World Music NoteExcursions In World Music Third Edition

By ChenChe Hung

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Contents

Studying Musics of the World’s Cultures Music Intro. ! 3

What Is Music? 3

Ethnomusicology 3

Three-Part Model 3

Universals of Music -no culture is without music 4

Horbbostel-Sachs (Classification) 4

History of the Discipline 5

Quality of Musical Sound And Musical Parameters 6

Form of the Musical Discourse 7

Asia Music! 8

Asia Music -Japan! 9

Gagaku Music 9

Theater Music 9

Asia Music -Indonesia-! 12

Gamelan 12

Java -cultural and historical significance 12

Wayang Kulit 14

Asia Music -Mongolia-! 15

Historical Overview 15

Religious Overview 15

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Instruments 16

Urtiin Duu (Long Song) -spiritual ideology 16

Singing Long Songs 16

Europe Music! 18

Europe Music -Corsica & Sardinia-! 19

Singing in Corsica and Sardinia 19

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Studying Musics of the World’s Cultures Music Intro.

What Is Music?

1. Music is a synthetical life of human.

2. Music culture exist in 20th century.

♫ Music could be divide into three different

parts:

1. Cultures

2. Societies

3. History

♫ Why should we learn music?

Be able to learn different cultures/music by standing in their position.

Ethnomusicology

♫ Definition

A study that explains music as a culture phenomenon.

Music ➙ Culture and Field Work

♫ Investigators

Franz Boas/anthropologist (1858~1942)

Alan P. Merriam/ethnomusicologist (1923~1980)

♫ Fieldwork

1. Observation

2. Experience

3. Representation

4. Interpretation

♫ Ethnomusicology Today (Nowadays)

Nowadays, it focuses on deconstruction, nationalistic views, women’s move-ment, civil rights movement and challenges the superiority of western views.

★Conclusion: View from Music ➙ Learn from Ethnomusicology.

Three-Part Model

♫ Proposer

Alan P. Merriam

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Franz Boas (1858~1942) -Wiki

♫ Three-part model

1. Behavior (Sociology/Society):

Festival, Playing instruments, Creative,Directing, Any kind of music that relates with people.

2. Idea (Anthropology/Culture):

Feelings, Express emotions, Languages, Making people happy.

3. Sound (Musicology/Music):

Songs, Melody and tempo, Harmony, Tones.

★Conclusion: The Three-part Model is like the key to the world music. We

should understand it very clearly.

Universals of Music -no culture is without music

♫ Vocal productions

♫ Instruments (Hornbostel-Sachs Classif.)

1. Aerophone

2. Chordophone

3. Membranophone

4. Idiophone

♫ Genres of music

Year’s cycle, Life’s cycle, game songs.....etc.

Horbbostel-Sachs (Classification)

♫ Proposers

Erich Moritz von Hornbostel (1877~1935)

Curt Sachs (1881~1959)

♫ Musical instrument Classification

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Behavior

Idea Sound

Music

1. Aerophone

-Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air.

Source: Wind

E.g. Harmonica, Flute, Oboe.

2. Chordophones

-Sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a

string or strings.

Source: Strings

E.g. Piano, Harp, Lute.

☆Lute

Fretted: Guitar

Non-fretted: Violin

3. Membranophones

-Sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a

tightly stretched membrane.

Source: Membrane surface

E.g. Drums.

4. Idiophones

-Sound is primarily produced by the actual body of

the instrument vibrating, rather than a string,

membrane, or column of air.

Source: Instrument’s body

E.g. Wood block,xylophone.

★Electrophones

-Electrophones are classified by Curt Sachs in 1940,

this section was not categorize in the musical in-

strument Classification at first.(published in the

Zeitschrift für Ethnologie in 1914. English transla-

tion was published in the Galpin Society Journal in

1961.)

History of the Discipline

✦ Colonialism/Imperialism

♫ Relater

Heinrich Zahn (1880-1944)

♫ Information

Lutheran Missionary

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Oboe -Wiki

Fretted -Google Picture

Non-fretted -Google Picture

Wood block -Wiki

German New Guinea

✦ Comparative Music

♫ Grammophone (1887) & CENT

-Be able to store music

Music ➙ Object (CD, MP3, Radio.....)

-Become a comparable object “Armchair musicologists.”

★Progress

Grammophone (Record) ➙ (Translate/Render) ➙ Notation ➙ (Transmission) ➙

Human Culture.

