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Geospatial Techniques in Urban Hazard and Disaster Analysis
Geospatial Techniques in Urban Hazardand Disaster Analysis
Geotechnologies and the Environment
Volume 2
Series Editors:Jay D. Gatrell, School of Graduate Studies and Department of Geography,
Geology, and Anthropology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USARyan R. Jensen, Department of Geography, Brigham Young University, Provo,
UT, USA
The “Geotechnologies and the Environment” series is intended to provide specialistsin the geotechnologies and academics who utilize these technologies, with an oppor-tunity to share novel approaches, present interesting (sometimes counter-intuitive)case studies, and most importantly to situate GIS, remote sensing, GPS, the internet,new technologies, and methodological advances in a real world context. In doingso, the books in the series will be inherently applied and reflect the rich variety ofresearch performed by geographers and allied professionals.
Beyond the applied nature of many of the papers and individual contributions,the series interrogates the dynamic relationship between nature and society. For thisreason, many contributors focus on human-environment interactions. The series arenot limited to an interpretation of the environment as nature per se. Rather, the series“places” people and social forces in context and thus explore the many socio-spatialenvironments humans construct for themselves as they settle the landscape. Con-sequently, contributions will use geotechnologies to examine both urban and rurallandscapes.
For further volumes:http://www.springer.com/series/8088
Pamela S. Showalter · Yongmei LuEditors
Geospatial Techniques inUrban Hazard and DisasterAnalysis
123
EditorsDr. Pamela S. ShowalterTexas State UniversityDepartment of GeographySan Marcos TX [email protected]
Dr. Yongmei LuTexas State UniversityDepartment of GeographySan Marcos TX [email protected]
ISBN 978-90-481-2237-0 e-ISBN 978-90-481-2238-7DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-2238-7Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 200992683
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without writtenpermission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purposeof being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Cover image: Diamondhead Debris Sites-Post-Kalrina Imagery and Parcels, photo courtesy of FederalEmergency Management Agency, USA.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
This book is the second in a series that examines how geographic information tech-nologies (GIT) are being implemented to improve our understanding of a varietyof hazard and disaster situations. The main types of technologies covered under theumbrella of GIT, as used in this volume, are geographic information systems, remotesensing (not including ground-penetrating or underwater systems), and global posi-tioning systems. Our focus is on urban areas, broadly defined in order to encompassrapidly growing and densely populated areas that may not be considered “urban” inthe conventional sense.
The material presented here is also unabashedly applied – our goal is to provideGIT tools to those seeking more efficient ways to respond to, recover from, mitigate,prevent, and/or model hazard and disaster events in urban settings. Therefore, thisbook was created not only with our colleagues in the academic world in mind, butalso for hazards professionals and practitioners. We also believe graduate studentswill find the material presented here of interest, as may upper division undergraduatestudents.
Pamela S. ShowalterSan Marcos, Texas Yongmei Lu
v
Acknowledgments
We are very grateful for the support of our colleagues, friends, and family mem-bers during the many months spent laboring on this book. Special thanks goto the following individuals (listed alphabetically), whose thoughtful suggestionsvastly improved the effort presented here: Stephen D. Ambrose, Applied SciencesProgram, NASA Headquarters; Lindsey Barnes, University of Colorado-ColoradoSprings; Sally Caldwell, Texas State University-San Marcos; Richard Campanella,Tulane University; Xuwei Chen, Northern Illinois University; Thomas Cova, Uni-versity of Utah; Ellen K. Cromley, The Institute for Community Research; TimothyJ. Dolney, The Pennsylvania State University–Altoona College; David L. Eslinger,NOAA Coastal Services Center; Andrew Graettinger, University of Alabama; RonHagelman, Texas State University-San Marcos; Alisa Holloway, University of CapeTown; Mark W. Horner, Florida State University; Bo Huang, The Chinese Uni-versity of Hong Kong; Chris J. Johannsen, Purdue University; Norman Kerle,International Institute for Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation (ITC),Enschede, the Netherlands; Michael Kevany, PlanGraphics, Inc.; Poh-Chin Lai,The University of Hong Kong; Jonathan Li, University of Waterloo, Canada; GeLin, University of Nebraska Medical Center; Susan Macey, Texas State University-San Marcos; Jeremy Mennis, Temple University; Robert J. Nicholls, University ofSouthampton; John Pine, Louisiana State University; Kathleen L. Purvis-Roberts,Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges; Lynn M. Resler, Virginia Poly-technic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech); Jose L. Silván-Cárdenas,Texas State University-San Marcos; Susan I. Stewart, Northern Research Station,U.S. Forest Service; Jeannette Sutton, University of Colorado at Boulder; Lisa A.Taylor, NOAA National Geophysical Data Center; Jean-Claude Thill, University ofNorth Carolina at Charlotte; Deborah S.K. Thomas, University of Colorado-Denver;Stefan Voigt, German Aerospace Center (DLR); William A. Wallace, RensselaerPolytechnic Institute; Thomas J. Wilbanks, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; OlgaWilhelmi, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR); F. Benjamin Zhan,Texas State University-San Marcos; and Sisi Zlatanova, Delft University of Technol-ogy, Delft, The Netherlands. Two additions to the above list are also the individualsresponsible for instigating the entire enterprise: Jay D. Gatrell (Indiana State Univer-sity) and Ryan R. Jensen (Brigham Young University) – thank you for encouragingus to take part in this venture.
