Annuaire de lEacutecole pratiquedes hautes eacutetudes (EPHE)Section des sciencesreligieuses123 (2016)2014-2015

Leone GazzieroTheacuteories et mystiques de la Gregravece helleacutenistique et de la fin de lrsquoAntiquiteacute

laquo Aucun attribut universel nrsquoest unesubstance raquoConfeacuterences de lrsquoanneacutee 2014-2015

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Reacutefeacuterence eacutelectroniqueLeone Gazziero laquo laquo Aucun attribut universel nrsquoest une substance raquo raquo Annuaire de lEacutecole pratique des hauteseacutetudes (EPHE) Section des sciences religieuses [En ligne] 123 | 2016 mis en ligne le 13 juillet 2016 consulteacute le 21juillet 2016 URL httpasrrevuesorg1439

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Annuaire EPHE Sciences religieuses t 123 (2014-2015)

Theacuteories et mystiques de la Gregravece helleacutenistique et de la fin de lrsquoAntiquiteacute

M Leone GazzieroChargeacute de confeacuterences

laquo Aucun attribut universel nrsquoest une substance1 raquo

Le cycle de confeacuterences a eacuteteacute conccedilu pour lrsquoessentiel comme une introduction agrave lrsquohistoire de la querelle dite des universaux que nous avons eacutetudieacutee dans sa phase inaugurale2 Pour ce faire nous nous sommes concentreacutes sur lrsquoappreacuteciation singuliegraverement neacutegative qursquoAristote a porteacute sur lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees dites de Platon3 Son rejet meacuterite en lrsquooccurrence une attention tout particuliegravere dans la

1thinsplaquothinspldquoΟὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinsp [aucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinsp substance]rdquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35)thinspAristotethinspcritiquethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquo2thinspthinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdesthinsprisquesthinspentraicircneacutesthinspparthinspunthinspusagethinsptropthinspcavalierthinspdethinsplrsquoeacutetiquettethinsplrsquolaquothinspaffairethinspdesthinspstylosthinspraquothinspinstruite par A de Libera La querelle des universaux Seuil Paris 1996 p 17-20 demeure toujours incontournablethinspPourthinspunethinspvuethinspdrsquoensemblethinsprelativementthinspreacutecentethinspaxeacuteethinspsurthinsplathinsppeacuteriodethinspanciennethinspsurthinsplaquellethinspnous nous sommes focaliseacutes on se reportera agrave R Sorabji laquo Universals Transformed The First Thousand YearsthinspafterthinspPlatothinspraquothinspdansthinspPthinspF StrawSonthinsp(eacuted)thinspUniversals Concepts and Qualities New Essays on the Meaning of PredicatesthinspAshgatethinspAldershotthinsp2006thinsppthinsp105-126thinspthinsppourthinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsporientationthinspquantthinspagravethinsplathinsppreacute-histoirethinspduthinspproblegravemethinspvoirthinspAthinspPthinspD MoureLatoS laquo The Concept of the Universal in Some Later Pre-PlatonicthinspCosmologiststhinspraquothinspdansthinspMthinspL GiLL P PeLLeGrinthinsp(eacuted)thinspA Companion to Ancient Philosophy BlackwellthinspOxfordthinsp2006thinsppthinsp56-76thinspetthinsppourthinsplethinsplaquothinsppreacuteceacutedentthinspraquothinspplatonicienthinspvoirthinspM bonazzi laquo Universals beforethinspUniversalsthinspSomethinspRemarksthinsponthinspPlatothinspinthinspHisthinspContextthinspraquothinspdansthinspR Chiaradonna G GaLLuzzothinsp(eacuted)thinspUniversals in Ancient Philosophy Edizioni della Normale Pise 2013 p 23-40 3 Quel que soit le creacutedit que lrsquoon accorde agrave Aristote comme source pour la reconstruction drsquoune telle doctrine (dont on a drsquoailleurs agrave lrsquooccasion nieacute tantocirct qursquoelle existe chez Platon comme lrsquoa fait par exemple F J GonzaLeSthinsplaquothinspPercheacutethinspnonthinspesistethinspunathinspdottrinathinspplatonicathinspdellethinspideethinspraquothinspdansthinspM bonazzi F trabattonithinsp(eacuted)thinspPlatone e la tradizione platonica Studi di filosofica antica Cisalpino Istituto editoriale universitario Milan 2003 p 31-67 tantocirct qursquoelle se laisse deacutecrire dans les termes drsquoune theacuteorie ou drsquoune proto-theacuteorie de lrsquouniversel comme lrsquoa fait ndash par exemple ndash L P GerSon laquo Platonism andthinspthethinspInventionthinspofthinspthethinspProblemthinspofthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspArchiv fuumlr Geschichte der Philosophiethinsp86thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp233-256thinsponthinspsignalerathinspquethinspndashthinspagravethinspunethinspexceptionthinsppregravesthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspAristotelis metaphysica Lambda S Fazzo (eacuted)thinspBibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp2012thinsp3thinsp1070athinsp18-19thinsp(authinspsujetthinspdethinsplaquellethinsponthinspathinspdrsquoailleursthinspsuggeacutereacutethinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspduthinspcommentaire drsquoAverroegraves au lemme correspondant qursquoelle ne faisait pas la leccedilon unanime des manus-crits deacutejagrave agrave lrsquoeacutepoque drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise cf J FreudenthaLthinsplaquothinspDiethinspdurchthinspAverroesthinsperhaltenenthinspFragmentethinspAlexandersthinspzurthinspMetaphysikthinspdesthinspAristotelesthinspuntersuchtthinspundthinspuumlbersetztthinspAbhandlungen der koumlniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin Aus dem Jahre 1884 Philosophisch-historische Abhandlungen p 86 et R waLzerthinsplaquothinspOnthinspthethinspArabicthinspVersionsthinspofthinspBooksthinspAthinspathinspandthinspLthinspofthinspAristotlersquosthinspMetaphysicsthinspraquothinspHarvard Studies in Classical Philologythinsp63thinsp(1958)thinsppthinsp223thinspndashthinspAristotethinspnethinspnommethinsppasthinspPlatonthinspmaisthinspmentionnethinsptoujoursthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(οἱthinspτιθέμενοιthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspεἶναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspλέγοντεςthinspetc)thinspCethinspquithinspconstituethinspunthinspindicethinspndashthinspnithinsplethinspseulthinspnithinsplethinspplusthinspparlantthinspmaisthinspunthinspindicethinspquandthinspmecircmethinspdrsquounthinspproblegravemethinspceluithinspdethinspsavoirthinspagravethinspquellethinspversionthinspdethinsplathinsptheacuteoriethinspAristotethinspsrsquoattaque-t-ilthinspauthinspjustethinsp(pourthinspunethinsppremiegravere reconnaissance de la question cf M iSnardi Parente laquo Le Peri ideocircn drsquoAristote Platon outhinspXeacutenocratethinspthinspraquothinspPhronesisthinsp26thinsp(1981)thinsppthinsp135-152thinspthinsppourthinspsonthinspcontextethinspinstitutionnelthinspcfthinspH tarrant

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

122

mesurethinspougravethinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdesthinspuniversauxthinspatteintthinspavecthinspAristotethinspunethinspmaturiteacutethinspquithinspestthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoordrethinspdoctrinalthinspetthinsphistoriographiquethinspDethinspfaitthinspdrsquounethinsppartthinsplathinspcritiquethinsparis-toteacuteliciennethinspdesthinspFormesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspestthinspsolidairethinspdrsquounethinspreacuteflexionthinsptheacutematiquethinspautourthinspde la question de savoir quelle est la nature de ce qui est et se dit en commun desthinspplusieursthinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspcettethinspmecircmethinspcritiquethinspinscritthinsplathinspnotionthinspdrsquouniverselthinspdansthinspune histoire intellectuelle qui commencerait avec Socrate (son inventeur drsquoapregraves Aristote)thinspetthinspsethinsptraduiraitthinspsurtoutthinspparthinspunethinspdeacuterivethinspdethinsplrsquointerrogationthinspsocratiquethinspauxthinspmainsthinspdethinspsesthinspsuccesseursthinsp(Platonthinspetthinsplesthinspplatoniciens)thinsp

Apregravesthinspavoirthinspproceacutedeacutethinspagravethinspunthinspexamenthinsppreacuteliminairethinspduthinspvocabulairethinsparistoteacutelicienthinspdethinsplrsquouniversel4thinspnousthinspavonsthinspjustifieacutethinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspdeacutepartthinspdethinspnotrethinspenquecirctethinspainsithinspquethinspsonthinspfilthinspconducteurthinspBienthinspqursquoAristotethinspdeacutefinissethinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspcethinspqursquoilthinspentendthinspparthinsplaquothinspuniver-selthinspraquothinsp(cethinspquithinspndashthinspcontrairementthinspauxthinspparticuliersthinspndashthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs5)thinspetthinspquethinsplethinsp

Platorsquos first interpretersthinspDuckworththinspLondresthinsp2000thinspetthinspJ diLLon The Heirs of Plato A Study of the Old Academy (347-274 BC) Clarendon Press Oxford 2003 4thinspthinspCettethinspreconnaissancethinspathinspconsisteacutethinsptoutthinspdrsquoabordthinspenthinspunethinspenquecirctethinsplexicographiquethinspaxeacuteethinspsurthinspquelquesthinspexpressions-cleacutethinsp agravethinsp savoirthinsp κοινόνthinsp κοινῇthinsp κατηγορούμενονthinsp etthinsp καθόλουthinsp (ainsithinsp quethinsp leurthinsp antonymethinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστον)thinspNousthinspnousthinspsommesthinsptoutthinspspeacutecialementthinspinteacuteresseacutesthinspauxthinsplieuxthinspduthinspcorpusthinspquithinspautorisentthinspdes variations synonymiques entre les trois comme crsquoest le cas dans Aristotelis sophistici elenchi eacuted D roSSthinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1958thinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinsp(ougravethinspκοινόνthinspetthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορούμενονthinspsontthinspinterchangeables)thinspAristotelis metaphysica Z eacuted M Frede et G PatziG Beck Munich 1988 13 1038bthinsp9thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp2thinspetthinsp16thinsp1040bthinsp25-27thinspetthinspAristotelis ethica nicomachea eacuted F SuSeMihL et O aPeLt LeipzigthinspTeubnerthinsp1912thinspIthinsp4thinsp1096athinsp27-28thinsp(ougravethinspκοινόνthinspetthinspκαθόλουthinspsontthinspeuxthinspaussithinspinterchangeables)thinspouthinspencore Aristotelis de partibus animalium eacuted P LouiSthinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1956thinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinsp(ougravethinspAristotethinspditthinspduthinspκαθόλουthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspκοινόν)thinspEncorethinspquethinsprelativementthinspanciennesthinsptroisthinspeacutetudesthinspsethinspsontthinspaveacutereacutees preacutecieuses agrave ce stade de notre recherche A-M diLLenS Eacutetude des acceptions techniques du terme katholou dans lrsquoœuvre drsquoAristotethinspUniversiteacutethinspCatholiquethinspdethinspLouvainthinspLouvainthinsp1965thinspthinspJ owenS laquothinspThethinspGroundsthinspofthinspUniversalitythinspinthinspAristotlethinspraquothinspAmerican Philosophical Quarterlythinsp3thinsp(1966)thinsppthinsp162-169thinspthinspW SaCkStederthinsplaquothinspSomethinspWordsthinspAristotlethinspNeverthinspUsesthinspAttributesthinspEssencesthinspandthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspThe New Scholasticismthinsp60thinsp(1986)thinsppthinsp427-453thinspDrsquoautresthinspnousthinspontthinspeacutegalementthinspfournithinspplusieursthinsppistesthinspdethinspreacuteflexionthinspetthinspconstituentthinspunethinspexcellentethinspintroductionthinspauxthinspvuesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspenthinspmatiegraverethinspdrsquouniversauxthinspthinspJthinspH LeSher laquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspFormsthinspSubstancethinspandthinspUniversalsthinspAthinspDilemmathinspraquothinspPhronesisthinsp16thinsp (1971)thinsppthinsp169-178thinspthinspM CreSSweLLthinsplaquothinspWhatthinspisthinspAristotlersquosthinspTheorythinspofthinspUniversalsthinspthinspraquothinspAustralasian Journal of Philosophythinsp53thinsp(1975)thinsppthinsp238-247thinspthinspJ enGMannthinsplaquothinspAristotelianthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspClassical Philologythinsp73thinsp(1978)thinsppthinsp17-23thinsp(dontthinsponthinsplirathinspaussithinsplaquothinspAristotlethinspDistinctionthinspbetweenthinspSubstancethinspandthinspUniversalthinspraquothinspPhronesisthinsp18thinsp[1973]thinsppthinsp 139-155)thinspthinsp MthinspM tweedaLethinsp laquothinspAristotlersquosthinsp universalsthinspraquothinsp Australasian Journal of Philosophythinsp 65thinsp(1987)thinsppthinsp412-426thinspthinspG brakaS Aristotlersquos concept of the universal G oLMSthinspVerlagthinspHildesheimthinsp1988thinspthinspT SCaLtSaS Substances and Universals in Aristotlersquos Metaphysics Cornell University Press Ithaca 1994thinspthinspA jauLinthinsplaquothinspFormethinspindividuthinspetthinspuniverselthinspraquothinspRevue de philosophie anciennethinsp14thinsp(1996)thinsppthinsp57-73thinspthinspS di CaMiLLothinsplaquothinspElthinspproblemathinspdelthinspstatusthinspontoloacutegicothinspdelthinspuniversalthinspenthinspAristoacutetelesthinspraquothinspSynthesisthinsp11thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp103-122thinspthinspMthinspJ LouxthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspUniversalthinspraquothinspdansthinspG anaGnoStoPuLoSthinsp(eacuted)thinspA Companion to AristotlethinspBlackwellthinspOxfordthinsp2009thinsppthinsp186-196thinspthinspG GaLLuzzo laquo A Kind Farewell to Platonism For an AristotelianthinspUnderstandingthinspofthinspKindsthinspandthinspPropertiesthinspraquothinspdansthinspG GaLLuzzo J Louxthinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Problem of Universals in Contemporary PhilosophythinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2015thinsppthinsp85-113thinsp5thinspthinspCfthinspeg Aristotelis peri hermeneias eacuted L Minio-PaLueLLothinsp(eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1949thinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinsp-thinsp17bthinsp1thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspδὲthinspὃthinspμήthinspοἷονthinspἄνθρωποςthinspμὲνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspΚαλλίαςthinspδὲthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinsppar nature se preacutedique de plusieurs alors que par particulier ce qui ltpar naturegt ne ltse preacutedique pas dethinspplusieursgtthinspthinspparthinspexemplethinsphommethinspestthinspunthinspuniverselthinspCalliasthinspunthinspparticulier]thinspraquothinspAgravethinsptitrethinspdrsquoexemplethinspduthinsptype de lectures de texte que nous avons engageacutees rappelons qursquoau cours de lrsquoanalyse de ce passage nousthinspavonsthinspabordeacutethinspetthinspessayeacutethinspdethinspreacutesoudrethinspunthinspnombrethinspdethinspdifficulteacutesthinsplieacuteesthinspagravethinspsathinspcompreacutehensionthinspEnthinspplusthinsp