✦ 19th Century Nationalism/Folklore

-Native country vs. Universal comparative schemes

♫ Systematic collection of folk songs

Relater: Bela Bartok (1881~1945)

-Nationalism and the notion of a “Disappearing tradition”

✦ Ethnomusicology (page 2)

✦ Ethnomusicology Today (page 2)

Quality of Musical Sound And Musical Parameters

✦ Duration

-A process happens in a period of time.

1. Rhythm: free rhythm, regular rhythm(2,3

beats)

2. Tempo(pace)

✦ Pitch (study with handouts’ pictures)

-Related to the frequency that vibrates from

one’s(it’s) body.

1. Melody(monophony) ➙ horizontal

2. Harmony(polyphony) ➙ vertical

☆Español-English:

Tono-Tone

Semitono-Semitone

✦ Loudness

-The volume (e.g. Dynamics)

✦ Timbre

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Dynamic symbols -Wiki

-Different sounds.(tell apart the source of the sound)

Form of the Musical Discourse

-Modified the musical idea, e.g. Crescendo”<”.

-Expressively and meaningfully giving form. (Through intelectual composition

or direct performance.)

-Transforming or combining its qualities and the musical parameter arising

thereof.

✦ Repetition (equality)

-Musical parts and ideas. ➙ Retaken without modifications.

✦ Variation (similarity)

-Musical parts and ideas. ➙ Retaken, but include some modifications.

✦ Diversity (difference)

-Musical parts and ideas move away from one another.

✦ Contrast (opposition)

-Musical parts and ideas clash.

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Asia MusicJapan, Indonesia, Mongolia

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Mount Jade

Asia Music -Japan

Gagaku Music

✦ Definition ♫ Meaning -Elegant, Refined music. ♫ Time -Taika Reform (大化の改新) ♫ Instrumental and choral music/dance under continual patronage of the imperial court. ♫ Transmitted by generations of guild musi-cians (Kanakura, 1185~1333) ♫ Called “Bugaku” when accompanying dance. ♫ Extremely popular in the Heian period (平安時 代, 794~1185), a necessary component of all court ceremonies. It was practiced by the court nobles themselves.

✦ Instruments ♫ Percussion -the Taiko and Tsutsumi families ♫ Strings -the Biwa (a pear-shaped lute with four strings and four frets), which constructs arpeggios with rhythmic functions while play -ing, is similar to the old style of Chinese Pipa. ♫ Winds -Different types of bamboo flute. Main melodic role: Shakuhachi. ✦ Style ♫ Characterized by smoothness, serenity and precise execution. ♫ Melody is played by flutes. ♫ Melody is supported by chords on string in- struments. ♫ Some drum patterns have colotomic function.

✦ Structure/Form~Jo-Ha -Kyu scheme 1. Jo: Introduction called “Netori” in Gagaku music. (a slow prelude) 2. Ha: Exposition (regularity of rhythm) 3. Kyu: Denouement (rushing to the end)

Theater Music

The Kabuki Theater

✦ Definition ♫ A dance theater with musical accompaniment.

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Gagaku Performer -Google

Biwa -Google

(a Kabuki actor is primarily a dancer) ♫ Extensive and elaborate scenery and costumes. ♫ The first performance was done only by women in 1596 and banned in mid 17th century. ♫ Men start the performance until 1652

✦ Origins ♫ The Edo period (江戸時代, 1600~1886) ♫ Kyoto, a female music theater in early 17th century. ♫ Fueled by thriving merchant classes and samurai ‘commoners’ stories. ♫ Assimilates styles, sounds, movements and etc.from different sources: Classical noh drama bunraku. (puppetry) ♫ Nebulous nexus of entertainment and prostitution

✦ Some Generic Roles 1. Kumadori: Symbolic face painting in Ka- buki. 2. Onnagata: Woman portrayal played by man.3. Samurai: Role of a ruling-class warrior.

✦ Instruments~some of them are borrowed from noh drama. ♫ Taiko: Double headed drum ♫ Tsutsumi ♫ Nokan: Bamboo flute ♫ Shamisen: Plucked chordophone

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Kumadori -Google

Onnagata -GoogleSamurai -Google

The Bunraku Puppet Theater

✦ Definition ♫ Important popular theater from the Edo pe- riod and was founded in Osaka in 1684. ♫ Both borrowed and exerted influence on Ka- buki theater. ♫ Wooden puppets are moved by three pup- peteers in a very realistic fashion. ♫ Narration is accompanied by Shamisen. ♫ Including chant (Tayū), heightened speech and lyrical songs. ♫ Three kinds of performers: 1. Puppeteers 2. Chanters 3. Shamisen Players ♫ Plots are similar to Kabuki stories.

