Nutritional Evaluation of Processed Jatropha curcas Kernel
Meals: Effect on Growth Performance of Broiler Chicks
Ojediran T. K., Adisa Y. A., Yusuf S. A. and Emiola I. A.
J Anim Sci Adv 2014, 4(11): 1110-1121
DOI: 10.5455/jasa.20141115115449
Journal of Animal Science Advances
Online version is available on: www.grjournals.com
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J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 2014, 4(11): 1110-1121
Nutritional Evaluation of Processed Jatropha curcas
Kernel Meals: Effect on Growth Performance of
Broiler Chicks 1
Ojediran T. K., 2Adisa Y. A.,
2Yusuf S. A. and
1Emiola I. A.
1 Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
2 Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the growth performance of broiler chicks fed differently processed
(Raw Defatted Meal RDM, Toasted Defatted Meal TDM, Cooked Defatted Meal CDM, Lye Defatted Meal
LDM and Sand Roasted Defatted Meal ZRDM) Jatropha curcas kernel meals. The feeding trial lasted for 21
days. 180 day-old Marshal strain unsexed broiler chicks were used for this experiment. There were 6 dietary
treatments of 30 birds per treatment and 3 replicate of 10 birds each in a complete randomized design. Each
differently processed Jatropha curcas kernel meals were used to replace one-third of the soybean meal in the
control diet. Data on average daily feed intake (ADFI) of birds fed control (D1) was significantly (P<0.05)
higher than others. Birds fed TDM (D3), CDM (D4) and LDM (D5) had similar ADFI with those fed RDM (D2)
and ZRDM (D6). The average daily weight gain (ADWG) of birds fed the D1 diet was significantly (P<0.05)
higher than others. The feed gain ratio (FGR) of birds fed the D2 diet was significantly (P<0.05) higher than
others. The total mortality of birds fed the D1 diet was significantly (P<0.05) lower than others while those fed
the D2, D3, D4 and D5 diets did not show significant differences (p>0.05). Birds fed the D6 diet had the highest
total mortality rate (P<0.05) from others except for those fed with the D5 diet which had a similar mortality rate.
The result suggests that the processing methods improves the nutrients, however, heat treatments reduced the
antinutrients with minimal effect on the saponin and phorbol esters present in the Jatropha curcas kernel meals,
which resulted in low feed intake in the diets 2-6. ADFI, ADWG, FGR and total mortality were adversely
affected by the dietary treatments as observed by the depressed growth rate and high mortality in birds fed
Jatropha curcas meals. However, further experiment should be carried out to examine the performance of
broiler chicks on bio-treated samples of the processed Jatropha curcas kernel meals.
Keywords: Growth, Jatropha curcas kernel, performance, processing.
Corresponding author: Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
Received on: 15 Nov 2014 Revised on: 20 Nov 2014
Accepted on: 26 Nov 2014
Online Published on: 30 Nov 2014
Original Article
ISSN: 2251-7219
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF PROCESSED JATROPHA CURCAS KERNEL MEALS …
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Introduction
Feed represents the major cost of poultry
production and the cost of feed ingredients could be
as high as 80% of the total cost of the finished feed
(Longe, 2006). Inadequate production of feeds has
been found to be one of the major factor limiting the
development and expansion of the poultry business
(Emenalom, 2004).
It is imperative therefore, to embark on
research into alternatives and cheaper sources of
feedstuffs or ingredients to the orthodox feedstuffs
in order to widen sources of raw materials for
poultry feeds (Annongu et al., 2010). There is no
doubt that the exploitation of a non-conventional
feeding stuff such as Jatropha curcas kernel meal
will help to reduce the cost of poultry feeds with
subsequent reduction in the cost of production. This
is because this Jatropha curcas kernel meal is a by-
product of bio-fuel or bio-diesel processing with
each ton of dry seed produces 200-300 liters of bio-
fuel and 700-800 kg of seed meal (Brodjonegoro et
al., 2005) and does not suffer from competition
from any quarter.
Jatropha curcas is a multi-purpose and large
drought resistant plant with several attributes,
considerable potentials, evoked interest all over
tropics as a potential biofuel crop and it originated
from Central America but can now be found
throughout the tropics including Africa and Asia
(Openshaw, 2000). It is a tall bush or small tree (up
to 6 m height). The lifespan of this perennial bush is
more than 50 years, and it can grow on marginal
soils with low nutrient content (Openshaw, 2000).