Leone Gazziero

123

corpusthinspdesthinspeacutecritsthinspdrsquoeacutecolethinspnethinspsoitthinsppasthinspavarethinspenthinspindicationsthinspconcernantthinspsonthinspinteacuterecirctthinspndashthinsptoutthinspdrsquoabordthinspeacutepisteacutemologique6 ndash ou encore sa relation au multiple dont il constitue lrsquouniteacute7 ce qursquoAristote dit agrave ce sujet se trouve dans un eacutetat de relative dispersion

dethinspcellethinspdethinspsavoirthinspcethinspquethinspπρᾶγμαthinspveutthinspbienthinspdirethinspdansthinsplathinspphrasethinspimmeacutediatementthinsppreacuteceacutedentethinsp(mecircmethinspsithinspon ne partage pas tout agrave fait ses vues P hadot laquo Sur divers sens du mot pragma dans la tradition philosophiquethinspgrecquethinspraquothinspdansthinspP aubenquethinsp(eacuted)thinspConcepts et cateacutegories dans la penseacutee antiquethinspVrinthinspParisthinsp1980thinsppthinsp309-319thinspdemeurethinspunthinspexcellentthinsppointthinspdethinspdeacutepartthinsppourthinspeacutetudierthinsplethinspproblegraveme)thinspquithinspintroduitthinsplrsquooppositionthinsp desthinsp particuliersthinsp etthinsp desthinsp universauxthinsp qursquoAristotethinsp qualifiethinsp ensuitethinsp sousthinsp lethinsp rapportthinsp dethinsp lathinsppreacutedicationthinsp(17athinsp38-39thinspthinsplaquothinspἐπεὶthinspδέthinspἐστιthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspκαθόλουthinspτῶνthinspπραγμάτωνthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinsp[puisquethinspcertainesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspsontthinspuniversellesthinspalorsthinspquethinspdrsquoautresthinspsontthinspparticuliegraveres]thinspraquo)thinsplathinspquestionthinspsrsquoestthinspposeacuteethinspdethinspsavoirthinspsithinsplethinspμήthinspniethinsplethinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinspouthinspbienthinsplethinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsptoutthinspcourtthinsp(unethinsptroisiegravemethinsppossibiliteacutethinspmoinsthinspplausiblethinspeacutetantthinspqursquoilthinspportethinspsurthinsplethinspπέφυκε)thinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspsithinsplathinspneacutegationthinspexclutthinspquethinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspnethinspsoientthinsppreacutediqueacutesthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(ἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspκατηγορεῖσθαι)thinspouthinspbienthinspqursquoilsthinspnethinspsoientthinsppreacutediqueacutesthinsptoutthinspcourtthinsp(κατηγορεῖσθαι)thinspLathinsplettrethinspduthinsptextethinsplaissethinspouvertethinspcettethinspalternativethinspthinspsrsquoil ne fait pas de doute que lrsquouniversel et le particulier srsquoopposent en cela qursquoil est dans la nature du premierthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspalorsthinspquethinsplethinspdeuxiegravemethinspreacutepugnethinspagravethinspcelathinspAristotethinspenthinsprevanchethinspnethinspnousthinspditthinsppasthinspclairementthinspsithinspcelathinspimpliquethinspouthinspbienthinspquethinsplethinspparticulierthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsppreacutedicablethinspduthinsptoutthinspouthinspbienthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppreacutedicablethinspquethinspdrsquounthinspseulthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinspDansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspAristotethinspdeacuteclarethinspailleursthinsplethinspparticulierthinspimpreacutedicablethinsp(Aristotelis [categoriae] eacuted R bodeacuteuumlS Les Belles Lettres Paris 2001thinsp2thinsp1athinsp20thinspetthinsp1bthinsp3-5thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinsp[hellip]thinspτὰthinspδὲthinspοὔτεthinspἐνthinspὑποκειμένῳthinspἐστὶνthinspοὔτεthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspλέγεταιthinspοἷονthinspὁthinspτὶςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἢthinspὁthinspτὶςthinspἵπποςthinsp[parmithinsplesthinspeacutetantsthinsp(hellip)thinsplesthinspautresthinspnithinspnethinspsontthinspdansthinspunthinspsujetthinspnithinspnethinspsethinspdisentthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinspparthinspexemplethinspthinspcetthinsphomme-cithinspouthinspcethinspcheval-ci]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspsoustraitthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinspau circuit de la preacutedication (Aristotelis [categoriae]thinsp5thinsp3athinsp36-37thinspthinsplaquothinspἀπὸthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspτῆςthinspπρώτηςthinspοὐσίαςthinspοὐδεμίαthinspἐστὶthinspκατηγορίαthinspκατrsquothinspοὐδενὸςthinspγὰρthinspὑποκειμένουthinspλέγεταιthinsp[onthinspnethinsppeutthinsptirerthinspaucunethinsppreacutedicationthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinsppremiegraverethinsppuisqursquoellethinspnethinspsethinspditthinspdrsquoaucunthinspsujet]thinspraquo)thinspilthinspparaicirctthinspassezthinspplausiblethinspdethinsppencherthinsppourthinsplathinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinspetthinspexclurethinspquethinsplethinspparticulierthinsppuissethinspfigurerthinspdansthinspunethinsppreacutedicationthinspagravethinsplathinspplacethinspdethinsppreacutedicat (sinon de faccedilon accidentelle selon lrsquoanomalie qursquoAristote prend en compte dans Aristotelis analytica priorathinspeacutedthinspD roSS Clarendon Press Oxford 1949 I 27 43a 33-26 ougrave lrsquoaccidentaliteacute en questionthinspestthinspagravethinspcomprendrethinspauthinspsensthinspquethinsplesthinspeacutenonceacutesthinspougravethinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspindividuellesthinspsethinsptrouventthinspenthinsppositionthinspdethinsppreacutedicatthinsppreacutesententthinsplesthinspaccidentsthinspdethinsplathinsppreacutedicationthinspsansthinspenthinspecirctrethinspunethinspagravethinspproprementthinspparlerthinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspndashthinspdrsquoailleursthinspndashthinspAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinsplesthinspqualifiethinspndashthinspdansthinspAlexandri Aphrodisiensis in Aristotelis analyticorum priorum librum I commentarium eacuted M waLLieS G reiMer Berlin 1883 2912thinspndashthinspdethinspπαρὰthinspφύσινthinspcontre nature)thinsp6 Cf eg Aristotelis analytica posteriorathinspeacutedthinspD roSS Clarendon Press Oxford 1949 I 11 77a 5-9thinsp(agravethinsplirethinspenthinspparallegravelethinspavecthinspIthinsp22thinsp83athinsp32-35)thinspetthinsp31thinsp87bthinsp28-39thinspthinspIIthinsp97bthinsp25-27thinspthinspAristotelis metaphysica A eacuted O PriMaveSi dans C SteeLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotlersquos Metaphysics Alpha Symposium Aristotelicum OxfordthinspUniversitythinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp2012thinsp1thinsp981athinsp5-7thinspetthinspsurtoutthinspAristotelis metaphysicathinspeacutedthinspD roSS ClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1924thinspBthinsp4thinsp999athinsp26-29thinspthinsplaquothinspεἴτεthinspγὰρthinspμὴthinspἔστιthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἄπειραthinspτῶνthinspδrsquothinspἀπείρωνthinspπῶςthinspἐνδέχεταιthinspλαβεῖνthinspἐπιστήμηνthinspthinspᾗthinspγὰρthinspἕνthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspταὐτόνthinspκαὶthinspᾗthinspκαθόλουthinspτιthinspὑπάρχειthinsp ταύτῃthinspπάνταthinspγνωρίζομενthinsp [srsquoilthinspnrsquoythinspavaitthinsppasthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinsp commethinsp lesthinsp particuliersthinsp sontthinsp enthinsp nombrethinsp infinithinsp commentthinsp serait-ilthinsp possiblethinsp drsquoacqueacuterirthinspunethinspsciencethinspdethinspcesthinspchosesthinspenthinspnombrethinsp infinithinspthinspdethinsp faitthinspnousthinspconnaissonsthinsp toutesthinspchosesthinsppourthinspautantthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquouniquethinspdrsquoidentiquethinspetthinspdrsquouniversel]thinspraquothinspParmithinsptantthinspdrsquoautresthinspessaisthinspconsacreacutesthinspagravethinsp lathinsp probleacutematiquethinspW LeSzL laquo Knowledge of the Universal and Knowledge of the Particular in AristotlethinspraquothinspReview of Metaphysicsthinsp26thinsp(1972)thinsppthinsp278-313thinspetthinspM CrubeLLier laquo Science de lrsquouniversel et connaissance du singulier Aristote MeacutetaphysiquethinspMthinsp10thinspraquothinspRevue de philosophie anciennethinsp14thinsp(1996)thinsppthinsp75-102thinsppreacutesententthinsplrsquoavantagethinspdrsquoeacutetudierthinspenthinspparallegravelethinsplathinspconnaissancethinspfondeacuteethinspsurthinsplrsquouniverselthinspetthinspcellethinsptourneacutee vers le particulier 7 Cf notamment les remarques sur la nature de la preacutedication des genres et des espegraveces en reacuteponse agrave la questionthinsplaquothinspqursquoest-cethinspquethinsp(τίthinspἐστι)thinspthinspraquothinspunthinspparticulierthinspdonneacutethinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplirethinspdansthinspAristotelis [categoriae] 5thinsp2bthinsp29-36thinspouthinspencorethinspauthinspsujetthinspdethinsplrsquoasymeacutetriethinspdrsquoexistencethinspentrethinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspdrsquounethinsppartthinspetthinspleursthinspespegraveces et genres de lrsquoautre qursquoon peut lire dans Aristotelis [categoriae]thinsp5thinsp2bthinsp3-6thinspCfthinspeacutegalementthinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

124

Aussithinsponthinspchercherathinspenthinspvainthinspchezthinspluithinspunthinsptraitementthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinspunifieacutethinspdethinspcettethinspmatiegravere Il se trouve en revanche qursquoil en dise le plus lorsqursquoil srsquooppose aux vues de certains de ses anciens collegravegues les partisans des Formes preacuteciseacutement8thinspDethinspfaitthinspdansthinspsonthinspsoucithinspdrsquoarrecircterthinsplathinspgenegravesethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspAristotethinspeacutetablitthinspunethinspdoublethinspfiliationthinspsocratiquethinspetthinspheacuteracliteacuteenne9thinsplaquellethinsplivrethinspfinalementthinsplesthinspprincipauxthinspeacuteleacutements de sa theacuteorie de lrsquouniversel

Lesthinsptextesthinspsontthinspbienthinspconnus10thinspLethinsptableauthinspqursquoilsthinsppreacutesententthinspestthinspdethinspplusthinspremar-quablementthinspcoheacuterentthinspthinspSocratethinspythinspestthinspcreacutediteacutethinspdrsquoavoirthinspdeacutecouvertthinsplrsquouniverselthinspcrsquoest-agrave-dire de lrsquoavoir distingueacute le premier des particuliers (Aristotelis metaphysica A 6 986bthinsp4-7thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp27-29thinspthinspMthinsp9thinsp1086thinsp2-4)thinspPlatonthinspauraitthinsprepristhinspagravethinspsonthinspcomptethinsplrsquoheacuteritagethinspsocratiquethinsptoutthinspenthinspallantthinspplusthinsplointhinspquethinspSocratethinsplui-mecircmethinspnrsquoavaitthinspeacuteteacutethinspdansthinspsathinspquecirctethinspvisantthinspagravethinspfournirthinspdesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinspSocratethinspenthinspeffetthinsptoutthinspenthinsplethinspdiscernantthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspnethinspposaitthinsppasthinsplrsquouniverselthinspagravethinsppartthinsp(Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp30)thinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspqursquoilthinsp

Aristotelis metaphysicathinspΔthinsp26thinsp1023bthinsp29-32thinspougravethinsplathinsprelationthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspvis-agrave-visthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinsp ilthinspsethinsppreacutedique est analyseacutee en termes drsquouniteacute et de totaliteacute 8 Aristotelis ethica nicomacheathinspIthinsp4thinsp1096athinsp11-13thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspβέλτιονthinspἴσωςthinspἐπισκέψασθαιthinspκαὶthinspδιαπορῆσαιthinspπῶςthinspλέγεταιthinspκαίπερthinspπροσάντουςthinspτῆςthinspτοιαύτηςthinspζητήσεωςthinspγινομένηςthinspδιὰthinspτὸthinspφίλουςthinspἄνδραςthinspεἰσαγαγεῖνthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinsp[ilthinspvautthinsppeut-ecirctrethinspmieuxthinspeacutetudierthinspltlethinspbiengtthinspenthinspgeacuteneacuteralthinspetthinspreacutesoudrethinsplesthinspdifficulteacutesthinsplieacutesthinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfaccedilonsthinspdethinsplethinspdirethinspmecircmethinspsithinspcettethinsptacircchethinspestthinsprenduethinspplusthinspdifficilethinspparthinsplrsquoamitieacutethinsppourthinspceuxthinspquithinspontthinspintroduitthinsplesthinspFormes]thinspraquothinspSurthinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspamitieacutethinspenthinspcethinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspchapitrethinspcfthinspL taran laquo Amicus Plato sed magis amica veritasthinspFromthinspPlatothinspandthinspAristotlethinsptothinspCervantesthinspraquothinspAntike und Abendland 30 (1984)thinsppthinsp93-124thinsp9thinspthinspLathinsppremiegraverethinspeacutetantthinspdirectethinsplathinspdeuxiegravemethinspfiltreacuteethinspparthinsplrsquoenseignementthinspdeacutelivreacutethinspparthinspCratylethinspunthinspheacuteracliteacuteenthinspradicalthinsp dontthinsp lethinsp portraitthinsp aussithinsp bienthinsp chezthinspAristotethinsp quethinsp chezthinspPlatonthinsp preacutesentethinsp desthinsp traitsthinsp caricaturauxthinsp(drsquoapregraves le premier ndash Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspΓthinspeacutedthinspM heCquet-devienne Peeters Louvain-la-Neuve 2008thinsp5thinsp1010athinsp10-15thinspndashthinspCratylethinspnethinspsrsquoexprimaitthinspqursquoenthinspbougeantthinsplethinspdoigtthinspthinspilthinspestthinspaffubleacutethinspchezthinsplethinspsecondthinspndash Platonis Cratylus E A duke W F hiCken W S M niCoLLthinspDthinspB robinSon et J C G StraChan (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1995thinsp429ethinsp5thinspndashthinspdrsquounthinsppatronymethinspagravethinsplrsquoallurethinspdethinspcalembourthinspthinspσμικρίωνοςthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsptraduirathinspsansthinspsoucithinspdethinsplitteacuteraliteacutethinsplaquothinspfilsthinspdethinspminusthinspraquothinspcethinspquithinsppourthinspquelqursquounthinspquithinspsrsquoappellethinspΚρατύλοςthinsplaquothinspfortichethinspraquothinspestthinsptoutthinspunthinspprogramme)thinsp10 Nous avons lu et commenteacute en quelque deacutetail Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987athinsp32thinsp-thinsp987bthinsp14thinsp(ce chapitre a eacuteteacute reacutecemment eacutetudieacute par C SteeLthinsplaquothinspPlatothinspasthinspseenthinspbythinspAristotlethinspMetaphysicsthinspAthinsp6thinspraquothinspdans C SteeLthinsp (eacuted)thinspAristotlersquos Metaphysics Alpha Symposium Aristotelicum Oxford University PressthinspOxfordthinsp2012thinsppthinsp167-200)thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp9-16thinspetthinsp27-34thinsp(cfthinspM narCythinsplaquothinspRendrethinspagravethinspSocratehellipthinspouthinspagravethinspDeacutemocritethinspthinsp(AristotethinspMeacutetaphysiquethinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp17-31)thinspraquothinspdansthinspG Giannantoni et M narCythinsp(eacuted)thinspLezioni socratichethinspBibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp1997thinsppthinsp81-96)thinspthinspMthinsp9thinsp1086athinsp31thinsp-thinsp1086bthinsp11thinsp(cfthinspL Gazziero Rationes ex machina La micrologie agrave lrsquoacircge de lrsquoindustrie de lrsquoargumentthinspVrinthinspParisthinsp2008thinsppthinsp145-151)thinspPour les trois cf eacutegalement L M CaSteLLi laquo Universals Particulars and Aristotlersquos Criticism of Platorsquos FormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspR Chiaradonna et G GaLLuzzothinsp(eacuted)thinspUniversals in Ancient Philosophy Edizioni della Normale Pise 2013 p 139-184 Rappelons que le troisiegraveme des quatre tomes des Socratis et Socraticorum reliquiae eacuted G GiannantonithinspBibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp1990-1991thinspestthinspconsacreacutethinspagravethinspAristotethinspteacutemointhinspdethinspSocratethinsp(le lecteur francophone peut eacutegalement consulter T deMan Le teacutemoignage drsquoAristote sur Socrate Les BellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1942)thinspLathinspbibliographiethinspeacutetantthinsptregravesthinsprichethinsp(cellethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdistribueacuteethinspcomptaitthinspagravethinspellethinsptoutthinspseulethinspquelquethinspcentthinspcinquantethinsptitres)thinspicithinsponthinspsignalerathinspauthinspmoinsthinspthinspG Giannantoni laquo Socrate nella MetafisicathinspdithinspAristotelethinspraquothinspdansthinspA bauSoLa et G reaLethinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotele Percheacute la metafisica VitathinspethinspPensierothinspMilanthinsp1994thinsppthinsp431-449thinspthinspWthinspJ PriorthinsplaquothinspSocratesthinspMetaphysicianthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp27thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp1-14thinspainsithinspquethinspJ ManSFeLdthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspSocratesrsquothinspContributionsthinsptothinspPhilosophythinspraquothinspdansthinspF aLeSSe F aronadio M C daLFino L SiMeone et E SPineLLithinsp(eacuted)thinspAnthropine Sophia Studi di filologia e storiografia filosofica in memoria di Gabriele GiannantonithinspBibliopolisthinspNaples 2008 p 337-349