The Noh Theater

✦ Definition ♫ The oldest form of Japanese theater. ♫ Many plots are based on literatures from the Heian period ♫ Precise, detailed slow movement (emotion is portrayed through the movement and the body gesture) ♫ Combining various folk dances, musical theatricals, and religious and courtly entertainment. ♫ Transformed into a serious Buddhist and a refined court art. ♫ Serious Buddhist themes and grave affects, are opposed to the Kabuki and Bunraku genres. ♫ Suits: Masks, Brocade robes and White socks. ♫ Accompanied by a male chorus and a small instrumental ensemble. (drums and flutes)

✦ Instruments 1. Taiko 2. Tsutsumi3. Nokan (bamboo flute)

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The Noh Theater -Google

Bunraku Puppet -Google

Asia Music -Indonesia-

Java and Bali

Gamelan

✦ Introduction

♫ The predominant musical ensemble (its literal

meaning) in Indonesia, its sound has influenced

by western composers.

♫ Originally, a court ensemble, accompanies pup

pet plays, feasts and ceremonies.

✦ Instruments

♫ Bronze, tuned gongs (idiophones) suspended

vertically or horizontally.

♫ Metallophones

♫ Xylophones

♫ Two-stringed fiddle

♫ Flute

♫ Drums

Java -cultural and historical significance

✦ Introduction

♫ The main courts of the Sultan, the Yogyakarta,

the Sushunan and the Surakarta were estab-

lished in mid-18th century. By that time, the

politic was largely controlled by the colonial

power, the Dutch, who exerted minimal control

on native Javanese rulers.

♫ Cultural matters like music and dance are both

establishing and justifying their precedence and prestige.

✦ Religion and spirituality

♫ Islam has been increasing its influence for several centuries over a Hindu-

religion layer.

♪ Instruments, especially gongs, are believed to be the abodes of spirits;

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Metallophones -Google

Xylophones -Wiki

They’re accordingly worshipped. (Hindu roots)

♪ On muslim holidays, gongs are banned.

(Muslim society)

✦ Features

♫ Two different scale systems (laras), each of

which has three modes (patets).

♪ Slendro -a five-tone scale

♪ Pelog -a seven-tone scale

♫ Gending -a piece of Javanese music for

Gamelan

♫ Gongang -a phrase punctuated with stroke

of a big gong.

✦ Instruments functions and formal principles

♫ Balungan (skeleton): Main melody

♫ Elaboration (flowering): Higher-register in

struments ornament the tune

♫ Colotomic structure: each instrument fol-

lows a repetitive pattern of beats that

highlights the overal rhythmic structure.

✦ Two styles

♫ Loud style -played by the main metallo-

phone instruments of the gamelan

♫ Soft style -played by metallophone instruments within the gamelan, “Re-

baba, Kendang, Suling” and “Male or female chorus”

Bali✦ Historical overview

♫ After 1908, the Dutch intervention in Bali was different from in Java, the courts

were dissolved and the descendants of nobles could not maintain the elaborate

musical establishments (including Gamelan ensembles) associated with courtly

life.

♫ Normally, people took over the Gamelan and created new styles.

✦ Gamelan Gong Kebyar

♫ Modern type of Balinese music that is noted for its virtuosic, flashy and unpre-

dictable playing style (it is not improvised) that contrasts to the classic and ele-

gant gamelan style of Java

♫ Village Gamelan clubs bought old unused court gamelans and recast them for

entertainment purposes.

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Gongs -Wiki

Kendang of Java -Wiki

Wayang Kulit

♫ Shadow-play of Java and Bali, accompanied by Gamelan music.

♫ Stories are derived from the Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana.

♫ Dhalang, the puppeteer, speaks with a host of voices, archaic languages and is

a repository of spiritual and cultural values.

♫ Dhalang signals the Gamelan for pieces of music needed for scenes.

