of energy savings are guaranteed, thus

offering a secure financial return on investment.

Main

Activities

The RE:FIT Schools energy efficiency programme is a streamlined version of the RE:FIT

scheme, which enables schools to enhance with the scheme and realise significant

energy and cost savings. The works are delivered by an Energy Service Company

(ESCo), Mitie, who was is pre-procured from the RE:FIT Framework.

The ESCo identifies the potential energy conservation measures that can be installed

and the outline savings that can be achieved. The ESCo guarantees these savings.

Process

- Opt-in agreement and data gathering

- Survey Summary

- Investment Grade Proposal

- Installation of energy conservation measures

- Benefits delivery and monitoring

Case studies http://refit.org.uk/refit-schools/case-studies/

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


ERDF Based Vouchers


Example

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


http://refit.org.uk/


http://refit.org.uk/refit-schools/case-studies/

RE:FIT Programme

Agency commitment

to conduct renovation

actions

The interested public sector organisation will sign a Memorandum of

Understanding (MoU).

This is a non-legally binding document which indicates the

organisation's interest and commitment in the programme at a senior

level and allows the PDU to become fully involved in developing the

initial interest into a full retrofit project.

Information and

resources

identification

The organisation identifies internal resources and begins to consider

the list of buildings to be considered for renovation. Energy data is

collected to carry out a desktop energy assessment. This gives an

indicative energy saving and payback period for each building.

Project Brief

The project brief forms the basis for the mini-competition and can

contain a number of areas including:

- The tendering approach being used

- Specific buying organisation’s financial, technical and operational

requirements

- Data on buildings included within the project

- Contract model options and any buying organisation specific terms

and conditions

- Financial requirements including payback periods

- Guidance on expectations for performance measurement and

verification

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


ERDF Based Vouchers


Example

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State





Using Self-Produced Energy

Self-produced energy means energy which a user or a group of users has saved or

produced locally using renewable energy sources.

1. The application of nZEB concept benefits

the school by reducing the electricity invoice,

this save would be reutilize in the improvement

of energetic status of the center.

2. Any over-produced energy derived from the

application of nZEB would be a self-fund

resource.

Budget allocation: Electricity fees.

School Energy Supplier

1

2

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


National State Budget Schemes

Introduction

Allocation Methods

Greece

France

Regional Complexity

Major Categories

Spain

Italy

France General Budget

Spain General Budget

Italy General Budget

Greece General Budget

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Regional Complexity

As it has been stated by Eurydice’s report “Financing Schools in Europe:

Mechanisms, Methods and criteria in public Funding” there exists an a great

variety across Europe with respect funding systems.

According to the report, “these systems have developed over many decades to

meet the needs of individuals, wider society and the economy.

The changing priorities of education systems have also shaped the way in which

funding mechanisms have evolved”.

It is, thus, important to recognise the particular national context when considering

policy reforms, as certain types of reform may work differently in several

countries.

Providing a comprehensive overview of the funding process and the specific roles

of the various public authorities involved is a complex task resulting from the

idiosyncrasies of the political and administrative landscape of every country and

the way funding responsibilities are shared among authorities.

Another element that raises complexity into the equation is the autonomy enjoyed

by some intermediate institutions such as the Autonomous Communities in Spain.

Source: Eurydice Report, Education and Training, EC, (2014), “Financing Schools in

Europe: Mechanisms, Methods and Criteria in Public Funding”

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Introduction

Allocation Methods

Greece

France

Regional Complexity

Major Categories

Spain

Italy

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Resource Allocation Methods

Two main models for resources allocation can be identified:

Model A: Agreed procedure based on pre-defined criteria for determining the

amount of resources should receive.

Model B: Based on an estimate of the schools’ needs which may, or not, take into

account pre-defined criteria. Under this model the responsible education

authorities have more autonomy in deciding the level of resources.

Source: Euriydice Report, Education and Training, EC, (2014), “Financing Schools

in Europe: Mechanisms, Methods and Criteria in Public Funding”

Model A

•Formula funding. Uses defined criteria and applies a universally agreed rule to these criteria to set the amount of resources allocated to the school.

Model B

• Budgetary Approval. It involves awarding resources to authorities / schools in line with a budget they have drawn up themselves for approval by the responsible public authority.