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viii Acknowledgments
We also wish to express our gratitude to the guidance of our sincere friendsat Springer-Verlag. Special thanks go to Nina Bennink, Earth Sciences PublishingAssistant, and Robert K. Doe, Earth Sciences Publishing Editor, whose help andpatience allowed us the time necessary to navigate the nuances of producing thisbook.
We are especially indebted to our loved ones. Pamela S. Showalter’s deepestthanks go to her partner, Raylene, whose boundless support was offered from themoment the project was tackled. Yongmei Lu is in debt to her dearest husband,Shuwei, and her most lovely angels, Katie and Jeffrey, for their endless supportand understanding during and beyond this book project. Both editors also wish toexpress their appreciation to Texas State University–San Marcos. Dr. Lu particularlyappreciates the faculty development leave provided by Texas State University aswell as the Visiting Professorship provided by Beijing Normal University, both ofwhich greatly supported the second stage of her work on this project.
Finally, we acknowledge that no book is without its shortcomings – while wehave attempted to keep errors of commission and omission to a minimum, we acceptfull responsibility for those that eluded us.
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Pamela S. Showalter and Yongmei Lu
Part I Sea Level Rise and Flood Analysis
2 Modeling Sea-Level Rise and Surge in Low-Lying UrbanAreas Using Spatial Data, Geographic InformationSystems, and Animation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11E. Lynn Usery, Jinmu Choi, and Michael P. Finn
3 Urban Expansion and Sea-Level Rise Related FloodVulnerability for Mumbai (Bombay), India Using RemotelySensed Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Firooza Pavri
4 A GIS for Flood Risk Management in Flanders . . . . . . . . . . . 51Pieter Deckers, Wim Kellens, Johan Reyns, WouterVanneuville, and Philippe De Maeyer
5 Using Geographic Information Science to EstimateVulnerable Urban Populations for Flood Hazard and RiskAssessment in New York City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Juliana Maantay, Andrew Maroko, and Gretchen Culp
6 Geo-Information Technology for Infrastructural FloodRisk Analysis in Unplanned Settlements: A Case Study ofInformal Settlement Flood Risk in the Nyabugogo FloodPlain, Kigali City, Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Jean Pierre Bizimana and Michele Schilling
Part II Metropolitan Case Studies
7 A Respiratory Riskscape for Texas Cities: A SpatialAnalysis of Air Pollution, Demographic Attributes andDeaths from 2000 Through 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Susan M. Macey
ix
x Contents
8 Spatial Distribution of Toxic Release Inventory Sites inChicago Area: Is There Environmental Inequity? . . . . . . . . . . 157Fahui Wang and Yvette C. Feliberty
9 Risk and Exposure to Extreme Heat in Microclimates ofPhoenix, AZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Darren M. Ruddell, Sharon L. Harlan,Susanne Grossman-Clarke, and Alexander Buyantuyev
10 Wildfire Risk Analysis at the Wildland Urban Interface inTravis County, Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Yongmei Lu, Lori Carter, and Pamela S. Showalter
11 Early Warning of Food Security Crises in Urban Areas:The Case of Harare, Zimbabwe, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229Molly E. Brown and Christopher C. Funk
Part III Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and International Applications
12 Spatial Information Technologies for Disaster Managementin China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245Jing Li, Yunhao Chen, A-du Gong, and Weiguo Jiang
13 A Cybercartographic Tool for Supporting DisasterPrevention Planning Processes and EmergencyManagement in Mexico City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Elvia Martínez-Viveros and Fernando López-Caloca
14 Integration of Tsunami Analysis Tools into a GISWorkspace – Research, Modeling, and Hazard Mitigationefforts Within NOAA’s Center for Tsunami Research . . . . . . . . 273Nazila Merati, Christopher Chamberlin, Christopher Moore,Vasily Titov, and Tiffany C. Vance
15 Utilizing New Technologies in Managing Hazards and Disasters . . 295Ronald T. Eguchi, Charles K. Huyck, Shubharoop Ghosh,Beverley J. Adams, and Anneley McMillan