The seed has about 35-50% crude protein (Aslani et
al., 2007), 60% oil and rich in essential amino acid
and minerals (Makkar et al., 2008). The use of
Jatropha curcas meal in animal nutrition is
however faced with several problems of anti-
nutritional factors such as lectin, saponin, tannin,
phytate, trypsin inhibitors and phorbol esters
(Makkar and Becker, 1999). Due to these
phytotoxins, the seeds or cakes or its oil cannot be
used for human or animal consumption. Processing
methods, such as soaking, germination roasting and
autoclaving has been reported to improve the
nutritional properties of plant seeds (Yagoub and
Abdella, 2007). Processing techniques caused
important changes in the biochemical, nutritional
and sensory characteristics of legumes. In many
parts of the world, legumes are often consumed
after soaking and germination, during which the
nutritional value is enhanced. During germination
of food grains, it has been reported that certain
minerals and vitamins were increased (Sangronis
and Machado, 2007). The above named toxins can
be removed either by chemical or physical methods
while phorbol ester is the most difficult toxin to be
detoxified by these methods (Belewu and Sam,
2010). Meanwhile, feeding trial of defatted meals as
poultry diet is scanty.
The decreases in the levels of anti-nutritional
factors to safe limits may be caused by thermal
degradation, soaking in distilled water, germination,
and extraction of methanol (Yasmin et al., 2008;
Magdi, 2007; Aderibigbe et al., 1997), hot water
treatment, lye treatment and fermentation (Akande
et al., 2012). This study therefore attempts to
investigate the effect of various processing methods
on nutrient, compositon of Jatropha curcas kernel
meals and their effect on growth performance of
broiler chicks.
Materials and Methods
Experimental Site
The research was conducted at the poultry unit
of the Teaching and Research Farm, Ladoke
Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso.
Test Ingredients
Dry seeds of J. curcas were purchased locally.
The seeds were screened to separate whole seeds
from the dirt and extraneous matter. The seeds were
dehulled to separate the kernel from the shell
manually. The extraction of oil follows similar
manner to that of other oil seeds such as cotten seed
cake, cashew nut meal, castor seed cake (Belewu,
2010b, Odunsi et al., 2002; Akande et al., 2012).
The kernels were divided into portions for ease of
processing. Five different processing methods were
adopted, viz:
RDM
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A portion of the kernel was milled and
subjected to oil extraction using hydraulic press and
was referred to as Raw Defatted Meal (RDM). This
is similar to the procedure of Akande et al., (2012).
TDM
A potion of the milled kernel from RDM was
roasted until the kernel become crispy to the touch
and turn brown in a pan, stirred from time to time to
maintain uniform heating while it lasted for 30
minutes, as this was referred to as Toasted Defatted
Meal (TDM).
CDM
A portion of the raw kernel was cooked at
1200C ±5
0C for 30 minutes (similar to the procedure
of Martinez-Herrera et al., (2006)) in a cooking pot,
sun dried for 24 hours after which they were oven
dried at 850C for an hour before being milled and
then defatted using the hydraulic press as this was
referred to as Cooked Defatted Meal (CDM).
LDM
The lye was prepared by putting woodash in a
muslin cloth and hot water (1000C ± 5
0C) was
poured on the ash and the filtrate (pH 9.5) was used
to cook the kernel at 1200C ± 5
0C and held for 30
minutes. This is a variant to the procedure of
Akande, (2010). The treated kernel was dried,
milled and defatted and referred to as Lye Defatted
Meal (LDM).
ZRDM
Raw whole seeds were roasted in sand (particle
size of ¼–½ mm ) at 115oC ±5
0Cand held at this
temperature for 30 minutes. The roasted seed was
cooled, dehulled and kernels were milled then
defatted to produce Sand Roasted-Defatted kernel
Meal (ZRDM).
All meals were at between 0.5-1.0mm mesh
size.
Experimental Diets
Six (6) experimental diets were formulated:
Diets 1 contained 0% JKM and served as the
control diet, while diets 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 contained
10.33% (one-third replacement of soybean meal)
inclusion level of RDM, TDM, CDM, LDM and
ZRDM respectively as shown in table 1. All diets
were iso-nitrogeneous and iso-caloric.
Table 1: Gross Composition of Experimental Diets for the Broiler Starters.