• Discretionary determination of resources. The amount of resources is determined by the authority concerned. It is fixed without having to refer to any other authority and with the estimates taking place on a case-to-case basis.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Introduction

Allocation Methods

Greece

France

Regional Complexity

Major Categories

Spain

Italy

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Resource Allocation Methods

Over the following slides we will see the different financing models applied in France,

Greece, Italy and Spain were the exact lines of financing for operational goods and

capital will be clearly defined

CAPITAL

• Under this heading we can integrate the more significant costs in the nZEB retrofitting process, namely, larger scale investments, renovations and the purchase of large scale equipment,; as well as other measures related to actions applicable to schools as an infrastructure.

OPERATIONAL GOODS AND SERVICES

• Under this budget line school can request some small actions related to energy efficiency activities, The most important of which is probably maintenance*

* The correct and regular maintenance of different EE measures has a significant impact in their efficiency, for instance,

a heavily soiled hot water system will not only have a direct impact on the student population but it may consume as

much as 20% more energy than a properly maintained one.

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Introduction

Allocation Methods

Greece

France

Regional Complexity

Major Categories

Spain

Italy

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Greece

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Introduction

Allocation Methods

Greece

France

Regional Complexity

Major Categories

Spain

Italy

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Spain

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Introduction

Allocation Methods

Greece

France

Regional Complexity

Major Categories

Spain

Italy

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Spain

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Introduction

Allocation Methods

Greece

France

Regional Complexity

Major Categories

Spain

Italy

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


France

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Introduction

Allocation Methods

Greece

France

Regional Complexity

Major Categories

Spain

Italy

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


France

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Introduction

Allocation Methods

Greece

France

Regional Complexity

Major Categories

Spain

Italy

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Italy

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Introduction

Allocation Methods

Greece

France

Regional Complexity

Major Categories

Spain

Italy

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Italy

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


Introduction

Allocation Methods

Greece

France

Regional Complexity

Major Categories

Spain

Italy

European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


Private Funding

Type Description Process

Preferential Loan

Preferential loans refer to the acquisition of funds through borrowing: a lender

provides a loan to a borrower for a defined purpose over a fixed period of time. The

loan is provided at lower interest rates. Typically the interest rates are fixed over a

certain period of time, usually 10‐20 years and allow for long‐term maturity. The

loan configuration varies depending on the borrower, lender and the type of

measures taken; however it is usually configured in such way as to take into

account real payback time. In the context of nZEB funding, preferential loans can

be originated by a financial intermediary with support from an Operational

Programme based on a risk‐sharing arrangement. Under such a setup, the loan

packages funding from the financial intermediary at market interest rate and

funding from the Operational Programme at below market interest rate.

Inclusion of specific

provision in the

regional / national

Operational Plan

Financial Institution

Act as an Intermediary

Guarantee

Guarantees refer to a risk sharing mechanism where “the guarantor” entity (e.g.,

bank, MA) assumes a debt obligation in case a borrower (e.g., ESCO) defaults.

Guarantees can be partial, where the guarantor is only liable for part of the

outstanding balance at the time of default, usually defined as a fixed percentage. A

loan guarantee allows beneficiaries/final recipients to receive a loan at a

preferential rate since the guarantee covers the risk run by the bank in providing

the loan.

Banks and Financial

Institution guarantee

the risk to the final

beneficiary (ESCO’s)

Energy

performance

contracting with

owner finance

In the case of EPC with owner finance, the contractual arrangement between the

ESCO and the building owner regarding SE measure implementation and

guaranteed energy performance levels can be the same as for EPC with ESCO

finance. The difference is that the building owner provides the money required for

the investment (from their own funds or a loan provided by a bank). In this context,

Cohesion Policy funding can provide preferential loans to building owners or

guarantees.

Municipalities should

provide the money

required for the

investment

Energy

performance

contracting with

ESCO

finance

Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) is an arrangement in which a contracting

partner (e.g. ESCO) enters into an integrated contract with the end‐user and the

financing institution to design and implement energy conservation measures with a

guaranteed level of energy performance for the duration of the contract. The

stream of income from energy savings yielded from the measures is used to repay

the upfront investment costs, and payment is based on the achievement of EE

improvements and on meeting other agreed performance criteria.

