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封a tlo n alIれS tlt u t e ()r P01a r R e s e a r c h
Mem.Na山Ⅰ鮎L Po血R闇.,Spec.Ⅰ5SW,57,63Jl,2003 ◎2(X)3N虹ion山hsd山地OfPo18r Resea忙血
風脚庖w
PhysicalpropertiesoltheDomeFtdideepicecore
TakeoHonddhJ,HidekiNaritaL,AkiraHoril,TomdkoIkeda-Fukazawal,
MidhikoFdii-MiyamotoL*,HiroshiOlm01,TakayukiShiraiwal,ShiqjiMae2*,
ShttiiF頑ta2†,Hiro血iFbkazawa2+,TakuFukumura2,HitoshiS叫i3,TakaoKameda3, AbuShiMiyamOtO3,Nbbt血ikoAzumal,Y皿Wang4*,K皿ioKawada5,FbmihikoNi血i♂*,
HideakiMoLoyama7aJldOkitsuguWaLBLmtX=?
●血i触げ加w乃叩仰山柁庇お肛g,肋比丘最b助かg和卸, 都払購=鞠舶載g肋一旬,叫押〃和8の-ββノ9
三β申d伽乃JげA押地d勒∫れ肋払I肋【血如相和.肋一払鱒押〃和α和一&侵β
3助椚f血i伽gげ詑血抑わgy勘助-dわ,肋桝川卯-β5Ⅳ
■肋gd〃血仇i祀Ⅳ吋げ知加db跡地gα血9劇-2Jββ
,か印〃加〟げ血血∫d即亡g,吻湘こ加加Ⅳ和一抄胡瓜9jO一仇鋸汐
6肋肋l肋Ⅵ血m叫¢餌刷血両独舶両如血‖鮎肋“郎一朗2d 7肋血加J血!血此すれ卸側邪肌九血ぬ戯-れTb桓〃ノ乃-&,J∫
A血加亡I:Rece加代S山bof匝ysicalan血ysesof也eDomeR再iicecore訂eSⅦ血d
W仙sp∝i山attendonlonewⅡ把出血sh仕0血cedin也epr¢SentStudies.Micr叩血ysi血
pztxesseswhichaLFbctthBicecozerecordsiLrereViewedtotxtterunderstandthepaIe∝li一
皿adcand匹l醐Vimmnは1sigmlssto托d.
k町WOr血ic¢CO化,p血ysic山叩p叫,払bdcs,p山eoclima吼hy血鉱e
1.血血Ⅶ山dion
TtleC塩madcandenvironmentalsignalsrecordedil)theicecorea托nOtunVarying,but ChaJlgeSlowlyasaconsequenceofavarietyof由ysicalprDCeSSeS.Understandingona microscopiclevelisidispenSabktocl坤theJ℃1iabilityofthesignals・Inaddition,itis knowntha(匝ysicalprocessesintheshallowlayerc陀ateneWSignals.Ithasbecomeclear thathighlyrelial)1ecoreanalysescanbeobtainedbyinteq)retingthephysicalanalysisdataas
Wellaschemicalanalysisdata.
TodbtaiJlneWinformadonhmtheDome叫icoreandtoclarifyvariousmicmphysi- Cal匹∝eSSeS血虹a飴ct鮎rmadona血dmd追随domof血eke-COre托COds,Weh訓佗i腑0- ducedseveralnewphysicalanalysismethods:(1)AC-ECMforimpuritydistribudons (Sugiyamaelal.,1995,2000;F両itaetal.,2002a,b);(2)X-raytranSmission=妃thodforbulk
PrESentadd托5S:
l*T.S.T.Co.,Lt血,Ts血ぬ305-0028.
三■As出血waN血山Cdl咽川m旭血0logy,A血h血waO71一別42■
三ケN血0血Ⅰ鮎血Ieぱ馳1arR鮎組血,R止血一加,叫0173-8515.
賀M血eridsScienceDivisiozl,L乱WrenCeBerkelcyNadonalbboratory,CA94720,U.鼠A.
