The Dictionary of Art E D I T O R I A L A D V I S O R Y B O A R D

Terukszu Akiyama; Carlo Bertclli; Whitney Chadwick; Andri! Chaste]; Ole& Gsabar;

Francis Haskcll; Alfonso E. P&rtz SAnchez; Jessica Rawson; Roben Rostnblum;

Willibald Saucrlander; PetcrThornton; Irenewinter

CONSULTING E D I T O R Hugh Rriplstocke

Cossiers TO

Dio tti

G R O V E

356 Cvprus, 511, 5Cvii): Ancient seals

13c siwets were p r d u c d in an accomplishd Archaic Greek style with Icaf-shaped bezels, possibly made by expatriate craftsmen from the Greek cities of Asia Minor. Thercaftcr, Grcck inspintion remained paramount.

RFRE,IOGRAPHY E. Pomda: T h t C!-ltndcr k l c nfthc Lste Cr-prior B r o n x A~' ,Atnn: J.

ArrhnmL. l i ~ ( l94HI. pp. 1 'R9R 1. b a d m a n : 'Cypriot F l n ~ r Rlnp', ,+MU. hit. fib, Athcnr, Iv (1970).

pp. 5E5 KtCOtAS COLDSTREAhI

I i t Evidcnce for wall painting on C!-pnis goes back to the Neolithic period : traces of a human figure in red pigment on cream-colourcd plaster wcrc found on a pier within a buiiding excavated at f i lavasof lenta (r. 5500 ~c;Nicosia, Cyprus Mus.). T h e h e r e has upraised arms and a square head wirh no facial derails. More ment m a i n s of wall paintings were found at Salamis, Tomb RO (later 6th century BC); h e walls were dccomtcd with styfizcd blue and purple lotus flmven, while the ceiling was pnintcct with crosses and roserte that recall Egptian protorvpes. Plaster fragments with pinted geometric motifs from rhe 5rh century BC UTE found near the Sanctuary of Aphmdit~Astane at Tamassos.

Numerous cxarnples of painted decontion survive in Hellenistic romhs a t NEW PAPHOS, with either geometric rnotif+meanden, wave-crcsrs, guilloche+in red, green, yellow, blue and black, or architccmral elements such as pilasters imimred in paint. Tomb R at Ammoi in New Paphos was exceptionally fine: rhc lower pans of the walls had painted imitations of alabaster slabs, above which ran floral garlands, while on the ceilin~ a sloth spangled with stars in a gcornctric fmme WAS painted. This cpe of decontion finds parallels on Delos and in Alexandria.

The palntcd decoration of Roman tombs was usudly concentrated within thc arched nichcs that held sarcoph- a ~ . O n e tomb in the Glyky Ncro area of New Paphos had representations of a dog, an open casket, a porncgmn- ntc, a throne and a bird, recalling the Colurnbariun~ style of the 2nh3rd century AD (named after the painted dccoration of rhc Columbariurn (tomb) of I'omponius I-lyjns at Rnme}. Scattered fragments of wall pa~ntings have bccn found in ruins of late MeUmisdc and Roman houses in Ncw Paphos and hmathus. The dccoration was mainly ~enrnetric and floml, but small fragments of figured panels wcrc also unto\-cred. Remains of a mythological scene shou~ng I f y / n ~ and tbt iVynph~ were painted o n the walls of a latc 3rd-century AD bath a t Salamis. Represen- tations of Muses were uncovered in the House of hion in New Paphos (mid-4th cenmy AD).

BERttOGRAPIlY \'. h m q t o & ~ s : . f aLm~j b C ~ r n ~ : Itlomnr, 1Yr/mi~tir m d Romm

( h d o n . 1969) -: 'Fmillcs dc Nca Paphol: 'Tombelux d n Ro~s"'. BwIL Cow HcIL.

ctu (1360). p. 794 I . . \ . T d d : 'A C j ~ n o t e Ncobthrc \Y'aU-pi nun^'. A n h p i m , lu (1981).

pp. 47-51 S. II.~dlj<ar.vas :'A Uniquc Roman Built Tomb lo Paphr'. Htp. D p t d ~ f . ~

f i p r r , ~ (l9H2), pp. 20.U \'. Knra~tnf~his: 'Chmniquc dc fouilk ct d&murmr- l rchhl (~qucr . 1

C h i ~ r r en 1981'. RAIL Cam Ht/I.,o-i (19KZ).p." IX'IKTTIR I\. Dr\S%E\Y.'SKI

Viis subsection coven the period from r. A D 330 ro 1 t 9 I : Byzantine art and architecture after that date are discussed in §IV below.