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125

ne lui reconnaissait pas une existence indeacutependante de ce dont il se preacutedique en commun11 Ce qui sera plutocirct le cas des platoniciens qui apregraves les avoir seacutepareacutes (Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp31thinspthinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp10)thinspappellerontthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp31-32)thinsplesthinspuni-versaux que la sagaciteacute de Socrate avait permis drsquoatteindre dans un domaine au moinsthinspceluithinspdethinsplrsquoeacutethiquethinsp(Athinsp6thinsp987bthinsp1-4thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp17-19)12 Or qursquoest-ce qui a bienthinspputhinsppousserthinspPlatonthinspetthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspagravethinsppostulerthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspontologiquementthinsp

11thinspthinspCommethinspilthinspressortirathinspparthinsplathinspsuitethinspnousthinspconsideacuteronsthinspicithinspquethinsplathinspnotionthinspdethinspχωρισμόςthinspcoiumlncidethinsppourthinspautant qursquoelle intervient dans la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees avec le fait de posseacuteder une existencethinspcomparablethinspagravethinspcellethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinsp(cetthinsphomme-cithinspouthinspcetthinsphomme-lagrave)thinspEllethinspdemeurethinspenthinspreacutealiteacutethinspndashthinspcommethinspbienthinspdrsquoautresthinspnotionsthinspchezthinspAristotethinspndashthinspunthinspπολλαχῶςthinspλεγόμενονthinspCethinspquithinspexpliquethinspdu moins en partie la grande dispariteacutes de vues que lrsquoon rencontre chez les interpregravetes Encore que relativementthinspancienthinsplrsquoarticlethinspdethinspJthinspD MabbottthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinspandthinspthethinspXΩΡΙΣΜΟΣthinspofthinspPlatothinspraquothinspThe Classical Quarterlythinsp20thinsp(1926)thinsppthinsp72-79thinspdemeurethinspunthinspexcellentthinsppointthinspdethinspdeacutepartthinsppourthinspeacutetudierthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspthinsptoutthinspcommethinsplathinspmonographiethinspdethinspCthinspH Chen Das Chorismos-Problem bei AristotelesthinspLimbachthinspBerlinthinsp1940 (une deuxiegraveme monographie plus reacutecente eacutetant celle de L SPeLLMan Substance and Separation in AristotlethinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp1995)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspagravethinsppeuthinsppregravesthinspcontemporainsthinspdethinspM-D PhiLiPPethinspgardentthinspeuxthinspaussithinsptoutthinspleurthinspinteacuterecirctthinsplethinsppremierthinspsurtoutthinspthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspM-D PhiLiPPe laquothinsprsquoΑφαίρεσιςthinsp πρόσθεσιςthinsp χωρίζεινthinsp dansthinsp lathinsp philosophiethinsp drsquoAristotethinspraquothinspRevue thomistethinsp 48thinsp (1948)thinsppthinsp461-479thinspetthinsplaquothinspLathinspparticipationthinspdansthinsplathinspphilosophiethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspRevue thomistethinsp492thinsp(1949)thinsppthinsp254-277thinspLe lecteur francophone pourra eacutegalement consulter E de Strycker laquo La notion aristoteacutelicienne de seacuteparationthinspraquothinspdansthinspAAVV Autour drsquoAristote recueil drsquoeacutetudes de philosophie ancienne et meacutedieacutevale offert agrave Monseigneur A MansionthinspPublicationsthinspuniversitairesthinspdethinspLouvainthinspLouvainthinsp1955thinsppthinsp119-139thinspet R duFourthinsplaquothinspLathinspseacuteparationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp1thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp47-66thinspAgrave cocircteacute drsquoautres eacutetudes speacutecialement consacreacutees agrave la notion (cf eg M Gianni laquo Aristotele e la nozione di separazionethinspraquothinspAnnali del Dipartimento di filosofia dellrsquoUniversitagrave di Firenzethinsp3thinsp[1987]thinsppthinsp229-251thinspou encore G abbatethinsplaquothinspLathinspproblematicathinspdellathinspseparazionethinspnellathinspmetafisicathinspdithinspAristotelethinspraquothinspAnnali della Facoltagrave di Lettere e Filosofia dellrsquoUniversitagrave degli studi di Maceratathinsp32thinsp[1999]thinsppthinsp9-38)thinsponthinspmentionnera surtout la controverse entre G FinethinspetthinspDthinspR MorriSon dans les premiegraveres livraisons des Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy G Finethinsp laquothinspSeparationthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp2thinsp(1984)thinsppthinsp31-87thinspthinspDthinspR MorriSon laquo Separation in Aristotlersquos MetaphysicsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp3thinsp(1985)thinsppthinsp125-157thinspetthinsplaquothinspχωριστόςthinspinthinspAristotlethinspraquothinspHarvard Studies in Classical Philologythinsp89thinsp(1985)thinsppthinsp89-105thinspthinspG FinethinsplaquothinspSeparationthinspthinspAthinspReplythinsptothinspMorrisonthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp 3thinsp (1985)thinsp pthinsp 159-165thinspthinspDthinspR MorriSon laquo Separation a Reply to FinethinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp3thinsp(1985)thinsppthinsp167-173thinspParmithinsplesthinspchapitresthinspdrsquoouvragesthinsprappelonsthinspauthinspmoinsthinsplaquothinspSeparationthinspraquothinspdansthinspEthinspG katayaMa Aristotle on Artifacts A Metaphysical PuzzlethinspStatethinspUniversitythinspofthinspNewthinspYorkthinspPressthinspAlbanythinsp1999thinsppthinsp29-40thinsp12thinspthinspProbleacutematiquethinspouthinsppasthinsplrsquoidentificationthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspuniversauxthinspsemblethinspallerthinspdethinspsoithinsppourthinspAristotethinspthinsplaquothinspἀλλrsquothinspὁthinspμὲνthinspΣωκράτηςthinspτὰthinspκαθόλουthinspοὐthinspχωριστὰthinspἐποίειthinspοὐδὲthinspτοὺςthinspὁρισμούςmiddotthinspοἱthinspδrsquothinspἐχώρισανthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσανthinspὥστεthinspσυνέβαινενthinspαὐτοῖςthinspσχεδὸνthinspτῷthinspαὐτῷthinspλόγῳthinspπάντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[orthinspSocratethinspnethinspfaisaitthinspnithinspdesthinspuniverselsthinspnithinspdesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspalorsthinspqursquoilsthinspltlesgtthinspseacuteparaientthinspetthinspdonnaientthinspagravethinspdethinsptellesthinspentiteacutesthinsplethinspnomthinspdrsquoIdeacuteesthinspthinspaussithinspilsthinspenthinspsontthinspvenusthinspagravethinspposerthinspparthinsplethinspmecircmethinspraisonnementthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdrsquoagravethinsppeuthinsppregravesthinsptoutthinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspdrsquouniversel]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp30-34)thinspLathinspparenteacutethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspuniverselsthinspestthinspeacutegalementthinspeacutevoqueacuteethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinsplivrethinspEtathinspthinsplaquothinspτῷthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspγένειthinspκαὶthinspαἱthinspἰδέαιthinspσυνάπτουσινthinsp(κατὰthinspτὸνthinspαὐτὸνthinspγὰρthinspλόγονthinspοὐσίαιthinspδοκοῦσινthinspεἶναι)thinsp[P-M MoreL Aristote Metaphysique EtathinspVrinthinspParisthinsp2015thinsppthinsp63thinspthinsporthinspagravethinsplrsquouniverselthinspetthinspauthinspgenrethinspsethinsprattachentthinspaussithinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(crsquoestthinspenthinspvertuthinspduthinspmecircmethinspraisonnementthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspreacuteputeacuteesthinspecirctrethinspsubstances]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspHthinsp1thinsp1042athinsp15-16)thinspCommethinsplethinspreacutesumethinspdethinspfaccedilonthinsptregravesthinspperspicacethinspA Code laquo Philosophical Method in Aristotlersquos On IdeasthinspraquothinspInternationale Zeitschrift fuumlr Philosophiethinsp2thinsp(1998)thinsppthinsp198thinspthinsplaquothinspwhatthinspisthinspunderthinspdisputethinspisthinspnotthinspwhetherthinsptherethinsparethinspuniversalsthinspbutthinspwhetherthinspthesethinspuniversalsthinsparethinspideasthinsp[cethinspquithinspestthinspcontroverseacutethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsplathinspquestionthinspdethinspsavoirthinspsrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspuniversauxthinspmaisthinspcellethinspdethinspsavoirthinspsithinspcesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspdesthinspIdeacutees]thinspraquothinsp

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plusthinsprobustesthinspquethinsplesthinspuniversauxthinsprechercheacutesthinspparthinspSocratethinspthinspCrsquoestthinsplagravethinspqursquointervientthinsplathinspdeuxiegravemethinspfiliationthinspquethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdrsquoeacutevoquerthinspthinsppersuadeacutesthinspdethinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspdesthinspthegravesesthinspdrsquoHeacuteraclitethinspndashthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspquethinsp lesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsensiblesthinspsontthinspemporteacuteesthinspdansthinspunthinspfluxthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsrsquoeacutecoulentthinspsansthinspcessethinspcethinspquithinsprendthinspleurthinspconnaissancethinspimpossiblethinsp(Athinsp6thinsp987athinsp32thinsp-thinsp987b1thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp12-16)thinspndashthinspPlatonthinspetthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspontthinspeuthinsprecoursthinspagravethinspdrsquoautresthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspquithinspexisteraientthinspenthinspplusthinspetthinspagravethinspcocircteacutethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspsensiblesthinsp(Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp15-16)thinsp

Il ne fait pas de doute qursquoAristote prend parti en lrsquooccurrence pour Socrate dontthinspilthinspathinspsalueacutethinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplrsquointeacuterecirctthinspfondateurthinsppourthinsplrsquouniverselthinspetthinsploueacutethinsplathinspsobrieacuteteacutethinspouthinsplathinspparcimonie ontologique13 Il deacutenonce en revanche le tournant ideacutealiste de ceux qui au lieu de se contenter de diffeacuterencier lrsquouniversel des particuliers comme lrsquoavaitthinspfaitthinspSocratethinspenthinspontthinspfaitthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspthinsplaquothinspτοῦτοthinspδέthinsp[hellip]thinspἐκίνησεthinspμὲνthinspΣωκράτηςthinspδιὰthinspτοὺςthinspὁρισμούςthinspοὐthinspμὴνthinspἐχώρισέthinspγεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονmiddotthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspὀρθῶςthinspἐνόησενthinspοὐthinspχωρίσαςthinspδηλοῖthinspδὲthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἔργωνmiddotthinspἄνευthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspτοῦthinspκαθόλουthinspοὐκthinspἔστινthinspἐπιστήμηνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspχωρίζεινthinspαἴτιονthinspτῶνthinspσυμβαινόντωνthinspδυσχερῶνthinspπερὶthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspἐστίνthinsp[Socratethinspathinspmisthinsplttoutgtthinspcelathinspenthinspbranlethinspparthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinspthinspilthinspnethinspltlesgt seacuteparait cependant pas des particuliers et il avait raison de penser ltqursquoelles ne sontgt pas seacutepareacutees Ce qui ressort clairement ltde la consideacuterationgt des reacutesultats drsquounethinsppartthinspsansthinsplrsquouniverselthinspilthinspestthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspparvenirthinspagravethinsplathinspsciencethinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplathinspseacuteparationthinspestthinsplathinspcausethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquithinspsurviennentthinspavecthinsplesthinspIdeacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Mthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp2-7)thinspOnthinsppeutthinspdoncthinspconclurethinspquethinspdrsquoapregravesthinspAristotethinspduthinspmoinsthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdes Ideacutees nrsquoeacutetaient pas les premiers agrave consideacuterer lrsquouniversel agrave part de la multipli-citeacute Il leur reviendrait en revanche drsquoavoir fait de la seacuteparation la maniegravere dont lrsquouniversel existe en dehors de la pluraliteacute dont il constitue lrsquouniteacute

Surthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspcettethinsppremiegraverethinspreconnaissancethinspagravethinspmecircmethinsplesthinsp textesthinspnousthinspnousthinspsommesthinspefforceacutesthinspdethinspreacutepondrethinspagravethinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinspquestionsthinspLesthinspdeuxthinspprincipalesthinspeacutetantthinspthinsppremiegraverementthinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvraithinspquethinsplethinspχωρισμόςthinspconstituethinsplathinspseulethinspalternativethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstabiliteacutethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspenthinspdevenir14thinspagravethinspquelthinsptypethinspdrsquoentiteacutesthinspcettethinspseacuteparationthinspaboutit-t-ellethinspthinspDeuxiegravemementthinspqursquoestthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdethinspbienthinspmalencontreuxthinspdansthinspcettethinspseacuteparationthinsppour qursquoAristote en fasse la racine de tous les inconveacutenients dont souffrirait la doctrine des Ideacutees15

