Emerging Pollutants

Water Environment Research Volume 81 Number 10mdashCopyright copy 2009 Water Environment Federation

2211

Emerging Pollutants

Martha JM Wells1 Audra Morse2 Katherine Y Bell3 Marie-Laure Pellegrin4 Lorien J Fono5

ABSTRACT Reports of water quality research and

management pertaining to emerging pollutants either

chemical or biological for which discussion of occurrence

surveys fate investigations treatment methodologies

modeling andor toxicityrisk assessment appearing in the

peer-reviewed literature during 2008 are presented

KEYWORDS

wastewater treatment pharmaceutical and personal care

products endocrine disrupting compounds toxicity risk

assessment modeling

doi102175106143009X12445568400854

mdashmdashmdashmdashmdashmdashmdashmdash

1Center for the Management Utilization and Protection of

Water Resources and Department of Chemistry Tennessee

Technological University Cookeville TN 38505 Tel 931-372-

6123 Fax 931-372-6346 e-mail mjmwellstntechedu

2Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas

3CDM Inc Nashville Tennessee

4HDR Inc Tampa Florida

5Carollo Engineers Walnut Creek California

Overview

Many definitions exist for Emerging Pollutants

but this review primarily concentrated on those for which

no regulations currently require monitoring or public

reporting of their presence in our water supply In addition

to the proliferation of peer-reviewed publications 2008 will

be remembered as the year in which investigative reports

conducted by the popular press heightened public

awareness of this issue An Associated Press investigation

(Donn Mendoza and Pritchard 2008abc) focused

attention on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in selected

drinking water supplies throughout the United States and

recent articles such as ldquoA Tall Cool Drink of hellip Sewagerdquo

in the New York Times (Royte 2008) and ldquoWhatrsquos Coming

from Your Taprdquo in the Wall Street Journal (Athavaley

2008) continued the discussion For those of us scientists

and engineers who have already been researching in this

field over the past decade these reports are not news After

the initial shock of finding that emerging pollutants

including pharmaceuticals and personal care products

(PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are

occurring in the urban water cycle the public has

experienced the aftershock of learning that the levels of

emerging pollutants are unregulated

In This Journal the previous topical review of the

literature on Emerging Pollutants appeared last year (Wells


2212

et al 2008) in conjunction with associated reviews on

Detection Occurrence and Fate of Emerging Contaminants

in Agricultural Environments (Snow et al 2008) and the

Fate of Environmental Pollutants (Darnault and Godinez

2008) This review concentrates on wastewater surface

water and groundwater issues however selected topics

related to drinking water and drinking water treatment

methodologies that might be applied to wastewater are

included

pharmEcovigilance

With the now-established potential for

unanticipated exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredient

(API) residues from environmental exposure Daughton

and Ruhoy (2008) coined the term pharmEcovigilance to

represent the interconnected need for protecting human and

ecological health The environmental footprint of the

healthcare industry and its responsibility for designing and

implementing approaches for reducing and controlling

pharmaceutical pollution in a sustainable manner was

discussed Gunnarsson and Wennmalm (2008) advocated

for the point-of-view that pharmaceutical producers should

highlight environmental precaution when designing new

drugs They reported on the development in Sweden of a

national classification system of pharmaceutical active

ingredients (AIs) based on risk and hazard The

classification may be pertinent with respect to future drug

design In a review of recent studies of source

apportionment and toxicity of pharmaceuticals in the

environment Schirmer and Schirmer (2008) advocated an

integrated approach in which the entire life cycle of

micropollutants must be evaluated to reduce their load in

the environment A research program was initiated

combining fate bioavailability and ecotoxicological effect

assessment of micropollutants in the urban aquatic

environment that ultimately supports environmentally

friendly chemical design The authors called on chemical

manufacturers and consumers to change their practices

Analytical Methodology

Individual analytical methods for emerging

pollutants are reviewed in other venues noted here for

reference Perez and Barcelo (2008) reviewed analytical

protocols used in determining drugs and some of their

metabolites in aqueous and solid environmental samples

while Klein et al (2008) reviewed analysis of

pharmaceuticals in soil manure and sludge to concentrate

on the important solid-bound fraction Richardson (2008)

published a biennial review of developments in

environmental mass spectrometry for emerging

environmental contaminants covering the period of 2006-

2007 including the study of air water soilsediment and

biological samples

Farre et al (2008a) reported that thirteen

laboratories in nine European countries conducted an

interlaboratory exercise to determine the repeatability and

reproducibility of analytical schemes for nonsteroidal anti-

inflammatory drugs A rigorous statistical comparison of

data for ketoprofen naproxen ibuprofen and dicolofenac

sampled from a variety of environmental matrices showed

variations in concentration between laboratories that were

not greater than expected by chance However differences


2213

in repeatability within individual laboratories were quite

low

Occurrence Surveys

The sources of PPCPs and other organic

contaminants often associated with the discharge of human

wastewater into the environment the range of

concentrations present in various environmental

compartments and the potential routes of

removalsequestration were described in a review by

Glassmeyer et al (2008) Bester et al (2008) presented an

overview of data available on the usage and fate of

xenobiotics in the urban water cycle They identified

stormwater management bank and soil infiltration and

underground and soil passage of polluted waters as major

gaps in our knowledge of the fate of organic pollutants in

these sectors of the urban water cycle A review of

emerging organic micropollutants in different source waters

used for artificial aquifer recharge and the recovered water

water was presented by Diaz-Cruz and Barcelo (2008)

Fate and removal of the pollutants were also addressed

Miegravege et al (2008) reviewed 113 publications to

quantitatively assess the occurrence and removal of PPCPs

in WWTPs Their work identified the most studied

compounds concentrations determined in environmental

samples as well as the impact of treatment processes on

PPCP removal efficiency

Water Viglino et al (2008) quantified

pharmaceuticals pesticides and selected metabolites in

wastewaters drinking and surface waters They

determined that caffeine carbamazepine and atrazine were

detected in all samples analyzed and other selected

compounds were always present in at least one of the

sample types Farre et al (2008b) analyzed seventeen

environmental samples from Spain three were surface

water from the Ebro River and fourteen were wastewater

from the influents and effluents of six wastewater treatment

plants (WWTPs) The most ubiquitous compounds in these

environmental samples were anti-inflammatory compounds

and analgesics antibiotics lipid regulators and

phytoestrogens Acetaminophen trimethoprim ranitidine

atenolol sulfamethoxazole ibuprofen gemfibrozil

diclofenac naprone daidzein and genistein were the most

frequently detected compounds The occurrence and

behavior of selected pharmaceuticals and EDCs were

studied by Zhang Hibberd and Zhou (2008) in waters of

the River Ouse West Sussex UK The purpose of the

experiments was to compare the results of spot sampling

with passive sampling using a polar organic chemical

integrative sampler (POCIS) Most of the target chemicals

were frequently detected

Acidic pharmaceuticals were evaluated by

Kasprzyk-Hordern et al (2008a) for their occurrence in the

Warta River Poland Concentrations of these compounds

were also measured at the influent and effluent of three

wastewater treatment plants that flowed to the Warta River

or its tributaries The average concentration of these

pharmaceuticals in raw sewage was a few ugL with

removal efficiencies of gt 97 for all compounds except

diclofenac (65 removal) However diclofenac ibuprofen

naproxen ketoprofen benzafibrate and clofibric acid were

found in all river samples at several ngL demonstrating the


2214

impact of WWTP discharges on receiving water bodies

Ten acidic drugs and caffeine were observed in the final

effluents of sewage treatment facilities in Millcove (Halifax

watershed) and Trenton (Pictou watershed) Nova Scotia

(Comeau et al 2008) Naproxen and ibuprofen two highly

used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and

caffeine were the predominant compounds Nakada et al

(2008) examined the occurrence of 13 PPCPs in 37

Japanese rivers groundwater and coastal estuaries

Concentrations of crotamiton carbamazepine ibuprofen

and mefenamic acid were positively correlated with

population Additionally crotamiton and carbamazepine

behaved conservatively across seasons for a range of

salinities thus demonstrating the potential use of these

compounds as conservative molecular markers for sewage

inputs into aquatic environments In the discharges of 11

WWTPs in Japan 26 out of 66 pharmaceuticals were

detected (Okuda et al 2008) Additionally BNR

processes reduced the concentration of the targeted

pharmaceuticals 15 times compared to the concentrations

in conventional activated sludge effluent and treatment of

the biological effluent with ozone lowered the

concentration and the number of compounds detected

Caffeine was the compound detected at the highest

concentration and disopryramide sulpiride and

dipyridamole were detected at concentrations greater than

100 ngL

Haack et al (2008) explored improved methods

for determining the presence and source of fecal pollution

in water Eighteen untreated surface waters at or near

municipal drinking water intakes were sampled in 10 US

states Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were compared with

organic wastewater chemicals and bacterial genes which

were found in some water samples that met FIB standards

The authors concluded that unlike FIB selected chemicals

and bacterial genes may indicate the sources of fecal

pollution

Water samples were collected from a network of

47 groundwater sites across 18 states in 2000 (Barnes et al

2008) All samples collected were analyzed for 65 organic

wastewater contaminants (OWC) representing a wide

variety of uses and origins OWC were detected in 81 of

the sites sampled with 35 of the 65 OWC being found at

least once The most frequently detected compounds

included NN-diethyltoluamide (35 insect repellant)

bisphenol A (30 plasticizer) tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate

(30 fire retardant) sulfamethoxazole (23 veterinary

and human antibiotic) and 4-octylphenol monoethoxylate

(19 detergent metabolite) Twenty pharmaceuticals and

personal care products were analyzed in the influent

effluent and biosolids of three wastewater treatment

facilities in Northwestern Ohio as well as a receiving

stream (Spongberg et al 2008) Concentrations were

compared to those reported in other studies Zarnadze and

Rodenburg (2008) measured polybrominated diphenyl

ethers (BDEs) in water samples from the New YorkNew

Jersey Harbor (USA) Eight BDE congeners were detected

The deca-congener BDE 209 comprised 85 and 9

respectively of particulate and apparent dissolved phases

Sorption of BDEs to colloids was determined to be

important Five of twelve PPCPs and EDCs were detected

in the effluent of four WWTPs discharging into the NYC


2215

watershed (Palmer et al 2008) The type and

concentration of the analytes in the effluent differed

between the plants and seasons which the authors

attributed to differences in WWTP operation and the

population generating the waste None of the analytes were

detected in the water collected west of the Hudson reservoir

but caffeine and ibuprofen were detected periodically in

samples collected east of the Hudson reservoir

Terzic et al (2008) performed an occurrence

survey of more than 70 micropollutants from a range of

classes of compounds in wastewaters from the Western

Balkans These compounds were widely detected with

surfactants being amongst the most prevalent at

concentrations up to the mgL range These results are of

some concern because relatively few Western Balkan

treatment facilities employ secondary treatment Samples

were collected from 26 groundwater and 49 surface water

sources for public drinking water systems in the US and

Puerto Rico by Focazio et al (2008) These systems served

populations from one family to 8 million people The most

frequently detected OWCs in surface water were

cholesterol metolachlor cotinine β-sitosterol and

dimethylxanthine in groundwater tetrachloroethylene

carbamazepine bisphenol A 17-dimethylanthine and tri(2-

chloroethyl)phosphate were most frequently detected

OWCs were also more frequently detected in surface water

than in groundwater likely reflecting the direct transport

mechanisms of OWCs Filik et al (2008) monitored for ρ-

aminophenol (PAP) which appears in the environment from

chemical and pharmaceutical industrial wastewater

discharges Their limit of detection 002 mgL was lower

than that of a previously reported sensor method (009

mgL)

Water sources in the Llobregat river basin were

analyzed for 7 estrogens 3 progestogens 6

pharmaceuticals and personal care products and 5 acidic

pesticides (Kuster et al 2008) Although estrone estrone

sulfate and progesterone were detected the most ubiquitous

and abundant compounds detected were MCPA and 24-D

both of which are pesticides The levels detected in this

study were lower than previously reported concentrations

which the author contributed to efforts to improve the water

quality of the Llobregat watershed

Hospital Wastewater Discharge Hawkshead

III (2008) conducted a review of literature on the presence

of antibiotics disinfectants surfactants and drug resistant

organisms in hospital wastewater The author concluded

that because hospitals are a major source of these

contaminants to WWTPs and the environment that an on-

site treatment approach using a multibarrier process scheme

may be necessary to address these complex waste streams

The prevalence of co-resistance to four disinfectants and

seven antibiotics was investigated among 57 bacterial

strains isolated from the effluents of three hospital

laboratories (Adelowo et al 2008) The organisms

belonging to seven genera of public health importance

showed varying degrees of resistance to the test

antimicrobial agents ranging from 0 to 778 The

observed co-resistance to antimicrobial agents among the

organisms reported is an indication of the risks posed by

untreated effluents to public health It also adds to the


2216

increasing evidence about the role of hospital wastewaters

as environmental reservoirs of multi-drug-resistant bacteria

DiurnalSeasonal Variability Takao et al

(2008) evaluated a suite of PPCPs in raw residential

wastewater at different times of day in three seasons Most

compounds analyzed showed marked diurnal changes the

exception was triclosan which has generally constant

concentrations throughout the day Seasonal changes in

concentrations were noted for antipyretic analgesics which

were higher in winter and for triclosan which was higher in

summer Kanda and Churchley (2008) conducted a survey

of endocrine disrupting compounds including estrone (E1)

17β-estradiol (E2) 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2)

nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenolethoxylate (NPEO) in

samples from a nitrifying secondary wastewater treatment

plant Results were used to calculate estradiol equivalents

(EEQs) which were compared to yeast estrogenicity screen

(YES) assay data Diurnal patterns of E1 and E2 were

noted in the influent with return sludge Removals of E1

and E2 through the plant was gt 98 removal of

estrogenicity as measured by the YES assay was gt 99 In

an occurrence survey of three urban streams and the Major

Pearl River at Guangzhou showed the concentration of acid

pharmaceuticals and phenolic compounds were moderately

correlated with coprostanol indicating domestic

wastewater was a significant contributor of pharmaceutical

residues in the Gangzhou River (Peng et al 2008)