1. Inrmduction. 2, Arch~tccture. 3. Punun~ and mosa~C<. 4. Gold anll s1lvrr.

1. INTROQVCTIUN. By A D 325 the Christian church in Cyprus was already well enough established to be able ro send at least threc bishops rn the Ecumenical Council of Nicaea (now Iznik). Onc of these was St Sppridon. bishop of Trimithns (dc. A n 348) who, together wirh St %on (c. AD 291-37 1) and St Bpiphanins (r. AD 31 > 403), influence$ the spread of Christianity a n rhe island. The first half of the 4th century AD, however, was a difficult period for Cyprus. It suffered a long perind of drought, and in 332 and 342 mnhquakcs destroyed Sdilarnis and other important cities. Salamis was rebuilt, rcnamed Constantia, and the capital was transfend thcrc frhm '

P~phos. Cyprus came under the command of thc praeto- rian prefect of the East rcsidmg in Antioch until A n 535, whcn Justininn I joined Cyprus, Moesia, Caria and thc Cycladic islands to Sq&ia. It is not known how long this arrangement stayed in force. After the death of St Epi- phan~cls, rhe church of Antioch uied to subjugate thc church of Cypms, but the Ecumenical Council of Ephcsnr (431) decided that the church of Cyyms should remain autocephalous.Thc matter was not finally settled, however. unnl ~ m p c r o r Zeno (fix AD 474-91) gave his support to rhe buildlnpr of A church 2nd a monastery near the tomb of St Barnabas, west of SdmisXonstantia.

In the 6th cenmrv ,In thc island becamc a cenae of silk production after siikwarms had been srnumled into the Byzantine ernpirc from East Asia duringlustinian's reign. In AD 610 Heraklios ( m ~ 6 1 MI) stayeti on his way from Ep;vpt to Consrantinoplc in Salamis-Constantia and con- uibuted towards thc construction of an aquerlucr between Kyrhrea and Salamidonstantia (40 km). The pmsperiv of Cyprus came to an end in the middle of rhc 7th ccntury AD. In 649 the Anhs anacked rhe island, destroying Salamis-Constantia and plundering other areas. In 6.43 thuy rctumed, occupied the whole island, dcstrnycrl thc towns and massacred thc populadon. They cstahlishcd a ~arrison that remined und 680-81. In 688-9 thc caliph AbEZ al-hlaliq (rqG85705) signed an agreement u ~ t t ~

Justinian I1 ( ~ 6 % - 9 5 ; 705-1 1) in which Cyprus was neutralized and Cvprioa were o b t i ~ d to pay an equal amount of tribute to Arabs and Byzantines. The neutrality of Cyprus was not always respected, however, and severnl Arab anacks were reported between the 8th century and the early 10th.

ow in^ to i ts neutral status, Cyprus was l e y unaf- fected by the iconoclast controvemy (730-843). The island became a refuge for the ieonophiles of Asia Minor and 2

place of exile for iconophile monks sent there by the imperial administration. Christians from Svria and Pales- tine, persecuted by the Arabs, also took r t f ~ ~ in Clprus. In 965 the island once a p i n became a province o f the Byzantine ernpirc, and in thc 1 I th cennlry Nicosia became its capital. With the loss of Asls Minor to the Saljuq~ (f071-80) and the bejnning of thc Crusades in 11195,

Cyprus, §III,2: Early Christian and Byzantine architecn~re 357

C\ -~NS became TT important smtepjc ccntrc for thc ripire. snd the castles of St Hilarion, Ruffavcnta and Kanr3n were built on the island's nnnhcrn mnRc of mounrains. During the mid-12th ccntur). Cyprus was raided by Raynald of Chitillon (y I 'I 5.340) in 1 155-6, b,. rhe Eqyptian fleet in, 1 158 and hy Raymond 111, Count og~ripoli ( ~ q 1 152-871, in 1 E 61. Accorhng to thc sources, , three-vcar drought followed in thc 1 l'05.

In 1 184 Isaak Komncnos proclairncd himself King of cliprus. and for seven years the C\priots suffered at his hind<. In 1 19 1 Richard II, Knl: of Eneland, d c f a t d him

occupied the island, rakinc r:ritll h ~ m a I r y z booty to the I io ly Land. Therc he sold Cyprus. which was held hrlcflv by rhe K n i ~ h t s Tcrnplar and then, in 1 3 92, ceded rr , G i ~ y de I-usikman (rqq 11924), who rstlblished a Fmnk~sh k~ngdom thcrc.

