UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF OSIJEKFACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIFE SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF MARIBOR

AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE OF SLOVENIAAGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE GÖDÖLL ŐÖCROATIAN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING SOCIETY

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UDC 631 ISSN 1848-4425

Actual Tasks onAgricultural Engineering

PROCEEDINGS OF THErd43 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU AGRONOMSKI FAKULTET ZAVOD ZA MEHANIZACIJU POLJOPRIVREDE

POLJOPRIVREDNI FAKULTET SVEUČILIŠTA U OSIJEKU UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FAKULTETA ZA KMETIJSTVO IN

BIOSISTEMSKE VEDE KMETIJSKI INŠTITUT SLOVENIJE

MAĐARSKI INSTITUT ZA POLJOPRIVREDNU TEHNIKU HRVATSKA UDRUGA ZA POLJOPRIVREDNU TEHNIKU

AKTUALNI ZADACI MEHANIZACIJE

POLJOPRIVREDE

ZBORNIK RADOVA

43. MEĐUNARODNOG SIMPOZIJA IZ PODRUČJA MEHANIZACIJE POLJOPRIVREDE

OPATIJA, 24. – 27. veljače 2015.

Izdavači Published by

Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Agronomski fakultet, Zavod za mehanizaciju poljoprivrede, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb

HINUS, Miramarska 13 b, Zagreb

Glavni i odgovorni urednik Chief editor

Igor Kovačev e-mail: ikovacev@agr.hr

Tehnički urednik Technical editor

Hrvoje Zrnčić

Organizacijski odbor Organising committee

Krešimir Čopec, Goran Fabijanić, Dubravko Filipović, Đuro Banaj, Rajko Bernik, Miran Lakota, Tomaž Poje, Denis Stajnko

Znanstveni odbor Scientific committee

Prof. dr. Ettore Gasparetto, IT; Prof. dr. Ivo Grgić, HR; Dr. Viktor Jejčič, SI; Prof. dr. Rameshwar Kanwar, US; Prof. dr. Silvio Košutić, Chairman, HR; Prof. dr. Nikolay Mihailov, BG; Prof. dr. Milan Martinov, RS; Prof. dr. Joachim Mueller, DE; Prof. dr. Victor Roş, RO; Prof. dr. Peter Schulze-Lammers, DE; Prof. dr. Daniele De Wrachien, IT

ISSN 1848-4425

http://atae.agr.hr

Slika s naslovnice korištena je dobrotom dr. sc. Viktora Jejčiča, sina pok. autora Dušana Jejčiča Cover painting is printed by courtesy of dr. sc. Viktor Jejčič, son of late author Dušan Jejčič Oblikovanje naslovnice / Cover design: Marko Košutić Svi radovi u Zborniku su recenzirani. All papers in Proceedings are peer reviewed. Radovi u Zborniku su indeksirani u bazama podataka od 1997. Papers from the proceedings have been indexed since 1997 into databases: Thomson Reuters: Conference Proceedings Citation Index and ISTP, CAB International - Agricultural Engineering Abstracts.

43. Symposium "Actual Tasks on Agricultural Engineering", Opatija, Croatia, 2015.

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43. SIMPOZIJ AKTUALNI ZADACI MEHANIZACIJE POLJOPRIVREDE

UDC 502.5:574:628.5

Izvorni znanstveni rad Original scientific paper

SWOT ANALYSIS AND LAND MANAGEMENT OF PLASTIC WASTES IN AGRICULTURE

CARMELA SICA1, ROSA VIVIANA LOISI2, ILEANA BLANCO2, EVELIA SCHETTINI2, GIACOMO SCARASCIA MUGNOZZA2, GIULIANO VOX2

1School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Science -SAFE School, University of Basilicata, viale dell’Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy

2Dept. of Agricultural and Environmental Science DISAAT – University of Bari, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; giuliano.vox@uniba.it

ABSTRACT

Plastic materials are generally used for several agricultural applications and, at the end of their lifetime, they produce high volumes of waste to be disposed. A non suitable disposal system for agricultural plastic waste could induce economical damages, negative effects on the natural landscape and on the agro-ecosystem with loss of material or energy. Optimizing the processes of collection, transport and final disposal, the agricultural plastic wastes become "secondary raw materials", technically efficient and economically feasible, that can be re-used for also other different applications. The problem of the management of the plastic waste flux coming from agricultural activities is still far to be solved in some Italian areas. In the present paper the management of agricultural plastic wastes was evaluated by means of the SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportun-ities Threats) analysis and the application of a Geographical Information System (G.I.S). The methodology was applied to the municipality of Trani, in the Barletta, Andria, Trani Province (BAT), in Apulia Region, South Italy. The SWOT analysis was used to evaluate the whole process concerning the waste management, the GIS methodology was used to quantify plastic wastes generati-on on the land.