Ingredients %
Diet 1
(CNRL)
Diet 2
(RDM)
Diet 3
(TDM)
Diet 4
(CDM)
Diet 5
(LDM)
Diet 6
(ZRDM)
Maize 53.00 53.00 52.00 53.00 53.00 52.00
Wheat offal 6.00 6.00 7.00 6.00 6.00 7.00
Soybean meal 31.00 20.67 20.67 20.67 20.67 20.67
JKM 0.00 10.33 10.33 10.33 10.33 10.33
Fish meal 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
Limestone 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
DCP 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Salt 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Vitamin Premix 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Lysine
Methionine
0.15
0.05
0.15
0.05
0.15
0.05
0.15
0.05
0.15
0.05
0.15
0.05
Total (%) 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Calculated Analysis
Crude protein (%) 23.66 23.31 23.43 23.17 23.91 23.61
M.E. kcal/kg 2940.82 3106.31 3100.57 3106.31 3106.31 3100.57
JKM= Jatropha curcas kernel cake meal, DCP= dicalcium phosphate.
*Vitamin premix contained the following vitamins and minerals in 1kg of broiler diet: 12500 IU, Vit A: 2500 IU, Vit D3:
40mg, Vit E: 2mg, Vit K3: 30mg, Vit B1: 55mg, Vit.B2: 550mg, Niacin: 115mg, Calcium Pantothenate: 50mg, Vit B6:
0.25mg, Vit B12: 500mg, Choline chloride: 10mg, Folic acid: 0.08mg, Biotin: 120mg, Manganese: 1000mg, Fe: 80mg,
Zn: 8.5mg, Cu: 1.5mg, I: 0.3mg, Co: 0.12mg Se and 120mg Antioxidant.
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF PROCESSED JATROPHA CURCAS KERNEL MEALS …
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Experimental Birds and Management
One hundred and eighty (180) Marshal Strain
Broiler Chicks were used for this study. All the
birds were initially fed on commercial broiler starter
mash for the first week to stabilize the chicks after
which they were randomly distributed without
sexing into six dietary groups of thirty (30) birds
each. Each treatment group was further sub-divided
into three replicates of ten (10) birds each. The birds
were fed with their respective treatment diet and
water was served ad-libitum. The experimental
chicks were raised under intensive care
management in a deep litter system. Occasional
management practices such as vaccination,
medication, weekly weighing of birds and feed
intake, changing of litters and proper record keeping
were taken. The study lasted for 21 days for the
introduction of treatmental diets.
Data Collection
Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI), Average
Daily Gain (ADG) and Weight gain were monitored
and recorded throughout the feeding trial period.
Feed gain ratio of the experimental birds were
estimated.
Chemical Analysis
Proximate Composition
Proximate composition (Dry matter, Crude
protein, Crude fibre, Ether extract, Ash and
Nitrogen free extract) of the dried samples were
determined using the procedures of AOAC (2000).
Energy Determination
This was calculated using Pauzenga formula
(Pauzenga, 1985).
Anti-nutritional Factors
Trypsin inhibitors was determined using the
method of Kakade et al., (1969); Lectin content was
determined by hemaglutination assay as described
by Makkar et al., (1997); Tannins was determined
using the method of Swain (1979); The
determinations of total saponins were applied using
a spectrophotometric method described by Hiai et
al., (1989); Phytate was determined using the
method of Maga, (1983) while Phorbol esters was
determined after the procedure of Haas and
Mittelbach, (2000).
Statistical Analysis
All data generated and estimated were
subjected to Analysis of Variance in a Complete
Randomised Design of SAS (2000) software
package. Significant means were seperated using
Duncan multiple range test of the same package.
Results and Discussion
Effect of Various Processing Methods on
Proximate and Energy Composition of Jatropha
curcas Kernel Meals is shown in table 2. The Dry
Matter ranges from 94.26 – 97.71%. Raw whole
kernel (RWK) dry matter increased from 94.26% to
95.62% in the RDM; this could be attributed to the
defattening process.
Table 2: Effect of various processing methods on proximate composition of Jatropha curcas kernel and meals.
Parameters (%)
RWK RDM TDM CDM LDM ZRDM
Dry matter
94.26 95.26 97.60 95.62 91.39 97.71
Crude protein
23.57 38.59 33.82 37.24 44.49 35.50
Ether extract
52.04 37.21 47.08 43.31 24.56 43.62
Crude fibre
2.42 4.15 9.11 8.50 6.66 8.60
Ash
4.80 6.14 5.97 5.80 10.20 5.75
NFE
11.43 9.17 1.62 0.77 5.48 4.24
ME (Kcal/Kg)
5198.03 4706.94 4889.27 4837.99 4398.05 4870.78
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Note, RWK= Raw Kernel, RDM = Raw Defatted Meal, TDM= Toasted Defatted Meal, CDM= Cooked Defatted Meal,
LDM= Lye treated Defatted Meal, ZRDM= Sand Roasted Defatted Meal, NFE= Nitrogen Free Extract, ME= Metabolizable
Energy. %: percent.