7 , :\RCHIT~ICTLIRE. According to the liremy sources, rnr~ll churches cxistcd on Cyprus in thc hrst h d f of the .~rh ccntury .\D, but the carbtst surviving remains belong ' t r t what was probably part of the mid-4tkcenrury A n rn~rwrium of St Henkleidios in the monastery of Hagios 1 fcr.~klcidios (hrplcly 18rh century) at Politiko. Escavations ha\ c revealed the remains of numetous churches from the lltc 4th cenrun' to the 6 th . They are all of the wooden- rt>oCc'cd hasifican q ~ c : no vaulted basilicas or c e n d z c d hulIr\!n$p \were built. Most of these Eady Christian basilicas h ~ r c only three aisles, such as H+os Spysidon (Iarc 4th ccntu y) at Trmctousia (anc. Trirnithos), Hafins Hen- hlcid~os at Politiko, H g o s Phiion at hzokarpasso and the Fxiqilicas at Hagia Trias, Arnathus, Soli. Pcgia, Rphos, POIIF. Lourion, XEalathov~uno. Lyi and on the Akamas Peninsula. The aides were orip3nally scparzted from the nave by colonnades, except in the basilica at Marathoc- I wno. where masonry piers replaccd thc columns.

The largest three-islcd basilica is at Sob, in which the cr)lonnades f l a n h g the nave each had 12 h u p stone columns (see tig. 23). To the west lies a panially cxcava~cd atrium surrounded by porticos; in the middlc was a hcxnylnal phde (fountain) on a platform. 11nothrr im- portant three-aisled basifica is thc cathcdnl of Kourion. 11s p n l y p n d apse WRS flanked hv pr1$10,bh& (scrvice rooms). common in Svsin hut unknrjwn clsmvhere m Cvnrus. The narthex cn;nrnunicatcd tt, the west with an . , open space containing a hcsngonal phialc and to the nonh w t h the atrium of thc haptistcry. Corridors with benches along thc south and north wills of the basilica were probably used as catechumens. The most sumptuous of the three-aislcd basilicas is that of Kampanopetra at Salarnls, with i t s co!umns, bases and capitds o l Proconne- slan rnarbvc. Its narthex has apsidxl ends and is preceded tn rhc west by an atrium and a rasr yard. Along the north and south u;dls of thc basilica two comdors hnk the nanhes 14th another atrium at the east end. The east porticn of this second atrium contains a cikmrium. Baths and a rnonumcntal staircase leading down to the sea lic hevond the cast auium.

.'\nlnng the few hvc-aislcd basilicas. one examplc, a t Sdi, wns rcplaced in thc 5th century by the three-aislcd basilica. Thc escarndons of the five-ajsld basilica of : \chc~ro~o~i tos at Larnbousa (anc. Lapirhos) harc re~mlccl 'hat rhc threc castern scrnicircular apses arc cncloscd

23. Plan of the thm-zisM basilicx a t Snli. 5th ccntury m: (a) basilica; (b) auium; (c) phiale (fountain) ; (d) prjrncnr

within eccilinear walk, as in the churches of Syria- Palestine, and that the outermost isles arc shorter than the nave md the rwa inner a~slcs. 'Ihc basilica of Hagia Kyriaki (or ChrywpoLussa) at IJaphos originally had sevcn aisles, which were reduced tn fire in rht 6th century. An unusual featurc is that it had tulo a p e s at the east end of the c e n d nave: an outer apse and an inner one 12 rn to the wcst. In thc space kenvcen thc nvo apses four granite columns (h. 7.10 rn) supported a higher roof and separated the nave from thc inner aisles, Marlde columns (h. 5.80 m) flanked the rest of the nave. The nanhex to the west Linked the basilica to thc bishop's house to the south. To the west was an atrium with fuur porticos and a circular phiale. Anorher scvcn-nisled basilica is that of I-Iagios Epiphamos a t Salamis. A stn~icircular synthronon was inserted in the main apse in the 6th century, and the baptistery to the east of the south sislcs contains a cruciform font with a h!pr~clust undcmcath.

Thesc basilicas wcrc dl destroyed by the Arab raids of the 7th and 8th centuncs, Although some wcrc later

358 Cyprus, 5111,2: Exly Christian and Byzantine architecture

restored. the colonnades k t w t e n the nave and i s l e s were rcplaccd by masony piers, as in the basilicas of Panagia hnikar ia , Lythrankomi, H q o s Spyridon and W;iji~os Hcrakleidjos. Others were rebuilt as vvnltcd basilicas, as in the Panaea and Asomatos churches at Aphendrika, Panaqia Syka a t Rizokarpasso and Hagia Varvara near Kowr,ln. During the pcrid of the Arab raids, new church plans were introduced into the island, such as rhc r rad td church with five domes. H a ~ a Paraskevi (9th centuq) a t l'eroskipos, For example, is A rhrtc-nisled vaulred basilica with five domes; three larger domes rcplaced the vault of the nave and two smaller domes rest o n lthe vaults of the aisles on either side of the central dome of the navc. Another church type introduced into Cyprus in this period was the domed cross-in-square, as in I-Iagios Antonios (9th ccnmry) at Kellia, nmr Larnaca (anc. Kition). The church was destroyed in 1425 and was rebuilt in the 16th century with a tt-ansvme vault in place of the dome.