Additionally the researchers observed higher

concentrations in low-flow season therefore dilution by

rainfall impacted measured PPCP concentrations

On-site Wastewater Disposal Systems

Standley et al (2008) investigated whether groundwater

contaminated by discharge from on-site septic systems

affected water quality in surface water ecosystems They

demonstrated that aquifer fed ponds were susceptible to

contamination by estrogenic and other organic wastewater

compounds through recharge from aquifers contaminated

by residential septic systems Concentration was related to

residential density The occurrence of 12 PPCPs was

evaluated by Carrara et al (2008) for three on-site

wastewater disposal systems in Ontario Canada The

presence and distribution of these compounds in septic

tanks and groundwater below and downgradient of the

septic infiltration beds suggested that the persistence of

PPCPs is closely related to the oxidation-reduction

conditions of the wastewater disposal area

SoilsSludgesSediments As a frequently less

studied media as well as a difficult matrix to analyze

Barron et al (2008) developed an analytical method to

determine 27 commonly prescribed and used

pharmaceuticals and personal care products in digested

sludges and soils enriched with biosolids The researchers

identified contaminants including warfarin carbamezepine

and triclosan in soils and sludges Jeanneau et al (2008)

identified molecular markers in the extractable organic

matter fraction of sediment from the Moselle and Fensch

Rivers in France Quantification of natural pyrogenic

petrogenic and sewage water markers allowed comparison

of anthropogenic and natural inputs of sedimentary organic

matter Results showed that sediments deposited by high

flow have anthropogenic markers that are high molecular


2217

weight polyaromatic hydrocarbons and diagenetic hopanes

with those deposited by low flows have higher

concentrations of anthropogenic low molecular weight

markers

Land Application Xu et al (2008) analyzed for

emerging pollutants in soil samples collected from a golf

course in southern California USA that was irrigated with

reclaimed wastewater over a period of time They detected

clofibric acid ibuprofen naproxen triclosan bisphenol A

and estrone at concentration levels of ng per gram dry

weight Inorganic and 64 organic wastewater compounds

(OWCs) were used by Katz and Griffin (2008) to assess the

impact of land application of treated municipal sewage on

groundwater quality in a northern Florida basin Results

showed that the karstic Ichetucknee Springs basin is highly

vulnerable to septic tanks land application of wastewater

fertilizers and surface fecal matter originating from

wildlife Also while most OWCs were found at low

concentrations carbamazepine was ubitiquous because it is

not easily degraded and is a suitable indicator to assess

wastewater impacts on groundwater Topp et al (2008)

investigated the role of beneficial management practices at

preventing the runoff of pharmaceuticals from land-applied

biosolids Broadcast application was compared to

subsurface injection of biosolids contaminated with

pharmaceuticals Levels of pharmaceuticals in the runoff

from the area where broadcast application was practiced

were 70-1477 ngL whereas they were below the limit of

quantification in the area where subsurface injection had

been used Chefetz Mualem and Ben-Ari (2008) studied

the use of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation as a potential

source for introduction of the pharmaceutical compounds

carbamazepine naproxen and diclofenac into the

environment Their data suggested that both quantity and

the physicochemical nature of soil organic matter (SOM)

affected sorption interactions Carbamazepine and

diclofenac were classified as slowly-mobile in SOM-rich

soil whereas their mobility increased in SOM-poor soils

diclofenac exhibited sorption-desorption hysteresis

Bradford et al (2008) reviewed the environmental impact

and sustainability of concentrated animal feeding operation

(CAFO) wastewater reuse on agricultural lands focusing

on sources composition application practices

environmental issues transport pathways and potential

treatments Of particular concern are chemical

contaminants that (a) do not sorb to solids (b) become

associated with colloids or (c) are associated with

sediments in runoff water Deoxynivalenol and zeralenone

a potentent natural estrogen are mycotoxins produced by

fungal species growing on grain cereal crops and maize

Bucheli et al (2008) studied the fate of deoxynivalenol and

zearalenone in watersheds in Switzerland and found ngL to

microgL concentrations in surface water receiving drainage

from wheat fields and agricultural lands indicating runoff

from agricultural fields may be a more important source of

zearalenone contamination than cattle excretion With the

application of sludge biosolid and animal manure as

alternative fertilizers in agricultural lands estrogens enter

the soil and become an environmental concern The

degradation kinetics of 17β-estradiol an estrogenic

hormone of major concern in a silt loam soil were

investigated by Xuan et al (2008) It was found that 17 β-


2218

estradiol degraded rapidly in nonsterilized soil with a half-

life of 017 day The degradation rate constant was

proportional to the percentage of nonsterilized soil

indicating that microorganisms are directly responsible for

the rapid degradation of 17β-estradiol in soil Lapen et al

(2008) assessed the presence of pharmaceuticals and

personal care products due to the application of liquid

municipal biosolids and determined that the concentration

of PPCPs was a function of land application method

(surface spreading vs subsurface slurry deposition) and the

chemical properties of the compound Additionally their

results suggested that Rhodamine WT an adsorptive

fluorescent xanthene dye typically used to characterize

groundwater flow behavior may be a suitable surrogate for

PPCPs

Drugs of Abuse Postigo Lopez de Alda and

Barcelo (2008a) analyzed various influent and effluent

samples from four Spanish sewage treatment plants and

demonstrated the presence of benzoylecgonine (BE) at

microgram per liter levels of cocaine (CO) cocaethylene

(CE) ephedrine (EPH) 34-

methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and morphine

(MOR) at high nanogram per liter levels and of

amphetamine (AM) methamphetamine (MA) heroin

(HER) 6-acetylmorphine (6ACM) and cannabinoids at

low nanogram per liter levels Effluent samples showed the

lowest concentrations of the studied compounds In some

cases negative removals of 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (nor-

THC) and MDMA were observed Zuccato et al (2008a)

tested a sewage epidemiology approach using levels of

selected excreted drug residues in wastewater including

cocaine opiates cannabis and amphetamines to monitor

collective community use of the major drugs of abuse in

near real time They compared patterns of drug use in

different communities by analyzing wastewater collected at

major sewage treatment plants in Milan (Italy) Lugano

(Switzerland) and London (United Kingdom)The method

detected significant fluctuations in consumption such as the

rise in cocaine use toward the weekend and small

variations in drugs that tend to be consumed steadily such

as cannabis Analyses of drugs of abuse and their human

metabolites were also used by Postigo Lopez de Alda and

Barcelo (2008b) to estimate community levels of drug

abuse These compounds were determined to occur in the

microgL to ngL range in surface water and sewage water

Concentrations measured in influent can be used to back

calculate usage in the community normalized by

consideration of population water flow and metabolic

excretion Castiglioni et al (2008) presented an overview

of the occurrence of the most widely used illicit drugs and

of the analytical methods used for their detection in

wastewater and surface water Widespread contamination

by residues of common illicit drugsmdashcocaine and many of

its metabolites morphine various amphetamines and the

major metabolite of the cannabinoid THC--in surface water

(rivers and lakes) was reported Zuccato et al (2008b)

They reported for the first time the occurrence of

methadone and its metabolite 2-ethylidene-15-dimethyl-

33-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) in surface water and

confirmed the presence of codeine The authors pointed

out that global production of major illicit drugs is

comparable to that of widely used pharmaceuticals


2219

Kasprzyk-Hordern Dinsdale and Guwy (2008b) conducted

a comprehensive 10 month study of 56 pharmaceuticals and

personal care products (PPCPs) in two Welsh Rivers the

Taff a major river and the River Ely a small shallow river

Most PPCPs were found in single ugL concentrations in

both rivers and treated wastewater was found to be the

primary cause of PPCP contamination The most frequently

detected PPCPs were also those that were most dispensed

in the Welsh community Illicit drugs were found in the

rivers at low ngL concentrations and the occurrence of

amphetamine cocaine and its main metabolite were

associated with high illegal usages and discharge of

insufficiently treated wastewater

Huerta-Fontela Galceran and Ventura (2008a)

and Huerta-Fontela et al (2008b) studied the occurrence of

stimulatory and psychoactive drugs including cocaine

LSD PCP and others in the Llobregat River in Spain as

well as the ability to remove these drugs in a surface water

treatment plant The highest concentration of these drugs

was greatest in the Anoia tributaries and Rubi Creek at

mass loadings ranging from nondetects to 60 gday The

WTP raw influent contained the stimulatory drugs

concentrations peaked Saturday to Monday and were

highest in the winter Elimination of the drugs during

water treatment varied from 74 to 100 percent The

researchers measured concentrations of these drugs through

drinking water treatment processes including pre-

chlorination flocculation sand filtration ozonation and

post-chlorination In surface water illicit drugs including

cocaine benzoylecgonine amphetamine

methamphetamine ecstacy and its metabolite were detected

at 4 ndash 350 ngL nicotine and caffeine were found at ugL

concentrations Most compounds were degraded through

the drinking water treatment processes with only caffeine

continine and benzoylecgonine persisting in finished water

although significant reductions were achieved during

treatment The occurrence of psychoactive drugs was also

surveyed in 42 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in

Spain Researchers found that caffeine and nicotine were

most frequently detected of non-controlled substances Of

the controlled drugs cocaine and its metabolite

benzoylecgonine were detected in 40 of 42 WWTPs The

removal efficiencies of the target analytes were evaluated

in 8 of the plants nicotine and caffeine were removed at 75

ndash 99 removals of controlled drugs varied widely Daily

variations of concentrations of these drugs showed that

increases of amphetamines and remarkable increases of

ecstacy were found on weekends cocaine concentrations

remained constant throughout the week

Regulation

The Water Framework Directive (WFD)

legislation that has been in place since 2000 aiming to

coordinate existing European Union (EU) water policy was

discussed by Fuumlrhacker (2008) Its principle objectives are

to achieve rdquogoodrdquo water quality and restore all waters of

the EU to ldquogoodrdquo status by 2015 using a watershed

approach To reach this goal the WFD sets pollution

prevention and control requirements including elimination

of all direct discharges to surface waters by 2025 One

confounding factor of meeting the WFD goals are the risks

associated with emerging contaminants because these


2220

constituents are not currently regulated under the Urban

Wastewater Treatment Directive And while the WFD is a

valuable framework it will be a considerable effort to meet

the EU goals

Fate Investigations

Bai et al (2008) employed fluorescence

spectroscopy to study the interaction between

carbamazepine and humic substances The addition of

carbamazepine quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of

humic substances The influence of pH and Cu2+ ions was

minimal Binding of carbanzaepine with humic substances

reduces the concentration of free carbamazepine and

increases solubility and mobility in the environment

Carballa et al (2008) determined the solid-water

distribution coefficient (Kd) and the organic carbon

normalized distribution coefficient (Koc) of several

pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine ibuprofen naproxen

diclofenac iopromide sulfamethoxazole and

roxithromycin) three estrogens (estrone 17β-estradiol and

17α-ethinylestradiol) and two musk fragrances (HHCB and

AHTN) in digested sludge These sorption coefficients can

be used to evaluate the fate of these substances during

sludge treatment thus avoiding expensive and time-

consuming analyses in the sludge phase

An analytical method was developed to quantify

estrogen concentrations in a high strength graywater waste

stream treated by a small bench scale system developed for

space applications Due to the size of the bench scale

system deconjugation was the most predominant reaction

occurring in the graywater treatment system (Kvanli et al

2008)

In comparing the sorption of ciprofloxacin and

structurally-related probe compounds flumequine and

phenylpiperazine Mackay and Seremet (2008) show probe

compounds have the potential to provide quantitative

sorption predictions for complex sorbates with multiple

functional groups The probes in this study would be

appropriate for estimating cation-exchange and complex

interaction contributions to sorption for other

fluoroquinolone antibiotics

The biodegradability of a suite of endocrine

disrupting chemicals was investigated by the OECD

method 301F manometric respirometry test with an

inoculum of activated sludge (Stasinakis et al 2008a)

Biodegradation half-lives varied from 13 to 69 days

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging

contaminants that are being found at elevated levels in

sediments and other aquatic compartments in areas of

intensive agricultural and urban activity Engemann et al

(2008) examined the fate of tetracycline-resistance genes in

bacterial hosts released in cattle feedlot wastewater using

field-scale mesocosms to quantify ARG attenuation rate in

the water column and also the migration of ARGs into

peripheral biofilms First order water column disappearance

coefficients (Kd) for the sum of the six genes (tetR) were

always higher in sunlight than in the dark (-072 d-1 and -

051 d-1 respectively) However water column kd varied

among genes (tet(O) lt tet(W) lt tet(M) lt tet(Q) tet(B) and

tet(L) were below detection) and some genes particularly

tet(W) readily migrated into biofilms suggesting that


2221

different genes be considered separately and peripheral

compartments be included in future fate models

Water Huang Dodd and Shah (2008)

examined the interactions with aqueous chlorine of four

representative structural classes of antibacterials including

quinoxaline NNrsquo-dioxide fluoroquinolone sulfonamide

and pyrimidine under typical drinking water and

wastewater conditions They investigated the chemical

reactivity reaction kinetics products and pathways for

transformation of antibacterials with free chlorine

Reaction kinetic rates were pH-dependent and were

described by a second-order model incorporating the acid-

base speciation of reactants Pothitou and Voutsa (2008)

reported the occurrence and fate of phenolic and steroid

EDCs distributed among the dissolved phase and

associated with suspended solids and sludge in sewage and

industrial (textile and tannery) wastewater plants

Nonylphenols and oligomers with one or two ethoxy

groups dominated in raw wastewater and sewage treatment

followed by triclosan and bisphenol A Steroids existed at

low concentrations Most phenolic EDCs were associated

with suspended solids in influents and in the dissolved

fraction in treated effluents

The mode of action of azole compounds implies a

potential to affect endocrine systems of different organisms

and is reason for environmental concern (Kahle et al

2008) The occurrence and fate of nine agricultural azole

fungicides some of them also used as biocides and four

azole pharmaceuticals were studied in wastewater treatment

plants (WWTPs) and lakes in Switzerland Two

pharmaceuticals (fluconazole clotrimazole 10-110 ngL)

and two biocides (propiconazole tebuconazole 1-30 ngL)

were consistently observed in WWTP influents Loads

determined in untreated and treated wastewater indicated

that fluconazole propiconazole and tebuconazole were

largely unaffected by wastewater treatment but

clotrimazole was effectively eliminated (gt80)

ManureCAFOsSoils Boxall (2008) reviewed

the inputs of veterinary medicines to the environment and

summarized their fate and transport in manure and soils

Data gaps in our understanding and research needs are

discussed Adams (2008a) summarized treatment of

antibiotics in swine wastewater Promising approaches to

limiting discharge of antibiotics into the environment from

swine operations included reducing antibiotic use

particularly for growth promotion switching to more easily

treatable antibiotics and using chlorination after aerobic

biological ammonia removal

Henderson Moorman and Coats (2008)

evaluated the mobility and degradation of the veterinary

antibiotic tylosin and the mobility of enteric bacteria in

undisturbed agronomic soil columns The movement to

surface water persistence in soil and transformation

processes and products of tylosin were investigated

Dolliver and Gupta (2008) monitored leaching of the

antibiotics chlortetracycline monesin and tylosin in runoff

from unprotected beef manure stockpiles under differing

weather conditions Highest concentrations for

chlortetracycline monesin and tylosin were determined to

be 210 3175 and 2544 microgL respectively Over time in

situ biotic and abiotic degradation of antibiotics in manure

stockpiles was important Their data demonstrated that


2222

runoff from unprotected manure piles contributes to

antibiotic contamination of aquatic environments

The occurrence persistence treatment and

transformation of natural and exogenous hormones in waste

from dairy beef poultry swine and horse CAFOs were

examined by Zhao Knowlton and Love (2008) The

biochemistry physiological functions excretion

degradation and environmental effects of hormones

(estrogens androgens progesterone and various synthetic

hormones) contained in the manure from CAFOs were

presented The effects of common best management

practices (BMPs) including buffer strips constructed

wetlands and controlled stream access on the fate of

excreted hormones were summarized

Carmosini and Lee (2008) discuss studies that

were instrumental in determining the sorption behavior of

pharmaceuticals in soil and manure The authors also

reviewed emerging research on degradation of antibiotics

and hormones in the environment and outline future field

studies needed Schneider (2008) described model

experiments on degradation leaching and plant uptake of

two sulfonamide antimicrobialsmdashsulfamethazine and

sulfamethoxazolemdashfrom soil The study was conducted

due to concerns that uptake of pharmaceuticals by plants

from contaminated soils could lead to accumulation in

edible parts of crops The sulfonamides were not degraded

in four soils to half of the initial concentration after 3

months Fresh soil resulted in higher degradation and may

indicate strong binding to the soil matrix over time

Measured concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the Mexico

City-Mezquital Valley wastewater irrigation system were

compared to concentrations estimated based on usage data

and were found to be similar for most substances (Siemens

et al 2008) Concentrations of basic and neutral

compounds were reduced due to soil retention during

reservoir storage and soil passage but those of acidic

compounds were unchanged

MetabolicTransformation Products Batt

Kostich and Lazorchak (2008) reported analyses for 48

human prescription active pharmaceutical ingredients

(APIs) and 6 metabolites of interest in seven wastewater

effluents and one surface water sample At a minimum at

least one detection was determined for 38 of the 54

compounds tested with effluent concentrations ranging

from 7 to 2950 ngL and surface water concentrations

ranging from 10 to 140 ngL Stulten et al (2008)