This is in agreement with the report of Abou-
arab and Abu-Salem (2010). However, this is lower
when compared with the findings of Oladele and
Oshodi (2007) who reported 97.47%. The dry
matter of TDM and ZRDM were 97.6% and 97.71%
respectively; this shows that TDM and ZRDM
treatments had the moisture content reduced by the
virtue of heat applied. CDM and LDM had a dry
matter content of 95.26% and 91.39% respectively.
The CDM (95.62% dry matter) is similar to that
RDM of (94.26%); this could mean that cooking
had little effect on dry matter at the drying level
applied. LDM had the least dry matter, probably
because re-drying the lye treated kernel increased
the moisture content and was not as dried as other
treatments. RWK and other treatments were found
to be higher when compared to an earlier report on
certain common legumes/grains such Mucuna
pruriens var. pruriens (24.90% DM) (Udedibie and
Carlini, 1998); Entada scadens (26.82% DM)
(Vadivel et al., 2008). A low moisture content of
5.74%, 4.74%, 2.40%, 4.38%, 8.61% and 2.29% for
RWK, RDM, TDM, CDM, LDM and ZRDM
respectively was observed. This value is obviously
lower than 10% moisture content limit
recommended for storage stability of flours.
(http://wantonfeed.com/grain/life.html).
The Crude protein value of 23.57% was
observed for RWK and due to oil extraction; it
increases in the RDM to 38.59%. The crude protein
(CP) value of RWK is comparable with the findings
of Akintayo (2004) who reported a value of 24.60%
in the unfermented kernel of Jatropha curcas. On
the other hand, Ogbobe and Akano (1993) reported
that the seed of Jatropha gossypifolia contains
13.40% CP which is lower than 24.60% CP that
was reported by Akintayo (2004). However, Abou-
arab and Abu-Salem (2010) reported higher CP
value of 32.88%. The CP content increases to
35.46% in RDM; this means defattening increase
the protein content of the seed and this is due to oil
extraction from the kernel. The crude protein of
TDM and ZRDM (33.82% and 35.5%) respectively
when compared to the RDM (38.59%) were lower,
this could be due to denaturing of protein by heat
while CDM (37.24%) had little effect when
compared to RDM (38.59%). Emiola et al., (2003,
2007) shows that aqueous heating tended to reduce
the CP content possibly due to leaching and
vaporization of some nitrogenous compound during
processing of Mucuna. The LDM had 44.49%
(crude protein) and this is the highest CP observed;
this could be due to residual protein inherent in the
wood ash. This result agrees with the findings of
Akande et al., (2011). RWK contains 23.57% crude
protein which makes it a good source of protein.
This result agrees with the findings of Belewu and
Sam, (2010). In contrast, Oladele and Oshodi,
(2008) reported 38.5% crude protein for Jatropha
cathartica. The crude protein of RWK, RDM,
TDM, CDM, LDM and ZRDM is lower than that of
the meal of the Jatropha curcas from cape verde
(56.4% crude protein) and Nicaragua (61.2% crude
protein) that was observed by Makkar et al., (1998).
Ether extract (52.04%) was observed for J.
curcas kernel and due to oil extraction; it decreases
in the RDM to 37.21% but increased to 47.08% in
the TDM while LDM had (24.59% EE). High
extraction in RDM and LDM reflected in their CP
content. ZRDM (43.62%) increases when compared
to RDM (37.21%), which could be due to browning
of the kernels and can probably reduce defattening
which is similar to TDM (47.08%). This means that
the method of defattening is less efficient and could
probably be responsible for reduced defattening.
This is similar to the findings of Akande et al.,
(2012) because of similar extraction method. The
high ether extract value of 52.04% in the kernel
signifies high lipid content. The oil content is much
higher than the value recorded for Bauhinia
reticulata which belongs to the pea family (Amoo,
2003). The higher oil content of Jatropha curcas
makes it one of the most appropriate renewable
alternative sources of biodiesel in terms of
availability and cost (Umer et al., 2010). The oil
content is higher than Canola seed (43%) and Soya
bean (18%) (www.biodieselmagazine.com).