~ l i ~ h t l ~ later In date arefhe churches that combine the cross-in-square plan with rhrcc domes, as in Hnffos Ilzatos at hrnaca (9th cennrn.; rebuilt 17th cenruq) and FIagos \;lrnavas (with ody wo surviving domes) nmr Salamis. Excavations have re\-ealcd that, following ~ t s destruction by the Arabs, Magios Rpiphanios at Salamis was rebuilt as a raulrtd basilica with three dornes over thc nave. In addidon to the basilican churches, small vadted chapels wcre bud& such as the chapel (8th centuv) in an annear of the basilica at Hagia ~'rias. St111 standing is the chapcl of Wagia Solomoni (9th century) at Korna tou YiaIou. By the cady 10th ccnnrry, domed, singit-aisled churches known as 'inscribed-cross in ernbtyo' w r c nlsa h c i n ~ built, such as H~aRias Giorgios a t Aphendnka near k x o hrpasso.

Thc re-establishment of Byzantine n ~ l e in Cyprus in 365 strengthened the ties between Cyesus and Consand- nople. New church types were intmducecl and existing qpes, such as the domed cross-in-square, became wide- spread. Examples of this type include Hagios Philon (10th century} near Rjzokarpasso; Hagios G i o q o s in Kyrenk Castle, the only example in Cvprus in which the dome is supported by b u r marble columns instead of masonry piers; Hag-ios Nikolnos us Stegis ref the roof'; l lth century) near Kakopctria: CIqios Het;lklcir!ios ( I 1 th ccn- tury) in the monastery of Sr John Zampadistis at KAI-0. PLVAG%O,TIS; and the churches of Ache~ropaiitos at Larnbousa, Anffeloknstos at Klti, Hagios Gtormos ( I 1 th- 12th ccntuy) ar Chomkia near ~otiraand Hagirls Syesios (12th century) at hzokarpasso. Domed, single-xisled churches nlso became more common, as evidenced by the prekklesion of Hagia Trias (r. 1090) in the monastety of .T JOHN CHR\'SOSTOMOS, Ko~ovE~*'I?$ . the ~ n e d church of Haffios 'lhedoros at Chorrakia, Panagia (pady early 12th ctntun) at Tpkomo, the Holy Apostles (late 12th ccnmrv) at Fern Chorio, PANAGIA T ~ G ARAKOU, LAGOUDERA, the church of the Archangel Michael at h t o Zefkar and others. The muform church type is represenfcd hv the church of Panaia us Kyras or K*- o6ssa near LiJadia, the ruined church of H a p s Gioqgos near Koili and the predecessor o f thc present Ha@ Kynaki (1 1 th-12th centup) at Paphos.

In the late 11th centurv octaqond churches wcre introduced to Cyprus from ~ o n ~ t a n a n o ~ l e . Only the

ocrapnd plan of the kathoCkon (c. 1090; destr.) of the rnonastcry of St John Chrysostomos, Koutsovcnds, sur- vives. Ocher examples include the roofless church in the castle of St Hilation and the church of Christ Antiphonitis (12th century) ncAr Hxgios Arnbrosicls in the district of Kyrtnia. A Imal modification of the nctagonal church 15

the hexagonal church of Panagia Apsinthiotissa (1 2th century) near Sukari. Numcrous single-atsled, m d t e d chapcls were also buiIt in thc 1 1 th and 12th centuries, for example at Asinou, Hagios Gioreiw at Snkkas ncar Yial- oussa, HGos Philon a t Afidia, Hagia Marina near Yial- oussaand Pannia 11rnas~o; (early l i th century; resr. earlr 16th century) near Mwnaffj. A chanctcristic of the Cypr~r~t churches of thc Middle Bvzanrine period is that tllm were built without nanhexcs, whch were sometimes added later, as in the Fanagia Phorbiotissa (c. 1 F 05) at Asinou; here the domed narthex is dated c. 1200.

Bll3LIOGRhPHY G. Sorcnnu: Ta h y ~ n d m m n l m hi Krrkw [Thc Byznntinc rnnnurnmrq of Crpmnl (Arhcns, 1935)

-: 'Lc.; Iijibstq h)~antines de Ch!pre d mis ct i cinq coupoks n lrur

place dant I'hirtorrr de Ihrehitmturr hpnnrinc'. zlm' rkl r rnrrrvr~ro rnfmru~bnnlr At HulE h e t i m i : ROMQ, 19.K. ii, pp. 401-9

-: '0 naor k a ~ o nphos rou Aposrolo~t Varnan p r a dn Safrn~na 1 1 %

K?prou' church and p r e of A p r l c B a r n a h nEar Sxl~nllc In Cjpms]. A*. . F / ~ Y ~ I I ~ i (1q37), pp. 1 7 5 4 7

A. Stdramu andl;. Sryllanou: '0 naos rw h y Nikofaou us Srqis; pan un !iakupcrrian' IThc church of Hag& Njkolam nT the Roof ncar Ktkopctna], Kp. Spwdar, 8 (194(,E, pp. 95-176