ESCO must provide

the money required

for the investment

Goal & Benefits


Solutions

Costs

Funding


European

Funding Scheme

Regional/

National Fund

Specific Funding


National State


AppendixLinks & References

- Capturing the Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency. IEA

September 2014 (Book)

- The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and

Performance, L. Baker & H. Bernstein, February 2012 (Guide)

- A guide to developing strategies for building energy renovation,

Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE), February 2013

(Guide)

Building Energy

RenovationTools

Design Methodology

Guidelines IEQ VentilationEnergy EfficentSystems

http://www.iea.org/newsroomandevents/pressreleases/2014/september/name-125300-en.html

http://www.centerforgreenschools.org/Libraries/Resources_Documents/McGrawHill_ImpactOnHealth_14.sflb.ashx

http://bpie.eu/documents/BPIE/Developing_Building_Renovation_Strategies.pdf

Energy Audit

- Workshop on Energy Audits and Energy Management Systems

under Article 8 of the Energy Efficiency Directive: Presentation

of Article 8, Eva Hoos, March 2004

IEQ Audit

- Course description for students, Green Education Foundation –

USA (Table of Contents)

- IEQ related to HVAC, Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention (HVAC checklists to assist with maintenance and

record keeping from USEPA/NIOSH Building Air Quality: A

Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers)

Building Energy

RenovationTools

Design Methodology


http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/sites/energyefficiency/files/files/documents/events/ener-jrc_audits_workshop_ehoos.pdf

http://www.greeneducationfoundation.org/gefinstitute/images/GEF Institute/Classroom Materials/Indoor_Environmental_Quality.pdf

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/indoorenv/buildingventilation.html

Energy Design Software

- IES-VE (Energy + Ventilation + Comfort + Lighting)

- EnergyPlus – Open Studio(Free) / Design Builder

- Trnsys

- TAS

- Comfie-Pleiades (French)

- MIT Design Advisor (5 minutes early design)

- Energy tools directory US-Energy Dpt

- Energy tools directory – WBDG

- Software and resources directory for Environmental buildings

(French)

Building Energy

RenovationTools

Design Methodology


http://www.iesve.com/

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/energyplus_about.cfm


http://www.designbuilder.co.uk/

http://www.trnsys.com/

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/software.cfm/ID=210/pagename_submenu=energy_simulation/pagename_menu=whole_building_analysis/pagename=subjects

http://www.izuba.fr/logiciel/pleiadescomfie

http://designadvisor.mit.edu/design/

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/subjects.cfm/pagename=subjects/pagename_menu=whole_building_analysis/pagename_submenu=energy_simulation





Daylighting Design Software

- WBDG daylighting

- Radiance – Open Studio (free)

- Ecotect

- DIALux

- Daysim

- Lighting software directory – US Energy Dpt

IAQ Models

- Indoor Air Quality Modeling, EPA

- CFD models: CONTAM, COMIS

Building Energy

RenovationTools

Design Methodology


http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php

http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/HOME.html


http://usa.autodesk.com/ecotect-analysis/

http://www.dial.de/DIAL/en/dialux-international-download.html

http://daysim.ning.com/

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/subjects.cfm/pagename=subjects/pagename_menu=materials_components/pagename_submenu=lighting_systems

http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/appcd/mmd/iaq.html

http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/IAQanalysis/CONTAM/

http://epb.lbl.gov/comis/

- A Holistic Methodology for Sustainable Renovation towards

Residential Net-Zero Energy Buildings (under development in

University of Aalborg, Denmark)

- Method for Developing and Assessing Holistic Energy

Renovation of Multi-storey Buildings (Technical University of

Denmark)

- MaTrID project guidelines (Integrated Design Process Guide)

- The Integrated Design Process (iiSBE 2005)

- Engage the Integrated Design Process (WBDG 2012), including

“charrettes” (creative multi-day sessions)

- The integrated design process – Benefits and phases

(Canadian Government Webpage 2014)

- Integrated Design Process Guide (Canadian Gouvernment)

Building Energy

RenovationTools

Design Methodology


http://www.zeb.aau.dk/Projektbeskrivelser/Tilknyttede+PhD-projekter/A+Holistic+Methodology+for+Sustainable+Renovation+towards+Residential+Net-Zero+Energy+Buildings/

http://orbit.dtu.dk/fedora/objects/orbit:121862/datastreams/file_312fb2ba-2c11-4920-b9f1-6cf9c2ceb6b0/content


http://iisbe.org/down/gbc2005/Other_presentations/IDP_overview.pdf

http://www.wbdg.org/design/engage_process.php

http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/efficiency/buildings/eenb/integrated-design-process/4047

http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/inpr/bude/himu/coedar/upload/Integrated_Design_GuideENG.pdf