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF PROCESSED JATROPHA CURCAS KERNEL MEALS …
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The RWK had the lowest Crude fibre (CF)
content (2.42%) when compared with other
treatments. This may be due to the presence of oil in
the kernel. This is lower when compared with
3.81% reported for raw seed of J. Curcas by Abou-
arab and Abu-Salem (2010) which is similar to the
report of Makkar et al., (1998). On the other hand,
Ogbobe and Akano (1993) reported that the
untreated seed of Jatropha gossypifolia contains
(9.25%). TDM and ZRDM have the highest CF
content (9.11% and 8.6% respectively) which
means the effect of heat is greatly felt in the
treatment, i.e. heat browning does not affect the
fibre but since protein is likely denatured, it resulted
in increased fibre contents. CDM (8.50%) is
comparable in CF percentage of TDM (9.11%) and
ZRDM (8.60). LDM (6.66%) also increases when
compared with raw kernel. All this increment in CF
may be due to defattening process. The crude fibre
is the sum total of all those organic compounds of
the plant cell membranes and supporting structures
which in chemical analysis of plants food stuff
remain after removal of the crude protein, fat and
Nitrogen-free extract. Thus, the crude fibre in diet
consists mostly of plant polysaccharides that cannot
be digested by human and monogastric dietary
enzymes such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and some
materials that encrust the cell walls (Melon, 1980).
Among the treatment, LDM (6.66%) could be
due to the alkaline effect of lye in breaking the fibre
bonds. Lye being a solution of alkali which
probably reacted with the fibre to break the bonds
thus causing a reduced crude fibre content
meanwhile other heat involving treatments could
not reduce the fibre probably because they had no
alkali or acid solution in them. Crude fibre value of
4.15% recorded for RDM is much lower than that
reported for raw African locust bean (11.7%) and
raw melon seeds (15.8%) (Omafuvbe Bridget et al.,
2004), but are higher than that reported for cowpea
(3.6%) and soybean (0.2%) (Saurez et al., 1999).
The ash content (4.80%) was observed for RWK
and it increased in RDM to 6.14% while LDM had
10.2% ash; the significant increase in ash content
could be due to the minerals content added by the
wood ash solution used in the LDM treatment.
The RWK, RDM and ZRDM had 4.8%, 5.97%
and 5.75% respectively, this could be due to the
high ether extract; as ether extract increased there
was reduction in ash content. It could be observed
in the treatments that ether extract and ash had a
negative correlation. Findings reveals that the ash
content is higher than 2.40% in Jatropha curcas
seed and 3.20% in Mucuna solan Seed (Sutton et
al., 1998). However, it is lowered than 5.68% of
raw seed of Jatropha curcas reported by Abou-
Arab and Abu-Salem (2010). Its increase in RDM
to 6.14% signifies that defattening increases the
concentration of minerals, while LDM had 6.64%
ash; the significant increase in ash content could be
due to the minerals content added by the wood ash
solution used in the LDM treatment. This is similar
to the findings of Akande et al., (2011) The RDM
and ZRDM had 6.14% and 5.75% respectively,
CDM had the ash content of 5.26%, it increases
when compared with the raw kernel. The RWK had
11.43% nitrogen free extract (NFE) which reduced
among the various treatments applied. It reduces in
RDM but futher reduced among heat involving
treatments with CDM being the lowest. It signifies
that dafattening reduces the NFE content of the
variously treated JKM. Cooking could probably
affects the NFE because of leaching into the water.
However these values are lower compare with the
findings of Belewu et al., (2010).
The RWK has the highest metabolizable energy
(ME) of 5198.03 (Kcal/kg) when compared with
other treatments. This could be as a result of high
Ether extract in the kernel. RDM, TDM, CDM,
LDM and ZRDM had a lower ME when compared
with RWK and it may be due to the defattening
process. It is observable that the ME of TDM, CDM
and ZRDM were higher than RDM and LDM
meanwhile the crude fibre of TDM, CDM and
ZRDM were also higher than RDM and LDM
which probably connotes that the CF bonds with the
undefatted oil to increase the energy content of the
affected meals since oil has been noted to improve
energy content of any feed materials as observed in
RWK.
The ME of the RWK and all other treatments
were higher when compared with Centrosema
pubescence (3389.00Kcal/Kg) and Calopogonium
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J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 2014, 4(11): 1110-1121
mucunoides (3424.00Kcal/Kg) reported by Ugwu,
et al., (2001). Table 3 shows the Effect of Various
Processing Methods on Antinutrient Compositon of
Jatropha curcas Kernel Meals.
Table 3: Effect of various processing methods on anti-nutritional composition of Jatropha curcas kernel
and meals.