A. ti. S. hlcpw: 'Three \!nul!cd Hnsil~cas tn Cyprus',]. NrlL and. Irsw (1948). pp. 48-56

A. P n p a ~ ~ ~ g h i o u : 'Emm as ton nmn tou Adou S p d o n o s cn Trcmrrous~a' [~I&ng-S from rhc church of H q o s Spvnrlnnos a1

Trernctou<ln]. Kpp. .rpn&, xxx ( 1 9M). pp. ?'-33 C. Dclrovt: 'LA Place dc Chyprc dnns I'rrchtccmmpal~hrCticnnc dc la

M d r c m n & ' , fidtiha tow A drrlhnour Aypdqikou ~ e d r i o n II'm- c d t n p of thc fimr intrrnadond C?-pnor cnnfcwncc]: ~\'ikofld, IS, pp. 17-21

A. W. 5. M q w : %pantine Archire- and Dmmtirm in Cyprus hlcrropolltan or Provincial!'. Dnmhribn Ouh Pq+, zxwzr (l4)'-t;. pp. 55-85

A. I~app~hfou:~smndnopnl i tanInf lumceonthc M i d d l c R ~ ~ n t ~ n c Arc huccn~rc of Cyprus', Aktcn, .'17.7. ~ntmruhousah Rvfuntin~~~rnknn- ~ Y I : SKim, I 9 8 I . li/4, pp .1C1%7H

-: Thc Narrhnt of Lhc Middlc Rvr;munc Churrhcs of Cvpms'. Rgvnmmnrpr: I ~ o m m u p i C.'idrlrr f h h q r (Brussels, 1 W2) . pp 43"- 48

-. . Z'Architccture plirxhrtricnnc de Ch!.prct, Cami CM~. A. R~r-rnn & Li'iq., r a i i (I9A5). pp. 299-324

-: ' L h h i r m r e dc la Friorlc byzanljnr i Chypm'. Comi Cult. , l . h ~ m n . @ Bit. .. XXXII / 19H5). pp. 325-35

C. Dclvoyc: L P h i rits p ~ n d r ~ bnI+wr~ dr Sakimiur dr Cbn ddnj rm-rb1~~np/i1yMtimne ( 1 0M), xii of &b&t dr T.-&w: M i ~ t o m rt arrhidqrt (Paris, 1 969-)

A. B a p a ~ o ~ h i o u : ' F o r c i ~ Influmccs on the h r l y Chnsnan htrhitccrurc of Cylrus'. A ~ J tAc Intrmo~~r/Arrhrrm/ogrogrd J y # p i n m : C p m ~ btmer~ IEH W r ~ l and hi hrdmf: N~karia, 1986, pp. 4W-.W3

-: 'I ckklrs~a tou /trrhmgdou, b t o Irukam' church of Archan- ~ l o s , Kato Icukan], Rq. Dqt Ant., Cypm (19901, pp. 189-230

3. PAINTING AND MOSAICS. Despite the establish. mtnt of Christianity in Cyprus in thc mAy 4th century AD, excavations in thc Villa of Theseus and House of h o n at Bmv Paphos have revealed mosaic floor panels of mid-4th century AD to the early 5th that dep~ct myr.rholog- jcal sccnes ( ~ e PAPHOS, NEW and 511, 5(w) above). The floor mosaic (mid-5th cenrury) in thc complex of Et~stolios at Kourion is decorated with gcomeuic ornament, fi4. birds, a personification of Crcation (Kdsis) and inscrip- tions, including onc referring to Christ. Fragment< of

Cypms, S;III,3: Early Christian and Byzantine painting and mosaics 359

rnor~ic pavement with geometric designs, sometimes with rcpresentatjons of birds and animals, havc

dso hecn found in the remains of Earl!: Christian basilicas Paphos, Soli, Kourion and of Hades Giowos at Peda. \lost w d paintings and mosaics wcre destroyed, to-

&hcr mirh the churchcz, during the Arab raids of the 7th grid Rth centuries. Of thc suniring fmpents , not alE are now in I ~ ~ I F . T h e underground shrine of K i k d c r n o ~ (6th c C n ~ y ) fit Salamis contained a painted panel of an aquauc s,-enc l~clow 1 roundel with a bust of a beardcd Christ. f i r carliest known mosaic decoration is in thc apsc of a bnsilica incc~tporated into be P.%NAGI,! KANIKARIA, LYTH- R.lSf;r )>11. Here in a paradisical landscape indicated by