13 On se souviendra que lrsquoune des attaques les plus seacutevegraveres qursquoAristote adresse aux partisans des Ideacuteesthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspredoublentthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspabsurdethinsplethinspnombrethinspdesthinspeacutetantsthinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica A 9 992a 26-27thinspthinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12)thinspCethinspquithinspestthinsplethinsprefletthinspdrsquounethinspcomptabiliteacutethinspaberrantethinspquithinspmultipliethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspeacutetaitthinspplusthinspaiseacutethinspdethinsplesthinspcompterthinsplorsqursquoilsthinspsontthinspplusthinspnombreuxthinspquethinsplorsqursquoilsthinspsontthinspmoinsthinspnombreuxthinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8)thinspLrsquoobjectionthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspeacutetudieacuteethinspaussithinspenthinspdeacutetailthinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplethinspsouhaiterthinspdansthinspD LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave Meacutetaphysique A 9 990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspSurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp(2008)thinsppthinsp305-32214thinspthinspLrsquoaffirmationthinsppeutthinspparaicirctrethinspndashthinspdethinspprimethinspabordthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppeuthinsppeacuteremptoirethinspmaisthinspellethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdeacutepourvuethinspde fondement Cf notamment Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp7-9thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδrsquothinspὡςthinspἀναγκαῖονthinspεἴπερthinspἔσονταίthinspτινεςthinspοὐσίαιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspαἰσθητὰςthinspκαὶthinspῥεούσαςthinspχωριστὰςthinspεἶναιthinsp[srsquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinspunthinspfluxthinspilthinspestthinspneacutecessairethinsppourthinspeuxthinspqursquoellesthinspsoientthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp15thinspthinspCettethinspaffirmationthinspaussithinsppeutthinspparaicirctrethinspquelquethinsppeuthinspexcessivethinspmaisthinspellethinspnonthinspplusthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspsansthinspfondement dans les textes Agrave cocircteacute drsquoAristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp2-7thinspquethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspciterthinspetthinspquithinspestthinspassezthinspexplicitethinspenthinspcethinspsensthinsponthinspeacutevoquerathinspeacutegalementthinspMthinsp9thinsp1085athinsp23-29thinspougravethinspAristotethinsprevientthinspsurthinsplathinspracinethinspcommunethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdansthinsplesquellesthinspversentthinsplesthinspdoctrinesthinspacadeacutemiciennesthinspdesthinspnombresthinspetthinspdesthinspgrandeursthinsp(πάντωνthinspδὲthinspκοινὸνthinspτούτων)thinspetthinspquithinspestthinspanaloguethinspagravethinspcellethinspquithinspconsistethinspagravethinsptraiterthinsplesthinspgenresthinsp

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Aristote ndash tout comme Platon drsquoailleurs ndash nrsquoa pas poseacute explicitement les deux questions Il y a toutefois non seulement de quoi les formuler mais aussi de quoi leurthinspapporterthinspunethinspreacuteponsethinspenthinspsrsquoautorisantthinspsansthinsptropthinsplesthinsptiraillerthinspdrsquounthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspde textes tireacutes du corpus de lrsquoun et de lrsquoautre

EnthinspdeacutepitthinspduthinspfaitthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdeacutenonccedilaitthinspndashthinspencorethinspquethinspdethinspmaniegraverethinsppassablementthinspdeacutetourneacutee et non sans ironie16 ndash lrsquoamalgame des Ideacutees et des particuliers Aristote semblethinsplrsquoavoirthinspfondamentalementthinsprepristhinspagravethinspsonthinspcomptethinspthinspilthinspenthinspathinspmecircmethinspfaitthinsplathinspchevillethinspouvriegravere de son rejet des Formes seacutepareacutees Aussi si lrsquoon pose la question de savoir cethinspqursquoontthinspenthinspcommunthinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspprecirctaitthinspauthinsppersonnagethinspeacuteponymethinspdans la premiegravere partie du Parmeacutenide17 drsquoune part et drsquoautre part les critiques

commethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(ὅπερthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspτῶνthinspὡςthinspγένουςthinspσυμβαίνειthinspδιαπορεῖν)thinspDethinspfaitthinsp lorsqursquoonthinspnethinspseacuteparethinsppasthinsplrsquouniverselthinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspproblegravemethinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspμὴthinspχωριστοῦthinspμὲνthinspὄντοςthinspοὐδεμίανthinspποιήσειthinspἀπορίαν)thinspalorsthinspquethinspndashthinsplorsqursquoonthinsplethinspseacuteparethinspcommethinsplethinspfontthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspndashthinsponthinspsethinsprendthinsplathinspviethinspdifficilethinspsithinspcethinspnrsquoestthinspimpossiblethinsp(χωριστοῦthinspδέthinspὥσπερthinspοἱthinspταῦταthinspλέγοντέςthinspφασιthinspτοῦthinspἑνὸςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀριθμῶνthinspοὐthinspῥᾴδιονthinspλῦσαιthinspεἰthinspμὴthinspῥᾴδιονthinspδεῖthinspλέγεινthinspτὸthinspἀδύνατον)thinsp16thinspthinspMecircmethinspsithinsponthinsplaissethinspdethinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinspquestionsthinsptregravesthinspdeacutebattuesthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspduthinspdialoguethinspainsithinspquethinspetthinspsurtoutthinspdethinspsathinspfinaliteacutethinsp(questionsthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspabordeacuteesthinspenthinspquelquethinspdeacutetailthinspagravethinsppartirthinspdesthinspmateacuteriauxthinsprassembleacutesthinspenthinspvuethinspdrsquounethinsppublicationthinspreacutecentethinspagravethinspsavoirthinspL Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspRevue de Philosophie Anciennethinsp32thinsp(2014)thinsppthinsp35-85thinspthinspquestionsthinspauthinspsujetthinspdesquellesthinspvautthinspencorethinspetthinsptoujoursthinspcethinspque R kLibanSkythinspeacutecrivaitthinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspsoixantethinspansthinspauthinsptoutthinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspsonthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspParmenides in thethinspMiddlethinspAgesthinspandthinspthethinspRenaissancethinspraquothinspMediaeval and Renaissance Studiesthinsp1thinsp(1943)thinsppthinsp281thinspthinsplaquothinspNothinspother Platonic dialogue perhaps no other philosophical work has undergone such strange vicissitudes as the ParmenidesthinspConsideredthinspbythinsponethinspgroupthinspofthinspexegetesthinspasthinspathinspmerethinspexercisethinspinthinspdialecticthinspregardedthinspbythinspanotherthinspasthinspanthinspimportantthinspcontributionthinsptothinspthethinsptheorythinspofthinspideasthinsprejectedthinspbythinspsomethinspasthinspspuriousthinspviewedthinspbythinspathinspfewthinspasthinspathinsphumorousthinspparodythinspandthinspextolledthinspbythinspmanythinspasthinspthethinspsupremethinspexpressionthinspofthinspPlatonicthinsptheologythinspitsthinspcharacterthinspwasthinspnothinsplessthinspdisputedthinspinthinspthethinspschoolsthinspofthinspAntiquitythinspthanthinspamongthinspmodernthinspinterpretersthinspraquo)thinsponthinspconviendra aiseacutement que plus drsquoun aspect de la mise en scegravene du Parmeacutenide peut laisser le lecteur perplexethinspthinsp depuisthinsp lrsquoimprobablethinsp datethinsp dramatiquethinsp jusqursquoauthinsp choixthinsp desthinsp personnagesthinsp ndashthinsp quithinsp nethinsp brillentthinsppasthinsppourthinsp leurthinspcreacutedibiliteacutethinspphilosophiquethinspndashthinspquithinspsethinspseraientthinsp relayeacutesthinsp lethinspreacutecitthinspdrsquounthinspentretienthinspndashthinspqursquoonthinsp litthinspde troisiegraveme main ndash qui aurait eu lieu entre un Parmeacutenide deacutesormais vieillissant et un Socrate plus preacutecoce dans son attachement aux Ideacutees qursquoon aurait pu le croire moins inspireacute cependant dans son rocircle tout aussi atypique de reacutepondant plutocirct que de questionneur 17thinspthinspNousthinsp avonsthinsp consacreacutethinsp lesthinsp seacuteancesthinsp duthinsp 2thinsp etthinsp 9thinspmarsthinsp 2015thinsp agravethinsp unethinsp lecturethinsp commenteacuteethinsp dethinspPlatonis Parmenides eacuted C MoreSChinithinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1966thinsp127athinsp7thinsp(ἔφηthinspδὲthinspδὴthinspὁthinsprsquoΑντιφῶνthinspλέγεινthinspτὸνthinspΠυθόδωρονthinspὅτιthinspκτλthinspougravethinspdeacutebutethinsplethinspreacutecitthinspduthinsppremierthinspeacutechangethinspentrethinspSocratethinspetthinspZeacutenonthinsppreacuteludethinspdethinspceluithinspavecthinspParmeacutenide)thinsp-thinsp135ethinsp4thinsp(οὗτοςthinspεἶπενthinspὅνπερthinspἤκουσαςthinspΖήνωνοςthinspκτλthinspougravethinspsrsquoachegravevethinsplethinspreacutequisitoirethinspde Parmeacutenide contre les Formes avec la revendication ndash agrave premiegravere vue paradoxale ndash de lrsquoexigence dethinsppostulerthinspleurthinspexistence)thinspAgravethinsppartirthinspdethinsplathinspconsideacuterationthinspdrsquounthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquoindicesthinspinternesthinspetthinspexternes nous avons repris la suggestion selon laquelle lrsquoarsenal deacuteployeacute contre lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees ne sanctionnethinsppasthinspsonthinspnaufragethinsp(auxthinspnombreusesthinspnuancesthinsppregravesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdethinsplathinsplignethinspinterpreacutetativethinspinaugureacuteethinsppar J wahL Eacutetude sur le Parmeacutenide de Platon F riederthinspParisthinsp1926thinsppthinsp31thinspetthinsp35thinspthinspFthinspM CornFord Plato and Parmenides Parmenidesrsquo laquo Way of truth raquo and Platorsquos Parmenides London Kegan Paul TrenchthinspTrubnerthinsp1939thinsppthinsp86-87thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy J hoPkinS PressthinspBaltimorethinsp1944thinsppthinsp292-298thinspetthinsp536thinspthinspD roSS Platorsquos Theory of Ideas Clarendon Press Oxford 1951thinsppthinsp87-89)thinspSithinsplesthinspFormesthinspnethinspsortentthinsppasthinsprenforceacuteesthinspdethinspcettethinspordaliethinsponthinspauraitthinsptoutefoisthinsptortthinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinspcroyancethinspdansthinspleurthinspexistencethinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspeacutebranleacuteethinspParmithinsplesthinspindicesthinspexternesthinspmilitantthinspenthinspfaveurthinspdrsquounthinspbilanthinspcritiquethinspplutocirctthinspmitigeacutethinspduthinspreacutequisitoirethinspparmeacutenideacuteenthinspmentionnonsthinspauthinspmoinsthinsplesthinspdeux qui paraissent eacutevoquer la passe drsquoarmes du Parmeacutenide En premier lieu Platonis Timaeus eacuted A rivaudthinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1925thinsp51bthinsp7thinsp-thinsp51dthinsp2thinspougravethinsptoutthinspenthinspreconnaissantthinsplathinspleacutegitimiteacutethinspdrsquounethinsp

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qursquoAristote adresse aux partisans des Ideacutees on ne srsquoeacuteloignera pas de la veacuteriteacute en reacutepondant que crsquoest justement le fait de consideacuterer drsquoun seul tenant les particuliers sensiblesthinspetthinspleursthinspcontrepartiesthinspintelligiblesthinsp

LethinsprappelthinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinspdialoguethinspplatonicien18 permet agrave Socrate de deacutejouer ndash pour un temps au moins ndash les arguments de Zeacutenon contre la multipliciteacutethinspenthinsplesthinspreleacuteguantthinspdansthinspunethinspreacutegionthinspdethinsplrsquoecirctrethinspcellethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspenthinspdevenirthinspqui ndash preacuteciseacutement ndash nrsquoest pas celle des Formes lesquelles se trouveraient par lagrave-mecircmethinspsoustraitesthinspauxthinspparadoxesthinspquithinspaffectentthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspLesthinspIdeacuteesthinsppermettentthinspdonc de relativiser ou de reacutegionaliser les paradoxes souleveacutes par Zeacutenon les choses drsquoici-basthinsppeuventthinsppreacutesenterthinspdesthinspcaractegraveresthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspcontradictoires19 Il nrsquoy a lagrave

