Geographical Information System: Definition & Meaning:• Geographic Information Systems is a computer-based tool that analyzes, stores,

manipulates and visualizes geographic information on a map.

• A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface in the form of digitized map.

• GIS can show many different kinds of data on one map. This enables people to more easily see, analyze, and understand patterns and relationships.

• With GIS data visualization technology, people can compare the locations of different things in order to discover how they relate to each other.

Geographical Information System: Definition & Meaning:• For example, using GIS, the same map could include sites that produce pollution, such

as gas stations, and sites that are sensitive to pollution, such as wetlands. Such a map would help people determine which wetlands are most at risk.

• GIS can use any information that includes location. The location can be expressed in many different ways, such as latitude and longitude, address, or ZIP code.

• It can include information about the land, such as the location of streams, different kinds of vegetation, and different kinds of soil. It can include information about the sites of factories, farms, and schools, roads, and electric power lines.

Geographical Information System: Data & GIS:

• Data in many different forms can be entered into GIS. Digital, or computerized, data can also be entered into GIS.

• example : data collected by satellites that show land use—the location of farms, towns, or forests. • GIS can also include data in table form, such as population information. • Putting information into GIS is called data capture. Data that are already in digital form, such as images

taken by satellites and most tables, can simply be uploaded into GIS. Maps must be scanned, or converted into digital information.

• GIS must make the information from all the various maps and sources, so they fit together. One reason this is necessary is because maps have different scales. A scale is the relationship between the distance on a map and the actual distance on Earth. GIS combines the information from different sources in such a way that it all has the same scale.

Geographical Information System:Uses of GIS Map:

• Once all of the desired data have been entered into a GIS system, they can be combined to produce a wide variety of individual maps.

• using GIS technology, many kinds of information can be shown about a single city. Maps can be produced that relate such information as average income, book sales, and voting patterns. Any GIS data layer can be added or subtracted to the same map.

• GIS maps can be used to show information about number and density. For example, GIS can be used to show how many doctors there are in different areas compared with the population

• With GIS technology, researchers can also look at change over time. They can use satellite data to study topics such as how much of the polar regions is covered in ice. A police department can study changes in crime data to help determine where to assign officers.

• GIS systems are often used to produce three-dimensional images.

Geographical Information System:Uses of GIS Map:

• GIS technology makes updating maps much easier. Updated data can simply be added to the existing GIS program. A new map can then be printed or displayed on screen. This skips the traditional process of drawing a map, which can be time-consuming and expensive.

• Many businesses use GIS to help them determine where to locate a new store.• Biologists use GIS to track animal migration patterns. • City officials use GIS to help plan their response in the case of a natural disaster such as an

earthquake. GIS maps can show these officials what neighborhoods are most in danger, where to locate shelters, and what routes people should take to reach safety.

• Scientists use GIS to compare population growth to resources such as drinking water, or to try to determine a region’s future needs for public services like parking, roads, and electricity. There is no limit to the kind of information that can be analyzed using GIS technology.

Geographical Information System:

Geographical Information System:Sub- Systems of GIS:

1) Input: It deals with creating an image based GIS from –geodatabase.2) Management: The purpose is efficient storage, retrieval and database mgt.3) Processing: Data manipulation, feature enhancement, and classification etc.4) Display : Display the product generator.5) Output: provides thematic maps, images for application.

Geographical Information System:Names of the GIS Software's:

GVSIG 1.0GRASS GIS 6.4Capaware rc1 0.1SAGA-GIS v. 2.0.3Whitebox GAT 1.0.2IDRISI Taiga 16.05Verbex 7000DeLormeEsriInter graphManifoldOrteliusMaptitudeMap Maker

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Introduction:

• Artificial intelligence is the field of science and technology such as computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans.

• The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

• AI technologies are being used in variety of ways to improve the decision making support to managers and business professionals.

• AI enabled applications are- information distribution and retrieval, data mining, product design, manufacturing, inspection, training, user support, planning, resource scheduling and management.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Definition: • According to John McCarthy, “The use of the term AI to describe computers with

the ability to mimic or duplicate the functions of human brain”.