trues thc I / ? ~ i n and Cki/A EnfSmnrA a p p r in a frontnl pose, set off from the a t rcndin~ angels in a pancl n i Itrht. The border contains soundcls with the heads of .. . - the , \ P ~ ~ ~ ~ c ~ - and use of I a r ~ 24. hIns,~c sh,,i,nfi the l , l , , r mrd <.!,J/,I I l . ~ ~ t k r r l h y the a r c h a n ~ l s hlichacl t,-F<crnc suqest a date for this mosaic oft. 525-30. and C;rhrlcl, from he apse oi thc Pnnaqa ,.\n~clokustos, &ti. lnrt bth century 1 1 , ~ best-prescrrred mosaic (Iatc 6th cenrurj;) is that In 41)

the apse of'thc Pannda Anccloktistos at Kiti. The Virjjn . . itan& o n a foorstool holdkR rhc Child on her left a;nl, flan kcd by the atcRangeS9 Ffichael and Gabriel (see f i ~ . 24). A dccorad\~e border ~ n c l u d ~ n g fountains of life and p a i n of ducks, parrots and stags surrounds the composition. h o t h e r mosaic (early 7th century; partly destr.) in the apsc o f thc P ~ n i l ~ i n us Kyms near Ijcadia depicted a full- IengtIl T 5 j , with her hands raised In prayer against a golden background. Part oFa mosaic perhaps representing thrcc :\pos~lcs was found in a niche of an annexe of the epr<ci)pal P~asrlica at Kourion.

Fcw wall painting from the period of the Arab raids havc qun.1~-ed. To the 8th ccntuty helong a fragment in thc church of the monasrcv of Hagios Herakleidios, shnuing the lower half of a full-lm& Apostle. and the first layer ofwall paintings in the chaptl of H q a Solornoni at Kama rou I'ialou. The pa~ntings on the second laver show Cxppadocian influcnccs and probably date from the 9th cenrury. Of a similar date arc the Cir~c~Ji.wbn, two standme: saints and 1 fcrnde s i n t in thc church of I-Iagios Antnnins a t Kcllia and the aniconic paintinv in the eastern dome oi the church of Hagia Paraskevi nt Yeroskipos. The fn,mcnmr). wall pintings in the mck-cut chap1 of Hafis Slnvra rn Kyrcnia are more typical of 10th-ccncun; Byzanttnc painting. They show part nf an / l ~ ~ n ~ i o n and a poorlv prcsenlcd Pon/okm~'or surrounclcd by four angels, of w h ~ c h only one is prescn-ed, Paintings of two salnts in Hagn Pamskevi and o i one sainr in HaHns Antonjos a t Kellia also date from thc 10th ecnrur)..

Only wall p h t i n p and some icons survive from the m o d following the Rvzantine reconquest of Cyprus tm 965). The earliest wall paintings (I l rh centurv) are in H a f v s SikoIaos tis Stegis and depict the Tran&~rafion, the Riis in~ of L~IIIS, the Eny into Je~dml'pm, nhc A~crn~io t ! , the- Dqo~~rion, thc Etlt#m/me#t, the Dormnibon, Pfntft-o.rt and somt portraits of saints. Tl~erc are aIso sfi'eral 1 I th-cenrun wall p n t i n , ~ in Hagins Anconios at Keflja. ( I f gcratcr Importance are the wall paintjnp of the hte 1 1111 crntun. ro the 12th. when the Bv7nntinc govcr- "0's of ~ v ~ r u ; and other offrcids erectcd numerous

:lnd churches and broughtpnlntcrs from Constan- f i n ~ p l c decorate them. T h c palnrinp In rhe parekkles~on

of Hzgia Trias in the monasrc? of ST JOHN C W R \ S ~ S ~ ?-

MoS, ~OL~ISOITNT~S, arc of an unsurpassed quality (see fig. 25) and were probahly by the amst who paintcd thc Panagia Apsinthmtissl and the ruincd chapel of Panapa Aphendrika nenr the mannstcry.

Another artist who p n c t d in an elcpnt and cxpressivc style, us~ng harmonious colours, was responsible for both the earliest lavcs of waIt paintings (1 10541) in the Panapa Phorbiotissa a t Asinou and thnse in thc Panagia at Trikorno. Othcr paintings OF thc first half nf the 12th cenruy are preserved in the churches of Hqios Nikolaos nis Stcis , Hacjoi Joachim and Anna at Kalliana and Hagin M a v n at Rizokatpasso. Slighdv later in date (third quarter of the 32th century) are wal l pajnunp in the church of the Ifoly Apostles at Pcra Chorio. 'The underdmrvjngs are done so skilfuNy h a t they could be mistaken, for thc final paintings. am on^ examples of paintinp in the late Kom- ncnian style arc those in the Enkleistm (1183) of ST NEOPHV~OS MVT~KAS~:RY and in the PANAGIA ?.nu AR- AKOU, L ~ r ; o r r n ~ ~ , \ . 'Ihe Enkleistm p a ~ n r i n ~ fire hp Theodoros Apscvdis, whose work mains a monumental character dcspitc its unusually small scalc and whose uentment of drapery is in an e x w n t c r l 'rococo' style. H e may also have painted h e walls of ~ h c Panagia tou Arakou ( 1 1923, in which the clonamtcd fipres are both elegant and animated.