mise agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees le personnage eacuteponyme lui accorde cependant une place assezthinspmodestethinspdansthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspvoirethinspmecircmethinspaccessoirethinsp (ilthinsp srsquoagitthinspcommethinspilthinspestthinspditthinspenthinsp51cthinsp7thinspdrsquounthinspsimplethinspπάρεργον)thinspthinspaucunethinspdesthinsppreuvesthinspagravethinspchargethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspnrsquoestthinspreprisethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspunethinspinstructionthinspsubsidiairethinspouthinspdethinspsubstitutionthinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspclasserthinspsansthinspsuitethinsplesthinspsoupccedilonsthinspagravethinspsonthinspencontrethinspenthinspmobilisantthinsplathinspdistinctionthinspentrethinspsensiblethinspetthinspintelligiblethinspquithinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcellethinspinvoqueacuteethinspparthinsplethinspjeunethinspSocratethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinspParmeacutenidethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoilthinspintroduitthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspafinthinspdethinspcontournerthinsplesthinspparadoxes zeacutenoniens de la multipliciteacute En second lieu Platonis Philebus eacuted A diegraveS Les Belles LettresthinspParisthinsp1941thinsp14cthinsp7thinsp-thinsp15cthinsp3thinspougravethinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspagravethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspetthinspagravethinsplathinspmultipliciteacutethinspdansthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdansthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspaporiesthinspeacutevoqueacuteesthinspdansthinspdesthinsptermesthinsptregravesthinspprochesthinspdethinspceuxthinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplirethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspnotrethinspdialoguethinspndashthinspnethinspsontthinsppasthinspmoinsthinsppreacutesenteacuteesthinspcommethinspunethinspcausethinspdrsquoembarrasthinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspἁπάσηςthinspἀπορίαςthinspαἴτια)thinspquethinspcommethinspunethinspressourcethinsppreacutecieusethinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspεὐπορίαςthinspltαἴτιαgt)thinspagravethinspconditionthinspndashthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspdethinsplesthinspneacutegocierthinspcorrectementthinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspκαλῶςthinspὁμολογηθέντα)thinspParmithinsplesthinspindicesthinspinternesthinsprappelonsthinsples deux principaux En premier lieu les critiques que le personnage eacuteponyme adresse agrave son jeune partenairethinspdethinspdiscussionthinsptoutthinspnombreusesthinspetthinspvarieacuteesthinspqursquoellesthinspsoientthinspparthinspailleursthinspnrsquoaboutissentthinsppasthinspau rejet de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees Bien au contraire sa valeur eacutepisteacutemologique voire la neacutecessiteacute de cettethinsphypothegravesethinspestthinsprevendiqueacuteethinspparthinspParmeacutenidethinsplui-mecircmethinspthinspsethinspdeacutetournerthinspdesthinspFormesthinsprevientthinspagravethinsppriverthinsplathinsppenseacuteethinspdethinsptoutethinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspsethinspdonnerthinspunthinspobjetthinspainsithinspqursquoagravethinspdeacutetruirethinsplethinspfondementthinspdethinsplathinspdialectiquethinspetthinspdethinspsathinsppratiquethinspautantthinspdirethinspdethinsplathinspphilosophiethinspelle-mecircmethinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp135bthinsp5thinsp-thinsp135cthinsp6)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu non seulement Parmeacutenide rappelle que lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees constitue la condition sine qua nonthinspdethinsplathinsppenseacuteethinspetthinspduthinspdiscoursthinspmaisthinspencorethinspilthinspaidethinspSocratethinspagravethinspidentifierthinsplrsquooriginethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdansthinsplesquellesthinspilthinsplrsquoathinspplongeacutethinspEtthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspavisthinspcesthinspaporiesthinspembarrassentthinsplethinspjeunethinspSocratethinspmoinsthinspparcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspinheacuterentesthinspagravethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdoncthinspincontournablesthinspvoirethinspinsurmontablesthinspque parce qursquoil nrsquoest pas assez expeacuterimenteacute pour les deacutejouer ou qursquoil srsquoy est pris trop tocirct pour le faire CesthinspdifficulteacutesthinsptiennentthinspdoncthinspmoinsthinspauthinspfaitthinspquethinsplesthinspFormesthinspposentthinspdavantagethinspdethinspproblegravemesthinspqursquoellethinspnethinsppermettentthinspdrsquoenthinspreacutesoudrethinspqursquoauthinspfaitthinspquethinspSocratethinspsrsquoestthinspattaqueacutethinspagravethinspcesthinspproblegravemesthinsptropthinspjeunethinspetthinspsansthinsplethinspbagagethinspouthinsplrsquoentraicircnementthinspneacutecessairesthinspagravethinsplesthinspreacutesoudrethinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp130ethinsp1-4thinspetthinsp135cthinsp8thinsp-thinsp135d)thinsp18 Platonis Parmenidesthinsp128ethinsp5thinsp-thinsp129athinsp3thinspthinsplaquothinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspοὐthinspνομίζειςthinspεἶναιthinspαὐτὸthinspκαθrsquothinsp[129a]thinspαὑτὸthinspεἶδόςthinsp τιthinsp ὁμοιότητοςthinsp καὶthinsp τῷthinsp τοιούτῳthinsp αὖthinsp ἄλλοthinsp τιthinsp ἐναντίονthinsp ὃthinsp ἔστινthinsp ἀνόμοιονmiddotthinsp τούτοινthinsp δὲthinsp δυοῖνthinspὄντοινthinspκαὶthinspἐμὲthinspκαὶthinspσὲthinspκαὶthinspτἆλλαthinspἃthinspδὴthinspπολλὰthinspκαλοῦμενthinspμεταλαμβάνεινthinspthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτῆςthinspὁμοιότητοςthinspμεταλαμβάνονταthinspὅμοιαthinspγίγνεσθαιthinsp ταύτῃthinspτεthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτοσοῦτονthinspὅσονthinspἂνthinspμεταλαμβάνῃthinsp τὰthinspδὲthinspτῆςthinspἀνομοιότητοςthinspἀνόμοιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspἀμφοτέρωνthinspἀμφότεραthinspthinsp[L briSSon Platon Parmeacutenide Flammarion Paris 1999 p 90 laquo ltSocrate gt ne partages-tu pas ces convictions il y a une Forme en soi de la RessemblancethinspthinspunethinsptellethinspFormethinspathinsppourthinspcontrairethinspcethinspqursquoestthinsplathinspDissemblancethinspthinsplesthinspchosesthinspdontthinspnousthinspdisonsthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspmultiplesthinspmoithinsptoithinspouthinspautrethinspchosethinspparticipentthinspagravethinspcesthinspdeuxthinspFormesthinspquithinspsontthinspveacuteritablementthinspthinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspparcethinspqursquoellesthinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspRessemblancethinspetthinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspellesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspquethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspRessemblancethinspsontthinspsemblablesthinsptandisthinspquethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspDissemblancethinspsontthinspdissemblablesthinspetthinspquethinspcellesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspauxthinspdeuxthinspFormesthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspsontthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspsemblablesthinspetthinspdissemblables]thinspraquothinsp19 Cf Platonis Parmenidesthinsp129athinsp6thinsp-thinsp129dthinsp6thinspougravethinspSocratethinspfaitthinspremarquerthinspquethinsplethinspmecircmethinsphommethinsptoutthinspuniquethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspdrsquoautresthinspecirctresthinsphumainsthinspapparaicirctthinspmultiplethinsplorsqursquoonthinspconsidegraverethinspqursquoilthinspathinsp

Leone Gazziero

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rienthinspdethinspbienthinspeacutetonnantthinspCethinspquithinspeacutetonneraitthinspSocratethinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspdethinspfaitthinspvathinsplrsquoeacutetonnerthinspdansthinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinspdialoguethinspndashthinspcethinspseraitthinspplutocirctthinspdethinspretrouverthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinspcontradictions que tout un chacun peut constater au niveau du monde de lrsquoexpeacuterience Crsquoestthinsplethinspsensthinspduthinspdeacutefithinspqursquoilthinsplancethinspndashthinspenthinsp129ethinsp3thinsp-130athinsp2thinspndashthinspavantthinspdethinspceacutederthinsplathinspparolethinspauthinsppersonnagethinspquithinspdonnethinspauthinspdialoguethinspsonthinsptitrethinspthinsplaquothinspταῦταthinspδὲthinspἀνδρείωςthinspμὲνthinspπάνυthinspἡγοῦμαιthinspπεπραγματεῦσθαιmiddotthinspπολὺthinspμεντἂνthinspὧδεthinspμᾶλλονthinspὡςthinspλέγωthinspἀγασθείηνthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἔχοιthinspτὴνthinspαὐτὴνthinspταύτηνthinspἀπορίανthinspἐνthinspαὐτοῖςthinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσιthinsp[130a]thinspπαντοδαπῶςthinspπλεκομένηνthinspὥσπερthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspὁρωμένοιςthinspδιήλθετεthinspοὕτωςthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspλογισμῷthinspλαμβανομένοιςthinspἐπιδεῖξαιthinsp[L Brisson Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ton argumentation tu la conduis avec unethinspbellethinspetthinspmacirclethinspvigueurthinspmaisthinspavecthinspcombienthinspplusthinspdethinspplaisirthinspencorethinspjethinsplethinspreacutepegravetethinspjrsquoapplaudiraisthinspceluithinspquithinspsauraitthinspmontrerthinspcommentthinspcettethinspmecircmethinspdifficulteacutethinspsethinspretrouvethinspentrelaceacuteethinspdethinsptoutethinspsortethinspdethinspfaccedilonsthinspauthinspniveauthinspmecircmethinspdesthinspFormesthinspetthinspquithinspdeacutemontreraitthinspquethinspcettethinspdifficulteacutethinspquethinspvousthinspParmeacutenidethinspetthinsptoithinspZeacutenonthinspavezthinspdeacutecritethinspenthinspdeacutetailthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspvisiblesthinspsethinspmanifestethinspaussithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspquethinspsaisitthinsplathinspraison]thinspraquothinspOrthinspParmeacutenidethinsprelegravevethinsplethinspdeacutefithinspdethinspSocratethinspetthinspfaitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspce que celui-ci sommait Zeacutenon drsquoaccomplir agrave savoir faire remonter au niveau des Ideacutees les paradoxes qursquoil pensait avoir circonscrits au domaine des particuliers sensibles20thinspCelathinspsethinsptraduitthinspparthinspunethinspbatteriethinspdethinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinspParmeacutenidethinspsoulegravevethinspetthinspquithinsppartagentthinspunthinspmecircmethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspDethinspfaitthinspcethinspquithinspconfegraverethinspagravethinspcesthinspaporiesthinspleurthinspallurethinspcontraignantethinspetthinspplusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquithinspleurthinspassurethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspformuleacuteesthinspdansthinspdesthinsptermesthinspquithinsprendentthinspleurthinspsolutionthinspimpossiblethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspquethinsptoutthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspqursquoelles soient des individus mateacuteriels les Formes sont traiteacutees agrave leur tour comme desthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspphysiquesthinspToutthinspcommethinspcelles-cithinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspnithinspecirctrethinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdrsquoelles-mecircmesthinspnithinspsethinsptrouverthinspenthinspmecircmethinsptempsthinspenthinspplusieursthinspendroitsthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquoellesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspecirctrethinspcommunesthinspauxthinspplusieursthinspsinonthinspagravethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdrsquounthinsptoutthinspcorporelthinspdontthinspchacunthinsppossegravederaitthinspalternativementthinsplrsquointeacutegraliteacutethinspouthinspunethinsppartiethinspthinspellesthinsppeuventthinspenthinsprevanchethinspecirctrethinspcompteacuteesthinspenthinspplusthinspetthinspagravethinspcocircteacutethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspleurthinspressemblerthinspetthinspsethinspressemblerthinspentrethinspellesthinspetcthinsp

plusieursthinspmembresthinsptoutthinspcommethinspilthinspapparaicirctthinspdiffeacuterentthinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspobservethinspquethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspdroitthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspgauchethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsplethinspmecircmethinspsithinsponthinsplethinspregardethinspdethinspfrontthinspouthinspdethinspdosthinspetcthinsp20 Le point de deacutepart de ce tour de force dialectique est un deuxiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacuteesthinspdontthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspestthinsptregravesthinspsignificatifthinspenthinspcethinspqursquoilthinspintroduitthinsplethinspregistrethinspdethinsplathinspseacuteparationthinsp(Formesthinspetthinspparticuliersthinspsontthinspχωρίςthinspagravethinsppartthinsplesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautres)thinspthinsplaquothinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspκαίthinspμοιthinspεἰπέthinspαὐτὸςthinspσὺthinspοὕτωthinspδιῄρησαιthinspὡςthinspλέγειςthinspχωρὶςthinspμὲνthinspεἴδηthinspαὐτὰthinspἄτταthinspχωρὶςthinspδὲthinspτὰthinspτούτωνthinspαὖthinspμετέχονταthinspthinspκαίthinspτίthinspσοιthinspδοκεῖthinspεἶναιthinspαὐτὴthinspὁμοιότηςthinspχωρὶςthinspἧςthinspἡμεῖςthinspὁμοιότητοςthinspἔχομενthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspδὴthinspκαὶthinspπολλὰthinspκαὶthinspπάνταthinspὅσαthinspνυνδὴthinspΖήνωνοςthinspἤκουεςthinspthinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspἔμοιγεthinspφάναιthinspτὸνthinspΣωκράτηthinsp[L briSSon Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspetthinspdis-moithinspas-tuthinspfaitthinsptoi-mecircmethinsplathinspdistinctionthinspdontthinsptuthinspparlesthinspmettantthinspdrsquounthinspcocircteacutethinspcethinspquethinsptuthinspappellesthinsplesthinspFormesthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinspdrsquounthinspautrethinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspenthinspparticipentthinspthinspEtthinsptethinspsemble-t-ilthinspqursquoilthinspythinspaitthinspunethinspRessemblancethinspenthinspsoithinspdistinctethinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspenthinspnousthinspetthinspqursquoilthinspenthinspvathinspdethinspmecircmethinsppourthinsplrsquoUniteacutethinsppourthinsplathinspPluraliteacutethinspetthinsppourthinsptoutesthinsplesthinspchosesthinspquethinspZeacutenonthinspvientthinspdrsquoeacutevoquerthinspthinspltSocratethinspgtthinspenthinspcethinspquithinspmethinspconcernethinsp jethinsp lethinsp reconnaisthinsp reacuteponditthinspSocrate]thinspraquothinsp (Platonis Parmenidesthinsp 130bthinsp1-6)thinspAuthinspsujetthinspdethinsplathinsplaquothinspseacuteparationthinspraquothinsptellethinspqursquoellethinspestthinsppreacutefigureacuteethinspchezthinspPlatonthinspcfthinspG vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspldquoSeparationrdquothinspinthinspPlatothinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp5thinsp(1987)thinsppthinsp186-197thinspetthinspDthinspT devereux laquo Separation and ImmanencethinspinthinspPlatorsquosthinspTheorythinspofthinspFormsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp12thinsp(1994)thinsppthinsp63-90thinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

130

Ce preacutesupposeacute est clairement agrave lrsquoœuvre dans les apories meacutereacuteologiques qui ouvrent le reacutequisitoire contre les Formes21 La participation des particuliers aux Formes ne diffegravere en rien de la participation des particuliers entre eux seul un corpsthinspmateacuterielthinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspdonneacutethinspenthinsppartagethinspouthinspbienthinsptoutthinspentierthinspouthinspbienthinspenthinspplusieursthinspmorceaux seuls des individus mateacuteriels et leurs parties peuvent avoir une taille et ecirctrethinspplusthinspgrandsthinspouthinspplusthinsppetitsthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspetcthinspSithinspbienthinspquethinsplrsquoalternativethinspbinairethinspsur laquelle repose le dilemme de la participation22thinspagravethinspsavoirthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspparticiperthinspqursquoagravethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinsplrsquounethinspdethinspsesthinsppartiesthinspnrsquoathinspdethinspsensthinspquethinspsithinsplathinspFormethinspestthinsptraiteacuteethinspcommethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquoaussithinspconcretthinspquethinsplesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspvisiblesthinspetthinsptangiblesthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinsp

Ce preacutesupposeacute est formuleacute en toutes lettres dans lrsquoun des arguments avanceacutes par Parmeacutenide23thinspmecircmethinspsithinspcelathinspestthinsptropthinspsouventthinsppasseacutethinspsousthinspsilencethinspdansthinsplathinsplitteacutera-ture secondaire24thinspDethinspfaitthinsplathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspparthinsplaquellethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsp(enthinsp