• According to RICH and Knight, “The study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment people do better”.

• The major trust of AI is the development of computer functions normally associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning and problem solving.

• It is the field of research related to the demonstration of intelligence by machines.

• The programming languages used as a AI languages are LISP (Locator/Identifier separation protocol) and Prolog.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Attributes of Intelligent Behavior:

1. Think and reason2. Use reason to solve problems3. Learn or understand from experience4. Acquire and apply knowledge5. Exhibit creativity and imagination6. Deal with complex situations7. Respond quickly and successfully to new situations8. Recognize the relative importance of elements in situation9. Handle ambiguous, incomplete information

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Need Of AI system in Business:

1. To preserve intelligence and knowledge2. To store information for access by a wider group3. To create a mechanism to supplement humans in dangerous, repetitive and

physical situations.4. To eliminate monotonous jobs5. To suggest solutions that were used in similar situations6. To provide strategic advantage

Artificial Intelligence (AI)Applications of AI:1. Artificial Neural Systems (ANS)A neural network is an electronic model of the brain consisting of many interconnected simple processors. This imitates how your actual brain works. Applications of artificial neural systems

Learning to read postcodes Stock market prediction Debt risk assessment

2. Game Playing:Programming computers to play games such as chess and checkers.3. Expert Systems:Programming computers to make decisions in real- life situations. For Eg. Some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)4. Vision systems It capture, store and manipulate visual images and pictures. i.e. Artificial Intelligence is used to try and interpret and understand an image -

industrial, military use, satellite photo interpretation. Spy plane takes a photograph and experts would then analyze it to try and figure it out -

see if it was an enemy area. Police using the computer to come up with a photo fit drawing of a criminal. Doctors using the system to make diagnosis of patient.5. Speech recognition The ability of the computer to understand a human talking to it. There are many problems associated with this – humans have different accents, slang

words, noise in the background, feeling poorly (flu, cold etc.). This means that the computer has to be trained to recognize the voice of the human. This means that the human has to ensure that by talking to the computer system before, i.e. train it, the system will be able to recognize their words, sentences, etc.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)6. Intelligent Robots/ Robotics: Programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory stimuli. A robot can carry out many tasks such as the production of cars in a factory. Robots can weld, paint, etc. The robot follows a control program to carry out the task given to it by a human. All these robots have sensors. they do the same thing over and over again as instructed by the control

program. A sensor is a device which can detect physical data from its surroundings and then this data is input into

a computer system. Examples of sensors: light, heat, movement, pressure, temperature, sound. An intelligent robot has many different sensors, large processors and a large memory in order to show

that they have intelligence. The robots will learn from their mistakes and be able to adapt to any new situation that may arise. An intelligent robot can be programmed with its own expert system, e.g. a factory floor is blocked with

fallen boxes. An intelligent robot will remember this and take a different route. These intelligent robots carry out many different tasks such as automated delivery in a factory, pipe

inspection, bomb disposal, exploration of dangerous/unknown environments.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Work 24/7, 365 days/year, unlike human workers; do not need holidays Cheaper – do not need paid - company make more money in the long run More accurate Safer than sending a human into dangerous places, e.g. nuclear power stations

Business Intelligence (BI)Definitions:

• Business Intelligence (BI) refers to skills, processes, technologies, applications and practices used to support decision making.• Originally a term coined by the Gartner Group in 1993, Business Intelligence (BI) is

a broad range of software and solutions aimed at collection, consolidation, analysis and providing access to information that allows users across the business to make better decisions.

· The technology includes software for database query and analysis, multidimensional databases or OLAP tools, data warehousing and data mining, and web enabled reporting capabilities.

• Systems that provide directed background data and reporting tools to support and improve the decision-making process.

Business Intelligence (BI)

•A popularized, umbrella term used to describe a set of concepts and methods to improve business decision making by using fact-based support systems• Business Intelligence is a broad category of applications and technologies for gathering, storing, analysing, and providing access to data to help clients make better business decisions.