Thc carbest surviving icons, the v h h e ~ ~ i n ' 4 ~ ~ (9th cenmry ~ s ; Nicnsia, Mus. Byz. Jcons) and St Manu (9th centurv; Paphos, BIT. MUC.), reflect Eastern influ- ences, w M e later icons werc all influenced by contempo- nry Constantinopolitan painnn~: these indude the hiqio~drin'~$a ( 1 0th century; XI achairas Monasterv), Ih- gioi Anorgmi (10th cennrry; Nicosia, Mus. Byz. Icons), the Apost /~s (1 1 th century ; Nicosia, Xlus. Byz. Icons), thc 12th-century jcons St ] o h fbe Bopti$!, Ci& ant1 thc TGqh A r a i t o t i ~ ~ ( N icasia, Mus. Byz. Icons), C13ri~f and the T-7~ia in thc FnkIeistra of St Ncophytos Monastery, and the /Innr~nn'ntion in rhc church nf thc SIoly Cross a t

I xt7;sr;l.

360 Cyprus , $III,3: Early Christian and Byzantine pwldns and mosaics

BFBLIOGUPHY XI. Radswcll: T h c Rr7annnc Plindngs I n a I'nrrr Cictrm, Sdamrs,

Cyprus:/Enhqud../, XIX (1939), pp. 44% 5 At. R. S~kopoulr~r. 'La Frnquc chrtnenne la plus mclcnnc dc Chvprc'.

Cob. .-lrrhiol., xn! (1952). pp. 61-83 .+. H.S. k f e p w . Twltrll rxnrury Frcscocs in C!pms'. A M AM ,YfIe

C ' o ~ g r i s ~ ~ / m l r o r r # ~ / d'i/udtx IIyynnrinr~: &hi&. 11361, Ui. pp. 25741% :\. H. 5. l i rpwand E.J. IT' . Hawk~nr: 7 h c Church oilhe H r > E v A ~ r l c s

at Pcrachnrio. Cypnls, 2nd Irr 1;rcscm'. D n m / ~ m n 0d.r Pup., XVI

(1902). pp. 279-348 :\. 5n.llanou and J . Sn.lranou : i7x Pmntrd C.~lumhrl JC,pmr: T~IISW n j

R\prnt tr / lr t (Nicos~a~ 19(&, m' I~~ndnn, 1 OHS) A l'?p*Kcrjwhinu : , 1 I ~ 1 s t q i e ~ of thr Hr:flnf~rrr , -I r t uf c p m r (Nlcnsia.

I (Wj5) I3 C,. ili~sficld: 'hfiddlc and L t c r B17anonc \Y:?ll P~inting h l m h d r : .+

Ct>rnpanuvc S~ldv' . Dnmbrrnon O ~ J I'rrp.. xxll ( l ObH), pp. 6 1-1 39 H. Gnpmadou: '.lftinirk ~ c o n w p h ~ q u c < rlcr r l * c o ~ ; pcintt ol Chvprc

ct cn Grccc au NIIc rikclc'. Rrrknkrr mu cl r f ~ r f b n n f i ~ kprnfykow wntdrinrr Il'rutcdinly o i rhc tint ~ntcmnt~onal Cypriot confrr~ncc] : .2;mrr11, I M9.11. pp 77-1 1

h. Papaqrnrrfi~ou: I m n ~ of Cv/lrwd (Pans, Gcnc\.a and .\Iumch, 1%9/R s1~0513. ]'I4)?\

.X. M 5. h t q u and J. \V. Hawklns: 'PI E q m c n r x n * 3lncaic r>d rhc . omnt i ' h rqn In ( - ) ~ w s ' , : ! ~ ~ / ~ J d~f -v!l > conc+s ~rtev?dhetf#?!drr F I I I ~ C ~

b ~ n l i n r s : Rurd~n~t, 1971, 111, yp 3(>.21, :I P a p w o r ~ h i o u : 'Rcccnrly I l ~ ~ c t ~ v c ~ r r l \Wl-p~nrinw In 10th-l t fh

Ccntur). Churchcr nf Cz-pruq'. .-lrirr AH .\'/I i C~q"rti ~ ~ l # Y / f l f i ~ n t t / d ? ~ in~dri / ! , ~ u f l / m r s : B ~ ~ m ~ ~ , 1971. t f t . pp 41 3-1 4

S. Rnyd T h c Church rjf thc Panawl A n n r p ~ ~ hI0nap-i. C!QNS, and IIX

R'all P;llnonfl'. W w m L m ~ Pq.. .rxv~il( 1974), pp. 277-359 hl. Snkopoulos : L a %~nksr a h .CI~nrlnrlr & I,y/hn?npni (Paris, 1975) C:. D c l r ~ r ~ r . ~ . 'L'h pali.ochriocn dc Chirrc'. S I f e C o n c h mn~rmdhonni

dp.1 ifndrr h.;:~~nrinr~: R+$W~J r l mnrppfls: .,lfbines, J976, pp. 52-1 fll I\. 13. S. h i w w 'Interior D~nration In l i d r l v (.hn-tian C\.pr~q'~ -1-1 i

r . h q m f rrfrmtzhowfl/~iIwdr~ hypn##r t~: /<.dppris <I P ~ P / ~ ~ Y : ~ ~ I ~ W J .