21 La seacutequence est ouverte par un troisiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees et notamment de lrsquoeacuteponymie qui les lie aux reacutealiteacutes qui en participent (cf Platonis Parmenides 130e 4 et sq)thinsp22thinspthinspCrsquoestthinspSocratethinsplui-mecircmethinspquithinspestthinspameneacutethinspagravethinspreconnaicirctrethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdrsquoautresthinsppossibiliteacutesthinspthinsplaquothinspκαὶthinspπῶςthinspἄνthinspthinspraquothinspreacutepond-ilthinspenthinspeffetthinspagravethinspParmeacutenidethinspquithinspluithinspdemandethinspsithinspunethinsplaquothinspautrethinspparticipationthinspraquothinspndashthinspenthinspplusthinspdethinspcellethinspprisethinspdansthinsplrsquoalternativethinspduthinsptoutthinspetthinspdesthinsppartiesthinspndashthinspest-ellethinsppossiblethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐκοῦνthinspἤτοιthinspὅλουthinspτοῦthinspεἴδουςthinspἢthinspμέρουςthinspἕκαστονthinspτὸthinspμεταλαμβάνονthinspμεταλαμβάνειthinspthinspἢthinspἄλληthinspτιςthinspἂνthinspμετάληψιςthinspχωρὶςthinspτούτωνthinspγένοιτοthinspthinspraquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp131athinsp4-6)thinsp23 Cf Platonis 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estimesthinspquethinsplethinspGrandthinspestthinspunrdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquotuthinspdisthinspvrairdquothinspreacutepondit-ilthinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquoorthinspqursquoenthinspest-ilthinspduthinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinspdesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesthinspsithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptousthinspparthinsptonthinspacircmethinspthinspnrsquoest-ce pas qursquoagrave nouveau quelque chose drsquounique apparaicirctra grand en vertu duquel il est neacutecessaire quethinsptoutesthinspcesthinspchosesthinspapparaissentthinspgrandesthinsprdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquosemble-t-ilrdquothinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquounethinspautrethinspForme de grandeur fera donc son apparition surgissant agrave part de la grandeur en soi et des choses qui participent de la grandeur en soi ainsi qursquoune autre ltFormegt agrave nouveau en plus de toutes celles-lagrave par laquelle toutes ces choses seront grandes Aussi chacune de tes Formes ne sera pas unique mais 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ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqursquoonthinsplitthinspenthinsp132athinsp5-6thinspPirethinsplethinspὡσαύτωςthinspserathinspamputeacutethinspagravethinsptermethinspdethinspsathinsptraductionthinspAussithinspdansthinsplathinspcontributionthinspquithinspsethinspveutthinsppourtantthinsplathinspplus respectueuse de la lettre du texte (G vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspldquoThirdthinspManrdquothinspArgumentthinsp(Parmenides 132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspTextthinspandthinspLogicthinspraquothinspThe Philosophical Quarterlythinsp19thinsp[1969]thinsppthinsp291)thinsplrsquoadverbethinspathinsptoutthinspsimplementthinspdisparuthinspCethinspquithinspnonthinspseulementthinspcomprometthinsplrsquointelligibiliteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspmaisthinspencorethinspetthinspsurtout occulte le preacutesupposeacute (la confusion entre les Formes et les particuliers 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lrsquooccurrencethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspGrandeur)thinspsethinsptrouvethinspcompromisethinspreposethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspsurthinsplathinspclausethinsplaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardes tous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqui se porte garante de lrsquoenchaicircnement des diffeacuterentes eacutetapes de lrsquoargument lequel consistethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspagravethinspreacutepeacuteterthinsplathinspmecircmethinspopeacuterationthinspparthinsplaquellethinsponthinsprassemblethinspdansthinspunethinspvuethinspdrsquoensemblethinspunethinsppluraliteacutethinspdethinspchosesthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdrsquounethinspdeacuteterminationthinspcommunethinspAuthinspdemeurantthinspsithinsponthinspnethinspregardaitthinsppasthinsplathinspFormethinspetthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinsp(ὡσαύτως)thinspcommentthinspdeacuteclencherthinsplathinspdeacuterivethinspinflationnistethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspreacutecursivementthinspla position drsquoune deuxiegraveme Ideacutee puis drsquoune nouvelle puis drsquoune autre encore et ainsi dethinspsuitethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspthinspCettethinspsuggestionthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppernicieusethinspqursquoellethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleursthinspndash porte tout le poids de lrsquoargument dans la mesure ougrave elle est appeleacutee agrave assurer lathinspcontinuiteacutethinspentrethinspcethinspquithinspsrsquoestthinspmanifesteacutethinspauthinspniveauthinspdethinsplrsquoinspectionthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspet ce qui va se manifester en eacutelargissant cette opeacuteration synoptique aux Formes elles-mecircmesthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspregardethinsplesthinspunsthinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinspthinsp

Or il y a au moins un platonicien qui a vu les Ideacutees de cette faccedilon agrave savoir comme des reacutealiteacutes qui si tant est qursquoelles existent existent agrave la faccedilon des par-ticuliersthinsp sensiblesthinspCethinsp platonicienthinsp estthinsp naturellementthinspAristotethinsp chezthinsp quithinsp lrsquoassi-milationthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspconstituethinsplethinsplevierthinspdesthinspreprochesthinspreacutecurrents qursquoil a formuleacutes agrave lrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Formes Plus preacuteciseacute-ment si lrsquoon distingue ndash non sans fondement quoique de maniegravere un peu scheacute-matiquethinspndashthinspdeuxthinspgrandesthinspfamillesthinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspdansthinsplathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdes Ideacutees agrave savoir ndash drsquoune part ndash les apories lieacutees agrave leur existence (lesquelles visent agrave saper le fondement de la doctrine qui srsquoavegravere degraves lors tout simplement incapablethinspdethinspdeacutemontrerthinspqursquoellethinspathinspunthinspobjet)thinspetthinspndashthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspndashthinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspmoinsthinspagravethinsplrsquoexistencethinspelle-mecircmethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspqursquoagravethinspleurthinsprelationthinspavecthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinsp(lesquellesthinspvisentthinspagravethinspabolirthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspfairethinspappelthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinsppourthinspexpliquerthinspquoi que ce soit en termes de participation preacutesence ou encore imitation des unesthinspparthinsprapportthinspauxthinspautres)25thinspilthinspestthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspplausiblethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfamille fait intervenir ndash agrave tous les coups ndash cette assimilation des Formes et des substancesthinspmateacuteriellesthinspIlthinspsrsquoagitthinspndashthinspautrementthinspditthinspndashthinspdethinsplathinspconditionthinspsuffisantethinsp(soitthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspsoitthinspsurthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspconsideacuterationsthinspquithinsp luithinspsontthinspsolidaires)thinsppourthinspfairethinspdeacuteraillerthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspAristotethinsppeutthinspdifficilementthinspecirctrethinspaccuseacutethinspdrsquoavoirthinspmacirccheacutethinspsesthinspmotsthinspthinspconcisthinspouithinspagravethinspsonthinspordinairethinspndashthinspobscurthinspnonthinsp

25thinspthinspOnthinspreacutesumerathinspcettethinspdistinctionthinspenthinspdeacutetournantthinspunthinspceacutelegravebrethinsptraitthinsppascalienthinsp(Penseacutees eacuted P SeLLier MercurethinspdethinspFrancethinspParisthinsp1976thinsppthinsp445thinsp[887])thinspthinsplaquothinspPlatonthinspincertainthinspetthinspinutilethinspraquothinsplaquothinspIncertainthinspraquothinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspilthinsppostulethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdontthinspilthinspnethinspparvientthinsppasthinspagravethinspprouverthinspqursquoellesthinspexistentthinspthinsplaquothinspinutilethinspraquothinsppuisquethinspmecircmethinspsithinspdethinsptellesthinspentiteacutesthinspexistentthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditthinspellesthinspnethinspcontribueraientthinsppasthinspgrand-chosethinspagravethinspnotrethinspgouvernethinspouthinspagravethinspnotrethinspconnaissancethinspduthinspmondethinspdrsquoici-basthinspPuisqursquoilsthinspeacutepousentthinspbienthinspauthinspniveauthinspde la division du travail exeacutegeacutetique cette dualiteacute rappelons deux textes de F Fronterotta qursquoon peut prendre comme points de repegravere macroscopiques au sein de la tregraves vaste litteacuterature secondaire (au sujet dethinsplaquellethinspcfthinsplesthinspindicationsthinspfourniesthinspplusthinspbasthinspnotethinsp32)thinspthinspF Fronterotta laquo ldquoLes Formes nrsquoexistent pasthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditrdquothinspLathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspF Pradeauthinsp(eacuted)thinspPlaton Les formes intelligiblesthinspPUFthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp129-154thinspetthinsplaquothinspLathinspcriticathinsparistotelicathinspallathinspfunzionethinspcausalethinspdelle Idee platoniche MetafisicathinspAthinsp9thinsp991athinsp8thinsp-thinsp991bthinsp9thinspraquothinspdansthinspF Fronterottathinsp(eacuted)thinspLa scienza e le cause a partire dalla Metafisica di Aristotele BibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp2010thinsppthinsp93-119thinsp

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Selon un paradoxe qui nrsquoen est un qursquoen apparence ce qursquoAristote sanctionne chezthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsplethinspvicethinspreacutedhibitoirethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspagravethinspluithinsptoutthinspseulthinsplethinsprejetthinspdethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspenthinspquestionthinspndashthinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcethinspqursquoilthinspestthinspprecirctthinspagravethinspleurthinspaccorderthinspAutant dire le dilemme des partisans des Ideacutees est qursquoils ont tort et raison agrave la foisthinspetthinspndashthinspsurtoutthinspndashthinspqursquoilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspontthinspraisonthinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspλέγοντεςthinspτῇthinspμὲνthinspὀρθῶςthinspλέγουσιthinspχωρίζοντεςthinspαὐτάthinspεἴπερthinspοὐσίαιthinspεἰσίthinspτῇthinspδrsquothinspοὐκthinspὀρθῶςthinspὅτιthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspεἶδοςthinspλέγουσινthinsp[ceuxthinspquithinspdisentthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspontthinspraisonthinspet tort agrave la fois Ils ont raison de dire qursquoelles sont seacutepareacutees puisqursquoelles sont des substancesthinspthinspmaisthinspilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinspmultipli-citeacute]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp16thinsp1040bthinsp27-30)thinspOrthinspqursquoest-cethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspdire pourquoi au juste les partisans des Ideacutees ont drsquoun cocircteacute tort et de lrsquoautre raison Reacuteponse la conviction que poser lrsquoexistence de quelque chose ou ndash ce quithinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinsprevientthinspauthinspmecircmethinspndashthinspfairethinspdethinspquelquethinspchosesthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutequivautthinspagravethinspenthinspfairethinspunthinspparticulierthinspsensiblethinsp(peuthinspimportethinspalorsthinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspeacuteternelthinspou pas26)thinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinspauthinsp tourthinspdrsquoincantationthinsppregravesthinspndashthinspcrsquoestthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspfontthinspcommethinsplrsquoindiquethinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinsppassagethinspthinsplaquothinspαἴτιονthinspδrsquothinspὅτιthinspοὐκthinspἔχουσινthinspἀποδοῦναιthinspτίνεςthinspαἱthinspτοιαῦταιthinspοὐσίαιthinspαἱthinspἄφθαρτοιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspαἰσθητάςmiddotthinspποιοῦσινthinspοὖνthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspτῷthinspεἴδειthinspτοῖςthinspφθαρτοῖςthinsp(ταύταςthinspγὰρthinspἴσμεν)thinspαὐτοάνθρωπονthinspκαὶthinspαὐτόϊππονthinspπροστιθέντεςthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspτὸthinspῥῆμαthinspτὸthinspldquoαὐτόrdquothinsp[lathinspcausethinspltdethinspleurthinsperreurgtthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspsontthinspincapablesthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquethinspsontthinspdethinsptellesthinspsubstancesthinspincorruptiblesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspIlsthinspenthinspfontthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspspeacutecifiquementthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspcorruptiblesthinsp(celles-cithinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspsavonsthinspltcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontgt)thinspunthinspHommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspChevalthinspenthinspsoithinspenthinspajoutantthinspauxthinspltnomsthinspdesgtthinspchosesthinspsensiblesthinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquoenthinspsoirdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica Z

26 Aristotelis ethica nicomacheathinsp Ithinsp 6thinsp 1096athinsp 34thinsp -thinsp 1096bthinsp 5thinspthinsp laquothinspἀπορήσειεthinsp δrsquothinsp ἄνthinsp τιςthinsp τίthinsp ποτεthinsp καὶthinspβούλονταιthinspλέγεινthinspαὐτοέκαστονthinspεἴπερthinspἔνthinspτεthinspαὐτοανθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspεἷςthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspαὐτὸςthinspλόγοςthinspἐστὶνthinspὁthinspτοῦthinspἀνθρώπουthinspᾗthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωποςthinspοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσουσινmiddotthinspεἰthinspδrsquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὐδrsquothinspᾗthinspἀγαθόνthinspἀλλὰthinspμὴνthinspοὐδὲthinspτῷthinspἀίδιονthinspεἶναιthinspμᾶλλονthinspἀγαθὸνthinspἔσταιthinspεἴπερthinspμηδὲthinspλευκότερονthinspτὸthinspπολυχρόνιονthinspτοῦthinspἐφημέρουthinsp[R bodeacuteuumlS Aristote Eacutethique agrave Nicomaque Flammarion Paris 2004 p 61 on peut drsquoautre part se demander ce quethinsppeutthinspbienthinspvouloirthinspdirethinspenthinspdeacutefinitivethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquochosethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplrsquoldquohommethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspetthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinspdeacutefinissentthinspparthinspunethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspformulethinspcellethinspdethinsplrsquohommethinspCarthinspsithinsplrsquoonthinspconsidegraverethinsplathinspchose en tant qursquohomme cela ne fait aucune diffeacuterence Et dans ces conditions il nrsquoy a pas non plus agrave fairethinsplathinspdiffeacuterencethinspagravethinspproposthinspduthinspbienthinspsithinsponthinsplethinspconsidegraverethinspenthinsptantthinspquethinsptelthinspMaisthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspnonthinspplusthinspparcethinspqursquoilthinspseraitthinspeacuteternelthinspqursquounthinspbienthinspseraitthinspdavantagethinspunthinspbienthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspquithinspdurethinsplongtempsthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdavantagethinspcethinspqursquoellethinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspeacutepheacutemegravere]thinspraquothinsp

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133

16thinsp1040bthinsp30-34)27thinspCethinspquithinspndashthinsptoutthinsparbitrairethinspetthinspgratuitthinspquethinspcethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleurs28 ndash est ineacutevitablethinsppourthinsppeuthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspveuillethinsppreacuteserverthinsplathinspnotionthinspelle-mecircmethinspdethinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspγάρthinspτιςthinspμὴthinspθήσειthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspεἶναιthinspκεχωρισμέναςthinspκαὶthinspτὸνthinspτρόπονthinspτοῦτονthinspὡςthinspλέγεταιthinspτὰthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἀναιρήσειthinspτὴνthinspοὐσίανthinspὡςthinspβουλόμεθαthinspλέγεινthinsp[sithinsponthinspnethinspposethinsppasthinspquethinsplesthinspsubstancesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinsponthinspditthinspquethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspparticuliersthinsplethinspsontthinsponthinspdeacutetruitthinsplathinspsubstancethinspauthinspsensthinspougravethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendons]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp10thinsp1086bthinsp16-19)29

SurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspcethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspAristotethinspdeacuteveloppethinsptoutethinspunethinspseacuteriethinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspagravethinsplrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Ideacutees allant de lrsquoaccusation de verser dans une erreur aussi grossiegravere que lrsquoanthropomorphisme religieux30thinspagravethinspcellethinspdethinspredoublerthinspsansthinspraisonthinsp