Anti-nutrients RWK RDM TDM CDM LDM ZRDM
Trypsin inhibitor (TIU/mg) 22.69 13.52 0.00 0.65 0.47 0.53
Lectin (HU/mg) 48.29 31.31 0.00 4.23 2.55 3.18
Tannin (%) 0.070 0.053 0.007 0.019 0.014 0.016
Saponin (%) 2.18 2.09 1.24 1.74 1.53 1.61
Phytate (%) 8.63 8.26 1.84 2.46 2.05 2.39
Phorbolester(mg/100g) 2.700 2.490 1.040 1.287 1.140 1.207 %- percentage, RWK-Raw Whole kernel, RDM-Raw Defatted Meal, TDM-Toasted Defatted Meal, CDM-Cooked
Defatted Meal, LDM-Lye solution treated Defatted Meal, ZRDM-Sand Roasted Defatted Meal.
Trypsin Inhibitor
RWK had 22.67 IU/mg while the defatted
meals except RDM (13.52IU/mg) had lower values
less than 1.00IU/mg and this reduction could be due
to the leaching out of trypsin inhibitor activity
(TIA) during processing and as a result of trypsin
inhibitor heat labile nature (Siddhuraju et al., 1996).
However, the fact that not all TIA was removed
shows that at least some of the trypsin inhibitors are
heat resistant at the temperature applied. These
findings agree with that reported by Magdi (2007).
Also, no amount of TIA was observed in the TDM
and could be due to the temperature during toasting.
Meanwhile, Jyothi and Sumathi (1995) reported that
the extraction at both low and high temperatures
with sodium bicarbonate was most effective in the
case of trypsin inhibitors of common bean seeds.
Lectin
RWK had 48.29HU/mg which was reduced to
31.31HU/mg in RDM when it was defatted and was
reduced to 4.23 in CDM, 3.18 in ZRDM, 2.55 in
LDM and 0.00HU/mg in TDM which could be due
to elimination of lectin by toasting as a result of its
heat labile nature which is contrary to an earlier
study by Aderibigbe et al., (1997) who found an
increase in lectin activity following heat treatment
which was attributed to some artifacts.
Tannin
RWK, RDM, TDM, CDM, LDM, ZRDM had
0.070%, 0.053%, 0.007%, 0.019%, 0.014%, 0.016%
respectively. RDM had 0.053% which was the
highest and could be as a result that defatting has
little effect on tannins and TDM (0.007%), the
lowest which could be due to the heat produced
during toasting.
Saponin
2.18%, 2.09%, 1.24%, 1.74%, 1.53%, 1.61%
saponin was observed for the RWK, RDM, TDM,
CDM, LDM and ZRDM respectively. RDM had
2.09% in relation to the raw kernel (2.18%) which
could be that defattening had little effect on saponin
while the value for others shows that heating has
little effect on saponin. Reddy and Pierson (1994)
have reported that saponins are not destroyed by
cooking Also, Abou Arab and Abu-Salem (2010)
observed no significant difference in saponin
contents of defatted whole seed and kernel after
roasting.
Phytate
RWK, RDM, TDM, CDM, LDM and ZRDM
had 8.63%, 8.26%, 1.84%, 2.46%, 2.05%, 2.39%
phytate respectively. TDM (1.84%) had the lowest
value of phytate which shows that toasting had a
significant effect on the phytate content while
defattening had slight effect on the RDM (8.26%)
which had the highest phytate level. The phytate
content of Cape Verde (jatropha kernel) meal was
9.4% and those of Nicaragua meal and Soyabean
meal were 10.0 and 1.5% respectively. The phytate
content of Jatropha meals was much higher than
that of peanut presscake (1.36%; Fardiaz and
Markakis, 1981). These values suggest presence of
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF PROCESSED JATROPHA CURCAS KERNEL MEALS …
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J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 2014, 4(11): 1110-1121
high levels of phytate in Jatropha curcas samples.
These high levels of phytate might decrease
bioavailability of minerals. Phytates have also been
implicated in decreasing protein digestibility by
forming complexes and also by interacting with
enzymes such as trypsin and pepsin (Reddy and
Pierson, 1994). Aderibigbe et al., (1997) observed
that none of the heat treatments studied decreased
phytate level.