examined the effluent of six wastewater treatment plants in

Germany for diclofenac and it metabolites The authors

noted that the relatively high concentrations of metabolites

(median concentrations up to 071 microgL) are significant

because they have toxicological similarities to the parent

compound Kosjek et al (2008) identified

biotransformation products of diclofenac a nonsteroidal

anti-inflammatory drug in a pilot wastewater treatment

plant effluent Three of four degradation products were

positively identified to be hydroxy-diclofenac a quinine

imine derivative of diclofenac and a previously

unrecognized nitro analogue of diclofenac The results

indicated incomplete mineralization during activated sludge

treatment

Wastewater effluent and samples collected from a

wastewater-dominated stream were examined for


2223

antidepressant pharmaceuticals and their degradates by

Schultz and Furlong (2008) Venlafaxine was the

predominant antidepressant observed in wastewater and

river water samples Individual antidepressant

concentrations found in the wastewater effluent ranged

from 3 (duloxetine) to 2190 ngL (venlafaxine) whereas

individual concentrations in the waste-dominated stream

ranged from 072 (norfluoxetine) to 1310 ngL

(venlafaxine) The authors concluded that conventional

wastewater treatment does not completely remove

antidepressant pharmaceuticals and that WWTPs are a

point source of antidepressants to the environment Diaz-

Cruz Garcia-Galan and Barcelo (2008) examined the

occurrence of nine sulfonamide antibiotics and one N4-

acetylated metabolite in environmental waters (wastewater

surface water and groundwater) and bottled mineral water

In a bench-top test that simulated the conditions of surface

water Trautwein et al (2008) investigated the

biodegradability of the pharmaceutical veraprinil The

compound was found to partially degrade and dead-end

metabolites were identified

The degradation of acetaminophen and the

formation of the toxic byproduct 14-benzoquinone upon

chlorination with sodium hypochlorite were monitored by

Xagoraraki et al (2008) The highest degradation rates

were observed at pH 90 and the lowest degradation rates

were observed at pH 60 Acetaminophen degradation was

greatest at chlorine-to-pharmaceutical molar ratios of

approximately 10000 and lowest at molar ratios of

approximately 100 Depending on chlorination conditions

up to 687 of acetaminophen may be converted into 14-

benzoquinone Data from the biotransformation of EE2 in

batch reactors of pure cultures of the ammonia-oxidizing

bacteria Nitrosomonas europaea shows the most polar

EE2 bacterial metabolite M386 contained a hydroxyl

group an aldehyde group and a carboxylic group NMR

data combined with the LC-IT-MS data allowed the

identities of M341A and M341B both abiotic products

of EE2 degradation to be designated as 4-nitro-EE2 and

2-nitro-EE2 respectively (Skotnicka-Pitak et al 2008)

Treatment Methodologies

Suarez et al (2008) compiled a generalized

review of technologies for removing pharmaceuticals and

personal care products in wastewater Winker et al (2008)

conducted a literature survey comparing concentrations of

pharmaceuticals in human urine to concentrations in raw

municipal wastewater The data revealed that although

some pharmaceuticals are excreted via feces urine is the

major contributor of these pollutants to municipal

wastewater The authors demonstrated that the correlation

between concentrations in urine and in raw wastewater

were weak concluding that environmental effects occur in

wastewater between the time of excretion until entering a

wastewater treatment plant Therefore the authors

concluded that handlingtreatment of urine as a separate

wastewater stream would improve environmental safety

The current debate regarding emerging

contaminants and indirect potable water reuse and aquifer

recharge was reviewed by Wintgens et al (2008)

Treatment technologies in full scale water reuse schemes

were discussed Sulfamethoxazole iopromide atrazine

estrone carbamazepine diatrizoate


2224

ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA)

alkylphenolpolyethoxycarboxylates (APECs) p-

toluenesulfonamide (p-TSA) and benzenesulfonamide

(BSA) were reported to occur at various sampling points

within indirect potable reuse and aquifer recharge schemes

Bench-scale pilot-scale and full-scale evaluations for

removal of EDCs and pharmaceuticals during conventional

and advanced water treatment processes was investigated

by Snyder Lei and Wert (2008) focusing on oxidation

magnetic ion-exchange and activated carbon At the doses

investigated complete mineralization did not occur in the

oxidation techniques studied

Kim et al (2008) discussed pharmaceutical

removal from wastewater by biodegradation and sorption

processes Knowing that advanced treatment technologies

will not be affordable at many municipal WWTPs the

authors proposed that prolonging the solids retention time

(SRT) in biological wastewater treatment processes may be

a simple solution to reduce levels of pharmaceuticals in

treated wastewater Chemical processes during biological

wastewater treatment including full-scale PPCP removal

performance focused on sorption and biodegradation was

reviewed by Harper Jr Floyd-Smith and Yi (2008) They

reported that removal efficiencies can vary as a function of

the type of compound the sludge retention time (SRT) the

chemical characteristics of the sludge and the operating

conditions of the WWTP The authors also discussed

possible effects of antibiotics on the spread of

antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms via activated sludge

processing and concluded that the potential exists to

discharge antibiotic-resistant organisms into the aquatic

environment from the activated sludge process

Heidler and Halden (2008) examined mass

balances of chemical fate during wastewater treatment for

various organic wastewater contaminants including

prescription drugs estrogens fragrances antimicrobials

and surfactants A meta-analysis of peer-reviewed data

identified sorption potential as the principal determinant

governing chemical persistence in biosolids however they

concluded that hydrophobicity had no or limited value for

estimating aqueous-phase removal efficiency and the

overall persistence of a chemical during conventional

wastewater treatment

Factors such as pH ionic strength and

temperature and their affect on the rate of hydrolysis of

chlorotetracyclines (CTC) oxytetracyclines (OTC) and

tetracycline (TCT) and other selected antibiotics were

measured Hydrolysis of CTC OTC and TCT was

temperature dependent and degradation rates were CTC gt

OTCgt TCT Overall tetracyclines are expected to degrade

in natural water but sulfonamides tylosin A lincomycin

and trimethoprim are not expected to hydrolyze in natural

systems (Loftin et al 2008)

Cokgor et al (2008) evaluated the effect of

mixing the effluent of a pharmaceutical plant producing

acetylsalicylic acid with tannery wastewater on the

biodegradation of the effluents The evaluation involved the

analysis of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) profiles of each

wastewater and the mixture by respirometry Model

evaluation of the respirometric data sets a workable


2225

protocol for the assessment of the compatibility of different

wastewater mixtures for biological treatability

Nineteen antimicrobial compounds were

investigated in surface water impacted by wastewater

treatment discharges and in bank filtered water used for

drinking water production (Heberer et al 2008) Only

seven of the compounds were found in the surface water

and only three at median concentrations above their limit of

quantitation however a significant seasonal variation in

concentrations was observed The degradation of

clindamycin and sulfamethoxazole in bank filtered water

was redox dependent with sulfamethoxazole being the most

persistant compound Sulfamethoxazole was the only

antimicrobial agent present in bank filtered water after a

residence time of two to four months although at very low

concentrations indicating that bank filtration may be an

effective barrier to many antimicrobial agents

Concentrations of five non-pharmaceutical

endocrine disrupting compounds were measured in raw and

treated wastewater and sewage sludge at eight wastewater

treatment plants in Greece (Stasinakis et al 2008b) These

compounds were largely sorbed to sewage sludge and with

the exception of 4-n-nonyphenol they were largely

removed (gt85) during treatment by sorption and

degradation

Using T-RFLP profiles and two clone libraries

researchers determined that the presence of

pharmaceuticals in wastewater at concentrations of 50 microgL

had a stronger influence on community structure than time

variability for reactors operated for two years Nitrospira

were not detected after the pharmaceutical addition

suggesting pharmaceutical concentrations can negatively

impact nitrogen removal (Kraigher et al 2008)

The fate of phenazone-type pharmaceuticals were

investigated during a bank filtration study at a site in Berlin

(Massmann et al 2008) Phenazone-type residue

elimination was shown to be a function of oxygen

concentration which was a function of seasons

To assess biotransformation rates of wastewater-

derived contaminants such as hormones pharmaceuticals

and personal care products Lim Snyder and Sedlak

(2008) operated microcosm studies containing

biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) Their

results indicate that natural attenuation of hormones and

PPCP products may be negatively impacted at low

concentrations of BDOC However inputs of BDOCs from

autochthonous sources may improve natural attenuation

rates Two microcosm wetland systems were injected with

dissolved (glucose) and particulate (starch) organic carbon

sources to determine the impact on carbon type on

carbamezepine and ibuprofen removal (Matamoros et al

2008a) The results show that pharmaceutical removal

efficiency was not a function of organic matter at steady

state however the rates of the reactions varied

PFOS and PFOA are perfluorinated surfactants

that have been measured in concentrations up to 43348

ngL in environmental samples Ochoa-Herrera and Sierra-

Alvarez (2008) assessed their removal along with PFBS

using granular activated carbon zeolites and wastewater

treatment plant sludges The authors determined that GAC

had the greatest adsorption but was affected by the


2226

substitution of the sulfonic group by carboxylic group and

the size of the fluorocarbon chain

The growth and composition of microorganisms

found in a municipal wastewater treatment plant were

investigated by Wang Holzem and Gunsch (2008) in the

presence of four pharmaceutically active compounds

(PhACs)--ketoprofen naproxen carbamazepine and

clofibric acid Overall the data suggested that microbial

growth inhibition was correlated to organic loading rather

than PhAC concentration and that PhACs may affect

overall microbial growth and ecology

Composting To assess the removal of

micropollutants during composting Patureau et al (2008)

monitored LAS NPE PAH PCB and oestrogen in dried

sludge composting starting mixture and final product The

concentrations of NPE PAH and oestrogens decreased

during composting whereas LAS and PCB concentrations

increased

Enzymatic Treatment Auriol et al (2008)

assessed the ability of two enzymes laccase plus oxygen

and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) plus hydrogen peroxide

to reduce the estrogenic activity of synthetic and real

wastewater Laccase showed similar estrogenic activities

removals regardless of wastewater type Additionally the

enzyme catalyzed systems exhibited a pseudo-first-order

dependence on the steroid estrogen concentration and the

enzyme HRP shows more affinity for E2 and EE2 than

laccase at optimal pH (70) and 25 plusmn 1 oC however

laccase seems to have more affinity towards the substrate

E1 and E3 than HRP Globally both enzymes present the

same order of magnitude for the Michaelis constant KM

values (132ndash747)

Septic systems Wilcox et al (2008) analyzed

effluent samples from conventional septic systems (septic

tanks and leach fields) and from septic systems using

advanced treatment technologies (aerobic treatment units

and single-pass sand filters) Caffeine paraxanthine and

acetaminophen were the most frequently detected

compounds and estrogenic activity was detected in 14 of 15

systems Effluent that underwent advanced treatment had

lower concentrations of organic wastewater contaminants

comparable to concentrations measured at municipal

WWTPs

PhysicalChemical SeparationsmdashMembranes

and Activated Carbon A study by To et al (2008) used

14-dichlorobenzene and Suwanee River natural organic

matter (NOM) to evaluate the competitive and pore

blocking effects on powdered activated carbon (PAC)

adsorptiondesorption of atrazine Results of batch

equilibrium and kinetic experiments were modeled and

showed that a high concentration of the highly competing

fraction of NOM impaired removal of micropollutants

However if the carbon is nearly saturated with the target

compound pore blocking NOM may serve to reduce

micropollutant desorption Saravia et al (2008) found that

natural organic matter can link PAC particles leading to

fouling in an adsorption-membrane hybrid treatment

system In this system pharmaceutical removal was

greater than 998 percent for most compounds

Yu Peldszus and Huck (2008a) examined the

adsorption of two pharmaceuticalsmdashnaproxen and


2227

carbamazepinemdashand an endocrine disrupting compoundmdash

nonylphenolmdashon two types of activated carbon

Environmentally relevant concentrations (lt1 microgL) were

examined The authors determined that adsorbabilities of

the target compounds were not in agreement with their log

Kow values Background natural organic matter (NOM)

reduced the adsorption of all three compounds

Three commercially available nanofiltration

(NF)reverse osmosis (RO) membranes were investigated

by Nghiem and Coleman (2008) for rejection of triclosan in

the presence of model organic foulants and colloids The

unique hydrophobic ionogenic profile of triclosan was

applied to discuss its NFRO filtration behavior

Enhancement of rejection of triclosan occurred when the

membranes were pre-fouled with model organic foulants

Two endocrine disrupting compounds (17α-ethinylestradiol

and bisphenol A) and two cytostatic compounds (5-

fluorouracil and cytarabine) were examined by Kazner et

al (2008) during NF and PACNF treatment for high

quality water reuse of tertiary effluent from a municipal

WWTP With NF alone direct removal of micropollutants

was 5 to 40 with adsorption to the membrane accounting

for 35 to 70 removal Performance was improved--gt95

to 99 removal--by combining NF with an upstream PAC

adsorption step Radjenovic et al (2008) investigated

the removal of pharmaceuticals during drinking water

treatment of contaminated groundwater by NF and RO

Greater than 85 initial removal was achieved with both

types of membranes although removal subsequently

deteriorated for acetaminophen gemfibrozil and

mefenamic acid Laboratory-scale experiments simulating

drinking water treatment processes including chlorination

coagulationmdashsedimentation and PAC treatments were

conducted for 9 pharmaceuticals by Simazaki et al (2008)

Competitive adsorption was observed with PAC for

mixtures of the target pharmaceuticals Unknown

chlorinated by-products were formed Coagulationmdash

sedimentation using polyaluminum chloride did not

successfully remove the pharmaceuticals

Sang et al (2008) used an inorganic polymer

coagulantmdashpolyaluminum(III)-magnesium(II) sulfatemdashto

remove color and organic compounds in secondary effluent

of landfill leachate Removal rates were dependent upon

chemical structure alkyl alkene acyclic alcohol and

acyclic acyl amine compounds were nearly to completely

removed acids esters and ketone compounds were mostly

removed and benzene ring-containing compounds such as

aromatic hydrocarbons hydroxybenzene aromatic

alcohols and aromatic acyl amines were partially removed

Three techniques were evaluated to assess the

potential of membrane filtration gamma radiation and

electrochemical oxidation to remove estrogens ibuprofen

andor diclofenac in yellow water whereas yellow water is

the term used to describe urine waste streams All

technologies successfully reduced the concentration of the

contaminants examined (Lazarova and Spendlingwimmer

2008)

Using low pressure reverse osmosis membranes

Ozaki et al (2008) determined the rejections of

undissociated PPCPs and EDCs were governed by

adsorption size exclusion and diffusion where size

exclusions was dominate for tight membranes Rejections


2228

of PPCPs and EDCs with carboxyl and hydroxyl functional

groups increased with pH therefore pH may be a useful

tool in determining rejection mechanisms

Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) Nicolau et

al (2008) conducted laboratory pilot scale experiments

using two-stage SBRs on industrial pharmaceutical

wastewater Significant reduction of wastewater organic

load was achieved and the biological sludge generated was

incinerated SBR technology was recommended for

various wastewater categories with high organic loads

Membrane Biological Reactors (MBRs)

Cattaneo et al (2008) discussed testing conducted in

conjunction with upgrading an industrial WWTP in Italy in

which an existing conventional activated sludge section

was converted into a UF MBR Experimentation focused

on required removal rates for ten micropollutant

compounds which were segregated within activated sludge

flocs after which suspended solids were removed upon

passage through the UF membranes Chang et al (2008)

conducted a pilot-scale study in Taiwan of pharmaceutical

wastewater treatment using a MBR process The MBR

system removed 95 and 99 of COD and BOD

respectively The removal efficiencies of 12

micropollutants during MBR treatment were examined

based on their physical characteristics (Reif et al 2008)