Part IV Hurricane Response/Recovery
16 Remote Sensing and GIS Data/Information in theEmergency Response/Recovery Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327Michael E. Hodgson, Bruce A. Davis, and Jitka Kotelenska
17 Investigating Recovery Patterns in Post Disaster UrbanSettings: Utilizing Geospatial Technology to UnderstandPost-Hurricane Katrina Recovery in New Orleans, Louisiana . . . 355Steven M. Ward, Michael Leitner, and John Pine
Contents xi
18 Space and Time Changes in Neighborhood Recovery Aftera Disaster Using a Spatial Video Acquisition System . . . . . . . . 373Andrew J. Curtis, Jacqueline W. Mills, Timothy McCarthy,A. Stewart Fotheringham, and William F. Fagan
Part V Evacuation Studies
19 Pre-evacuation Trip Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395Melany Noltenius and Bruce A. Ralston
20 Micro-Level Emergency Response: 3D Geometric Networkand an Agent-Based Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415Jinmu Choi and Jiyeong Lee
21 A Planning Support System for Terror-Resistant UrbanCommunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431Xinhao Wang, Joshua S. Belhadj, and Heng Wei
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Contributors
Beverley J. Adams ImageCat Ltd., Communications House, Surrey, KT21 2BT,United Kingdom, [email protected]
Joshua S. Belhadj School of Planning, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH45221-0016, USA, [email protected]
Jean Pierre Bizimana Department of Geography, Faculty of Sciences, NationalUniversity of Rwanda, Rwanda, Africa, [email protected]
Molly E. Brown NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA,[email protected]
Alexander Buyantuyev Sino-US Center for Conservation, Energy andSustainability Science (SUCCESS), Inner Mongolia University, Inner Mongolia010021, P.R. China, [email protected]
Fernando López-Caloca Centro de Investigación en Geografía y Geomática “Ing.Jorge L. Tamayo A.C., Contoy 137 Lomas de Padierna Tlalpan 14240 MéxicoD.F., [email protected].
Lori Carter Malcom Pirnie, Inc., Austin, TX 78701, USA, [email protected]
Christopher Chamberlin NOAA/PMEL/NCTR/JISAO, Seattle, WA 98115 USA,[email protected]
Yunhao Chen College of Resources, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875,China, [email protected]
Jinmu Choi Department of Geosciences, Mississippi State University, MS39762-5448, USA, [email protected]
Gretchen Culp Earth and Environmental Sciences Program, City University ofNew York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA, [email protected]
Andrew J. Curtis Department of Geography, University of Southern California,Kaprielian Hall (KAP), Los Angeles, CA 90089-0255, USA, [email protected]
xiii
xiv Contributors
Bruce A. Davis Infrastructure and Geophysical Division, Science and TechnologyDirectorate, Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC 20528,[email protected]
Philippe De Maeyer Department of Geography, Faculty of Sciences, GhentUniversity, 9000 Gent, Belgium, [email protected]
Pieter Deckers Department of Geography, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University,9000 Gent, Belgium, [email protected]
Ronald T. Eguchi ImageCat, Inc., Long Beach, CA 90802, USA,[email protected]
William F. Fagan Disaster Science and Management Program, CADGISResearch Laboratory, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA,[email protected]
Yvette C. Feliberty Department of Geography, Northern Illinois University,DeKalb, IL 60115, USA, [email protected]
Michael P. Finn US Geological Survey, Rolla, MO 65401, USA, [email protected]
A. Stewart Fotheringham National Centre for Geocomputation, NationalUniversity of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland,[email protected]
Christopher C. Funk University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106,[email protected]
Shubharoop Ghosh ImageCat, Inc., Long Beach, CA 90802, USA,[email protected]
A-du Gong Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management,Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China, [email protected]
Susanne Grossman-Clarke Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona StateUniversity, Tempe, AZ 85287-3211, USA, [email protected]
Sharon L. Harlan School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona StateUniversity, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402, USA, [email protected]