- Deep Renovation of Buildings, Ecofys, May 2014 (Report)

- Renovation tracks for Europe up to 2050, EURIMA, 2012

(Report)

- “What is a Deep Renovation” report, Global Buildings

Performance Network, March 2013

- Multiple Benefits of Investing in Energy Efficient Renovations -

Impact on Public Finances, a study by Copenhagen Economics,

released at Renovate Europe Day, 11 October 2012

- EuroPHit Project (staged deep renovations)

Building Energy

RenovationTools

Design Methodology


http://www.ecofys.com/files/files/ecofys-eurima-2014-deep-renovation-of-buildings.pdf

http://www.eurima.org/uploads/ModuleXtender/Publications/90/Renovation_tracks_for_Europe_08_06_2012_FINAL.pdf

http://www.gbpn.org/newsroom/report-gbpn-defines-concept-deep-renovation


http://europhit.eu/

- SchoolVentCool project (Ventilation, cooling and strategies for

high performance school renovations) SchoolVentCool brochure

(EU

- Advanced Energy Retrofit Guide for K-12 Schools (US)

- School of the future (Technology screening report) (EU)

- Teenergy guidelines (MED)

- EURONET 50/50 max (user behaviour) (EU)

- VERYschool tool (energy management) (EU)

- Carbon Trust – Schools (UK)

- Low carbon refurbishment of buildings (Carbon Trust UK)

- Design of low carbon buildings – Learning – Case studies (UK)

Building Energy

RenovationTools

Design Methodology


http://www.schoolventcool.eu/







http://www.carbontrust.com/media/39232/ctv019_schools.pdf

http://www.carbontrust.com/media/81389/ctv038-low-carbon-refurbishment-of-buildings-management-guide.pdf

http://orca.cf.ac.uk/50475/1/Design of LowZero Carbon Buildings - Learning.pdf

- Planning for energy efficiency (2009) – California Schools (case

studies)

- High performance school guidelines (California 2007)

- Energy efficiency programs in K-12 schools (EPA-US)

- Zero Net Energy Schools - California (Factsheet)

- Zero Net Energy for Policymakers – California (Factsheet)

- Low energy building – renovation – Effinergie (French)

Building Energy

RenovationTools

Design Methodology


http://www.cashnet.org/EnergyBrochure09.pdf

http://www.cashnet.org/news/2007/HighPerformanceSchools.pdf

http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/documents/pdf/k-12_guide.pdf

http://newbuildings.org/sites/default/files/ZNE_SCHOOLS+BUILDINGS_v1.pdf

http://newbuildings.org/sites/default/files/ZNE_POLICY_MAKER_v1.pdf

http://www.effinergie.org/images/BaseDoc/104/guide_renovation_bbc_effinergie_web.pdf


- EPA: IAQ Tools for Action Kit

- EPA Air Quality Renovation Check List

- European Environment Agency – IAQ

- European Institute of Health and Consumer Protection –

products testing for IAQ

- CBE Thermal Comfort Tool (free online tool for evaluating

comfort according to ASHRAE Standard-55)

- ANSI/ASA S12.60 American National Standard Acoustical

Performance Criteria, Design Requirements, and Guidelines for

Schools

- Daylight in Classrooms & Recommendations for visual comfort

Building Energy

RenovationTools

Design Methodology



http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/pdfs/kit/checklists/renrepairchklst.pdf

http://www.eea.europa.eu/signals/signals-2013/articles/indoor-air-quality

http://ihcp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/our_activities/public-health/indoor_air_quality/

http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/thermal-tool.htm

http://www.asha.org/public/hearing/American-National-Standard-on-Classroom-Acoustics/

http://coldhamandhartman.com/upload/documents/Daylighting_Schools_BE03.pdf


- WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness & mould

- Indoor air quality, ventilation and health symptoms in schools:

An analysis of existing information, article to be published in

Indoor Air Journal

Acoustical Comfort

- Acoustical Performance Criteria, Design Requirements, and

Guidelines for Schools, Acoustical Society of America

Building Energy

RenovationTools

Design Methodology


http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/43325/E92645.pdf

http://indoor.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-48287.pdf

http://scitation.aip.org/content/asa/standard/ansi/ASASTD.ANSI.ASA.S12.60.Part.1

IAQ Guidelines

- IAQ Guide, ASHRAE

- IAQ Reference Guide, EPA (IAQ Tools for Schools)