Phorbolesters
RWK, RDM, TDM, CDM, LDM and ZRDM
had 2.70%, 2.49%, 1.04%, 1.29%, 1.14%, 1.21%
phorbolester respectively. RDM had the highest
phorbolester value in comparism to other treatments
and could be due to defattening process. Belewu
and Sam (2010) observed 0.013 phorbol ester for
RDM, meanwhile, it is noteworthy that, the content
of phorbolester in most of the samples was still
high. Phorbolester content of 0.09 mg/g in seed
meal is safe for livestock because the content is
lower than that found in untoxic jatropha cultivar of
0.11 mg/g (Makkar et al., 1998). These findings are
in conformity with the work of Belewu (2008) who
reported the death of albino rats fed fungus treated
Jatropha seed meal. Physical treatment by heating
in autoclave followed with extraction using ethanol
and potassium bicarbonate decreased lectin activity
in jatropha seed meal from Mexico from 34 to 0.57
mg/g, saponin from 2.85% to 1.72%, and
phorbolester from 3.85 to 0.08 mg/g (Martinez
Herrera et al., 2006).
Table 4 shows the Growth Performance
Characteristics of Broiler Chicks Fed Differently
Treated Jatropha curcas Kernel Cake Meal.
Table 4: Growth Performance Characteristics of Broiler Chicks Fed Differently Treated Jatropha Curcas
Kernel Cake Meal.
Parameters (g/bird) Diet 1
CNRL
Diet 2
RDM
Diet 3
TDM
Diet 4
CDM
Diet 5
LDM
Diet 6
ZRDM
SEM
Initial BW (g) 109.10 113.87 110.6 118.27 115.97 115.10 1.72
Final BW (g) 650.52a
151.08b
221.49b
235.22b
188.75b
229.00b
45.02
ADFI (g/b/d) 74.08a
15.34b
12.00bc
12.10bc
12.41bc
6.83c
5.71
ADWG (g/b/d) 25.78a
1.77b
5.40b
5.57b
3.35b
5.42b
2.17
Feed gain ratio 2.87b
8.67a
2.22b
2.17b
3.71b
1.27b
0.30
Total Mortality (%) 0.00c
43.33b
56.67b
60.00b
63.33ab
83.33a
±5.66 S.E.M: Standard error of mean. a, b, c
: Means with different superscripts on the same row differ significantly (P<0.05).
BW= Body weight, ADFI= Average daily feed intake, ADWG= Average daily weight gain, g/b/d= gram per bird per day.
There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in
the initial body weight for the six dietary
treatments, but there was significant difference
(P<0.05) in the final body weight for the six dietary
treatments. This finding is in agreement with the
work of Bamgbose et al., (1996), who reported that
increasing the level of cotton seed cake in the
finisher diets resulted in significant depression in
the performances of broiler in-terms of daily feed
intake, daily weight gain and final body weights.
However, birds fed diet 1 (control) has the highest
final body weight at 3-weeks followed by those fed
diet 4 (CDM), diet 6 (ZRDM), diet 3 (TDM), diet 5
(LDM) respectively while diet 2 (RDM) have the
least final body weight. From the result it could be
deducted that, the processing method applied on the
meals affected the final weight gain in the birds and
these could be traceable to feed intake and residual
antinutrients in the corresponding test ingredients.
The average daily feed intake was influenced
by the diets and processing methods. Birds fed
100% JKC free diet (control, D1) had the highest
ADFI (74.08). The ADFI of D1 was significantly
different (P<0.05) from others. The ADFI of birds
fed RDM (D2) was significantly different (P<0.05)
from that of D1 and ZRDM (D6) but similar to those
fed TDM (D3), CDM (D4) and LDM (D5). ADFI of
diet 6 was significantly different (P<0.05) from that
OJEDIRAN ET AL.
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J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 2014, 4(11): 1110-1121
of diet 1and 2, but similar to that of diet 3, 4 and 5.
Diet 6 had the lowest ADFI (6.83). The feed intake
decreased with respect to the treatment method
employed in the processing of the experimental test
ingredients. It appears that the diet 3 (TDM), diet 4
(CDM), diet 5 (LDM) and diet 6 (ZRDM) with
10.33% inclusion in the diets of broiler chicks did
not favour feed consumption. Therefore, Birds in
diet 1 (control) had the highest feed consumption
rate, followed by birds in diet 2, diet 5, diet 4 and
diet 3 respectively while birds in diet 6 consumed
least. This result corroborates the findings of
Sumiati et al., (2007) who fed Jatropha curcas meal
at the level of 5% in the diet to broilers and
observed reduced feed consumption. Tiurma et al.,
(2010), reported that at the second week of feeding
trial (with jatropha seed meal), feed intake on
control was higher that those of other treatments.
This shows that jatropha seed meal has a negative
effect on feed palatability, although its inclusion in
the diet was only 5%.