27thinspthinspAristotethinspstigmatisethinspvolontiersthinsplesthinspliberteacutesthinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspprennentthinspavecthinsplethinsplangagethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinsptournerthinsplathinspplupartthinspduthinsptempsthinspagravethinspvidethinspAussithinsplorsqursquoilthinspnethinspbalaiethinspleurthinspproposthinspcommethinspduthinspsimplethinspverbiagethinsp(cf Aristotelis ethica eudemia R R waLzer J M MinGaythinsp(eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1991thinspIthinsp8thinsp1217bthinsp19-21thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspδὲthinspδεῖthinspσυντόμωςthinspεἰπεῖνthinspπερὶthinspαὐτῶνthinspλέγομενthinspὅτιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspτὸthinspεἶναιthinspἰδέανthinspμὴthinspμόνονthinspἀγαθοῦthinspἀλλὰthinspκαὶthinspἄλλουthinspὁτουοῦνthinspλέγεταιthinspλογικῶςthinspκαὶthinspκενῶςthinsp[srsquoilthinspnousthinspestthinsppermisthinspdrsquoexprimerthinspicithinsptregravesthinspbriegravevementthinspnotrethinsppenseacuteethinspnousthinspdironsthinspqursquoaffirmerthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspunethinspIdeacuteethinspnonthinspseulementthinspduthinspbienthinspmaisthinspdethinsptoutthinspautrethinspchosethinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspparlerthinspetthinsptenirthinspdesthinspproposthinspvides]thinspraquo)thinspilthinsplesthinspaccusethinspdethinspsethinspcontenterthinspde meacutetaphores poeacutetiques (cf Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp991athinsp20-22thinsp[=thinspMthinsp5thinsp1079bthinsp24-27]thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspλέγεινthinspπαραδείγματαthinspαὐτὰthinsplt scilicetthinspτὰthinspεἴδηgtthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspμετέχεινthinspαὐτῶνthinspτἆλλαthinspκενολογεῖνthinspἐστὶthinspκαὶthinspμεταφορὰςthinspλέγεινthinspποιητικάςthinsp[direthinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspsontthinspdesthinspparadigmesthinspetthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspnethinsprienthinspdirethinspetthinspsethinsppayerthinspdethinspmeacutetaphoresthinsppoeacutetiques]thinspraquo)thinspthinsp ilthinsp leurthinspreprochethinspeacutegalement de srsquoamuser agrave changer de nom aux choses sans se preacuteoccuper de nous dire ce qursquoelles sont au juste (cf Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987bthinsp7-14thinspthinsplaquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὖνthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσεthinspτὰthinspδrsquothinspαἰσϑητὰthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspταῦταthinspλέγεσϑαιthinspπάνταthinspκατὰthinspμέϑεξινthinspγὰρthinspεἶναιthinspτὰthinspπολλὰthinspτῶνthinspσυνωνύμωνthinsp[ὁμώνυμα]thinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσινthinspτὴνthinspδὲthinspμέϑεξινthinspτοὔνομαthinspμόνονthinspμετέβαλενmiddotthinspοἱthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspΠυϑαγόρειοιthinspμιμήσειthinspτὰthinspὄνταthinspφασὶνthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspἀριϑμῶνthinspΠλάτωνthinspδὲthinspμεϑέξειthinspτοὔνομαthinspμεταβαλώνthinspτὴνthinspμέντοιthinspγεthinspμέϑεξινthinspἢthinspτὴνthinspμίμησινthinspἥτιςthinspἂνthinspεἴηthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἀφεῖσανthinspἐνthinspκοινῷthinspζητεῖνthinsp[aussithinspilthinspathinspappeleacutethinspldquoIdeacuteesrdquothinspdethinsptellesthinspchosesthinspetthinspilthinspathinspaffirmeacutethinspquethinsptousthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspenthinspsontthinspseacutepareacutesthinspetthinspqursquoilsthinspreccediloiventthinspdrsquoellesthinspleur nom En effet crsquoest en raison de leur participation aux Ideacutees que les plusieurs sont synonymes avec les Ideacutees Pour ce qui est de la participation Platon nrsquoa fait que changer le nom en effet les PythagoriciensthinspaffirmaientthinspquethinsplesthinspeacutetantsthinspsontthinspparthinspimitationthinspdesthinspnombresthinspPlatonthinspparthinspparticipationthinspenthinspchangeantthinsplethinspnomthinspCethinspquethinsplathinspparticipationthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinspouthinsplrsquoimitationthinsppeutthinspbienthinspecirctrethinspilsthinspontthinspenthinspcommunthinspdrsquoavoirthinspneacutegligeacutethinspdethinsplethinspchercher]thinspraquo)thinsp28thinspthinspPourthinspAristotethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspplusthinspdethinspraisonthinspdethinspseacuteparerthinsplesthinspuniversauxthinspquethinsplesthinspaccidentsthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐδεμίαthinspἀνάγκηthinspὑπολαμβάνεινthinspτιthinspεἶναιthinspτοῦτοthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspὅτιthinspἓνthinspδηλοῖthinspοὐδὲνthinspμᾶλλονthinspἢthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspἄλλωνthinspὅσαthinspμὴthinspτὶthinspσημαίνειthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιὸνthinspἢthinspπρόςthinspτιthinspἢthinspποιεῖνthinsp[ilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspplusthinspneacutecessairethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplrsquouniversel est quelque chose agrave part des choses individuelles car il indique quelque chose drsquounique que de le penser des autres choses qui ne sont pas quelque chose mais une qualiteacute une relation ou encorethinspunethinspaction]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis analytica posteriorathinspIthinsp24thinsp85bthinsp18-21)thinsp29 Cf Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp12thinsp1037bthinsp27thinspougravethinspilthinspestthinspquestionthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspὡςthinspφαμένthinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplaquothinspἡthinspοὐσίαthinspἕνthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὡςthinspφαμένthinsp[lathinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspcommethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinspetthinspdethinspconcret]thinspraquothinsp30 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12thinspthinsplaquothinspπολλαχῇthinspδὲthinspἐχόντωνthinspδυσκολίανthinspοὐθενὸςthinspἧττονthinspἄτοπονthinspτὸthinspφάναιthinspμὲνthinspεἶναίthinspτιναςthinspφύσειςthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspοὐρανῷthinspταύταςthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspφάναιthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspπλὴνthinspὅτιthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspἀΐδιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspφθαρτάthinspαὐτὸthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωπόνthinspφασινthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspἵππονthinspκαὶthinspὑγίειανthinspἄλλοthinspδrsquothinspοὐδένthinspπαραπλήσιονthinspποιοῦντεςthinspτοῖςthinspθεοὺςthinspμὲνthinspεἶναιthinspφάσκουσινthinspἀνθρωποειδεῖςthinspδέmiddotthinspοὔτεthinspγὰρthinspἐκεῖνοιthinspοὐδὲνthinspἄλλοthinspἐποίουνthinspἢthinspἀνθρώπουςthinspἀϊδίουςthinspοὔθrsquothinspοὗτοιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἄλλrsquothinspἢthinspαἰσθητὰthinspἀΐδιαthinsp(D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp[2008]thinsppthinsp308thinspthinspmecircmethinspsrsquoilsthinspltlesthinspplatoniciensgtthinspsontthinspdethinspplusieursthinspfaccedilonsthinspenthinspdifficulteacutethinsprienthinspdethinspplusthinspabsurdethinspquethinspdethinspdirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspcertainesthinspnaturesthinspenthinspplusthinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

134

lethinspmobilierthinspontologiquethinspduthinspmonde31 en passant par des travers meacutereacuteologiques qui rappellent drsquoassez pregraves ceux que lrsquoon rencontre deacutejagrave chez Platon32

Si nous avons passeacute en revue chacun de ces inconveacutenients33 nous nous sommes cependantthinsparrecircteacutesthinsptoutthinspspeacutecialementthinspsurthinsplrsquounthinspdrsquoentrethinspeuxthinsplrsquoargumentthinspqursquoAristotethinsp

dethinspcellesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinsplrsquouniversthinspmaisthinspenthinspdisantthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspsensiblesthinspsaufthinspquethinsplesthinspunesthinspsontthinspeacuteternellesthinsplesthinspautresthinspcorruptiblesthinspIlsthinspdisentthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspunthinsphommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspchevalthinsplten soigt une santeacute lten soigt sans rien dire drsquoautre en faisant agrave peu pregraves comme ceux qui disent qursquoil existe des dieux mais de forme humaine Ceux-ci ne faisaient rien drsquoautre que des hommes eacuteternels etthinsppourthinspceux-lagravethinsplesthinspformesthinspnethinspsontthinspquethinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspeacuteternels)thinspraquothinsp31 Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8thinsp(cfthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp34thinsp-thinsp1079athinsp4)thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτωνδὶthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἕτεραthinspτούτωνthinspἴσαthinspτὸνthinspἀριθμὸνthinspἐκόμισανthinspὥσπερthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἀριθμῆσαιthinspβουλόμενοςthinspἐλαττόνωνthinspμὲνthinspὄντωνthinspοἴοιτοthinspμὴthinspδυνήσεσθαιthinspπλείωthinspδὲthinspποιήσαςthinspἀριθμοίηthinspσχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspἴσαthinspἢthinspοὐκthinspἐλάττωthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἐστὶthinspτούτοιςthinspπερὶthinspὧνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἐκthinspτούτωνthinspἐπrsquothinspἐκεῖναthinspπροῆλθονthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspγὰρthinspὁμώνυμόνthinspτιthinspἐστιthinspκαὶthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspτῶνthinspτεthinspἄλλωνthinspἐστὶνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspἕνthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖσδεthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖςthinspἀιδίοιςthinsp[D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinsppthinsp306-307thinspthinspquantthinspagravethinspceuxthinspquithinspposentthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspcommethinspdesthinspcausesthinspdrsquoabordthinspenthinspcherchantthinspagravethinspsaisirthinsplesthinspcausesthinspdesthinspecirctresthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinspilsthinspenthinspontthinspintroduitthinspdrsquoautresthinspenthinspnombrethinspeacutegauxthinspagravethinspeuxthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspquethinspquelqursquounthinspqui voudrait compter des choses mais croirait ne pas pouvoir le faire parce qursquoil y en a peu et pour lesthinspcompterthinsplesthinsprendraitthinspplusthinspnombreusesthinspLesthinspFormesthinspenthinspeffetthinspsontthinspenthinspnombrethinsppresquethinspeacutegalesthinspouthinsppas infeacuterieures aux choses loin desquelles dans leur recherche des causes ils ont eacuteteacute jusque vers ellesthinspcarthinsppourthinspchaquethinspchosethinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquohomonymethinspmecircmethinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspetthinspdesthinspautres choses dont il y a uniteacute drsquoune multipliciteacute agrave la fois pour les choses qui nous entourent et pour cellesthinspquithinspsontthinspeacuteternelles]thinspraquothinsp32 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1039athinsp26thinsp-thinsp1039bthinsp2thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἵππῳthinspἤτοιthinspἓνthinspκαὶthinspταὐτὸνthinspτῷthinspἀριθμῷthinspἐστὶνthinspἢthinspἕτερονmiddotthinspτῷthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspλόγῳthinspδῆλονthinspὅτιthinspἕνmiddotthinspτὸνthinspγὰρthinspαὐτὸνthinspδιέξεισιthinspλόγονthinspὁthinspλέγωνthinspἐνthinspἑκατέρῳthinspεἰthinspοὖνthinspἐστίthinspτιςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspαὐτὸςthinspκαθrsquothinspαὑτὸνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspἀνάγκηthinspκαὶthinspἐξthinspὧνthinspοἷονthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspδίπουνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspκαὶthinspεἶναιthinspχωριστὰthinspκαὶthinspοὐσίαςmiddotthinspὥστεthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτὸthinspαὐτὸthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἵππῳthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspὥσπερthinspσὺthinspσαυτῷthinspπῶςthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspοὖσιthinspχωρὶςthinspἓνthinspἔσταιthinspκαὶthinspδιὰthinspτίthinspοὐthinspκαὶthinspχωρὶςthinspαὑτοῦthinspἔσταιthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspτοῦτοthinspthinsp[sithinsplesthinspFormesthinspexistentthinspetthinspquethinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspouthinspbienthinspilthinspserathinspnumeacuteri-quementthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspouthinspbienthinspdiffeacuterentthinspParthinsplrsquoargumentthinspquethinspvoicithinspilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspuniquethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinsponthinsplethinspdeacutefinitthinspauthinspmoyenthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspdeacutefinitionthinspSrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdoncthinspunthinsphommethinspquithinspestthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinsppourthinsplui-mecircmethinspunthinspcecithinspetthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspneacutecessairementthinspquethinspcethinspquithinsplethinspconstituethinsplrsquoanimalthinspetthinsplethinspbipegravedethinspparthinspexemplethinspsoientthinspaussithinspunthinspcecithinspqursquoilsthinspsoientthinspdesthinspchosesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspOrthinspsithinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspetthinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspestthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspcommethinsptuthinsplrsquoesthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinsptoi-mecircmethinspcommentthinsppourra-t-ilthinspdemeurerthinspuniquethinspdansthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspquithinspsontthinspagravethinsppartthinspltlesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautresgtthinspetthinsppourquoithinspcetthinspanimalthinspnethinspsera-t-ilthinsppasthinspseacutepareacutethinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsp]thinspraquo33thinspthinspDethinspmecircmethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspeacutetudieacutethinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspplusthinspponctuellesthinspqursquoAristotethinspassociethinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfamilles drsquoarguments en faveur de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees dans le reacutequisitoire qursquoon peut lire ndash agrave quelques variations mineures pregraves ndash dans les livres A et M des MeacutetaphysiquesthinspenthinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp8-15thinspetthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp4-9thinsprespectivementthinsp(laquothinspἔτιthinspδὲthinspκαϑrsquothinspοὓςthinspτρόπουςthinspδείκνυμενthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκατrsquoοὐϑέναthinspφαίνεταιthinspτούτωνmiddotthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspοὐκthinspἀνάγκηthinspγίγνεσϑαιthinspσυλλογισμόνthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspοὐχthinspὧνthinspοἰόμεϑαthinspτούτωνthinspεἴδηthinspγίγνεταιthinspκατάthinspτεthinspγὰρthinspτοὺςthinspλόγουςthinspτοὺςthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἐπιστημῶνthinspεἴδηthinspἔσταιthinspπάντωνthinspὅσωνthinspἐπιστῆμαιthinspεἰσίthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀποφάσεωνthinspκατὰthinspδὲthinspτὸthinspνοεῖνthinspτιthinspφϑαρέντοςthinspτῶνthinspφϑαρτῶνmiddotthinspφάντασμαthinspγάρthinspτιthinspτούτωνthinspἔστινthinsp[dethinspplusthinspdrsquoaucunethinspdesthinspmaniegraveresthinspdontthinspnousthinspentreprenonsthinspdethinsplethinspprouverthinspnethinspreacutesultethinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinspeffetthinspdansthinspcertainsthinspcasthinsplethinspsyllogismethinspnethinspsrsquoensuitthinsppasthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspneacutecessairethinspthinspdansthinspdrsquoautresthinspcasthinspenthinsprevanchethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspmecircmethinsppourthinspdesthinspchosesthinsppourthinsplesquellesthinspnousthinsppensonsthinspqursquoil nrsquoy en a pas des arguments agrave partir des sciences qursquoil y a des Ideacutees de tout ce dont il y a des sciencesthinspthinspltdesthinspargumentsgtthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspltqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesgtthinspmecircmethinspdethinspneacutegationsthinspthinspetthinspltdesthinspargumentsgt agrave partir de la penseacutee de quelque chose apregraves sa corruption ltqursquoil y a des Ideacuteesgt drsquoentiteacutes