- American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning

Engineers, ASHRAE, 2009

- Example of IAQ Questionnaire (occupants Survey), GWU

- Classroom Survey, EPA Indoor Air Quality Tools for Schools

- Total Volatile Organic Compounds (WOC) in Indoor Air Quality

Investigations, Report No 19, ECA-IAQ

- ASHRAE: Ventilation for acceptable IAQ: Standard 62.1-2013

Building Energy

RenovationTools

Design Methodology



http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/tfs/refguide_toc.html

https://www.ashrae.org/

http://www.gwu.edu/safety/health/pdf/iaqquestionnaire.pdf

http://www.apexod.com/handiforms/toolsforschools.html

http://www.fhi.no/dav/fb9b469003.pdf

https://ashrae.iwrapper.com/ViewOnline/Standard_62.1-2013

Thermal Comfort

- Controlling thermal comfort Guidance, Health and Safety

Executive

- ASHRAE's Thermal Comfort Tool in consistency with

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2010

- ASHRAE 55, 2004: Method for Determining Acceptable Thermal

Conditions in Occupied Spaces

- ISO 7730 (last reviewed 2009): Ergonomics of the thermal

environment

- ISO 14415:2005 (last reviewed 2014)Ergonomics of the thermal

environment — Application of International Standards to people

with special requirements

Building Energy

RenovationTools

Design Methodology


http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/controlling.htm

https://www.ashrae.org/resources--publications/bookstore/thermal-comfort-tool

http://shop.iccsafe.org/media/wysiwyg/material/8950P219-sample.pdf



- Ventilation according to CIBSE : The Development of

Regulatory Compliance Tools for Ventilation and Overheating in

Schools, J. Palmer – Chairman CIBSE Schools Design Group,

M. Orme & W. Pane

- Ventilation according to ASHRAE (Standards)

- Building Bulletin 101: ventilation for school buildings, Education

Funding Agency, March 2014 (Guidance)

- Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Environment in Classrooms with

Different Ventilation Systems, Danish study by J Gao, P.

Wargockia & Y. Wangb

- Health-based ventilation guidelines for Europe (Healthvent

project)

Building Energy

RenovationTools

Design Methodology


http://www.cibse-sdg.org/resources/files/b43d6a5.pdf

https://www.ashrae.org/standards-research--technology/standards--guidelines/other-ashrae-standards-referenced-in-code

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/building-bulletin-101-ventilation-for-school-buildings



- Implementation of ventilation in existing schools – A design

criteria list towards passive schools (SchoolVentCool project)

- Integrated ventilation and free night cooling in classrooms with

diffuse ceiling ventilation (SchoolVentCool project)

Building Energy

RenovationTools

Design Methodology


http://schoolventcool.eu/sites/default/files/Implementation of ventilation in existing schools.pdf

http://www.schoolventcool.eu/sites/default/files/Hviid-diffuse_ceiling_ventilation-okosan-11.pdf

Passive Cooling

Venticool platform : international platform for ventilation cooling

Heating & Cooling high efficiency systems

- Best available technologies for the heat and cooling market in

the European Union (2012)

- ENERGY STAR Most Efficient 2014 — Boilers

- ENERGY STAR Most Efficient 2014 — Central Air Conditioners

and Air Source Heat Pumps

- ENERGY STAR Most Efficient 2014 — Geothermal Heat

Pumps

- REHVA - Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air

Conditioning Associations

Building Energy

RenovationTools

Design Methodology



http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/111111111/26689/1/eur 25407 en - heat and cooling final report- online.pdf

https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=most_efficient.me_boilers

https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=most_efficient.me_cac_ashp

https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=most_efficient.me_geothermal_heat_pumps


Glossary

ZEMedS

Zero Energy in Mediterranean Schools, a 3-year project co-funded by the European Commission within the

Intelligent Energy Europe Programme (IEE) that promotes the renovation of schools in a Mediterranean climate to

be nearly Zero-Energy Buildings

MED Mediterranean region/climate

RESRenewable Energy Sources. The energy from sources that are not depleted by extraction, such as solar energy

(thermal and photovoltaic), wind,water power and renewed biomass

DHW

Domestic Hot Water: Water used, in any type of building, for domestic purposes, principally drinking, food

preparation, sanitation and personal hygiene (but not including space heating, swimming pool heating, or use for

processes such as commercial food preparation or clothes washing)

Primary energy

Energy that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process. For a building, it is the energy

used to produce the energy delivered to the building. It is calculated from the delivered and exported amounts of

energy carriers, using conversion factors. Primary energy includes resource energy and renewable energy. If both

are taken into account it can be called total primary energy. After energy losses at each level of transformation,

storage and transport, the quantity of primary energy is always superior to the final energy available.