Key words: covering film, vineyard, G.I.S. methodology, agricultural waste valorization

INTRODUCTION

The strategic contribution of plastic materials to the development of the agricultural sector is testified by their increasing use, stimulated by a constant research of new polymers

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and blends by the chemical industry, for crop protection, soil mulching, irrigation and drainage, packaging during harvesting, transport, storage and sale of agricultural products (Picuno et al., 2012; Espi et al., 2006; Vox et al., 2010). Innovative plastic films and nets have enabled a significant increase of the productivity in protected cultivation in Italy as well as in every Country in which the agriculture is most intensive with high value added. Apart from their diverse use and contribution to a significant increase in productivity, the use of plastics causes high quantities of post-consumer material that need to be disposed of in such way that it will not cause negative effects on the landscape and the agro-ecosystem (Al-Maaded et al., 2012; Briassoulis et al., 2012; Briassoulis et al., 2013; Briassoulis et al., 2014; Delbert and Hemphill, 1993).

The management of the plastic wastes is very expensive by the public authorities since the farmers commonly use unacceptable disposal practices, ignoring the negative effects produced. The complexity and continuing evolution of the Italian legislation and the non uniform legislation across EU make the situation more complicated. Thus, in Italy only the 30 % of post-consumer agricultural polyethylene (PE) is collected and recycled by the National Consortium “PolieCo” (PolieCo, 2014).

The management of the agricultural plastic wastes (APW) could be taken more seriously because they could produce new secondary raw material (Sica et al., 2012; Picuno et al., 2011; Picuno, 2014) or even energy, considering that many polymers are recyclable and that the plastic is characterized by an high heating value, since deriving from the fossil-oil (Delbert and Hemphill, 1993; Scarascia Mugnozza et al., 2012).

The management problem of the plastic waste flux, coming from agricultural activities, is still far to be solved in some Italian areas as in the territory of the Barletta, Andria, Trani Province (BAT), in Apulia Region, South Italy, which is an agricultural area typically suited for vineyards. Nevertheless the local Authority of the BAT Province is interested to introduce modernization actions for the farms in the area. This was discussed, together with other Italian and Greek Partners, in the project “AWARD” (AWARD, 2014) in order to solve the diffused problem of the APW mismanagement.

The aim of the present research was to carry out a study in order to evaluate the problem of the agricultural plastic waste generation and management in the municipal area of Trani in the BAT province. Preliminary a SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats) analysis was carried out in order to define the framework of the APW management in the municipal area of Trani; strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were pointed out. Based on this analysis a Geographical Information System (GIS) was used in order to define the waste generation points and the more vulnerable areas in the land. GIS was chosen as suitable tool able to provide updated and detailed information to the decision makers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The focus area of the research was the municipal territory of Trani, included into the Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani (BAT), an Italian province in the north of the Apulia Region (Fig. 1).

The SWOT analysis, commonly used in business management as useful tool in strategic decision-making, can be used to improve waste management systems in urban areas

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(Srivastava et al., 2005), in industrial areas (Zamorano et al., 2011; Mbuligwe and Kaseva, 2006), and in protected areas (Scolozzi et al, 2014). In this research, the SWOT analysis was carried out to analyse the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats regarding the APW management in the municipal territory of Trani. By means of the SWOT analysis it is possible to recognize the internal strengths and weakness of the collection and management of APW in the research area, as well as the external opportunities and threats that the local community potentially faces. Strengths, as internal elements and factors, contribute to the achievement of the objectives; weaknesses, as internal structural characteristics, hinder the attainment of the objectives; opportunities, as external situations, must be used to minimize both internal weakness and external threats; threats, as external unfavourable situations, trends or impending changes, might negatively affect the achievement of the goals (Srivastava et al., 2005; Zamorano et al., 2011; Houben et al., 1999; Zhang, 2012). SWOT analysis can be applied to identify action plans for the implementation of waste management from the viewpoints of economic, ecological and social sustainability (Srivastava et al., 2005; Zamorano et al., 2011).