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Wayang Kulit -Wiki

Asia Music -Mongolia-

Historical Overview

♫ The Mongol Empire (1206~1368) ➙ Genghis Khan ➙ United the nomadic tribes. ♫ The largest contiguous land empire in his- tory. ♫ The empire was splited into four kindoms after Genghis ‘s death. ♫ Known as the Yuan Dynasty that was founded by Kublai Khan. ♫ Mongolia was controlled by Chinese Ming Dynasty. (1368~1550)

✦ Altan Khan ♫ Altan Khan called himself the true Mongolian Khan and made peace with the Ming Empire in 1550. ♫ In 1577, Altan Khan officially recognized Sonam Gyatso of Tibet as the Dalai Lama. (“Dalai”=ocean, “Lama”=teacher ➙ Ocean of wisdom teacher.) (Buddhism is the offi- cial religion of Mongols.) ✦ After the Khans ♫ 1636 -Qing Dynasty, aka Manchu ♫ 1911 -After the fall of Qing Dynasty, Mongolia declares independence. ♫ 1919 -Chinese tried to unsuccessfully recaptured Mongolia back by Red Army. ♫ 1924 -Mongolian People’s Republic, Soviet Satellite Republic. ♪ Collectivization of livestock ♪ Religious purges ♫ 1990 -Peaceful Democratic Revolution. ♫ 1992 -New Constitution.

Religious Overview

♫ Local, land-based spirituality. ♫ Tibetan Buddhism was introduced in 1577. ♫ Massive religious was purged by the Soviets in the 1930s. ♫ Currently, they are re-embracing Buddhism and land-based spiritually. ♫ Since 1990, many western churches, especially Christian and Mormon, have entered Mongolia

Political and Religious Influences

♫ Some long songs are in Sanskirt, Buddist languages. ♫ 1911~1990, especially during 1930s and 1940s, Soviets removed music from

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Genghis Khan -Yahoo

pastoral setting to preserve the “tradi- tional” or “National” style into concerts and competitive settings. ♪ Lyrics with Buddist connotations were removed from long songs. ♪ Under ideological contraints, musical traditions were defined as part of the past rather than the living present.

Instruments

✦ Chordophones: ♫ Morin Khuur -spike fiddle, bowed ♫ Topshur - plucked

✦ Aerophones: ♫ Limbe -a side-blown flute ♫ Tsuur -an end-blown flute

Urtiin Duu (Long Song) -spiritual ideology

♫ Reciprocal relationship with the nature and humans. ♫ Songs are used as emotional communi- cations. ♪ As offering to landscapes. ♪ To calm and sooth the animals into ac- cepting their young. ♫ Singing style: ♪ Long pharses ♪ Melismatic melodic contour ♪ Wide, open, powerful sound quality

Singing Long Songs

♫ Nair celebration (feasts) -housewarming, parties, wedding and etc. ♫ Naadam celebration (athletic competi- tions) -wrestling and horse riding ♫ While horseback riding, the riders use long songs to ask for protection. ♫ While herding animals, especially dur- ing the birthing season.

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Morin Khuur -Wiki

Topshur -Khomus

Höömi (Throat Singing or Overtone Singing)

♫ Stylistic similarities to Tibetan chant of the Buddhist monks. ♫ Forbidden women to sing. ♫ Khoumi: Western, central and northern Mongolia. ♫ Tuvan: Northern Mongolia (Tuva is currently a province in Russia, borders northwest Mongolia) ♫ Singers of Höömi produce two or three pitches simultaneously. ♪ Drone note acts as fundamental frequency. ♪ By controlling the shape of the mouth and larynx harmonic frequencies sound. ♪ The overtones are as loud or louder than the fundamental. ♫ Emulation of environment. ♪ High, whistling sound represents by wind, birds or rushing water. ♪ Low, growling sound represents by wind or camels.

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Europe MusicCorsica & Sardinia

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Mont Blanc

Europe Music -Corsica & Sardinia-

Male Polyphony

Singing in Corsica and Sardinia

✦ Features

♫ Old vocal tradition (stemming from medieval polyphony)

♫ Polyphony -many simultaneous melodic lines

♫ Male genre

♫ Consists of four parts (sung by four men)

♫ A cappella: No instrumental accompaniment.

♫ One singer leads the verses

♫ Other singers accompany using vocables (syllables without textual meaning)

♫ Melismatic singing: Vocal ornamentation (typical of Arabic/Mediterranean

styles)

✦ Social and political implications

♫ Singers stand in circle and sing to each other.

♫ Social experience and a form of male bonding.

♫ By mid 20th century, this vocal genre was “lost” (not performed by youth)

♫ By late 20th century, there was a revival as a form of national identity (particu-

larly Corsica -an autonomous region of France)

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Tenores di Bitti Mialinu Pira -Flickr