Final energyFinal energy consumption refers to energy that is supplied to the consumer for all energy uses such as heating,

cooling and lighting

IAQIndoor Air Quality: The air quality around and within structures and buildings, particularly as it relates to comfort

and health concerns of the building occupants

sick building syndromeDescribes situations in which the occupants of a building experience serious health and comfort effects that seem

to be in relation to the time spent in a given building, but without a specific identification of the illness or cause

ICT

Information and Communication Technology: Refers to the technologies used to provide access to information

through telecommunications, specifically cell phones, the Internet, wireless networks, and other communication

mediums

PV system/pvPhotovoltaic system: A power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics which

converts light directly into electricity.

Glossary

BRE

Building Research Establishment is a former UK government establishment (but now a private organisation) that

carries out research, consultancy and testing for the construction and built environment sectors in the United

Kingdom.

ETSU Energy Technology Support Unit

BMS

Building Management System: A computer-based control system installed in a building that monitors and controls

the building's electrical and mechanical equipment (lighting, power systems, ventilation, security systems, and

fire systems)

BEMSBuilding Energy Management Systems. The principal role of a BEMS is to regulate and monitor heating,

ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC Control) – and often lighting too.

NZEBNet Zero Energy Buildings is a building with zero net energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy

used by the building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site.

nZEB Nearly Zero Energy Buildings is a building with nearly zero net energy consumption.

IEQIndoor Environmental Quality: The conditions inside of the building, including air quality, acoustic conditions,

access to daylight, and user's control of lighting and thermal comfort

Specific electricitySpecific electricity corresponds to the electricity used for services that can be provided only by electricity

(washing machine and dishwasher, cold producing appliances, audiovisual and multimedia stations, etc.)

ppm Parts per million is a way of quantifying small concentrations

Summer comfortThe summer comfort summer is characterized by the indoor temperature during warm periods and can generate

discomfort for the occupants when it exceeds a temperature limit usually set at 28 ° C.

Formaldehyde A colorless and poisonous gas made by the oxidation of methanol

Cold surface effectLow surface temperatures (walls, windows, floor ...) can produce an unpleasant radiation that causes occupants

to increase setpoint temperatures to improve the feeling of comfort.

VOCsVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at ordinary room

temperature. For example, formaldehyde which evaporates from paint. Some VOCs are dangerous to human

health and are regulated by law, especially indoors, where concentrations are the highest.

HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning.

Glossary

HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning.

SMEs "SME" stands for small and medium-sized enterprises

Cost-effectiveness

Form of economic analysis that compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of two or more courses of

action. Cost-effectiveness analysis is distinct from cost-benefit analysis, which assigns a monetary value to the

measure of effect [Source: Wikipedia]

Efficiency

Efficiency is the extent to which the program has converted or is expected to convert its resources/inputs (such

as funds, expertise, time, etc.) economically into results in order to achieve the maximum possible outputs,

outcomes, and impacts with the minimum possible inputs. [Source: BPIE]

ELENA

Part of the European Investment Bank (EIB) efforts on climate and energy policy objectives. This joint EIB –

European Commission initiative helps local and regional authorities to prepare energy efficient or renewable

energy projects.

Energy Performance

contracting with ESCOs

finance

Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) is an arrangement in which a contracting partner (e.g. ESCO) enters into

an integrated contract with the end‐user and the financing institution to design and implement energy

conservation measures with a guaranteed level of energy performance for the duration of the contract

Energy Performance

contracting with owner

finance

In the case of EPC with owner finance, the contractual arrangement between the ESCO and the building owner

regarding SE measure implementation and guaranteed energy performance levels can be the same as for EPC

with ESCO finance.