Michael E. Hodgson Department of Geography, University of South Carolina,Columbia, SC 29208, USA, [email protected]
Charles K. Huyck ImageCat, Inc., Long Beach, CA 90802, USA,[email protected]
Weiguo Jiang Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management,Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China, [email protected]
Wim Kellens Department of Geography, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University,9000 Gent, Belgium, [email protected]
Jitka Kotelenska CH2M HILL, WA 98004, USA, [email protected]
Contributors xv
Jiyeong Lee Department of Geoinfomatics, University of Seoul, Korea;Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, Korea, [email protected]
Michael Leitner Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana StateUniversity, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA, [email protected]
Jing Li Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, BeijingNormal University, Beijing 100875, China, [email protected]
Yongmei Lu Department of Geography, Texas State University-San Marcos,San Marcos, TX 78666, USA, [email protected]
Juliana Maantay Environmental, Geographic, and Geological SciencesDepartment, Lehman College, City University of New York, NY 10468, USA,[email protected]
Susan M. Macey James and Marilyn Lovell Center for Environmental Geographyand Hazards Research, Department of Geography, Texas State University-SanMarcos, San Marcos, TX, USA, [email protected]
Andrew Maroko Environmental, Geographic, and Geological SciencesDepartment, Lehman College, City University of New York, NY 10468, USA,[email protected]
Timothy McCarthy National Centre for Geocomputation, National University ofIreland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland, [email protected]
Anneley McMillan ImageCat Ltd., Communications House, Surrey KT21 2BT,UK, [email protected]
Nazila Merati NOAA/PMEL/NCTR/JISAO, Seattle, WA 98115, USA,[email protected]
Jacqueline W. Mills Department of Geography, California State University, LongBeach CA 90840-1101, USA, [email protected]
Christopher Moore PMEL/NCTR/JISAO, Seattle, WA 98115 USA,[email protected]
Melany Noltenius Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN 37996-0925, USA, [email protected]
Firooza Pavri Department of Geography-Anthropology, University of SouthernMaine, Gorham, ME 04038, USA, [email protected]
John Pine Research Institute for Environment, Energy and Economics,Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA, [email protected]
Bruce A. Ralston Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN 37996-0925, USA, [email protected]
Johan Reyns Department of Geography, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University,9000 Gent, Belgium, [email protected]
xvi Contributors
Darren M. Ruddell School of Geographical Sciences, Arizona State University,Tempe, AZ 85287-0104, USA, [email protected]
Michele Schilling Chemin des Clotts, 05 160 Saint Apollinaire, France,[email protected]
Pamela S. Showalter James and Marilyn Lovell Center for EnvironmentalGeography and Hazards Research, Department of Geography, Texas StateUniversity-San Marcos, TX 78666, USA, [email protected]
Vasily Titov PMEL/NCTR/JISAO, Seattle, WA 98115 USA,[email protected]
E. Lynn Usery U.S. Geological Survey, Rolla, MO 65401, USA, [email protected]
Tiffany C. Vance NOAA/NMFS/RACE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA,[email protected]
Wouter Vanneuville Flanders Hydraulics Research, Antwerpen, Belgium,[email protected]
Elvia Martínez-Viveros Centro de Investigación en Geografía y Geomática “Ing.Jorge L. Tamayo A.C., Contoy 137 Lomas de Padierna Tlalpan 14240 MéxicoD.F., [email protected]
Fahui Wang Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana StateUniversity, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA, [email protected]
Xinhao Wang School of Planning, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH45221-0016, USA, [email protected]
Steven M. Ward Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana StateUniversity, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA, [email protected]
Heng Wei Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University ofCincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, USA, [email protected]