4●刃仕由一Wege服トⅠ鮎血k鮎rPolara血M血eRese訂℃h,D々7515,B化me血脚en,G叩■ ‘■ centerforEnvimzmenhlRemoteSensing,ChibaUnivαSity,Chiba263-8522・
63
N a tlo n alITIS tlt u t e o f P0la r Re s e a r c h
64 T.Hondoh gf〃J.
density(Horietal.,1999);(3)RamanSpeCtralmethodfbrlocaldis血tionofgasmdecules (址edaetal.,1999);匝)Antomaticfhbricanaly2:eqforrapidanalyses(WangandA孔皿ち
1999);(5)L娘汀SCa血gtomogradlyfordistributionofinchsions(Naritaetal・,1999);(6)
Neutronscat【訂ingmethodalldx4温ydiffractionm血odforcrystalstructureS呼止拡aWaet αJ.,1998a).
U血g血e曲0VeneWme血ds猥Wdlasconv瓜don山on鵡,p桓sicd皿dysesof血e DomeFLtiiiceco陀havebeencarriedouttorevealfunda皿talprppertiesoftheco陀‥(1) S血画y(Wぬ皿加g一正,1997a;N之直也grαJ・,1999)(2)B此dens吋byavduⅡ忙扇c
method(Watan加eEal.,1997a;HondoheEal.,1999),(3)BdkdensitybyaJlX-raytranS- missionmethod(Horietal.,1999),(4)Totalgascontent(HondoheEal.,1999),(5) Pemeabilityandbubblevolume(WatanabeeLal.,1997a;Hondohetal.,1999),(6) Disdbutionofair血bbles(Naritaetal.,1999),(7)DisbibutionofclathratehydraLes(Narita
gJαJ.,19野)($)R孔manS匹C仕alN扉仇ー鵬osof由ー一山bbles弧dcla血atehy血触S(址eda
gJαJ.,1999;址8da一触wagfdJ.,2(氾1b),(9)Ice鮎cs(AzumagJαJ.,1999,2(X氾),(10)
Icegminsize(Azun耶Ietal.,1999,2(X氾),(ll)LaserscatteringtoⅡ氾graPhy,(12)DC-ECM
andAC-ECM(Sugiyanaetal.,20W;F可itaetal.,2002c),(13)Me血amicaltest,aJld(14)
CrystallinestruCttmOficeandclathratehydrate(下血aawarandMae,2000;Fukazawa gJ4J.,2㈱).
¶旭pdmcip山m山bf加eachof血eabvetoplCSa托SⅦnIna血dh血efblbwings∝- dons.
2.l√ormationprcossesorcbthra(ehydr&Lesandhclionationofg&SmOlecuIes
Amngthephysicalprwssesthatt血placeintheicesheet,OtUreSea血hasempha- sizedcla血ratehydrateformation(ShqjietaE.,2000).ThemicmscopicRamanSCattering 7Tk:thodisu紺dfbrdeLai1cdmcasurcmcnLstoelarifydlCrCliabihtyofttlerCPrOduccdaLn10- 叩hericcomposlt10n.InthecaseoftheAntarcticDomeFdicore,aSShowninFig・1,the
0 2即 500 7引) 1000 12釦 1試氾 1「持0 2㈱ 之250
D●P仇(m)
苅g.J.助川ふgr亡〃乃亡g〝加血ル∫すdfトム血以郎〃扇α汁一砂血如.乃g即0♪I頑おぉdJ∫〃血,研かゆ柁Wg
(肋血gJαと,J99乳
刊a tlon al In s tltllt e O f pol且r R Q S e a r C h
65 Pbysic山pmpe鵬es or血e DomeF両i血epice co托
transidonfromair-bubblestocladmtehydratestakesplacefrom525mto1200m(Naritaet αJり1999;OhogJαJ.,h匹eparadon)・Itiscle訂血叫旺00mpanyhg血isけamsi血n,am痴α
separationofthetwom関OratmOSPhericco鮎血entgases,nitrogenamdoxygen,takesplace (seeFig.20fthearticlebyIkeda・FukazawaaJldHonddl,2003)・T71istraJISitiontakesplac inthetraJISitionzonewhereair-bubbkscoexistwithcladmtehydrates(UdhidaandHonddh, 2000),adiswellexplainedasdlereSdtofmdeculardiffusionfromair-hbblestocla血rate hydrates(址edaetal.,2000a,b).Amodelwhichincorpwatesthedi餓況nCeindiffusion COe餓cientsaJnOngdifftrenttypesofmol¢Culesisne訂1ycompleted(SalamatineEal・,1998,