Energy Service Company

(ESCO)

Commercial or non-profit business providing a broad range of energy solutions including designs and

implementation of energy savings projects, retrofitting, energy conservation, energy infrastructure outsourcing,

power generation and energy supply, and risk management.[Source: Wikipedia]

Equity Financing

In equity financing, investors provide cash to project developers in exchange for a stake in their project. The most

common example of equity financing is private equity. In such deal structures, the investors will typically invest in

a project for which he/she has secured an adequate medium‐to long‐term exit strategy that will be profitable.

Such exit strategies include the reselling of the share through, for instance, an initial public offering (IPO).

[Source: BPIE]

European Energy

Efficiency Fund

The European Energy Efficiency Fund (EEEF) is a public-private partnership dedicated to mitigating climate

change through energy efficiency measures and the use of renewable energy in the Member States of the

European Union

Glossary

European Investment Bank

Non-profit European Union institution based in Luxembourg that makes loans, guarantees, provides technical

assistance and provides venture capital for business projects that are expected to further EU policy objectives

[SOURCE: Investopedia]


Instrument (ENI)

The European Neighborhood Instrument (ENI), which has replaced the European Neighborhood and Partnership

Instrument (ENPI)seeks to streamline financial support, concentrating on agreed policy objectives, and make

programming shorter and better focused, in the Mediterranean Area.

European Regional

Development Fund

The Structural Funds and the Cohesion Fund are financial tools set up to implement the regional policy of the

European Union. They aim to reduce regional disparities in terms of income, wealth and opportunities. Europe's

poorer regions receive most of the support, but all European regions are eligible for funding under the policy's

various funds and programmes. The current Regional Policy framework is set for a period of seven years, from

2014 to 2020.Source: [Wikipedia]

Feed-in tariffs

Policy mechanism designed to accelerate investment in renewable energy technologies. It achieves this by

offering long-term contracts to renewable energy producers, typically based on the cost of generation of each

technology. Rather than pay an equal amount for energy, however generated, technologies such as wind power,

for instance, are awarded a lower per-kWh price, while technologies such as solar PV and tidal power are offered

a higher price, reflecting costs that are higher at the moment [SOURCE: Wikipedia]

Grant

Grants, which can be directly financed by the State or by local authorities, have traditionally targeted users rather

than constructors. Grants are intended to allow the former to pay for part or all the cost of introducing energy

efficient measures.

Guarantee

Guarantees refer to a risk sharing mechanism where “the guarantor” entity (e.g., bank, MA) assumes a debt

obligation in case a borrower (e.g., ESCO) defaults. Guarantees can be partial, where the guarantor is only liable

for part of the outstanding balance at the time of default, usually defined as a fixed percentage

Horizon 2020

Framework for the funding of the innovation and research activities at EU level. Horizon 2020 is a €79bn funding

programme aimed at supporting research and innovation across the European Union. Competitions for funding

will run from 2014 to 2020. Each competition is run on a dedicated theme

Intelligent Energy Europe

The Intelligent Energy-Europe was a programme launched by the European Commission in 2003 (and already

closed) as a means of supporting the energy efficiency and renewable energy policies which bring the EU closer

to its 2020 targets.

Glossary

INTERREG Europe

The INTERREG EUROPE programme aims to improve the implementation of regional development policies and

programmes, in particular programmes for Investment for Growth and Jobs and European Territorial Cooperation

(ETC) programmes.

Investment VoucherWritten instrument that serves to confirm or witness (vouch) for some fact such as a transaction. Commonly, a

voucher is a document that shows goods have bought or services have been rendered, authorizes payment, and

indicates the ledger account(s) in which these transactions have to be recorded.[Source: Investopedia]

LeviesAn amount of money that must be paid and that is collected by a government or other authority [SOURCE:

Merriam Webster]

Loan SchemeLoan schemes are normally implemented through the provision of specific subsidies by the local or national

government to banks offering low interest rates to energy efficient practices

ManagEnergy

ManagEnergy is a technical support initiative of the Intelligent Energy - Europe (IEE) programme of the European

Commission which aims to assist actors from the public sector and their advisers working on energy efficiency

and renewable energy at the local and regional level.