• A system that collects, integrates, analyses and presents business information to support better business decision making.

• Business Intelligence is an environment in which business users receive information that is reliable, secure, consistent, understandable, easily manipulated and timely...facilitating more informed decision making

Why BI?

© 2008 Accenture. All Rights Reserved.

Improving organizations by providing business insights to all employees leading to better, faster, more relevant decisions

Core Capabilities of BI

Benefits of Business Intelligence

•Improve Management Processes– planning, controlling, measuring and/or changing resulting in increased revenues and reduced costs

• Improve Operational Processes– fraud detection, order processing, purchasing.. resulting in increased revenues and reduced costs

• Predict the Future

BI Golden Rules:

• Data Quality & Accuracy

• Data Consistency

• Data Timeliness

“Get the right information to the right people at the right time in right format”.

Expert Systems:

Concept:• An expert system is a software that contains a knowledge base of facts and

relationships and has the ability to make inferences(conclusions) based on that knowledge base.

• It is comp based information system in which knowledge is processed and presented by computer programs.

• It is also known as business expert system (BES) is a knowledge based information system that uses its knowledge about a specific, complex application area to act as an expert.

Definition:• According to Gaschnig, Reboh & Reiter, “Expert systems are interactive computer

programs incorporating judgements, rule of thumb, intuition & other expertise to provide knowledgeable advice about a variety of tasks”.

Expert Systems:

Goal:• Try to solve the kinds of problems that normally require human experts. Examples:• Medical diagnosis,• Financial analysis,• Factory production scheduling Why knowledge-based systems?• To understand human reasoning methods or suggested decisions.• To display intelligent behavior• Draw conclusions from complex relationship• Human experts tend to take vacations, get hired by other companies, retire, become ill, die, . . .• Provide expertise that is expensive and rare.• Develop a solution faster than human expert can• Lots of commercial successes!

Expert Systems:

Capabilities of expert systems:

Planning

Strategic Goal Setting

Design

Decision Making

Quality Control and Monitoring

Diagnosis

Explore impact of strategic goals

Impact of plans on resources

Integrate general design principles and manufacturing limitations

Provide advice on decisions

Monitor quality and assist in finding solutions

Look for causes and suggest solutions.

Expert Systems:

Expert Systems: Components of expert systems:1. Knowledge base:• Stores all relevant information, data, rules, cases and relationships used by the expert

systems• The knowledge base of expert systems contains both factual and heuristic knowledge.• Factual knowledge is that knowledge of the task that is widely shared, typically found in

textbooks or journals, and commonly agreed upon by those knowledgeable in the particular field.

• Heuristic knowledge is the less rigorous, more experiential, more judgmental knowledge of performance. In contrast to factual knowledge, heuristic knowledge is rarely discussed, and is largely individualistic. It is the knowledge of good practice, good judgment, and possible reasoning in the field.

• 2. Inference Engine: Seeks information and relationships from the knowledge base and provides answers, predictions in the way a human experts would

Expert Systems: Components of expert systems:3. Rule: A conditional statement that links given conditions to actions or outcomes. It is often encoded as IF-THEN rules.

4) User Interface:• Expert system contain a language processor for friendly, problem oriented

communication between the user and computer. • Most existing systems use the question –answer approach to interact with

the user.• Communication is carried out in natural language.

Expert Systems: Advantages:

1. Expert advice available all the time

2. Knowledge of expert staff can be captured to some extent before they move on.

3. Can be used as a training aid to increase the expertise of staff

4. Makes rational decisions without any emotional overhead

5. Does not get tired or overworked.

6. Natural language interface would make the expert system more human friendly

7. Increased output and productivity

8. Enhancement of problem solving and decision making processes.

Expert Systems: Disadvantages:

1. Usually only covers a narrow range of knowledge2. A lot of effort and cost has to go into making a good expert system

3. Unlikely to come up with creative solutions

4. Does not learn from mistakes unless user feedback and human maintenance is part of its ongoing development

5. Most expert systems are menu driven which does not deal very well with ambiguous problems.