The best removals were observed for compounds such as

ibuprofen (98) and naproxen (84) which are not

adsorbed to sludge Compounds such as musk fragrances

which partially sorb to sludge displayed removals of

approximately 50 percent

A pilot scale study was conducted with a two-

phase anaerobic digestion (TPAD) system and a

subsequential membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating

chemical synthesis-based pharmaceutical wastewater (Chen

et al 2008a) A model built on the back propagation

neural network theory and linear regression techniques was

developed for the simulation of TPAD-MBR system

performance for biodegradation The model well fitted the

laboratory data and was able to simulate the removal of

COD The removal of ibuprofen was compared in a

conventional treatment plant MBR pilot plant and

biological nutrient removal treatment pilot system (Smook

et al 2008) Good removal was found in the conventional

and MBR plants and degradation rates were similar

Results from the nutrient removal system suggested that

ibuprofen can be degraded anaerobically

The potential for a lab-scale membrane bioreactor

(MBR) to remove 12 polar pollutants from municipal

wastewater was examined by Weiss and Reemtsma (2008)

in parallel with conventional activated sludge (CAS)

treatment For some of the compounds studied MBR was

superior however other compounds were well removed by

CAS treatment or were hardly degradable in municipal

wastewater at all The authors concluded that for those

compounds capable of some removal by CAS MBR

delivered improved removal However MBR showed no

advantage for compounds that were well-degradable or

almost recalcitrant during CAS treatment

A MBR coupled with either a RO module or a

NF module was used to assess the ability of the proposed

treatment system to reduce the concentration of estrogenic


2229

compounds as well as reduce the estrogenic activity

measured using the E-screen assay of a waste stream The

removal efficiency of the estrogen compounds varied with

the highest removals for bisphenol A and genistein and the

least removal efficiencies for estrone and nonylphenol

The calculated estrogenic activity and the measured

estrogenic activity typically did not match but both values

decreased after MBR plus NF treatment or MBR plus RO

treatment (Lee et al 2008a) Three NF membranes with

different molecular weight cutoffs were used to investigate

the removal efficiencies of perchlorate and tris(2-

chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) by NF (Lee et al 2008b)

The tighter NF membranes had better removal efficiencies

of perchlorate and TCEP removal compared to the loose

NF membrane

Matos et al (2008) compared a mono-anion

permselective membrane to a non-mono-anion

permselective membrane in ion exchange membrane

bioreactors for the effective removal of nitrate and

perchlorate from polluted drinking water Although the

non-mono-anion permselective membrane had lower

removal efficiencies and less selective removal the

membrane removed nitrate and perchlorate below

regulatory limits

Catalysis Reductive catalysis demonstrated the

ability to remove iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM)

from water and wastewater (Knitt et al 2008) Reaction

rates were surface controlled and not significantly affected

by pH ICM structure or by the presence of common ions

like sodium calcium magnesium and others The effects

of ultrasonic irradiation on degradation of diclofenac were

investigated (Hartmann et al 2008) Four frequencies and

the presence of various catalysts were also evaluated for

their impact on this process Results of the study showed

that up to 84 off the diclofenac was degraded at optimal

frequencies and catalyst concentrations However

complete mineralization did not occur and the degradation

products were similar to what was reported in

photooxidation experiments with this drug

PhotolysisPhotocatalysis The persistence of

seven pharmaceuticals and one antibacterial was evaluated

by Chenxi et al (2008) The impacts of aeration and

sunlight exposure were investigated No elimination was

observed for carbamazepine triclosan and ciprofloxacin

while elimination was found for tetracycline doxycycline

clindamycin erythromycin and clarithromycin The

photolysis of β-blockers prescribed as anti-hypertensive or

anti-arrhythmic pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plant

effluent was examined by Piram et al (2008) They

identified hydroxyl radical addition as an important

photodegradation pathway for β-blockers Previously

unreported hydroxylated photoproducts corresponding to

the addition of one two or three hydroxyl radicals on the

parent molecules were identified

Calza et al (2008) studied the photo-induced

transformation of amiloride an orally administered diuretic

agent under simulated solar light Direct photolysis and

photocatalyzed degradation processes using titanium

dioxide as a photocatalyst were investigated The study

involved the monitoring of the drug decomposition the

identification of intermediate compounds of the

decomposition the assessment of mineralization as well as


2230

the evaluation of the toxicity associated to the degradation

products The photocatalytic degradation of

chloramphenicol an antibiotic drug was investigated in

aqueous heterogeneous solutions containing n-type oxide

semiconductors as photocatalysts (Chatzitakis et al 2008)

The disappearance of the organic molecule follows

approximately pseudo-first order kinetics according to the

Langmuir-Hinshelwood model It was observed that with

TiO2 P-25 as photocatalyst quantitative degradation of the

organic molecule occurred after 4 h of illumination

Because photochemical degradation may be a

significant removal mechanism for PPCPs in the aquatic

environment Mao (2008) described the photolysis and

photocatalytic pathways and products in natural waters for

the pharmaceuticals naproxen diclofenac and

carbamazepine The quantum yields and half-lives of

photolysis for common PPCPs were reported The factors

affecting the performance of a photomembrane reactor to

degrade gemfibrozil and tamoxifen were assessed in a

study by Molinari et al (2008) Their work showed that

catalyst concentration and recirculation ratios must be

controlled for optimal operation whereas membrane

selection controlled rejection of intermediate products

Fenton Processes Tunay et al (2008)

investigated the use of the Fenton process for treating

wastewater from antibiotic manufacturing facilities

Removal efficiencies were good but only after most of the

COD had already mineralized suggesting that pretreatment

is necessary

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) The

application of ozonation operating conditions to the

decomposition of antibiotics was reviewed by Yargeau and

Leclair (2008) The influence of operating conditions such

as pH temperature use of hydrogen peroxide ozone

dosage reactor setup and wastewater characteristics on the

degradation of antibiotics was investigated The authors

proposed that implementation of treatment at point sources

such as hospitals and pharmaceutical companies and

research into the by-products formed during ozonation

were future research needs The matrix effect of

wastewater was investigated performing ozone experiments

under batch mode and continuous mode using drinking

water and a wastewater issued from a local plant both

spiked with the non-detected substances (Baig et al 2008)

The results obtained indicate that the wastewater matrix

greatly affects the kinetics of ozone reaction with these

substances but does not really change the related reactivity

scale The ozone dose corresponding to the full conversion

of target EDCs consequently increases as their oxidation

takes place competing with reactions of background

pollutants represented by the COD and DOC content

Sharma (2008) reported a kinetic assessment of

the oxidative transformations of pharmaceuticals

(antibiotics lipid regulators antipyretics anticonvulsants

and β-blockers) using Cl2 ClO2 O3 and Fe(VI)

Generally the reactivity of O3 with pharmaceuticals was

greater than that of HOCl by approximately two orders of

magnitude Limited research on Fe(VI) demonstrated that

it transformed pharmaceuticals in treatment processes

Rosal et al (2008) investigated the mineralization

of 33 organic compounds including pharmaceuticals by

O3H2O2 under alkaline and non-alkaline conditions They


2231

found that although alkaline ozone achieves only a

moderate degree of mineralization compared to non-

alkaline conditions under all conditions most of the

compounds were degraded with greater than 99 percent

efficiency

A study of the potential use of advanced

oxidationreduction processes (AORPs) for the destruction

of the three β-lactam antibiotics penicillin G penicillin V

and amoxicillin and their identical core structure (+)-6-

aminopenicillanic acid (APA) was reported by Song et al

(2008) The absolute bimolecular reaction rate constants

for reaction of the pharmaceuticals with hydroxyl radicals

(bullOH) as oxidizing species and hydrated electrons (e-aq) or

hydrogen atoms (Hbull) as reducing species were measured

Hydroxyl radical reaction at the aromatic ring moiety

predominated while solvated electron reactions occurred at

the APA core moiety The major degradation pathway

arising from γ irradiation of β-lactam antibiotics involved

hydroxyl radical addition to the benzene ring to form

mixtures of phenolic compounds

The success of ozonation of furaltadone a

nitrofuran derivative and antibacterial agent containing

wastewater was highly pH dependent (Bao et al 2008) At

low pH values (1-4) ozonation occurred mainly via the

reaction with ozone with itself resulting in high color and a

low COD (approximately 30 percent) removal At high pH

values (gt12) ozonation occurred through hydroxide

advanced oxidation processes resulting in 100 percent

color removal 100 percent degradation of furaltadone and

greater than 95 percent removal of both COD and TOC

Synthetically prepared wastewaters containing

cephalosporine penicillin and quinolone groups of

antibiotics were treated by ozonation (Uslu and Balcioglu

2008) Although complete removal of each parent active

ingredient (AI) was achieved data suggested production of

unidentified reaction intermediates with low

biodegradability UVAO processes were tested and

provided good removal for nine nitrosamine compounds

(Swaim et al 2008) Several other constituents such as

14-dioxane and atrazine were also partially removed No

disinfection byproducts were formed Gomez et al (2008)

evaluated the efficiency of ozone and ozoneH2O2

treatment of secondary municipal effluent Results showed

ozone to be highly efficient at degrading contaminants with

ozoneH2O2 showing increased removal rates with nearly

total elimination of most contaminants evaluated

Gagnon et al (2008) investigated the effects of

disinfection on several acidic and neutral pharmaceutical

products in primary treated wastewater from a plant in

Montreal Canada Of ozone performic acid and low

pressure UV irradiation only ozone showed significant

breakdown of these compounds

Ionizing Radiation Decomposition and

mineralization of cefaclor a β-lactam antibiotic in initial

laboratory studies using ionizing radiation was investigated

by Yu et al (2008b) Kinetic studies were performed using

gamma radiation Removal of cefaclor by radiolytic

treatment was effective

NaturalConstructed Wetlands Conkle

White and Metcalfe (2008) studied reduction of

pharmaceuticals in a lagoon wetland wastewater treatment


2232

system with UV disinfection as opposed to a conventional

wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) The greater

percentage reduction for the lagoon wetland system relative

to those reported for conventional WWTPs was attributed

in part to the longer detention time of approximately 30

days Although removal rates averaged 96 9 of 13

compounds were above detection limits in the effluent

The fate of twelve PPCPs and herbicides were assessed in a

surface flow constructed wetland in Barcelona Spain

(Matamoros Garcia and Bayona (2008b) Removal

efficiency was determined to be a function of pollutant

type specifically ibuprofen and ketoprofen were

efficiently removed whereas clofibric acid carbamazepine

flunixin and terbutylazine were poorly removed Factors

affecting compound removal were HRT temperature and

sun irradiation In a coastal wetland in Lake Ontario the

concentration of alkylphenols coprostanols and

phosphorous were highest at inputs into the wetland and

limited dispersal of the contaminants occurred in the

wetland system (Mayer et al 2008) Additionally the

levels of alkylphenols and phosphorous were positively

correlated with coprostanols which are sewage tracers

Phytoremediation An overview of the role of

glutathione s-transferase (GST) enzymes in

phytoremediation via glutathione conjugation of antibiotics

in plants was presented by Farkas Berry and Aga (2008)

Although GSTs can be significant for transformation and

detoxification of selected antibiotics antibiotic-induced

phytotoxicity was observed in some plants

Combinations of Treatment Processes In an

editorial in This Journal Ong and Hu (2008) addressed

potential treatment techniques including membrane

separation adsorption and advanced oxidation and MBRs

for drinking water treatment and water reclamation for

removal of emerging contaminants The authors proposed

that specially designed novel and specific physical

chemical and biological processes are needed

Additionally they suggested that hybrid processes that

provide multibarriers for removal of emerging

contaminants should be developed Ikehata et al (2008)

reviewed a range of treatment options for emerging organic

pollutants including pesticides pharmaceuticals personal

care products surfactants microbial toxins and natural

fatty acids Of options including chemical oxidation

activated carbon adsorption and membrane filtration

chemical oxidation using ozone alone or in combination

with physicalchemical agents has proved highly effective

for treating a wide spectrum of emerging contaminants

Joss et al (2008) described limitations of activated sludge

with respect to the partial removals of micropollutants by

sorption and biological transformation In contrast ozone

and activated carbon are processes that could be used to

drastically reduce micropollutant loads to the environment

The costs of these types of treatment processes were found

to be reasonable however additional research is necessary

to evaluate the toxicity of by-products formed during

ozonation Authors proposed that ozone followed by

activated carbon biofilters is a feasible solution

Additionally the authors noted the importance of a holistic

approach to managing micropollutants

The removal of three chemotherapy drugs

including irinotecan tamoxifen and cyclophosphamide in


2233

water was examined by both physical and chemical

treatment processes (Chen et al 2008b) PAC adsorption

tests and oxidation by ozone or advanced oxidation

processes (hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet irradiation)

were conducted on de-ionized water samples spiked with

these drugs Removal of the three selected drugs in water

samples by PAC was found to be dependant on PAC

dosage Ozone was found to be effective in removing

tamoxifen and irinotecan but was not able to destroy

cyclophosphamide in water Advanced oxidation processes

such as UVH2O2 were capable of removing all three tested

chemotherapy drugs more rapidly compared to ozone

alone

Hunter et al (2008) reported preliminary results

for studies conducted by the City of Phoenix USA for

removal of pathogens EDCs and PPCPs The goal of the

research was to evaluate different combinations of

advanced wastewater treatment approaches for concomitant

removal of pathogens and microconstituents An

estrogenic bioassay analysis of secondary effluent from the

91st Avenue Wastewater Treatment Plant that serves

Pheonix Scottsdale Tempe Glendale and Mesa Arizona

showed treatment with 3 mgL of ozone or 200 mJcm2

plus 5 mgL of peracetic acid reduced the estrogenic

activity of the water from approximately 30 estradiol

equivalents to no measureable estrogenic activity

Drinking water treatment options for

pharmaceuticals were reviewed by Weinberg Pereira and

Ye (2008) The authors address pretreatment filtration

chlorine-based disinfection and advanced oxidation

treatment in combination with ozone and ultraviolet (UV)

light Menapace et al (2008) assessed the combination of

electrochemical oxidation and ozonation to remove

pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater Their results

show pharmaceutical substances can be completely

degraded during anodic oxidation and that treatment

efficiency was dependent on the organic matrix more

oxidizing agents could be generated from the material

present in the wastewater

Modeling

Voigt and Bruumlggemann (2008) generated a data

matrix of pharmaceuticals and attributes for a multi-criteria

decision technique Principles of chemometrics and

environmetrics were applied to develop aggregation and

weighting procedures to rank pharmaceuticals detected in

the environment In order to model the fate of PPCPs in a

STP modelers must have an understanding of factors and

STP attributes that would affect PPCP fate Therefore

Adams (2008b) developed equations to model the factors

affecting PPCP fate in a STP and determined the most

important factors controlling PPCP fate to be pH organic

matter content and total dissolved solids

Dionisi et al (2008) calibrated a model based on

lead and cadmium data developed from bench-scale

sequencing batch reactors to predict the impact of sludge

age on the removal of non-degradable microconstitutents

The model was then used to predict the removal of lindane

with sludge age and the model results were compared to

data reported in another study using activated sludge The

model predicted well the removal of lindane and thus

demonstrated that increasing sludge age in activated sludge


2234

processes can result in increased effluent concentrations of

non-degradable adsorbing microconstituents

A mechanistic model to identify and prioritize


(APIs) whose residues are present in US wastewater was

developed (Kostich and Lazorchak 2008) Inputs to the

model were extracted from published data Under typical

conditions in the US the model predicted that human non-

human and microbial impacts from aquatic exposure to

most APIs and mixtures are likely only via concentrating

sources unexpected dose-responses or in extremely

sensitive subpopulations However for a few APIs effects

cannot be ruled out and this model approach could be used

to prioritize APIs and taxa for future research

Guerrero-Preston and Brandt-Rauf (2008)