Memorandum of

Understanding

Bilateral or multilateral agreement between two or more parties. It expresses a convergence of will between the

parties, indicating an intended common line of action. It is often used in cases where parties either do not imply a

legal commitment or in situations where the parties cannot create a legally enforceable agreement. It is a more

formal alternative to a gentlemen's agreement.[SOURCE: Wikipedia]

Mezzanine Financing

Mezzanine financing is a hybrid form of financing that combines debt and equity financing. In most cases, debt

will be ranked as a preferred equity share. This means that in case of default, it will be senior in priority only to

preferred stocks. Mezzanine debt financing is thus riskier than traditional debt‐financing but also more rewarding;

it is associated with a higher yield. [Source: IEA (2010) Money Matters]

Multianual Financial

Framework

The Multiannual Financial Framework is an expenditures plan that translates EU priorities into financial terms. It

sets the maximum annual amounts which the EU may spend in different political fields.

NZEB Renovation

Vouchers

Renovation system based on the provision and trade of renovation vouchers. The system, that shoudl be funded

through ERDFfunds should bring together schools representatives, ESCOs and public agents.

Opt-In Agreement

Of a selection, the property of having to choose explicitly to join or permit something; a decision having the

default option being exclusion or avoidance; used particularly with regard to mailing lists and

advertisement.[Source: [wiktionary]

Glossary

Preferential LoanGovernment sponsored initiative to stimulate capital investment, specially in less-developed or high

unemployment areas, by advancing loans at below market interest rates. [Source: Business Dictionary]

Project FinancingProject finance, by contrast to balance sheet financing (loans, debt and equity), bases its collateral on a project’s

cash flow expectations, not on individuals or institutions’ credit‐worthiness. [Source: BPIE]

Public Private Partnership

(PPP)

Forms of cooperation between public authorities and the private sector that aim to modernise the delivery of

infrastructure and strategic public services

Regional Operational

Programmes

An Operational Programme (O.P) is a document approved by the Commission for the purpose of implementing a

Community Support Framework, comprising a coherent set of priorities with multiannual measures, and which

may be implemented through recourse to one or more Funds, to one or more of the other existing financial

instruments and to the EIB. An integrated operational programme is one financed by more that one Fund.

Renovation Costs

Renovation cost refers to the amount of money spent on any kind of renovation project. A project is defined as a

stage of improvements or alterations in a structure which is clearly detached in time at both ends from any other

construction, improvement, or alteration project [Source: PHORIO Standards]

Renovation Office

(Proposal)

Office that should integrate representatives of the key agents involved in nZEB actions (education, environment,

sustainability and energy, territorial development, etc. ) aimed at integrate the same body the sector needs as

well as the financial capacities available in the region in order to consider the development of renovation funding

packages and simplifying the development of strategic cooperation and initiatives between public and private

agents

RIS3

Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisation

are integrated, place-based economic transformation agendas aimed at supporting investments in key regional

priorities and building on each region's strengths.

Social ResponsibilitySocial impact of the investement mechanisms, including the social non-econimic benefits conveyed by

investments

Subsidy

Form of financial or in kind support extended to an economic sector (or institution, business, or individual)

generally with the aim of promoting economic and social policy.[1] Although commonly extended from

Government, the term subsidy can relate to any type of support - for example from NGOs or implicit subsidies

SUDOE

The Southwest European Space Territorial Cooperation Programme is supporting regional development by

means of the joint financing transnational projects through the European Regional Development FUND (ERDF)

within the framework of the European Territorial Cooperation Objective for 2007-2013.

Glossary

Technical Assistance

Facility

Assistance model that sees the donor define the outputs they would like to see while leaving the technical detail

of the approach which should be taken fluid, placing a premium on the adaptability, connections and technical

ability of an implementing partner

Third Party Financing

A contractual arrangement involving a third party — in addition to the energy supplier and the beneficiary of the

energy efficiency improvement measure — that provides the capital for that measure and charges the beneficiary

a fee equivalent to a part of the energy savings achieved as a result of the energy efficiency improvement

measure. That third party may or may not be an ESCO. [Source: ESD, 2006/32/EC]

Value Added Tax

Mechanism

Form of consumption tax. From the perspective of the buyer, it is a tax on the purchase price. From that of the

seller, it is a tax only on the value added to a product, material, or service, from an accounting point of view, by

this stage of its manufacture or distribution. The manufacturer remits to the government the difference between

these two amounts, and retains the rest for themselves to offset the taxes they had previously paid on the

inputs.[Source: Wikipedia]

White Certificate

Document certifying that a certain reduction of energy consumption has been attained. In most applications, the

white certificates are tradable and combined with an obligation to achieve a certain target of energy savings

[SOURCE: Wikipedia]

Glossary

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