1999,200l;址edaJFukazawaetal.,2001b).Thefractionationprocessisdescribedindetai1 inaseparatepapぽinthisvohme(鮎da-FbkzLZaWaandHondoh,2003)・Thequamita丘ve e脆ctof血k匹彷SOnam山ysisofam虻略画e血compositbn托mahsbbsm血d・
3.Dモ▼el叩me血OIiαCⅣShlt既tW倒amdi¢e血恍川ow
Crystalc-aXisorientad皿S,andsizesandaqpectratiosofcrystalgraiJIS,WeremeaSured bytheuseofanautomicfhhricaJlaly雄rdevekvedbyWangaJldAalma(1999)・Usingdds powcrfu1ncwttx)】,ahrgcnumberofsampleshvebet,nanalyzedinaraLhershortperiod withoutlaborimswod(inacddrm.Asdepthincreases,Ⅱ妃anCryStalsizeincreasesand medianincunauondecreases.ThischangeinoricnLatjondistTibuLionof(-aXCSmeanSdlat crystalsrotatetowardvertical0rienminbyverBcalco叩陀SSivestressesto払mtypicalsin- gle-m血m飴brics.Di触nces打omtheaverageintDthcrystalsizeandmedianinclina- doncomlabWi血血e∂180pm丘k(Amag∫αJ.,1999).n¢SeCO口℃1adonswe托Wem cxplaincdintermsofimpmitycontentsaJldcontribudonofdiffusiona]cn,CP(Azurruetat・1 20(氾).
FlowcharaCteristicsoficesheetsaJtlStrOnglyaffbctedbytheicecrystaltextuFe,partic-
(ひ葛) uO≠葛u笥亡.●u虐層王
CJ房【巴 siN血(ヨヨ)
棚 卸
○ 醐 l㈱ 1餌0 式氾○ 鮒
叫仇(m)
荊料2.知血相d踊ム岬棚〟げ助g加〝好瑚沌gc〃柁陣〟棚gI血,2α)町
..』■」 1 「i■ 「 ■■- ‾
H a tlon al In s tlt u t e o f P ola r Re s e a rく:h
66 T.Hondoh gJdJ.
darlythedis仙tionofc→aXisorientadons・IntheAntarcticDoⅡ把F鴫icore,aSShownin Fig.ユ,the(-aXeSgradt)al)ytx:COmCOrienLcdintheverdealdirecdon,C)eiLrlybct:Ominglarge
singlecrystalsatgreatd印th(Azumaetal・,1999,200)・Thisisaconsequenceofrotadon ofcrystalsbyco血preSSionaldefbmadonintheverticaldi托Cdon;ithasbeendiscoveredthat, re且ectingthedlaraCteristicsofthedoⅡ蛤,thewidthofthedis血tionoforientadonsdecreas-
eslinearlywithinqeasingdepth.bviadons蝕)mlinearitydbservediJIPlacesareCanSedby thee脆ctofinvmities,Ofw鮎chthereweremaJlydmiJ)gCddperiods・Asiatrend ∝CurSinthedis血tionoficecrystalsizes.Crystalgmindiametersgradudyinereasewith incTCaSingdcpdl,buL,aSin山ecaseofthcc-aXisodenlaLions.dleTCarClargcdeviationsh)m theavcraget托ndduringeoldtx:riods.Variousf加torsthatcaJlaltertheraLcofgraingrowdl havebecnshdiedinte皿Ofcorrdationsbetw∝ndlegmindiameteqsandinpuntyCOntentS
(A凱magJd.,hp托p訂ation)
FlowcalculadonsandsimiationsdonethusfhrhavecreatedtheiceasaJliso仕OplC
deformingbody,butinsomecasesicebehavesasastronglyplasticaniso仕OplCSubstance