13%, pp. 129-54 T. Vclman-+ 'I~uclqurx propmmcn i c n n n p p h l q u n dc roupolm chv-

pnutrq rlu Sllc xu h?lc srkdc', Cub. AwIII;?I, xxxri ( f ow), pp. 1.1762 1, Iladcrmann-htnqu~sh : 'La Pcinmrr monumtalc AL S1Ic sicck i

Chvprc', f i r n Tw/f . -4. &twin. & R I ~ , x * m ~ (198i), pp. 231158 V. Pacc: 'Srcsmzr c ~nflucnzc clpnnre ndla pltrun ducccnrrsca ~taliana',

Cmi C~if. . .*I. fiiivmn. + Bpi;., xxxli (1 9%). pp. 259-OR

4. GOLD AND SII.VER. T h e wealth of Cvprus tn the late 6th centurn AD and thc carlr 7th is reflected in the rwn treasure hoards, mostly ccclcsiastical plates, found at

Lapithos (now Larnbousa), which was noted for its p l d and sliver works. The first discovcry, made In the late 19th cr.ntuF, includcd gold and silvcr okjects bearing the imperial control stamps of Tibcrins I I ( ~ c .m 5'W2), Phokas (rqr: :ID 602-11)) and Constans 11 (ye AD 64148). Notah lc pleces arc a h c x z p n s l silvcr censer (diarn. 106 mm; AD 602-10; London, Rhl) chased on each sidc with n medallion containing a hust of one of the followng : Chrr.rt, t hc iX+, St J'etm, St Put#/, StJohn the E~langr/i~t and S ~ J ~ M F ~ , m d a silver bowl (dism. 245 mm; AD 64 1-51 ; London, BM) with 3 central medallion in low relief shouing the frontal bust of a saint. Thc second discoven* (1302) cornpnsed several gold objects end a set of nine silver plates ( A D h10-29 ; Nicosia, Cyprus Mus., and New York, hltt.). T h c y depict scenes in rclicf irom the life of Darid. such as Du:#id .S/a_vinnq t h l i o n , Dut*id #5

rl .gh~lpph~rd the 1CIarnu~~ #f Da11iA n~;d fljVicha( the A noitti- m~nt of Dasd and D R ~ and C;'o/iotb (m EARLY CHRIS- TIAN AND BYZANTINE ART, fig. 85). Despite the religious suhicct-matter, both human and animal f n m s are executed in a classicizing stylc. I t has been su#cstfed that these plates wTcrc produced in Constantinopic, but since their hallmarks date them to the rei-p oot'Hctd&os (rqr: AD 6 10- 41), whn is knrmhn ro have spent some timc on (:!pru?:

25. \1; 311 rwnrinx from rhc parcl;klc$ctm rli I-l.roz -1-nns in rhc rn~,i i. i-rtrv 4 ' 1 " John ~311nsrjrrnrnos. Kourst>vcnr~s. rml!. 1 Zrh cmruv

during his war apins t the Iranians. they may well liarre bcen tnadt for him at Lapithos.

BIBLIOGRAPHY A. Stdianou and J . Smlini~ou : 77& Tr*m.vn n/l_lrm/xru$o (N i to~13 . l(l0TJ I 5. H. \I nnrler T i c i,vpnrr PIatcs: 7 3 c Srn? n i IEacld and Gnt~arh'. ,lit.'

A!//<.)., *-!!I ( I 11-3), pp. m-I 23 A. pApAcr:clar,i sic11

When Richard I (the Lonheart), King of Englnnd (v 11 89-99), occupied Cyprus in F 191, the island wnr already an enrrepbt of Levantine mde and a stag in^ point for Western pilpms and crusaders. After a bnel period under the Knights Ternplar and the ceding of the island to Guy de Lu.usipan (rqr! 1 1924), French-speaking I m i - p n n kin^ rulcd for almost three centuries, successiuH~ managing the competing demands of their Greck Orrhn- dox suhlecrs, thc papacy, the Knights Hospitaller and other militay otders, the Italran tradrng republics ~ n d [he Eq'pdan sultanate. The Lusignan k in~dnrn drcl~ned In the second half of thc 14th century and owed tribute t o rhc 3larntuks aitrr thr invasion of 1426. Catcrina Cnrnnrn.