calculated the geographic distribution of predicted

environmental concentrations (PECs) of selected

prescription drugs based on data from the National

Ambulatory Medical Care Service The PECs were

compared to occurrence survey data from the USGS While

the prescription patterns of metformin (antidiabetic)

cimetidine (antacid) and ranitidine (antacid) had similar

quantity and geographic patterns the environmental

concentrations of these drugs in surface water was not

correlated to the PECs developed based on office-based

physician prescriptions

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are

ubiquitous compounds found in all phases of the biosphere

To model and predict future PBDE concentrations in the

San Francisco Bay Oram et al (2008) measured PBDE

concentrations in water and soil sediments of an urbanized

estuary and discovered that PBDE concentrations which

were similar to global concentrations the BDE 47 to BDE

209 ratio was unique Additionally the modeling work

showed that future PBDE concentrations were sensitive to

BDE 47 loads

Ort and Gujer (2008) modeled the removal of

carbemazepine diclofenac and tonalide via biofilms in

sewers using CFSTRs to model dispersion The model

found that short-term fluctuations of PPCPs with high Kow

were most attenuated by sorption to biofilm where

substances with low Koc were not affected at all During

rain events erosion of the biofilm could lead to increased

PPCP loads for substances with high Koc

ToxicityRisk Assessment

Eriksson et al (2008) published a literature

review demonstrating that 541 xenobiotic organic

compounds (XOCs) potentially could be present in sewage

sludge due to their presence in construction materials

pharmaceuticals personal care products etc 192

compounds have been quantified in sewage sludge which

indicated that although many XOCs have been measured

in sludge there are potentially a vast number of compounds

present that have not been analyzed to date In a hazard

identification of the quantified compounds using their

inherent properties and environmental fate it was shown

that 99 XOCs could be classified as being hazardous with

regard to the solid phase and 23 were found to be priority

pollutants in the subsequent hazard assessment

Cooper et al (2008) provided information on

pharmaceutical threats to the environment A preliminary


2235

risk assessment database for common pharmaceuticals was

created and put into a web-accessible database named

ldquoPharmaceuticals in the Environment Information for

Assessing Riskrdquo (PEIAR) to help others evaluate potential

risks of pharmaceutical contaminants in the environment

Information from PEIAR was used to prioritize compounds

that may threaten the environment with a focus on marine

and estuarine environments

Fawell (2008) provided a commentary on

determining the health risks of microconstituents He

highlighted the inappropriateness of currently accepted risk

assessment methods The author also suggested that an

emerging method the threshold of toxicological concern

(TTC) be considered as an alternate method for dealing

with prioritization of problems associated with low level

contaminants in the diet In addition the importance of

understanding how to deal with complex mixtures and

evaluating catchment control options as part of a holistic

approach to addressing risk priorities

The ecotoxicological hazard potential of

pharmaceuticals and their human metabolites and of

nanomaterials in the aquatic environment were reviewed

by Farre et al (2008c) This work focused particularly on

the metabolites and transformation products of emerging

pollutants USEPA test protocol and fluorescence

microscopy were used by Bouldin et al (2008) to

determine the fate and effects of nanoparticles (quantum

dots QDs) on aquatic test organisms (freshwater algae and

Ceriodaphnia dubia) Transfer of QDs from dosed algae

to C dubia was observed Coatings on QDs provided

initial protection against metal toxicity but subsequent

transfer of core metals was a concern

Zhang Geiβen and Gal (2008) published an

overview of the occurrence removal efficiency

metabolism and ecotoxicology of carbamazepine and

diclofenac These two pharmaceuticals are detected

frequently in the aquatic environment A metabolite of

carbamazepine trans-1011-dihydro-1011-

dihydroxycarbamazepine probably exists in water bodies

at a similar concentration to the parent drug Sludge

retention time did not influence removal efficiencies of

either compound Ecotoxicological studies of both drugs

implied that acute toxic effects are not a concern at

environmental concentrations but their chronic and

synergistic effects with other compounds need more study

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) was

conducted by Muntildeoz et al (2008) for 98 frequently

detected priority and emerging pollutants The approach

was used to study influent and effluent from a WWTP in

Spain Impact scores for two scenariosmdashdischarging

wastewater to the aquatic environment and its use for crop

irrigationmdashwere evaluated The data indicated substantial

reduction in ecotoxicity and human toxicity following

treatment (42 to 85) The pollutants causing the greatest

share of the impacts were prioritized Ciprofloxacin

fluoxetine and nicotine were the primary PPCPs of

concern while 2378-TCDD nickel and

hexachlorobenzene were the priority pollutants of greatest

impact

Occurrence of the antibiotics roxithromycin

trimethoprim and chloramphenicol were studied in STP


2236

effluents and surface waters of the Han River Korea by

Choi et al (2008) Concentration and frequency of

detection of the antibiotics were greater in effluent samples

and in samples collected during the low-flow season

Acute standard aquatic ecotoxicity tests indicated minimal

risks to aquatic systems

Dussalt et al (2008) examined the toxicity of

atorvastin (ATO) carbamazepine (CBZ) 17α-

ethinylestradiol (EE2) and triclosan (TCS) toward benthic

invertebrate species The toxicity data were applied in a

hazard quotient approach They concluded that potential

risks existed toward benthic invertebrates for TCS and

CBZ however considering low environmental

concentrations ATO and EE2 posted negligible risk to

benthic invertebrates

Extractable organic compounds (EOCs) were

used by Vignati et al (2008) as a surrogate proxy for

organic microcontaminants in sediments from 24 tributaries

of the Po River Italy The toxicity of sediment extracts

was screened against a battery of ecotoxicological assays

Organic contamination was determined to be widespread

throughout the Po River basin

Human health risk assessments were performed

to evaluate risks from residues of atomoxetine duoloxetine

and olanzaoine which might be found in surface waters

(Bercu et al 2008) Preclinical safety studies and human

clinical data were used to determine an acceptable daily

intake (ADI) for each compound atomoxetine 14

microgkgday duloxetine 18 microgkgday and olanzapine 14

microgkgday

Pomati et al (2008) investigated the effects of a

mixture of 13 drugs on in vitro human and zebra fish cells

They found that atenolol bezafibrate ciprofloxacin and

lincomycin had statistically significant effects and that

some drug combinations exhibited mixture effects

Pharmaceuticals that had previously been

detected in Montrealrsquos WWTP effluent were tested for

acute and chronic toxicity using the cnidarian hydra

attenuate (Quinn et al 2008) The compounds were

ibuprofen naproxen gemfibrozil bezafibrate

carbamazepine sulfamethoxazole oxytetracycline

novobiocin trimethoprim and caffeine Of these ibuprofen

gemfibrozil and naproxen may be of concern because they

exhibited toxicity at concentrations that were just a few

orders of magnitude higher than environmental

concentrations

Snyder (2008) compared the concentrations of

pharmaceuticals found in drinking water to their drinking

water equivalent level which is a measure of risk He

concluded that because observed concentrations were so

much higher than those that have an effect on humans they

do not pose a threat

Neubert Laumlnge and Steger-Hartmann (2008)

reported the results of ecotoxicological studies and

biodegradability tests of several gadolinium-containing

contrast enhancing agents for magnetic resonance imaging

(MRI) The authors provided an environmental risk

assessment determining that the chelates are not readily

biodegraded Acute aquatic toxicity tests confirmed low

toxicity algae were the most sensitive organisms


2237

The toxicity of caffeine to aquatic organisms was

assessed using C dubia C dilutes and P promelas using

48 hour and 7 day exposure tests (Moore at al 2008) The

work showed the caffeine concentrations resulting in lethal

and subleathal effects on the test organisms were greater

than the caffeine concentrations detected globally

therefore the authors do not believe caffeine is a threat for

freshwater aquatic organisms

EDCs Waring et al (2008) initiated studies to

examine whether dietarysupplement levels of flavonoids

and environmental levels of phenolic pollutants such as

plasticisers and disinfectants contribute to endocrine

disrupting effects in man Some EDCs such as phthalates

and phenols non-genomically inhibit sulfotransferase

isoforms that inactivate estrogens by sulfonation

Inhibition of sulfotransferase activity by potentially

endocrine disrupting xenobiotics was examined

Triclosan and triclocarban are commonly used

antimicrobials in personal care products and a study by

Ahn et al (2008) screened triclosan triclocarban and

several triclocarban analogs for biological activity using

cell-based AhR ER AR and RyR assays Triclocarban

and its analogs exhibited no significant or weak agonist

activity in the ER and AR cell bioassays but enhanced

steroid hormones estradiol and testosterone to induce ER

and AR-dependent reporter gene expression Additionally

triclocarban and most of the carbanilide analogs exhibited

weak agonistic andor antagonistic activity in the AhR-

responsive cell bioassay

Sub-chronic and chronic effects of four model

endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) were evaluated by

Haeba et al (2008) on D magna Endpoints including sex

determination in neonates embryogenesis molting and

maturation demonstrated that for some EDCs there are

analogies between vertebrates and invertebrates Of the

most marked results were the sex ratio modulations by

vincolozolin and dicofol which corresponded to the anti-

androgenecity and anti-estrogenic action of these

compounds respectively

The reproductive health of bass in the Potomac

River USA drainage was examined in two research papers

published in 2008 The effects of proximity to wastewater

treatment plant discharge (Iwanowicz et al 2008) and the

seasonal occurrence of persistent and emerging organic

contaminants (Alvarez et al 2008) were discussed

Although proximity to WWTP effluent may influence the

reproductive heath of bass in this watershed the authors

concluded that inputs from other sources likely contribute

to the widespread high incidence of testicular oocytes ie

the intersex condition (Iwanowicz et al 2008) The types

and relative concentrations of organic chemicals present in

areas where intersex in fish occurred were identified by

Alvarez et al (2008) Their analyses also indicated that

chemicals that were capable of producing an estrogenic

response were present at all sampling sites Blum et al

(2008) determined the mechanisms by which the pesticide

methoxychlor (MXC) acts as an environmental endocrine

disruptor through interaction with the three largemouth

bass estrogen receptors α βa and bβ

Sumpter (2008) provided a review and overview

of the occurrence and effects of anthropogenic endocrine-

disrupting chemicals in aquatic environments These


2238

compounds appear to pose less of a threat to wildlife

compared to some pesticides and other chemical pollutants

However the author noted that especially for invertebrates

the effects can be subtle and difficult to detect

Escher et al (2008) proposed and tested a battery

of five assays to test the overall toxicity and identify the

mode of chemical toxicity in wastewater The five assays

were the acetylcholine esterase inhibition test the yeast

estrogen screen the umuC test for genoxicity the

combined algae test with the green algae

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata test and the

bioluminescence inhibition test with Vibrio fisheri The

battery of tests as well as the toxic equivalent

concentration scheme developed to enable comparisons

between the assays was deemed useful and should be used

in concert with chemical analysis for monitoring toxicity of

wastewater effluents A method using chip-based

nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS) is

described to detect noncovalent ligand biding to the human

estrogen receptor alpha ligand-binding domain (hREα

LBD) This system represents an important environmental

interest because a wide variety of molecules known as

EDCs can bind to the estrogen receptor (ER) and induce

adverse health effects in wildlife and humans (Bovet et al

2008)

Kudlak and Namiesnik (2008) defined endocrine

disrupting chemicals and compared and discussed in vitro

and in vivo essays for EDC determination Additionally

they compared the concentrations of selected EDCs in

environmental matrices

References Adams C D (2008) Modeling the Fate of Pharmaceuticals

and Personal Care Products in Sewage Treatment

Plants Pract Periodical of Haz Toxic and

Radioactive Waste Mgmt 12 (1) 2ndash9

Adams C D (2008) Treatment of Antibiotics in Swine

Wastewater In Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the

Environment and in Water Treatment Systems

Aga D S Ed CRC Press Boca Raton FL

331ndash348

Adelowo O O Fagade O E Oke A J (2008)

Prevalence of Co-resistance to Disinfectants and

Clinically Relevant Antibiotics in Bacterial

Isolates from Three Hospital Laboratory

Wastewaters in Southwestern Nigeria World J

Microbiol Biotechnol 24 1993ndash1997

Ahn K C Zhao B Chen J Cherednichenko G

Sanmarti E Denison M S Lasley B Pessah

I N Kultz D Chang D P Y Gee S J

Hammock B D (2008) In Vitro Biologic

Activities of the Antimicrobials Triclocarban Its

Analogs and Triclosan in Bioassay Screens

Receptor-Based Bioassay Screens Environ

Health Perspect 116 (9) 1203ndash1210

Alvarez D A Cranor W L Perkins S D Schroeder

V L Iwanowicz L R Clark R C Guy C P

Pinkney A E Blazer V S Mullican J E

(2009) Reproductive Health of Bass in the

Potomac USA Drainage Part 2 Seasonal

Occurrence of Persistent and Emerging Organic


2239

Contaminants Environ Toxicol Chem 28 (5)

1084ndash1095

Athavaley A (2008) Whatrsquos Coming From Your Tap The

Wall Street Journal Available online at

httponlinewsjcomarticleSB12191052601185

1511html (accessed October 2008)

Auriol M FilalindashMeknassi Y Adams C D Tyagi R

D Noguerol TndashN Pina B (2008) Removal of

Estrogenic Activity of Natural and Synthetic

Hormones from a Municipal Wastewater

Efficiency of Horseradish Peroxidase and

Laccase from Trametes versicolor Chemosphere

70 445ndash452

Bai Y Wu F Liu C Guo J Fu P Li W Xing B

(2008) Interaction Between Carbamazepine and

Humic Substances A Flourescence Spectroscopy

Study Environ Toxicol Chem 27 (1) 95ndash102

Baig S Hansmann G Paolini B (2008) Ozone

Oxidation of Oestrogenic Active Substances in

Wastewater and Drinking Water Water Sci

Technol 582 451ndash458

Bao N Sun J Wei Z ndashT Ma D Liu F Wang J

(2008) Degradation of Biorefractory Furaltadone

in Aqueous Solution by Ozonation J Chem

Technol Biotechnol 83 1347ndash1352

Barnes K K Kolpin DW Furlong E T Zaugg S D

Meyer M T Barber L B (2008) A National

Reconnaissance of Pharmaceuticals and Other

Organic Wastewater Contaminants in the United

States ndash I) Groundwater Sci Total Environ

402 192ndash200

Barron L Tobin J Paull B (2008) Multi-Residue

Determination of Pharmaceuticals in Sludge and

Sludge Enriched Soils Using Pressurized Liquid

Extraction Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid

Chromatography With Tandem Mass

Spectrometry J Environ Monit 10 353ndash361

Batt A L Kostich M S Lazorchak J M (2008)

Analysis of Ecologically Relevant

Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater and Surface

Water Using Selective Solid-Phase Extraction

and UPLCndashMSMS Anal Chem 80 (13) 5021ndash

5030

Bercu J P Parke N J Fiori J M Meyerhoff R D

(2008) Human Health Risk Assessments for

Three Neuropharmaceutical Compounds in

Surface Waters Regul Toxicol Pharm 50 420ndash

427

Bester K Scholes L Wahlberg C McArdell C S

(2008) Sources and Mass Flows of Xenobiotics

in Urban Water Cyclesndashan Overview on Current

Knowledge and Data Gaps Water Air Soil Pollut

Focus 8 407ndash423

Blum J L James M O Stuchal L D Denslow ND

(2008) Stimulation of Transactivation of the

Largemouth Bass Estrogen Receptors Alpha

Beta-A and Beta-B by Methoxychlor and its

Mono- and Bis-Demethylated Metabolites in

HepG2 Cells J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol

108 55ndash63

Bouldin J L Ingle T M Sengupta A Alexander R

Hannigan R E Buchanan R A (2008)