thatdefomsseveraltensofdmes鮎ter(forexamPe,MiyamotoeEal.,1999).Asdeforma- donpro卵SS郎,血eiceqγS血srotak弧d血血c一肌eSal短n山0喝血edh光donぱ血ecom-
PreSSionaxis.Asare馳1t,defornad皿Oftheice血eet血owsastrongdirectionaldependence Withrepttostress.Itisnoteasytodoa3-diunsional且ows血1adonthatincorporates alloftheseprwsses,butifsimpliGed色owlawsthathavebeendiscoveredinaseriesof researchstudies(A2Tumaetal.,1999)aretlSed,ith5COZtWSPOSSible.Weamimprovingthe
modelinordertodormrealisdcAowcalculations.Me皿While,We訂euSingdledisdbu- tionofcrystal0rien払donsamdgaindiam8terStOeStablishanewmethodtoaccuratelyrepro一 血cethe且owatthedomelocadon(Azunaetal.,2000).ItisexpeCtedthatthiswi11alsobe anewmethodtoestimatethea$eOftheicealthoughtheDomeFdicorehasahTeadyb∝n
datedbyseveraldi触ntⅡ旭thods押一如皿ahetal.,1997b;Honddhetal・,2002)・Thisresuk
also止hstrates血ei叫血CeOfundαStandiJlgthePysicalprwssesinvoIvedininterpret- ingrclaLcddaLa.
4.Stradgmphi鴎1a温けS誌
BycarefuldbservadonsoftheDoⅡ蛤FLtjicore,aChamcteristiclayerstruCttmWaSfbund h血esh畑owp訂tOf血eco托S,皿d血e血kbessor阿idid呼Of血es加C加代WaSⅡ忙a- SWd.neav併喝eW独汀一明血vd孤t一血i血essぱ血elayeris28皿,雨1ichkcbseb血e PreSeJ)taCCudationrate(32Ⅱ皿determinedbyusi喝1966nitiumrefbrence,and25mm bysnowstakemeaBrLmmentS).TtIisvariadonoflayerthicknesspmbablysuggestschaJlgeS inac00Innlationr鉱esinthelast5000years(Naritaetal.,2003).Simi1arlayerstruCttⅡ℃WaS
alsofoundbyaJIX-rayLTaJISmissionmetJIOdtomeasureadetai1eddensiLy叩浦1ewidlaSPa- tialresohldondowntOlmm(Horielal.,1999),forexappIeassllOwninFig.3.Tbtmder- Standthelayennginfirndensificadon,thesedatadbtaidbycorea11alyse$a托CO叩ared WiththelayerstruCttmdbservedinsuぬcesnowatDon旭Fdi(Shiraiwaetal・,1996)and S血eⅡ払SSbalancedaは(仙agJ8g.,1997),
Numi)erSandsi2X:SOfair-bubblesandclathr批hydratesweremeastmdbyoptical
血cm虻叩eObsαVa血nsa血Ia鑓rSC出血喝bmo訂叩鴫Ⅷ純血払dd・,1999;仙nogJd・,h
pr甲弧dⅧ).Asけ姐Sidon仕omb曲1estoby血此S,血em血concen打a血nof血-b血- blesgraduallydecreasedaJIdfiJlallydisappeadat1200m・TheBrsthydrabcrystalwas
”a tloIlal lIIS tlt u t e o r P01a r R Q S e a r C h
67 mヴSical叩ぼ也8S Or血eDoⅡ旭瑚i血印ie¢CO陀
D印血(m)
糾83紀 紬
0 0 0 ハV
(篭忘)倉芸占 0.78
∈ ∈
ヨ
鞠.ユズ血那加叫叩明地劇山一呵痛畑妙即妙伸助旭成,上聞り・
bundat525m,aJld血enumberconcentrationsof血ehydratx!Sincreasedwithdep血.The trwsidon2XmeatDoⅡ蛤FLtjiisth匂忙fore鉦om525mto1200m.Abvcandbelowdletran- sitionzone,the伽ctuadonofthenⅦmberconcentrationsseemstocozrelatcwith6J80 al血oughnY)rCdataatshorterintcrva)saJTrequiredforhJrthcrdiscussionofthephenomenon (N如i払gf〃g.,1999).