This agreed with the work of Chivandi et al.,
(2006) and Belewu (2008) who observed similar
trend in pigs and rats respectively. During the
experiment, poor feed intake, dehydration, loss of
weight and death were recorded for the birds on
diets 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. This observation confirmed
the results of Aregheore et al., (2005) on sheep and
goats. Inclusion of untreated jatropha seed meal in
the diet caused accumulation of lectin, anti-trypsin,
and phorbolester in the digestive tract
(Brodjonegoro et al., 2005). Lectin will disturb
protein synthesis, while anti-trypsin inhibits trypsin
than chymotrypsin enzyme activities. All these
antinutritional factors have negative effect on
palatability (Tiurma et al., 2010). This indicated
that combination of the negative effect of anti-
nutritive and toxic compounds in the diet decreased
feed consumption (Makkar and Becker, 1999).
Birds on diet 1 had the highest ADWG (25.78)
while treatment 2 had the least ADWG (1.77). This
complies with the findings of Tiurma et al., (2010);
Longer feeding period resulting in lower body
weight gained was observed in broiler chickens.
The Jatropha curcas kernel cake diets were
comparable but significantly different from the diet
1 (control). But, diet 4 was next to diet 1, followed
by diet 6 and next is diet 3. This means that
treatment had effect in weight gain probably
because of residual antinutrients still present in the
dietary treatments which affect the feed intake. This
finding corroborates with the reports of Anandan et
al., (2005) who used processing methods such as
soaking in water, boiling, heating, lye treatments
and NaOH treatments were more potent in
detoxifying castor seed meal. There was significant
difference in (P<0.05) in both the feed intake and
weight gain.
The feed gain ratio (FGR) obtained for birds in
the six diets were 2.87, 8.67, 2.22, 2.17, 3.71 and
1.27 respectively and there was significant
difference (P<0.05) in the values observed with
birds fed diet 2 having the highest FGR while birds
fed diet 6 has the least value while other diets were
comparable. This corresponds to the result obtained
by Tiurma et al., (2010). It was observed that the
lowest feed conversion was found on chickens fed
untreated jatropha seed meal. Makkar and Becker
(1997) reported that combination of the negative
effect of anti-nutritive and toxic compounds in the
diet decreased feed consumption which then
inhibited chicken growth.
Birds fed diet 2 having the highest FGR,
followed by birds fed diet 3, diet 5, diet 1, diet 4,
while the birds fed diet 6 has the least value. This
implies that birds fed diet 6 consume the least feed
to yield 1g of their body weight followed by birds
fed diet 4, diet 3, diet 1, and diet 5 respectively
while birds in diet 2 consume more feed in gram to
gain 1g of body weight. Thus the birds consumed
more so as to meet their energy requirements to
sustain growth and development which is in line
with the report of Esonu et al., (2005).
Birds fed diet 6 had the best feed gain ratio.
This corresponds to the result obtained by Tiurma et
al., (2010). It was observed that the lowest feed
conversion was found on chickens fed untreated
jatropha seed meal. Makkar and Becker (1997)
reported that combination of the negative effect of
anti-nutritive and toxic compounds in the diet
decreased feed consumption which then inhibited
chicken growth. The total mortality of D1 was
significantly different (P>0.05) from others. Total
mortality of D6 was significantly different (P<0.05)
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF PROCESSED JATROPHA CURCAS KERNEL MEALS …
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J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 2014, 4(11): 1110-1121
from D1, D2, D3, and D4 but similar toD5. D6 had the
highest mortality while D1 had the lowest. This is
better off what was observed by (Sumiati et al.,
2007), where by feeding Jatropha curcas meal at
the level of 5% in the diet to broilers reduced feed
consumption, caused 100% mortality at the age of
22 days and it damaged the liver as well as kidney.
Conclusion
The result suggests that the processing methods
increased crude protein, crude fibre and ash
especially in LDM. Heat treatments reduced the
antinutrients with minimal effect on the saponin and
phorbol esters present in the Jatropha curcas kernel
meal, which resulted in low feed intake in diets 2-6
containing the test ingredients and probably the
treatments made the known antinutrients to form
complexes not yet known which resulted in low
feed intake and higher mortality. The feed intake,
final weight, weight gain, feed gain ratio and total
mortality were adversely affected by the dietary
treatments observed by the depressed growth rate
and high mortality in birds fed Jatropha curcas
meals. However, further experiment should be
carried out to examine the performance of broiler
chicks on bio-treated samples of the processed
Jatropha curcas kernel meals.
Aknowledgements
This work was supported by the Department of
Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola
University of Technology, P. M. B. 4000,
Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
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