2240

Aqueous Toxicity and Food Chain Transfer of

Quantum Dotstrade in Freshwater Algae and

Ceriodaphnia Dubia Environ Toxicol Chem

27 (9) 1958ndash1963

Bovet C Ruff M Wortmann A Eiler S Granger F

Gerrits B Moras D Zenobi R (2008)

Identification of EndocrinendashDisrupting

Compounds Using Nanoelectrospray Ionization

Mass Spectrometry Chim 62 (5) 329ndash334

Boxall A B A (2008) Fate and Transport of Veterinary

Medicines in the Soil Environment In Fate of

Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in

Water Treatment Systems Aga D S Ed CRC

Press Boca Raton FL 123ndash137

Bradford S A Segal E Zheng W Wang Q Hutchins

S R (2008) Reuse of Concentrated Animal

Feeding Operation Wastewater on Agricultural

Lands J Environ Qual 37 (5 Suppl) S97ndash

S115

Bucheli T D Wettstein F E Hartmann N Erbs M

Vogelgsang S Forrer H ndashR Schwarzenbach

R P (2008) Fusarium Mycotoxins Overlooked

Aquatic Micropollutants J Agric Food Chem

56 1029ndash1034

Calza P Massolino C Monaco G Medana C

Baiocchi C (2008) Study of the Photolytic and

Photocatalytic Transformation of Amiloride in

Water J Pharm Biomed Anal 48 315ndash320

Carballa M Fink G Omil F Lema J M Ternes T

(2008) Determination of the Solid-Water

Distribution Coefficient (Kd) for

Pharmaceuticals Estrogens and Musk Fragrances

in Digested Sludge Water Res 42 287ndash295

Carmosini N Lee L S (2008) Sorption and Degradation

of Selected Pharmaceuticals in Soil and Manure

In Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

and in Water Treatment Systems Aga D S Ed

CRC Press Boca Raton FL 139ndash165

Carrara C Ptacek C J Robertson W D Blowes D

W Moncur M C Sverko E Backus S

(2008) Fate of Pharmaceutical and Trace Organic

Compounds in Three Septic System Plumes

Ontario Canada Environ Sci Technol 42

2805ndash2811

Castiglioni S Zuccato E Chiabrando C Fanelli R

Bagnati R (2008) Mass Spectrometric Analysis

of Illicit Drugs in Wastewater and Surface Water

Mass Spectrom Rev 27 378ndash394

Cattaneo S Marciano F Masotti L Vecchiato G

Verlicchi P Zaffaroni C (2008) Improvement

in the Removal of Micropollutants at Porto

Marghera Industrial Wastewaters Treatment Plant

by MBR Technology Water Sci Technol 589

1789ndash1796

Chang CndashY Chang JndashS Vigneswaran S Kandasamy

J (2008) Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment

by Membrane Bioreactor Process ndash A Case Study

in Southern Taiwan Desalination 234 393ndash401

Chatzitakis A Berberidou C Paspaltsis I Kyriakou

G Sklaviadis T Poulios I (2008)

Photocatalytic Degradation and Drug Activity


2241

Reduction of Chloramphenicol Water Res 42

386ndash394

Chefetz B Mualem T BenndashAri J (2008) Sorption and

Mobility of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Soil

Irrigated with Reclaimed Wastewater

Chemosphere 73 1335ndash1343

Chen Z Ren N Wang A Zhang Z ndashP Shi Y

(2008a) A Novel Application of TPAD-MBR

System to the Pilot Treatment of Chemical

Synthesis-Based Pharmaceutical Wastewater

Water Res 42 3385ndash3392

Chen Z Park G Herckes P Westerhoff P (2008b)

Physicochemical Treatment of Three

Chemotherapy Drugs Irinotecan Tamoxifen and

Cyclophosphamide J Adv Oxid Technol 11

(2) 254ndash260

Chenxi W Spongberg A L Witter JD (2008)

Determination of the Persistence of

Pharmaceuticals in Biosolids Using Liquidndash

Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry


Choi K Kim Y Jung J Kim MndashH Kim CndashS Kim

NndashH Park J (2008) Occurrences and

Ecological Risks of Roxithromycin

Trimethoprim and Chloramphenicol in the Han

River Korea Environ Toxicol Chem 27 (3)

711ndash719

Cokgor E U Karahan O Orhon D (2008) The Effect

of Mixing Pharmaceutical and Tannery

Wastewaters on the Biodegradation

Characteristics of the Effluents J Hazard

Mater 156 292ndash299

Comeau F Surette C Brun G L Losier R (2008) The

Occurrence of Acidic Drugs and Caffeine in

Sewage Effluents and Receiving Waters from

Three Coastal Watersheds in Atlantic Canada

Sci Total Environ 396 132ndash146

Conkle J L White J R Metcalfe C D (2008)

Reduction of Pharmaceutically Active

Compounds by a Lagoon Wetland Wastewater

Treatment System in Southeast Louisiana


Cooper E R Siewicki T C Phillips K (2008)

Preliminary Risk Assessment Database and Risk

Ranking of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment


Darnault C Godinez I G (2008) Fate of Environmental

Pollutants Water Environ Res 80 (10) 1844ndash

1857

Daughton C G Ruhoy I S (2008) The Afterlife of

Drugs and the Role of PharmEcovigilance Drug

Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082

DiazndashCruz M S Barcelo D (2008) Trace Organic

Chemicals Contamination in Ground Water

Recharge Chemosphere 72 333ndash342

DiazndashCruz M S GarciandashGalan M J Barcelo D (2008)

Highly Sensitive Simultaneous Determination of

Sulfonamide Antibiotics and One Metabolite in

Environmental Waters by Liquid

ChromatographyndashQuadrupole Linear Ion Trapndash


2242

Mass Spectrometry J Chromatog A 1193 50ndash

59

Dionisi D Bornoroni L Mainelli S Majone M

Pagnanelli F Papini M P (2008) Theoretical

and Experimental Analysis of the Role of Sludge

Age on the Removal of Adsorbed

Micropollutants in Activated Sludge Processes

Ind Eng Chem Res 47 6775ndash6782

Dolliver H A S Gupta S C (2008) Antibiotic Losses

from Unprotected Manure Stockpiles J Environ

Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244

Donn J Mendoza M Pritchard J (2008a) PharmaWater

I Associated Press Archives Available online at

httpnlnewsbankcomnl-

searchweArchivesp_action=print (accessed

October 2008)

Donn J Mendoza M Pritchard J (2008b) PharmaWater

II Associated Press Archives Available online

at httpnlnewsbankcomnl-


October 2008)

Donn J Mendoza M Pritchard J (2008c) PharmaWater

III Associated Press Archives Available online



October 2008)

Dussault E B Balakrishnan V K Sverko E Solomon

K R Sibley P K (2008) Toxicity of Human

Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products to

Benthic Invertebrates Environ Toxicol Chem

27 (2) 425ndash432

Engemann C A Keen P L Knapp C W Hall K J

Graham D W (2008) Fate of Tetracycline

Resistance Genes in Aquatic Systems Migration

from the Water Column to Peripheral Biofilms

Environ Sci Technol 42 5131ndash5136

Eriksson E Christensen N Schmidt J E Ledlin A

(2008) Potential Priority Pollutants in Sewage

Sludge Desalination 226 371ndash388

Escher B I Bramaz N Quayle P Rutishauser S

Vermeirssen E L M (2008) Monitoring of the

Ecotoxicological Hazard Potential by Polar

Organic Micropollutants in Sewage Treatment

Plants and Surface Waters Using a Mode-of-

Action Based Test Battery J Environ Monit

10 622ndash631

Farkas M H Berry J O Aga D S (2008) Antibiotic

Transformation in Plants Via Glutathione

Conjugation In Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the



199ndash213

Farreacute M Petrovic M Gros M Kosjek T Martinez E

Heath E Osvald P Loos R Le Menach K

Budzinski H De Alencastro F Muller J

Knepper T Fink G Ternes T A Zuccato E

Kormali P Gans O Rodil R Quintana J B

Pastori F Gentili A Barcelo D (2008a) First

Interlaboratory Exercise on Non-Steroidal Anti-

Inflammatory Drugs Analysis in Environmental

Samples Talanta 76 580ndash590


2243

Farreacute M Gros M Hernandez B Petrovic M Hancock

P Barcelo D (2008b) Analysis of Biologically

Active Compounds in Water by Ultrandash

Performance Liquid Chromatography

Quadrupole TimendashofndashFlight Mass Spectrometry

Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22 41ndash51

Farreacute M Peacuterez S Kantiani L Barceloacute D (2008c) Fate

and Toxicity of Emerging Pollutants Their

Metabolites and Transformation Products in the

Aquatic Environment Trends Anal Chem 27

(11) 991ndash1007

Fawell JK (2008) Health Risks of Micropollutants ndash the

Need for a New Approach Water Sci Technol

57 (2) 183ndash187

Filik H Hayvali M Kilic E Apak R Aksu D

Yanaz Z Cengel T (2008) Development of an

Optical Fibre Reflectance Sensor for p-

Aminophenol Detection Based on Immobilised

Bis-8-Hydroxyquinoline Talanta 77 103ndash109

Focazio M J Kolpin D W Barnes K K Furlong E

T Meyer M T Zaugg S D Barber L B

Thurman M E (2008) A National

Reconnaissance for Pharmaceuticals and Other


States ndash II) Untreated Drinking Water Sources


Furhacker M (2008) The Water Framework Directive ndash

Can We Reach the Target Water Sci Technol

57 (1) 9ndash17

Gagnon C Lajeunesse A Cejka P Gagne F Hausler

R (2008) Degradation of Selected Acidic and

Neutral Pharmaceutical Products in a Primaryndash

Treated Wastewater by Disinfection Processes

Ozone Sci Eng 30 387ndash392

Glassmeyer S T Kolpin D W Furlong E T Focazio

M J (2008) Environmental Presence and

Persistence of Pharmaceuticals An Overview




Gomez M J Martinez Bueno M J Aguera A

Hernando M D FernandezndashAlba A R

Mezcua M (2008) Evaluation of Ozone-Based

Treatment Processes for Wastewater Containing

Microcontaminants Using LC-QTRAP-MS and

LC-TOFMS Water Sci Technol 57 (1) 41ndash48

GuerrerondashPreston R BrandtndashRauf P (2008)

Pharmaceutical Residues in the Drinking Water

Supply Modeling Residue Concentrations in

Surface Waters of Drugs Prescribed in the United

States Puerto Rico Health Sci J 27 (3) 236ndash

240

Gunnarsson B Wennmalm Aring (2008) Drug Design

Should Involve Consideration of Environmental

Risk and Hazard Lett Drug Des Discovery 5

232ndash235

Haack S K Duris J W Fogarty L R Kolpin D W

Focazio M J Furlong E T Meyer M T

(2008) Comparing Wastewater Chemicals

Indicator Bacteria Concentrations and Bacterial

Pathogen Genes as Fecal Pollution Indicators J

Environ Qual 38 (1) 248ndash258


2244

Haeba M H Hilscherova K Mazurova E Blaha L

(2008) Selected Endocrine Disrupting

Compounds (Vinclozolin Flutamide

Ketoconazole and Dicofol) Effects on Survival

Occurrence of Males Growth Molting and

Reproduction of Daphnia magna Env Sci

Pollut Res 15 (3) 222ndash227

Harper Jr W F Floyd-Smith T Yi T (2008) Chemical

Process During Biological Wastewater

Treatment In Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the



363ndash382

Hartmann J Bartels P Mau U Witter M Tumpling

W V Hofmann J Nietzschmann E (2008)

Degradation of the Drug Diclofenac in Water by

Sonolysis in Presence of Catalysts Chemosphere

70 453ndash461

Hawkshead III J J (2008) Hospital Wastewater

Containing Pharmaceutically Active Compounds

and DrugndashResistant Organisms A Source of

Environmental Toxicity and Increased Antibiotic

Resistance J Residuals Sci Technol 5 (2) 51ndash

60

Heberer T Massmann G Fanck B Taute T

Dunnbier U (2008) Behaviour and Redox

Sensitivity of Antimicrobial Residues During

Bank Filtration Chemosphere 73 451ndash460

Heidler J Halden R U (2008) MetandashAnalysis of Mass

Balances Examining Chemical Fate during

Wastewater Treatment Environ Sci Technol 42

(17) 6324ndash6332

Henderson K L Moorman T B Coats J R (2008)

Mobility of Tylosin and Enteric Bacteria in Soil

Columns In Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the



167ndash178

Huang C-H Dodd M C Shah A D (2008) Reaction

and Transformation of Antibacterial Agents with

Aqueous Chlorine Under Relevant Water

Treatment Conditions In Fate of




HuertandashFontela M Galceran M T Ventura F (2008a)

Stimulatory Drugs of Abuse in Surface Waters

and Their Removal in a Conventional Drinking

Water Treatment Plant Environ Sci Technol

42 (18) 6809ndash6816

HuertandashFontela M Galceran M T MartinndashAlonso J

Ventura F (2008b) Occurrence of Psychoactive

Stimulatory Drugs in Wastewaters in Northndash

Eastern Spain Sci Total Environ 391 31ndash40

Hunter G Buhrmaster D Walz T Coughenour J

RuizndashHass P Linden K (2008) Advanced

Treatment to Remove Microconstituents Water

Environ Technol 20 (6) 46ndash50

Ikehata K ElndashDin M G Snyder S A (2008) Ozonation

and Advanced Oxidation Treatment of Emerging


2245

Organic Pollutants in Water and Wastewater


Iwanowicz L R Blazer V S Guy C P Pinkney A E

Mullican J E Alvarez D A (2009)

Reproductive Health of Bass in the Potomac

USA Drainage Part 1 Exploring the Effects of

Proximity to Wastewater Treatment Plant

Discharge Environ Toxicol Chem 28 (5)

1072ndash1083

Jeanneau L Faure P MontargesndashPelletier E (2008)

Quantitative Multimolecular Marker Approach to

Investigate the Spatial Variability of the Transfer

of Pollution from the Fensch River to the Moselle

River (France) Sci Total Environ 389 503ndash

513

Joss A Siegrist H Ternes T A (2008) Are We About

to Upgrade Wastewater Treatment for Removing

Organic Micropollutants Water Sci Technol

57 (2) 251ndash255

Kahle M Buerge I J Hauser A Muller M D Poiger

T (2008) Azole Fungicides Occurrence and Fate

in Wastewater and Surface Waters Environ Sci


Kanda R Churchley J (2008) Removal of Endocrine

Disrupting Compounds During Conventional

Wastewater Treatment Environ Technol 29

315ndash323

KasprzykndashHordern B Dabrowska A Vieno N

Kronberg L Nawrocki J (2008a) Occurrence

of Acidic Pharmaceuticals in the Warta River in

Poland Chem Anal(Warsaw) 52 289ndash303

KasprzykndashHordern B Dinsdale R M Guwy A J

(2008b) The Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals

Personal Care Products Endocrine Disruptors

and Illicit Drugs in Surface Water in South

Wales UK Water Res 42 3498ndash3518

Katz B G Griffin D W (2008) Using Chemical and

Microbiological Indicators to Track the Impacts

from the Land Application of Treated Municipal

Wastewater and Other Sources on Groundwater

Quality in a Karstic Springs Basin Environ

Geol 55 801ndash821

Kazner C Lehnberg K Kovalova L Wintgens T

Melin T Hollender J Dott W (2008)

Removal of Endocrine Disruptors and Cytostatics

from Effluent by Nanofiltration in Combination

with Adsorption on Powdered Activated Carbon

Water Sci Technol 588 1699ndash1706

Kim S Weber A S Batt A Aga D S (2008)

Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Biological

Wastewater Treatment Plants In Fate of




Klein C OrsquoConnor S Locke J Aga D (2008) Sample

Preparation and Analysis of Solid-Bound

Pharmaceuticals In Fate of Pharmaceuticals in

the Environment and in Water Treatment

Systems Aga D S Ed CRC Press Boca

Raton FL 81ndash100

Knitt L E Shapley J R Strathmann T J (2008) Rapid

MetalndashCatalyzed Hydrodehalogenation of


2246

Iodinated XndashRay Contrast Media Environ Sci

Technol 42 (2) 577ndash583

Kosjek T Zigon D Kralj B Heath E (2008) The Use

of QuadrupolendashTimendashofndashFlight Mass

Spectrometer for the Elucidation of Diclofenac

Biotransformation Products in Wastewater J

Chromatogr A 1215 57ndash63

Kostich M S Lazorchak J M (2008) Risks to Aquatic

Organisms Posed by Human Pharmaceutical Use


Kraigher B Kosjek T Heath E Kompare B Mandicndash

Mulec I (2008) Influence of Pharmaceutical

Residues on the Structure of Activated Sludge

Bacterial Communities in Wastewater Treatment

Bioreactors Water Res 42 4578ndash4588

Kudlak B Namiesnik J (2008) Environmental Fate of

Endocrine Disrupting CompoundsndashAnalytical

Problems and Challenges Crit Rev Anal Chem

38 242ndash258

Kuster M de Alda M J L Hernando M D Petrovic

M MartinndashAlonso J Barcelo D (2008)

Analysis and Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals

Estrogens Progestogens and Polar Pesticides in

Sewage Treatment Plant Effluents River Water

and Drinking Water in the Llobregat River Basin

(Barcelona Spain) J Hydrol 358 112ndash123

Kvanli D M Marisetty S Anderson T A Jackson W

A Morse A N (2008) Monitoring Estrogen

Compounds in Wastewater Recycling Systems

Water Air Soil Pollut 188 31ndash40

Lapen D R Topp E Metcalfe C D Li H Edwards

M Gottschall N Bolton P Curnoe W

Payne M Beck A (2008) Pharmaceutical and

Personal Care Products in Tile Drainage

Following Land Application of Municipal

Biosolids Sci Total Environ 399 50ndash65

Lazarova Z Spendingwimmer R (2008) Treatment of

Yellow Water by Membrane Separations and

Advanced Oxidation Methods Water Sci


Lee J Lee B C Ra J S Cho J Kim I S Chang N

I Kim H K Kim S D (2008) Comparison of

the Removal Efficiency of Endocrine Disrupting

Compounds in Pilot Scale Sewage Treatment

Processes Chemosphere 71 1582ndash1592

Lee S Quyet N Lee E Kim S Lee S Jung Y D

Choi S H Cho J (2008) Efficient Removals of

Tris(2ndashChloroethyl) Phosphate (TCEP) and

Perchlorate Using NF Membrane Filtrations

Desalination 221 234ndash237

Lim MndashH Snyder S A Sedlak D L (2008) Use of

Biodegradable Dissolved Organic Carbon

(BDOC) to Assess the Potential for

Transformation of WastewaterndashDerived

Contaminants in Surface Waters Water Res 42

2943ndash2952

Loftin K A Adams C D Meyer M T Surampalli R

(2008) Effects of Ionic Strength Temperature

and pH on Degradation of Selected Antibiotics J

Environ Qual 37 378ndash386


2247

MacKay A A Seremet D E (2008) Probe Compounds

to Quantify Cation Exchange and Complexation

Interactions of Ciprofloxacin with Soils Environ

Sci Technol 42 (22) 8270ndash8276

Mao F (2008) Photolysis and Photocatalytic Degradation

In Natural Processes and Systems for Hazardous

Waste Treatment Ong S K Surampalli R Y

Bhandari A Champagne P Tyagi R D and

Lo I Eds American Society of Civil Engineers

Reston VA 120ndash160

Massmann G Dunnbier U Heberer T Taute T (2008)

Behaviour and Redox Sensitivity of

Pharmaceutical Residues During Bank Filtration

ndash Investigation of Residues of PhenazonendashType

Analgesics Chemosphere 71 1476ndash1485

Matamoros V CasellesndashOsorio A Garcia J Bayona J

M (2008a) Behaviour of Pharmaceutical

Products and Biodegradation Intermediates in

Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed

Wetland A Microcosm Experiment Sci Total

Environ 394 171ndash176

Matamoros V Garcia J Bayona J M (2008b) Organic

Micropollutant Removal in a FullndashScale Surface

Flow Constructed Wetland Fed with Secondary

Effluent Water Res 42 653ndash660

Matos C T Fortunato R Velizarov S Reis M A M

Crespo J G (2008) Removal of MonondashValent

Oxyanions From Water in an Ion Exchange

Membrane Bioreactor Influence of Membrane

Permselectivity Water Res 42 1785ndash1795

Mayer T Bennie D Rosa F Palabrica V Rekas G

Schachtschneider J Marvin C (2008) Dispersal

of Contaminants from Municipal Discharges as

Evidenced from Sedimentary Records in a Great

Lakes Coastal Wetland Cootes Paradise Ontario

J Great Lakes Res 34 544ndash558

Menapace H M Diaz N Weiss S (2008)

Electrochemical Treatment of Pharmaceutical

Wastewater by Combining Anodic Oxidation

with Ozonation J Environ Sci Health Part A

43 961ndash968

Miegravege C Choubert J M Ribeiro L Eusebe M

Coquery M (2008) Removal Efficiency of

Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products with

Varying Wastewater Treatment Processes and

Operating Conditions ndash Conception of a Database

and First Results Water Sci Technol 57 (1)

49ndash56

Molinari R Caruso A Argurio P Poerio T (2008)

Degradation of the Drugs Gemfibrozil and

Tamoxifen in Pressurized and DendashPressurized

Membrane Photoreactors Using Suspended

Polycrystalline TiO2 as Catalyst J Membr Sci

319 54ndash63

Moore M T Greenway S L Farris J L (2008)

Assessing Caffeine as an Emerging

Environmental Concern Using Conventional

Approaches Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

54 31ndash35

Muntildeoz I Gomez M J MolinandashDiacuteaz A Huijbregts M

A J FernaacutendezndashAlba A R GarciacuteandashCalvo E


2248

(2008) Ranking Potential Impacts of Priority and

Emerging Pollutants in Urban Wastewater

Through Life Cycle Impact Assessment


Nakada N Kiri K Shinohara H Harada A Kuroda

K Takizawa S Takada H (2008) Evaluation

of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products as

WaterndashSoluble Molecular Markers of Sewage


Neubert C Laumlnge R Steger-Hartmann T (2008)

Gadolinium Containing Contrast Agents for

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Investigations on the Environmental Fate and

Effects In Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the



101ndash120

Nghiem L D Coleman P J (2008) NFRO Filtration of

the Hydrophobic Ionogenic Compound Triclosan

Transport Mechanisms and the Influence of

Membrane Fouling Sep Purif Technol 62

709ndash716

Nicolau M Patroescu V Cosma C Dinu L Bumbac

C Constantin L (2008) Intensive Biological

Process Based on SBR Reactor for Industrial

Wastewater Treatment Rev Chim 59 (10)

1106ndash1111

OchoandashHerrera V SierrandashAlvarez R (2008) Removal of

Perfluorinated Surfactants by Sorption onto

Granular Activated Carbon Zeolite and Sludge


Okuda T Kobayashi Y Nagao R Yamashita N

Tanaka H Tanaka S Fujii S Konishi C

Houwa I (2008) Removal Efficiency of 66

Pharmaceuticals During Wastewater Treatment

Process in Japan Water Sci Technol 57 (1) 65ndash

71

Ong S L Hu J (2008) Removal of Emerging

Contaminants in Water ndash Do We Have Solutions

Water Environ Res 80 (9) 771ndash773

Oram J J McKee L J Werme C E Connor M S

Oros D R Grace R Rodigari F (2008) A

Mass Budget of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers

in San Francisco Bay CA Environ Int 34

1137ndash1147

Ort C Gujer W (2008) Sorption and High Dynamics of

Micropollutants in Sewers Water Sci Technol

57 (11) 1791ndash1797

Ozaki H Ikejima N Shimizu Y Fukami K

Taniguchi S Takanami R Giri R R Matsui

S (2008) Rejection of Pharmaceuticals and

Personal Care Products (PPCPs) and Endocrine

Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) by Low Pressure

Reverse Osmosis Membranes Water Sci


Palmer P M Wilson L R OrsquoKeefe P Sheridan R

King T Chen CndashY (2008) Sources of

Pharmaceutical Pollution in the New York City

Watershed Sci Total Environ 394 90ndash102

Patureau D HernandezndashRaquet G Balaguer P

Delgenes N Muller M Dagnino S Delgenes

JP (2008) Relevant Approach to Assess


2249

Performances of Wastewater Biosolids

Composting in Terms of Micropollutants

Removal Water Sci Technol 58 45ndash52

Peng X Yu Y Tang C Tan J Huang Q Wang Z

(2008) Occurrence of Steroid Estrogens

EndocrinendashDisrupting Phenols and Acid

Pharmaceutical Residues in Urban Riverine

Water of the Pearl River Delta South China Sci

Total Environ 397 158ndash166

Peacuterez S Barceloacute D (2008) Advances in the Analysis of

Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment In

Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and

in Water Treatment Systems Aga D S Ed


Piram A Salvador A Verne C Herbreteau B Faure

R (2008) Photolysis of βndashBlockers in

Environmental Waters Chemosphere 73 1265ndash

1271

Pomati F Orlandi C Clerici M Luciani F Zuccato

E (2008) Effects and Interactions in an

Environmentally Relevant Mixture of

Pharmaceuticals Toxicol Sci 102 (1) 129ndash137

Postigo C Lopez de Alda M J Barceloacute D (2008a)

Fully Automated Determination in the Low

Nanogram per Liter Level of Different Classes of

Drugs of Abuse in Sewage Water by OnndashLine

SolidndashPhase ExtractionndashLiquid Chromatography

ndash ElectrosprayndashTandem Mass Spectrometry

Anal Chem 80 3123ndash3134

Postigo C Lopez de Alda M J Barceloacute D (2008b)

Analysis of Drugs of Abuse and Their Human

Metabolites in Water by LC-MS2 A Non-

intrusive Tool for Drug Abuse Estimation at the

Community Level Trends Anal Chem 27(11)

1053ndash1069

Pothitou P Voutsa D (2008) Endocrine Disrupting

Compounds in Municipal and Industrial

Wastewater Treatment Plants in Northern Greece


Quinn B Gagne F Blaise C (2008) An Investigation

into the Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Eleven

Pharmaceuticals (and Their Solvents) Found in

Wastewater Effluent on the Cnidarian Hydra

attenuata Sci Total Environ 389 306ndash314

Radjenovic J Petrovic M Ventura F Barcelo D

(2008) Rejection of Pharmaceuticals in

Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membrane

Drinking Water Treatment Water Res 42

3601ndash3610

Reif R Suarez S Omil F Lema J M (2008) Fate of

Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetic Ingredients during

the Operation of a MBR Treating Sewage


Richardson S D (2008) Environmental Mass

Spectrometry Emerging Contaminants and

Current Issues Anal Chem 80 4373ndash4402

Rosal R Rodriguez A PerdigonndashMelon J A Mezcua

M Hernando M D Leton P GarciandashCalvo

E Aguera A FernandezndashAlba A R (2008)

Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Kinetics of

Mineralization by O3H2O2 in a Biotreated


2250

Municipal Wastewater Water Res 42 3719ndash

3728

Royte E (2008) A Tall Cool Drink ofhellipSewage The

New York Times Available online at

httpwwwnytimescom20080810magazine1

0wastewater-

thtmlscp=1ampsq=A20Tall20Cool20Drink

20ofSewageampst=cse (accessed August

2008)

Sang Y M Gu Q B Sun T C Li F S (2008) Color

and Organic Compounds Removal from

Secondary Effluent of Landfill Leachate with a

Novel Inorganic Polymer Coagulant Water Sci


Saravia F Frimmel FH (2008) Role of NOM in the

Performance of AdsorptionndashMembrane Hybrid

Systems Applied for the Removal of

Pharmaceuticals Desalination 224 168ndash171

Schirmer K Schirmer M (2008) Who is Chasing Whom

A Call for a More Integrated Approach to Reduce

the Load of MicrondashPollutants in the

Environment Water Sci Technol 57 (1) 145ndash

150

Schneider R J (2008) Plant Uptake of Pharmaceuticals

from Soil Determined by ELISA In Fate of




Schultz M M Furlong E T (2008) Trace Analysis of

Antidepressant Pharmaceuticals and Their Select

Degradates in Aquatic Matrixes by

LCESIMSMS Anal Chem 80 (5) 1756ndash

1762

Sharma V K (2008) Oxidative Transformations of

Environmental Pharmaceuticals by Cl2 ClO2

O3 and Fe(VI) Kinetics Assessment


Siemens J Huschek G Siebe C Kaupenjohann M

(2008) Concentrations and Mobility of Human

Pharmaceuticals in the Worldrsquos Largest

Wastewater Irrigation System Mexico Cityndash

Mezquital Valley Water Res 42 2124ndash2134

Simazaki D Fujiwara J Manabe S Matsuda M

Asami M Kunikane S (2008) Removal of

Selected Pharmaceuticals by Chlorination

CoagulationndashSedimentation and Powdered

Activated Carbon Treatment Water Sci


SkotnickandashPitak J Garcia E M Pitak M Aga D S

(2008) Identification of the Transformation

Products of 17 αndashEthinylestradiol and 17 βndash

Estradiol by Mass Spectrometry and Other

Instrumental Techniques Trends Anal Chem 27

(11) 1036ndash1052

Smook T M Zho H Zytner R G (2008) Removal of

Ibuprofen from Wastewater Comparing

Biodegradation in Conventional Membrane

Bioreactor and Biological Nutrient Removal

Treatment Systems Water Sci Technol 57 (1)

1ndash8

Snow D D BarteltndashHunt S L Saunders S E Devivo

S L Cassada D A (2008) Detection


2251

Occurrence and Fate of Emerging Contaminants

in Agricultural Environments Water Environ

Res 80 (10) 868ndash897

Snyder S (2008) Occurrence Treatment and

Toxicological Relevance of EDCs and

Pharmaceuticals in Water Ozone Sci Eng 30

65ndash69

Snyder S A Lei H Wert E C (2008) Removal of

Endocrine Disruptors and Pharmaceuticals

During Water Treatment In Fate of




Song W Chen W Cooper W J Greaves J Miller G

E (2008) FreendashRadical Destruction of βndashLactam

Antibiotics in Aqueous Solution J Phys Chem

A 112 7411ndash7417

Spongberg A L Witter J D (2008) Pharmaceutical

Compounds in the Wastewater Process Stream in

Northwest Ohio Sci Total Environ 397 148ndash

157

Standley L J Rudel R A Swartz C H Attfield K R

Christian J Erickson M Brody J G (2008)

WastewaterndashContaminated Groundwater as a

Source of Endogenous Hormones and

Pharmaceuticals to Surface Water Ecosystems

Environ Toxicol Chem 27 (12) 2457ndash2468

Stasinakis A S Petalas A V Mamais D Thomaidis

N S (2008a) Application of the OECD 301F

Respirometric Test for the Biodegradability

Assessment of Various Potential Endocrine

Disrupting Chemicals Bioresour Technol 99

3458ndash3467

Stasinakis A S Gatidou G Mamais D Thomaidis N

S Lekkas T D (2008b) Occurrence and Fate of

Endocrine Disrupters in Greek Sewage Treatment

Plants Water Res 42 1796ndash1804

Stulten D Zuhlke S Lamshoft M Spiteller M (2008)