Todbservethedis扇butionofinclusionssuchasaiL-bubbles,air-hydratesandotherpar- 1icles,1aserscatLering10mOgraPhywasused.AlayerstruCtumWaSfbundinLhcdis扇bution ofair-bubblesandair-hydmtes.Fbmthedetai1edproAleofthemJmbtFdensitiesofair- hydrates,Wefotmdaperiodicfluctuadoninthenu血densidesofwhichperioddemase$ withdqth.Sincesuchanon一助mdis血donofair-hydTateSisaWutdtononiuni- fomdis曲技onofairibubbles,theperidprobablycomspondstos嘲icalperid foundintheshllowpar(.Thisfhcto脆rsusanewl眠thdLodcduceaecumul鵬onrates 山omg血e血01ek喝血of血eDαm腔瑚ico托(N血grd.,2003).
Itiskn0wndlatmaJlydlySicalaJlalysisdaharecorrdatedinsoluWaywiththecon- centradonoftheisoto匹61Soor6D、htunlessthecauseoftJICC(mtadonismadecleaJ・,dle dataeoncemeddonoLconsdLuteauSefu1signal.HereletuseXPlaiJttheindiceswhict]a陀 believedtobeuseh.InO陀enlandicccαeS,thesea$皿alvariadonoftheisotppe6180is usedtoe$血血ageaJldprec呼Itadon,butinde印1野erSinGr∝血1aJldaJldinAntarctica, fbrmedh)maSm山IannuaJamountofsnowhll,theseasonalvari山ionofisotopiccomposi- tioncanndtxdbserved(WatanabeeLaL.,1999&.b).AsaJlaltern&tem:tJd.weaJleanalyz-
i喝血e匝yskdl好打S加C餌托.血血姐owl野郎,血el叩αS廿uc山荘血仏銀鮎皿血va止む tionsinthedeposidonpmss.WehavediscoveredthatinthedeeperpartthesevariaLiqlS remainasv訂iationsinthenumberdetlSityofair-bubblesandcl乱thratehydrates. Deformationalcomp℃SSionintheverdcaldirectioncausesthcannuallayer血icknessb decreasewithdepth,butitissd皿possibletoseethee肋tofd印OSidonpFKeSSeS(N血 etaL,2003).TodetefmineaJlmalprecipita虚on蝕)mhyerthi血ssatdqpdIaCOrreCtion鮎r ghcicr且owwく刈】dhn∝CSSaTy.Bcingable10eSlimateanttualprt,CipitadⅧthrougha]l]ay-
ersaJldtodetermineagesa)ongthcd汀忙aXishasvcrygre&tSigni6cance・MeasLLremBntSaZC
血gcon血血血αd併b血nd醜由1ddぬ.
N a tloIIal ln8tlt u t e o f I〉ola r R e5e a r Cl】
68 T.Hon血血gf(止
5.El∝tric山pro匹di鰯Orice00r彷andmdar∝hosoⅧmding
TheECMteclmiq11e(DC-ECM)developedbyHamer(1983)isoneofthestandard
ethodsforiceco陀analyse$tOObservethedis血budoJlOfacidityalongthewholelepgthof
lCeCOreS.Inthismethod,aCOntinuousprofi1eofDCcurrentsisrecordedbyscannngtWO electrodesondleicesⅦ血ce.Incontrast,theACcurrentprofi1eisrecordedbyanew
AC-ECMteclmique・Thisnewmethodpemitst)StOObservethedistribudonsofbothbasic aJ)dacidimpuddes(Sugiy弧且etal.,1995).Althoughsimi1archangescaJlbeseeninthe ∝-ECMandAC-ECMprofilesbelow800mdq机asignificantdiJheWaSalsofotmd・ Comparisonsofthetwoprofileso飴ranewtoolb)findunkn0wnPaleoenvmnⅡ肥ntalevents・
NeweventshavebeendiscoveredfromtheACconductiviqTPrO丘1e.WhereasDCcon- ducdvityrevealsthedistributionofacidicimpmities,theACconducdvityprofi1e,neWly