A Geographical Information Systems (G.I.S.) is a suitable tool for the management of the APW flux (Scarascia Mugnozza et al., 2008) thanks to its attitude in synthesizing complex land relations (Toccolini, 1998). GIS is an effective computer tool able to collect, store, retrieve, transform and display spatial data; it is possible to integrate and handle huge amounts of data quickly (Rogge et al., 2008; Lee et al., 1999; Tortora et al., 2015). Data are organized in layers which can be combined and integrated in order to produce useful information about a region or a phenomena (Rogge et al., 2008; Lee et al., 1999).

In this paper the GIS–based planning instrument was used to evaluate agricultural plastic waste generation over the land. Among all the used plastics, as a example, plastic wastes generated in protected cultivation were evaluated. The attention has been focused on the areas with vineyards because, among all the crops in the area of Trani, vineyards are particularly identified as major contributors to the generation of plastic waste. Covered vineyards use plastics for the covering system as well as for pipes and containers: one square meter of vineyard covered with plastic films can produce up to 0.2 kg of plastic waste, only for the covering film.

An adequate base map was chosen for finding the main agro-environmental and infrastructural components characterizing the territory. The base map material used was:

• Regional technical map (CTR) at a scale of 1:5,000 and placed in the WGS 84 / UTM zone 33N reference system, obtained from an aerial flight performed in 2006;

• Digital color orthophoto at a scale of 1:5.000 with a pixel ground resolution of 50 cm obtained from an aerial flight performed in 2011, placed in the WGS 84 / UTM zone 33N reference system;

• Land use map of the Region of Apulia at a scale of 1:5,000 with legend complying with the European CORINE Land Cover Changes Database and an extension to the fourth level. This map derives from an orthophoto having 50 cm pixel, land use polygons are based on the same geometric elements of the Regional technical map.

The information about the municipality boundaries and infrastructural components were derived from the CTR. The ESRI ArcMap10 was used as GIS software.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the application of the SWOT analysis are shown in Table 1. The Strengths are the favourable natural environment, the presence of agricultural productive chains, good road infrastructures, an active tourist area, the attitude of the population to collect differentiated Solid Urban Waste and the possibility to collect homogeneous APW in the municipal territory of Trani. The weaknesses are connected to the development of the intensive agriculture and to the low diffusion of the biological agriculture, to the lack of suitable facilities and of guidelines for APW management, and to the low level of knowledge of the farmers. At the same time, Opportunities can be the increase of job positions due to a good management of APW, the increase of Tourism demand with an extension of the tourist season, the reduction of some transport, collection and cleaning costs, the reduction of the use of non-renewable sources, the reduction of environmental pollution. Threats have been identified with the lawmaking of new and complex rules, the increase of the agricultural practices that use plastic materials, and the low level of communication between local Authorities and farmers or Association of farmers.

Summarizing, the SWOT analysis contributed to achieve the followed aims:

• definition of optimized process of APW collection and treatment;

• generation of the conditions for a better awareness about the APW situation;

• spontaneous creation of new entrepreneurship in the field of APW management and recycling.

The whole territory of the Province BAT could benefit of this SWOT analysis since the results could affect the landscape and the social-economic conditions of the inhabitants, with particular regard to farmers, collectors, transporters and recyclers.

Table 1 SWOT Analysis results for the municipal territory of Trani

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

Favorable natural environment. The territory is flat, crossed by numerous superficial erosive grooves, called “blades”; the coast is rocky, with high and continuous cliffs. The north area is characterized by many brackish water sources, important natural habitat for many and different animal and plant species. The Mediterranean climate (hot and dry summers) promote bathing tourism. Presence of agricultural productive chains, significant both for the quantity and the quality. The municipal territory, as the whole Apulia Region, is enumerated among the best and strong agricultural Italian areas, benefiting by natural and favorable resources, as the soil-climatic characteristics; they allow a good development of the typical Mediterranean cultivation: mainly