Occurrence of Diclofenac and Selected

Metabolites in Sewage Effluents Sci Total


Suarez S Carballa M Omil F Lema J M (2008) How

Are Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products

(PPCPs) Removed From Urban Wastewaters

Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 7 125ndash138

Sumpter J P (2008) The Ecotoxicology of Hormonally

Active Micropollutants Water Sci Technol 57

(1) 125ndash130

Swaim P Royce A Smith T Maloney T Ehlen D

Carter B (2008) Effectiveness of UV Advanced

Oxidation for Destruction of MicrondashPollutants


Takao Y Shimazu M Fukuda M Ishibashi H Nagae

M Kohra S Tabira Y Ishibashi Y Arizono

K (2008) Seasonal and Diurnal Fluctuations in

the Concentrations of Pharmaceuticals and

Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in Residential

Sewage Water J Health Sci 54 (2) 240ndash243

Terzic S Senta I Ahel M Gros M Petrovic M

Barcelo D Muller J Knepper T Marti I

Ventura F Jovancic P Jabucar D (2008)

Occurrence and Fate of Emerging Wastewater


2252

Contaminants in Western Balkan Region Sci


To P C Marinas B J Snoeyink V L Ng W J (2008)

Effect of Pore-Blocking Background Compounds

on the Kinetics of Trace Organic Contaminant

Desorption from Activated Carbon Environ Sci


Topp E Monteiro S C Beck A Coelho B B Boxall

A B A Duenk P W Kleywegt S Lapen D

R Payne M Sabourin L Li H Metcalfe C

D (2008) Runoff of Pharmaceuticals and

Personal Care Products Following Application of

Biosolids to an Agricultural Field Sci Total


Trautwein C Kummerer K Metzger J W (2008)

Aerobic Biodegradability of the Calcium Channel

Antagonist Verapamil and Identification of a

Microbial DeadndashEnd Transformation Product

Studied by LCndashMSMS Chemosphere 72 442ndash

450

Tunay O Samuk B Olmez T Kabdash I (2008)

Treatment of Antibiotic Formulation

Wastewaters by Fenton Process J Adv Oxid


Uslu M O Balcioglu I A (2008) Ozonation of

Antibiotics in Synthetic Pharmaceutical

Wastewater Fresenius Environ Bull 17 (11a)

1833ndash1838

Viglino L Aboulfadl K Mahvelat A D Prevost M

Sauve S (2008) OnndashLine Solid Phase Extraction

and Liquid ChromatographyTandem Mass

Spectrometry to Quantify Pharmaceuticals

Pesticides and Some Metabolites in Wastewaters

Drinking and Surface Waters J Environ Monit

10 482ndash489

Vignati D A L Burdino E Congiu A M Cicala F

Pardos M Nieddu G F Ugazio G (2008)

Quality Evaluation of Sediments from 24

Tributaries of the Po River Italy Water Air Soil

Pollut 190 129ndash141

Voigt K Bruumlggemann R (2008) Ranking of

Pharmaceuticals Detected in the Environment

Aggregation and Weighting Procedures Comb

Chem High Throughput Screening 11 770ndash782

Wang S Holzem R M Gunsch C K (2008) Effects of

Pharmaceutically Active Compounds on a Mixed

Microbial Community Originating from a

Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Environ


Waring R H Ayers S Gescher A J Glatt HndashR

Meinl W Jarratt P Kirk C J Pettitt T Rea

D Harris R M (2008) Phytoestrogens and

Xenoestrogens The Contribution of Diet and

Environment to Endocrine Disruption J Steroid

Biochem Mol Biol 108 213ndash220

Weinberg H S Pereira V J Ye Z (2008) Drugs in

Drinking Water Treatment Options In Fate of




Weiss S Reemtsma T (2008) Membrane Bioreactors for

Municipal Wastewater Treatment ndash A Viable


2253

Option to Reduce the Amount of Polar Pollutants

Discharged into Surface Waters Water Res 42

3837ndash3847

Wells M J M Pellegrin MndashL Morse A Bell K Y

Fono L J (2008) Emerging Pollutants Water

Environ Res 80 (10) 2026ndash2057

Wilcox J D Bahr J M Hedman C J Hemming J D

C Barman M A E Bradbury K R (2008)

Removal of Organic Wastewater Contaminants in

Septic Systems Using Advanced Treatment

Technologies J Environ Qual 38 (1) 149ndash156

Winker M Faika D Gulyas H Otterpohl R (2008) A

Comparison of Human Pharmaceutical

Concentrations in Raw Municipal Wastewater

and Yellowwater Sci Total Environ 399 96ndash

104

Wintgens T Salehi F Hochstrat R Melin T (2008)

Emerging Contaminants and Treatment Options

in Water Recycling for Indirect Potable Use

Water Sci Technol 57 (1) 99ndash107

Xagoraraki I Hullman R Song W Li H Voice T

(2008) Effect of pH on Degradation of

Acetaminophen and Production of 14ndash

Benzoquinone in Water Chlorination J Water

Supply Res TechnolndashAQUA 576 381ndash390

Xu J Wu L Chen W Chang A C (2008)

Simultaneous Determination of Pharmaceuticals

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds and Hormone

in Soils by Gas ChromatographyndashMass

Spectrometry J Chromatogr A 1202 189-195

Xuan R Blassengale A A Wang Q (2008)

Degradation of Estrogenic Hormones in a Silt

Loam Soil J Agric Food Chem 56 9152ndash

9158

Yargeau V Leclair C (2008) Impact of Operating

Conditions on Decomposition of Antibiotics

During Ozonation A Review Ozone Sci Eng

30 175ndash188

Yu S Lee B Lee M Cho IndashH Chang SndashW (2008b)

Decomposition and Mineralization of Cefaclor by

Ionizing Radiation Kinetics and Effects of the

Radical Scavengers Chemosphere 71 2106ndash

2112

Yu Z Peldszus S Huck P M (2008a) Adsorption

Characteristics of Selected Pharmaceuticals and

an Endocrine Disrupting Compoundndash Naproxen

Carbamazepine and Nonylphenol ndashOn Activated

Carbon Water Res 42 2873ndash2882

Zarnadze A Rodenburg L A (2008) WaterndashColumn

Concentrations and Partitioning of

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in the New

YorkNew Jersey Harbor USA Environ

Toxicol Chem 27 (8) 1636ndash1642

Zhang Y Geiβen SndashU Gal C (2008) Carbamazepine

and Diclofenac Removal in Wastewater

Treatment Plants and Occurrence in Water

Bodies Chemosphere 73 1151ndash1161

Zhang Z Hibberd A Zhou J L (2008) Analysis of

Emerging Contaminants in Sewage Effluent and

River Water Comparison Between Spot and

Passive Sampling Anal Chim Acta 607 37ndash44


2254

Zhao Z Knowlton K F Love N G (2008) Hormones

in Waste from Concentrated Animal Feeding

Operations In Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the



291ndash329

Zuccato E Chiabrando C Castiglioni S Bagnati R

Fanelli R (2008a) Estimating Community Drug

Abuse by Wastewater Analysis Environ Health

Perspect 116 (8) 1027ndash1032

Zuccato E Castiglioni S Bagnati R Chiabrando C

Grassi P Fanelli R (2008b) Illicit Drugs A

Novel Group of Environmental Contaminants



2212

et al 2008) in conjunction with associated reviews on

Detection Occurrence and Fate of Emerging Contaminants

in Agricultural Environments (Snow et al 2008) and the

Fate of Environmental Pollutants (Darnault and Godinez

2008) This review concentrates on wastewater surface

water and groundwater issues however selected topics

related to drinking water and drinking water treatment

methodologies that might be applied to wastewater are

included

pharmEcovigilance

With the now-established potential for

unanticipated exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredient

(API) residues from environmental exposure Daughton

and Ruhoy (2008) coined the term pharmEcovigilance to

represent the interconnected need for protecting human and

ecological health The environmental footprint of the

healthcare industry and its responsibility for designing and

implementing approaches for reducing and controlling

pharmaceutical pollution in a sustainable manner was

discussed Gunnarsson and Wennmalm (2008) advocated

for the point-of-view that pharmaceutical producers should

highlight environmental precaution when designing new

drugs They reported on the development in Sweden of a

national classification system of pharmaceutical active

ingredients (AIs) based on risk and hazard The

classification may be pertinent with respect to future drug

design In a review of recent studies of source

apportionment and toxicity of pharmaceuticals in the

environment Schirmer and Schirmer (2008) advocated an

integrated approach in which the entire life cycle of

micropollutants must be evaluated to reduce their load in

the environment A research program was initiated

combining fate bioavailability and ecotoxicological effect

assessment of micropollutants in the urban aquatic

environment that ultimately supports environmentally

friendly chemical design The authors called on chemical

manufacturers and consumers to change their practices

Analytical Methodology

Individual analytical methods for emerging

pollutants are reviewed in other venues noted here for

reference Perez and Barcelo (2008) reviewed analytical

protocols used in determining drugs and some of their

metabolites in aqueous and solid environmental samples

while Klein et al (2008) reviewed analysis of

pharmaceuticals in soil manure and sludge to concentrate

on the important solid-bound fraction Richardson (2008)

published a biennial review of developments in

environmental mass spectrometry for emerging

environmental contaminants covering the period of 2006-

2007 including the study of air water soilsediment and

biological samples

Farre et al (2008a) reported that thirteen

laboratories in nine European countries conducted an

interlaboratory exercise to determine the repeatability and

reproducibility of analytical schemes for nonsteroidal anti-

inflammatory drugs A rigorous statistical comparison of

data for ketoprofen naproxen ibuprofen and dicolofenac

sampled from a variety of environmental matrices showed

variations in concentration between laboratories that were

not greater than expected by chance However differences


2213


low

Occurrence Surveys




























































2214



























100 ngL










pollution



























2215

































mgL)






























2216































































2217




markers




























































2218















PPCPs

















































2219


















































Regulation













2220




the EU goals

Fate Investigations


























2008)































2221
































































2222




























































treatment




2223
































































2224






























































2225

























degradation






































2226


















increased

























WWTPs




















2227

























































2008)







2228































































2229















NF membrane









regulatory limits








































2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2213


low

Occurrence Surveys




























































2214



























100 ngL










pollution



























2215

































mgL)






























2216































































2217




markers




























































2218















PPCPs

















































2219


















































Regulation













2220




the EU goals

Fate Investigations


























2008)































2221
































































2222




























































treatment




2223
































































2224






























































2225

























degradation






































2226


















increased

























WWTPs




















2227

























































2008)







2228































































2229















NF membrane









regulatory limits








































2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2214



























100 ngL










pollution



























2215

































mgL)






























2216































































2217




markers




























































2218















PPCPs

















































2219


















































Regulation













2220




the EU goals

Fate Investigations


























2008)































2221
































































2222




























































treatment




2223
































































2224






























































2225

























degradation






































2226


















increased

























WWTPs




















2227

























































2008)







2228































































2229















NF membrane









regulatory limits








































2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2215

































mgL)






























2216































































2217




markers




























































2218















PPCPs

















































2219


















































Regulation













2220




the EU goals

Fate Investigations


























2008)































2221
































































2222




























































treatment




2223
































































2224






























































2225

























degradation






































2226


















increased

























WWTPs




















2227

























































2008)







2228































































2229















NF membrane









regulatory limits








































2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2216































































2217




markers




























































2218















PPCPs

















































2219


















































Regulation













2220




the EU goals

Fate Investigations


























2008)































2221
































































2222




























































treatment




2223
































































2224






























































2225

























degradation






































2226


















increased

























WWTPs




















2227

























































2008)







2228































































2229















NF membrane









regulatory limits








































2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2217




markers




























































2218















PPCPs

















































2219


















































Regulation













2220




the EU goals

Fate Investigations


























2008)































2221
































































2222




























































treatment




2223
































































2224






























































2225

























degradation






































2226


















increased

























WWTPs




















2227

























































2008)







2228































































2229















NF membrane









regulatory limits








































2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2218















PPCPs

















































2219


















































Regulation













2220




the EU goals

Fate Investigations


























2008)































2221
































































2222




























































treatment




2223
































































2224






























































2225

























degradation






































2226


















increased

























WWTPs




















2227

























































2008)







2228































































2229















NF membrane









regulatory limits








































2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2219


















































Regulation













2220




the EU goals

Fate Investigations


























2008)































2221
































































2222




























































treatment




2223
































































2224






























































2225

























degradation






































2226


















increased

























WWTPs




















2227

























































2008)







2228































































2229















NF membrane









regulatory limits








































2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2220




the EU goals

Fate Investigations


























2008)































2221
































































2222




























































treatment




2223
































































2224






























































2225

























degradation






































2226


















increased

























WWTPs




















2227

























































2008)







2228































































2229















NF membrane









regulatory limits








































2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2221
































































2222




























































treatment




2223
































































2224






























































2225

























degradation






































2226


















increased

























WWTPs




















2227

























































2008)







2228































































2229















NF membrane









regulatory limits








































2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2222




























































treatment




2223
































































2224






























































2225

























degradation






































2226


















increased

























WWTPs




















2227

























































2008)







2228































































2229















NF membrane









regulatory limits








































2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2223
































































2224






























































2225

























degradation






































2226


















increased

























WWTPs




















2227

























































2008)







2228































































2229















NF membrane









regulatory limits








































2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2224






























































2225

























degradation






































2226


















increased

























WWTPs




















2227

























































2008)







2228































































2229















NF membrane









regulatory limits








































2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2225

























degradation






































2226


















increased

























WWTPs




















2227

























































2008)







2228































































2229















NF membrane









regulatory limits








































2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2226


















increased

























WWTPs




















2227

























































2008)







2228































































2229















NF membrane









regulatory limits








































2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2227

























































2008)







2228































































2229















NF membrane









regulatory limits








































2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2228































































2229















NF membrane









regulatory limits








































2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2229















NF membrane









regulatory limits








































2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2230





























is necessary



































2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2231





efficiency


























































2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2232
































































2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2233













alone



























Modeling























2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2234




































BDE 47 loads



























2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2235



























































impact




2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2236






























microgkgday
















concentrations
















2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2237
































































2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2238

























2008)














331ndash348






















2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2239


1084ndash1095











70 445ndash452


















402 192ndash200












5030





427





Focus 8 407ndash423







108 55ndash63




2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2240




27 (9) 1958ndash1963















S115





56 1029ndash1034




















2805ndash2811










1789ndash1796









2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2241


386ndash394














(2) 254ndash260











711ndash719






















1857



Safety 31 (12) 1069ndash1082










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2242


59









Qual 37 (3) 1238ndash1244





October 2008)





October 2008)





October 2008)





27 (2) 425ndash432















10 622ndash631






199ndash213











2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2243











(11) 991ndash1007



57 (2) 183ndash187















57 (1) 9ndash17























240




232ndash235








2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2244













363ndash382





70 453ndash461






60








(17) 6324ndash6332






167ndash178












42 (18) 6809ndash6816












2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2245









1072ndash1083






513




57 (2) 251ndash255








315ndash323















Geol 55 801ndash821


















Raton FL 81ndash100




2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2246



















38 242ndash258





































2943ndash2952






2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2247









































43 961ndash968







49ndash56






319 54ndash63





54 31ndash35




2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2248

















101ndash120





709ndash716





1106ndash1111










71








1137ndash1147



57 (11) 1791ndash1797
















2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2249


















1271

















1053ndash1069














3601ndash3610














2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2250


3728




0wastewater-



2008)














150










1762





















(11) 1036ndash1052






1ndash8




2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2251



Res 80 (10) 868ndash897




65ndash69










A 112 7411ndash7417




157












3458ndash3467















(1) 125ndash130
















2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2252




















450








1833ndash1838







10 482ndash489





























2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2253



3837ndash3847













104


















9158




30 175ndash188





2112




















2254






291ndash329










2254






291ndash329









Date post:	12-Nov-2023
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