introducedinthisresearch,isalsosensitivetoa此alineinqnmities,aJldprevlOuSlyunknown
Chatacteristicchangesambeingdiscovered(F両ihetal.,2(X氾,2002a,b,C;Sugiyamaetal・,
2000).Wearealsocontinuingdetai1edallalysistoobservethel∝aldistribudonofi皿Pmi- tiesthatmayaffbctthedectricalpropertiesofice(R血azawaetaL.,1998b)・
Thedualwavelengthiceradarwhichwearet)Si血gforthefirsttimeinouron-Siteobser-
Vadonsisattractingattemionasapowerfu1med10dtoclariLytheinb:malstruCttmOftheice
Sheet(F可itaetal・,1999,2002d;Matsuokaetal.,2002;SiegertandFttjita,2001)・恥ice
radarusedinthepastwasonbfabletodetcctthel叩eqStruCtureinsidetheicesheet;thepre-
SentmethodisabletodetectvariatiomsinsuchphysicalcharaCterisdcsasthedistributionof
CryStalodentationsasshowninFig.4.T71isisanewtechologythatusesthec叩abilityto
SeParatereflectione肋tsdlletOtherealaJldimaginarypartSOfthepemi血itybycompar-
∫fg.4.助肋似血肋甲奴叫叩血肋mか舶血潮血血相血相血=明地助川肌血血肌びⅦ=反動刑d叫
d柁〃わ血c〃郎上長FZgc加♪℃gZ(,恨.血dPDZ〃舶,r釧gc血柁血血刑加d仲卸c〃揖gd如JαdJ.伽血′わ那
加戯菰犯而り旭Ⅶ血加卸d甲用威喝Ⅶ射ね一喝・J如〃アco相場り再抑瑚加加血那加血血血旬間励
血卸両脚威喝の叩頗山血畑血叫師血睾肋相川G澗彫油川硯材如旭血那れ通庸如山 一
血ガ房砂d甲g仙ガ喝〃乃〃亡㍍卸恥∫g血m加8頑〝好C血壷仰W腔血血αd♪り椚Jお(おねfkdJ∝dJ槻-
∫〟働g油dI血用猟血相毎払助新砂血再加脚・d撼〃r和昭〃柁d血亡和∫∫∫gdわ搾〃批ゆ,∫g∫〃一触.伽g
血血品肌闇血㈲細物川舟仁山抑kげゆ加一(止,ノダ99人
刊a tlo】1al Im$tlt u t e o r P ola r R e sせa r C h
69 Physicalproperties ofthe Done叫ideepice core
ingdatabbtainedat2wavelengths.Wehavesucceededindetemig血evaJiadonsofcrys- talstruCttlrethataccompaJ)yflow,dchnotonlyprovidesiceco托dataover2dimensions butalsoprovidesimportantdataforicesheet且owcalculations・
AninvortaJltPhysicalcharacterisdcofthecrystalsisdisord訂intheprotonaJrange- ment;itiskn0wntha(血emisaphasetransitiontotheorderedPhaseatandbelow72K・ However,thecharacteristicsoftheorderedphasehaveh㌍ndiscoveredinmeasurementof R弧1弧SC血g弧dn創仕OnSCa血gin血eicecoreeven血ough血¢紐m匹ra【u托is皿血 high∝血弧72K(R血詑aWaeJαL199ぬ,199恥,b,2000;Fl血a狙Waa刀dMaち2(X旧;Ibdむ
Fukazawaetat.,200】a).rTTtereisastrongpossibilitydlat,aSarCSulLofagingfbravcrylong timeintheicesheet,aCOndidonexiststhatcannOtbeproducedinthelaboratozy.Asaresult Ofmolecdardynamicsimiadon,ithasbecomeclearthatevenintheabsenceoftheordered Phase,ifthemischangeindlehydrogenbondcombiJladonasimilar司匹C血vadationwil1 bedbtained(Horikawaetal.,inpreparation).Howeveq,Whythiskindoficeexistsintheice Sheetsand血atkindofe飴ctithasonccweanalysisdataremainass叫ectsforfuttlre reseⅢ℃b.
Ad畑附Wledgm併Ib
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