Development of the intensive agriculture. One of the environmental problems characterizing the territory of Trani is connected to the agricultural sector because the productive processes use high amounts of plastics (from the nets to the covering films, from the irrigation pipes to the agrochemi-cal containers, etc.). These quantities are often mismanaged and their disposal is not suitable both for the health of the all living beings and for the whole ecosystem, causing environmental im-pacts, irreversible contamination of the air, soil and groundwater, and economic damage. Lack of suitable facilities. The lack of suitable facilities contributes to making the environmen-tal situation worse. The number of the ecological platforms for first collection or storage is very small. Most of them are not enough suitable and

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table grapes of high quality, widely marketed. Road infrastructures. Trani is crossed with the national road that allows fast connections both to north (Barletta and Foggia) and south (Bari). It is near to the motorway A14 Bologna-Taranto that insures the long-distance connections on the north-south axis. Provincial roads connect Trani to the nearer municipalities. The transport of APW could easily be performed from farms to the ecological platforms and/or final disposal centres. Tourism. Trani is considered "town of the art" due to its wonderful artistic and architectural treasures (the famous cathedral on the sea and the Castel of the Svevi’s dynasty, churches, monasteries, valuable historical buildings and the ancient tourist port) that recall its glorious age-old history. The local Authorities are very diligent to offer events, shows and demonstrati-ons, many of which on the evaluation of the typical products. The preserving of the rural landscape and the environment improves the quality of the offered goods and meets the demand of the tourist. Differentiated collection of Solid Urban Waste. The collection of the solid urban waste is wides-pread and practiced by citizens; consequently, schemes of differentiated collection for the APW, according their typologies (net, film, container, etc.), could be considered and easily practicable both by the local Authorities and people/farmers. Economic incentives could also be provided on APW. Homogeneous streams of APW. The territory is suited for viticulture; so the flows of the APW are enough homogeneous and a good selected collection is already upstream with reduction of the selection costs. Transport costs may also be limited since the transporters should go to the right ecological platform and/or centres of final disposal on the basis of the waste typology.

they do not have specialized personnel; therefo-re, the APW cannot be subjected to the prelimi-nary works (verification of the delivered waste, differentiation of the waste typology, differenti-ation of the polymers, washing, compacting, shredding, etc.) in order to obtain optimal produ-cts for the final disposal. Low level of knowledge of the farmers. Farmers have a low level of knowledge; they show little attention to the updating and training in the agriculture due to their high average age. Lack of guidelines for APW management. Far-mers have not any guidelines for APW manage-ment; besides, they don’t often know very well: 1) the regulatory aspects (Community and Natio-nal rules) which are always evolving and are difficult to understand; 2) the damage occurring to the living beings and to the whole ecosystem if they don’t act according to the Italian Law in force; 3) the authorized National Consortia for the collection of waste agricultural plastics (Pol-ieCo); 4) the heating value of plastics. Farmers, unaware, deliver the post-consumer plastic films to unauthorized personnel, increasing the illegal waste trade towards Asian countries. Low diffusion of the biological agriculture. The-re is a low diffusion of the biological agriculture in this area. In order to protect the crops by every typology of pathogens and to sell them in very well conditions, farmers unfortunately use large quantities of agro-chemicals (insecticides, herbi-cides, fungicides, etc.) that are contained and commercialized in bottles, cans, bags realized with plastic materials in the 90% of cases.

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

Jobs. A good management scheme of the APW may origin positive social results due to the increase of job positions for every municipality in Trani. There may be new jobs such as authorized transporters that collect the APW from the farms and bring them to the ecological platforms. Other job positions could be related to the staff working at the ecological platforms,

Lawmaking of new and complex rules. Consid-ering both, the continuous evolution of the rules on agricultural waste isn’t always clear and strai-ghtforward. Increasing of the agricultural practices that use plastic materials. The potential increasing of the waste streams can be due to the change of the land use, such as the greater diffusion of some

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such as the operators for the reception and weighing of the APW, specialized operators that may inspect and validate the quantity and the quality of the waste received (e.g. cleaning and differentiation). All that to improve the value of the waste. In fact, a “good quality” waste can origin a good new secondary material to send to the correct final disposal. Some specialized operators may attend training courses and update their knowledge on APW in order to transfer it to the farmers. Increasing of the Tourism demand. An optimal management scheme is indispensable because an un-compromised or congested landscape by the APW is more easily exploitable. The eligible territory is rich both in rural heritage and in many other constructions (castles, towers, churches, etc.) of high architectural and historical value therefore cultural and environmental paths can be realized both in coastal and inland areas. In this way, the territory becomes an attractive place for the tourist "friend of the environment" to which can offer quality products, typical for the area. These products may be consumed on the premises (farms) or bought, perhaps together to the handmade product, causing social and econo-mic positive consequences. This can be a suitable alternative to the bathing and contemporary a way to extend the tourist season. Reduction of some costs (transport, cleaning), of non-renewable sources use and of the environm-ental pollution. The creation of an optimal mana-gement and disposal system of the APW combi-nes environmental protection and economic needs. The enhancement of the wastes (by the material and energy recovery) causes reduction both of some productive costs and of the use of non-renewable sources. At the same way, the increase of the quantity of the recycled products would cause a costs reduction of the productive processes at the same time improving their quality that will lead to their increasing demand on the market.

crops that require use of plastic materials (e.g. Table grapes); the situation may further worsen for the failure adjustment by the farmers. Low level of communication between local Au-thorities and farmers or Association of farmers. The lack of synergy between local Authorities (e.g. regional and municipal Departments of the Agriculture) and Associations, due to political and economic interests, could only protract the time to solve the problem and increase the environmental threats and the damages to the rural landscape and the health of each living being.

The SWOT analysis showed that the area of Trani is suitable for the application of an

efficient waste management system. In the Trani municipality the land surface is equal to 10238 hectares of which the 85 % is the agricultural surface. The most common agricultural practice in the region are the cultivation of olive trees (66%) and vineyards (14%). Generation point of plastic waste (plastic films, nets, containers and pipes) must be

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preliminary localized all over the land; critical point of generation of APW are individuated where crop protection is realized.

The data on the spatial distribution of the vineyards were obtained from the thematic Land use map (Fig.1). Land use map gives information only about the presence of vineyard, but no information about the coverage of the cultivation structure and on the kind of covering material, i.e. plastic film or net is available. The implemented methodology of territorial analysis, realized by means of a GIS, permits to geo-reference the crops according to their typology and to make a further classification according to the presence or not of a covering system, and to the covering material used (plastic film or net). This methodology allows the data acquisition, otherwise hardly obtainable, on the use of plastic materials in agriculture. Actually, the information obtained cannot be directly extracted through the analysis of a land use map. Besides, it is not possible to easily collect them through questionnaire based systems because of the low level of farmers knowledge and the low level of communication between local Authorities and farmers or Association of farmers, as pointed out by the SWOT Analysis.

A restricted area within the Trani municipality, characterized by a high density of vineyards, was evaluated as case of study only for vineyards plastic waste generation (Fig. 2).

Figure 1 Land use map of the BAT Province, Apulia Region

Figure 2 The area with high density of vineyards

cultivations.

A dedicated georeferenced database was created using the maps in a GIS environment with the support of ESRI ArcMap10 software. The created database was, then, enriched with more detailed data on spatial distribution and typology of vineyard, and on the plastic films or nets employed for their cultivation; these data were obtained by the overlay mapping of the above cited maps and by the parallel operation of photo-interpretation of the web-mapping tool Google Maps 2014.

The results obtained by means of the photo-interpretation were validated through a series of sample field inspections on the given vineyard area (Fig. 3). Figures 2 and 3 show that

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the selected area has wide surfaces of vineyard covered with plastic materials and, thus, huge quantities of plastic materials are generated and need a suitable collection and disposal.

Figure 3 Vineyards and covering materials for crop protection.

CONCLUSIONS

The methodology developed in the present research enabled the localization of the points where huge quantities of agricultural plastic wastes are generated. Land use maps must be integrated with ortophotos in order to obtain complete information. Further development of the research should be addressed to quantify the generated plastic wastes, by using available average plastic consumption values per hectare, in order to design an efficient system of collection and disposal on the territory. The same methodology can be applied to different kinds of agricultural plastic wastes, such as pipes and containers, by relating the average consumption of plastic materials to the cultivated crop.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The contribution to programming and executing this research must be equally shared between the Authors.

The present research has been carried out under the project “AWARD Agricultural Waste valorisation for a competitive and sustainable Regional Development”, European Territorial Cooperation Programme Greece-Italy 2007-2013, Contract n. I3.11.03.

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