Leone Gazziero

135

lethinsppremierthinspndashthinspsansthinspenthinspattribuerthinsplathinsppaterniteacutethinspagravethinsppersonnethinsp(pasthinspplusthinspagravethinspsesthinsppreacutedeacuteces-seursthinspouthinspagravethinspsesthinspcontemporainsthinspqursquoagravethinsplui-mecircme)thinspndashthinspathinspappeleacutethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo34 Cela pour au moins deux raisons En premier lieu il y a tout sujet de croirethinspqursquoAristotethinspdevaitthinsplethinsptenirthinsppourthinspunethinspobjectionthinspassezthinspformidablethinspagravethinsplrsquoencontrethinspdethinsplathinsppromotionthinspdesthinsppreacutedicatsthinspuniverselsthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancesthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinspvuthinsplethinsptraitthinspquithinspndashthinsppourthinspAristotethinspndashthinspfaitthinsplathinspspeacutecificiteacutethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacutees)thinspCrsquoestthinspenthinsptoutthinspeacutetatthinspdethinspcausethinsplethinspspectrethinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspseulthinspqursquoAristotethinspagitethinsplorsqursquoilthinspeacutevoquethinspndashthinspenthinspblocthinspndashthinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdontthinspagravethinspsonthinspavisthinspsrsquoencombrethinsplrsquohypothegravese des Formes (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu la conviction que si les Ideacutees existent elles existent agrave la maniegravere desthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspnonthinspseulementthinspjouethinspunthinsprocirclethinspcapitalthinspdansthinsplrsquoeacuteconomiethinspdethinsplrsquoargument tel que nous pouvons le reconstruire agrave partir des diffeacuterentes sources qui nous lrsquoont transmis35 mais encore elle constitue la cleacute pour reacutesoudre un puzzle

quithinspontthinsppeacuterithinsp(puisqursquoilthinspenthinspexistethinspunethinspcertainethinspimage)]thinspraquo)thinspUnethinspbibliographiethinspdethinspquelquethinsptroisthinspcentsthinsptitresthinspspeacutecialement consacreacutee agrave la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees dans les lieux parallegraveles des livres A et M des Meacutetaphysiquesthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspdistribueacuteethinspetthinsp(dansthinspsathinspversionthinspalphabeacutetique)thinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspconsulteacuteethinsponlinethinspagravethinsplrsquoadressethinspthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir2808files201509BibliogrSept2015pdfthinsp34 Au sujet de lrsquohistoire de lrsquoargument qursquoil nous soit permis de renvoyer agrave L Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinsp(citeacutethinspnotethinsp14)thinsppourthinspsathinsppreacutehistoirethinspplatoniciennethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquothinspldquoκαὶthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςrdquothinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspProleacutegomegravenesthinspagravethinspunethinsphistoirethinspanciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspraquothinspRhizai 7 2010 p 181-220 pour son utilisationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquo ldquoEt quoniam est quis tertius homordquothinspArgumentthinspexeacutegegravesethinspcontresens dans la litteacuterature latine apparenteacutee aux Sophistici elenchithinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspArchives drsquohistoire doctrinale et litteacuteraire du Moyen Age 80 2013 p 7-48 pour ses transformations aux mains des commentateursthinspdethinsplanguethinspetthinspculturethinsplatinethinspPourthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspdesthinspcommentateursthinspdethinsplrsquoAntiquiteacutethinsptardivethinspcfthinspD huntthinsplaquothinspPlotinusthinspMeetsthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspJ CLearythinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Perennial Tradition of NeoplatonismthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinsp1997thinsppthinsp119-132thinspthinspJ oPSoMerthinsplaquothinspSyrianusthinsponthinspHomonymythinspandthinspFormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspvan rieL C MaCeacute et L van CaMPethinsp(eacuted)thinspPlatonic Ideas and Concept Formation in Ancient and Medieval ThoughtthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinspLouvainthinsp2004thinsppthinsp31-50thinspetthinspLthinspP GerSon laquothinspProclusthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspEacutetudes platoniciennesthinsp8thinsp(2011)thinsppthinsp105-11835thinspthinspCommethinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinsplonguementthinspexpliqueacutethinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinsplathinspseacuteancethinspduthinsp16thinspmarsthinsp2015thinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspestthinspunthinspexcellentthinspcasthinspdrsquoeacutetudethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoonthinspsethinsptournethinspversthinspdesthinspsourcesthinspsemi-canoniquesthinspafinthinspdethinspreconstituerthinspdesthinspfaitsthinspdethinspdiscoursthinspplusthinspouthinspmoinsthinspradicalementthinspindisponiblesthinspdansthinspleurthinspversionthinsporiginalethinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspmecircmethinspsithinspsonthinspcasthinspparaicirctthinspndashthinspagravethinsppremiegraverethinspvuethinspndashthinspmoinsthinspdeacutesespeacutereacutethinspquethinspceluithinspdrsquoautresthinsppiegravecesthinspdethinsplrsquoAristotethinspperduthinspetthinspmecircmethinspsithinspndashthinspagravethinspcoupthinspsucircrthinspndashthinspsathinspsituationthinspphilologiquethinspsrsquoestthinspconsideacuterablementthinspameacutelioreacutee depuis quelques anneacutees (parmi les progregraves il faut au moins signaler la nouvelle eacutedition critiquethinspdesthinspquelquesthinsppagesthinspdrsquointeacuterecirctthinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauxthinspMeacutetaphysiques drsquoAristotethinspquethinspD harLFinGerthinspnousthinspathinspoffertethinspenthinsp1975thinspthinsponthinspsignalerathinspeacutegalementthinspquethinsplathinspquestionthinspdesthinspdeuxthinsp recensionsthinspdansthinsp lesquellesthinspcesthinspmecircmesthinsppagesthinspnousthinspseraientthinspparvenuesthinspndashthinsp toutthinsp reacutecemmentthinspndashthinspathinspbeacuteneacuteficieacutethinspdesthinsplumiegraveresthinspdethinspP GoLitSiS laquo La recensio altera du Commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave la Meacutetaphysique drsquoAristotethinspetthinsplethinspteacutemoignagethinspdesthinspmanuscritsthinspbyzantinsthinspLaurentianus plut 8712 et Ambrosianus F113thinspsupthinspraquothinspdansthinspJ SiGneS Codontildeer et I Peacuterez Martinthinsp(eacuted)thinspTextual Transmission in Byzantium Between Textual Criticism and Quellenforschung Brepols Turnhout 2014 p 199-230 ainsi que de celles de L CaLvieacutethinsp laquothinspAgravethinsp proposthinsp dethinsp lrsquoeacuteditionthinspHayduckthinsp duthinspCommentairethinsp drsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodise agrave la MeacutetaphysiquethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspouthinspconsulterthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir565files201409Article-LCalvieacute-2e-edpdf)thinspIlthinspnrsquoenthinsprestethinsppasthinspmoinsthinspquethinsptoutthinspeffortthinspdethinsprestitutionthinspduthinsptraiteacutethinspperduthinspdrsquoAristotethinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspougravethinsponthinsppeutthinsplirethinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspdethinsplointhinsplethinspplusthinspinformatifthinspndashthinspdoitthinspsethinspconfronterthinspagravethinspunethinspeacutequationthinspagravethinspplusieursthinspvariablesthinspLethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspestthinspunthinsptextethinspqui ne nous est parvenu qursquoagrave travers la tradition indirecte et dont la vocation ndash pour autant qursquoelle se

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

136

exeacutegeacutetique agrave la fois ancien et tenace agrave savoir pour autant que lrsquoon a affaire agrave un seul etthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinspnousthinsppouvonsthinspremonterthinspdansthinsplethinsptempsthinspne fait pas lrsquounanimiteacute ndash comment se fait-il qursquoAristote tantocirct lrsquoutilise pour reacutefuter les philosophes des Ideacutees tantocirct le rejette sous preacutetexte qursquoil srsquoagit drsquoun argument fallacieux36thinspthinspLethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspdansthinsplequelthinspnousthinspavonsthinspidentifieacutethinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspmotifsthinsppro-fonds de lrsquoantiplatonisme drsquoAristote ndash agrave savoir la particularisation existentielle des universauxthinspndashthinsppermetthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquithinspentraicircnethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspetthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinsplrsquoeacuteviterthinspMecircmethinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvirtuellementthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspcomprendrethinsplethinspfonctionnementthinspexactthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspsesthinspraresthinspoccurrencesthinspdansthinsp

laissethinspentrevoirthinspndashthinspeacutetaitthinspdethinsptraiterthinspdrsquounethinspdoctrinethinspcellethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspcœurthinspdrsquounthinspdeacutebatthinspquithinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplethinsppreacutecegravedethinspetthinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspaffecteacutethinspAucunethinspdethinspcesthinspvariablethinspnethinspsethinsplaissethinsptraiterthinspcommethinspunethinspsimplethinspvariablethinspdrsquoajustement et elles sont qui plus est lieacutees entre elles Si on distingue donc ndash avec les speacutecialistes de lrsquoecdotique (on se reacutefeacuterera en particulier agrave un texte de J iriGointhinspthinsplaquothinspLathinspcritiquethinspdesthinsptextesthinspdoitthinspecirctrethinsphistoriquethinspraquothinspdansthinspE FLoreSthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa critica testuale greco-latina oggi Metodi e problemi Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 29-31 ottobre 1979)thinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1981thinsppthinsp27-43)thinspndashthinsptrois eacutetapes fondamentales dans la reconstitution drsquoun texte la recensio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la collecte de toutesthinsp lesthinspsourcesthinspmanuscritesthinspdisponiblesthinsp(etthinspeacuteventuellementthinspdesthinspsourcesthinsp imprimeacutees)thinspdirectesthinspetthinspindirectes)thinsp lathinspcollatio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la comparaison des reacutesultats de la recensiothinsp afinthinspdrsquoobtenirthinspunethinspimagethinspaussithinspfidegravelethinspquethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspenthinspremontantthinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinsppossiblethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacuteterminationthinspdesthinspfamillesthinspdethinspmanuscritsthinspetthinspdethinspleurthinspplusthinspprochethinspancecirctresthinspcommuns)thinspetthinsplathinspdivinatio (lrsquoeacutetablissementthinspduthinsptextethinsplethinspplusthinspprochethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplrsquooriginal)thinsponthinspconviendrathinspquethinspcettethinspderniegraverethinspportethinspparticuliegraverementthinspbienthinspsonthinspnomthinsppuisquethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsplathinsprestitutionthinspdethinsptoutthinspunthinsppanthinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspnethinspnousthinsppermetthinsppasthinspdethinspreacuteglerthinspndashthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspndashthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdethinspsavoirthinspauthinspjustethinspquithinspa eacutecrit quoi Il faut se reacutesigner agrave une eacutevidence pour autant que le traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote est concerneacute mecircmethinsplethinspmeilleurthinsptextethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdemeurethinsprelativementthinspopaquethinspaussithinsplongtempsthinspduthinspmoinsthinspquethinsplrsquoon nrsquoa pas deacutetermineacute de quelle maniegravere il a travailleacute la matiegravere aristoteacutelicienne dont il srsquoest inspireacute et qursquoil a importeacutee dans son commentaire Autrement dit la question se pose de savoir si nous avons affairethinspagravethinspunethinspcollectionthinspdethinspfragmentsthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspdesthinspempruntsthinspponctuelsthinspouthinspdesthinspcitations)thinspouthinspbienthinspsithinspAlexandre a proceacutedeacute agrave une reformulation paraphrastique (en gros une transposition plus ou moins fidegravelethinspdethinspcethinspqursquoilthinsplisaitthinspdansthinsplethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspsonthinspdernierthinsplecteurthinspdethinsppremiegraverethinspmain)thinspOrthinspdeuxthinspdifficulteacutesthinspmajeuresthinspfontthinspobstaclethinspagravethinspcettethinspentreprisethinspLathinsppremiegraverethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspqursquoAlexandrethinspsethinsptrouve en situation de teacutemoin unique ce que nous connaissons du traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote sur les Ideacutees nous le tenons pour lrsquoessentiel drsquoAlexandre dans la mesure ougrave les quelques mentions eacuteparses dans la litteacuterature posteacuterieure deacutependent de son commentaire au livre Alpha meizocircn des Meacutetaphysiques Son maniementthinspappellethinspdoncthinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinsppreacutecautionsthinspthinspcethinspquethinspnousthinsplisonsthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspsinonthinspremanieacutethinspduthinspmoins reacuteorganiseacute dans une mesure et selon des modaliteacutes qui eacutetaient agrave la seule discreacutetion drsquoAlexandre etthinspquethinspnousthinspnethinsppouvonsthinsppasthinspappreacutecierthinspindeacutependammentthinspdethinspsonthinsptravailthinspLathinspdeuxiegravemethinspdifficulteacutethinsptientthinspauthinspfait que la langue drsquoAlexandre ne preacutesente pas de ceacutesures stylistiques ou de solutions de continuiteacute lexicales qui permettraient de deacuteterminer ougrave il ferait œuvre de compilateur et ougrave au contraire il fait œuvrethinspdrsquointerpregravetethinspDethinspfaitthinspagravethinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinsp(maisthinspaussithinspagravethinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspouthinspagravethinspunethinsptroisiegraveme)thinsponthinspsethinsprendrathinspagravethinspunethinspautrethinspeacutevidencethinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppartoutthinsplathinspprosethinspetthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspmecircmethinsplagravethinspougravethinspndashthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspaveuthinsp(commethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsppreacuteciseacutement)thinspndashthinsponthinsppeutthinspsrsquoattendrethinspagravethinspqursquoil suive de plus pregraves sa source 36thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy p 290 formule ce dilemme agrave peu pregraves dansthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinsptermesthinspUnthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquointerpregravetesthinspythinspontthinspvuthinsplrsquoindicethinspdrsquounethinspambivalencethinspdrsquoAristotethinspagrave son eacutegard (cf L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspVrin-PressesthinspdethinsplrsquoUniversiteacutethinspLavalthinspParis-Montreacutealthinsp1995thinsppthinsp360)thinspthinspdrsquoautresthinsplrsquoontthinsppristhinspassezthinspauthinspseacuterieuxthinsppourthinspexclurethinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspsrsquoagirthinspeffectivementthinspduthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspdontthinspAristotethinspferaitthinspunthinspusagethinspopportunistethinsp(cfthinspEthinspVthinspdi LaSCio laquo Third Man The Logic of the Sophism at Arist SEthinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinspraquothinspTopoithinsp23thinsp[2004]thinsppthinsp41)thinsp

Leone Gazziero

137

le corpus aristoteacutelicien37thinspcelathinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspeacutetablithinspsansthinspavoirthinsprecoursthinspauxthinspsourcesthinsppos-teacuterieuresthinspauxquellesthinsponthinspestthinspobligeacutethinspdrsquoemprunterthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspcanonique38 Crsquoest ce qui ressort de deux lieux du corpus aristoteacutelicien agrave savoir le chapitre 13 du livre ZecirctathinspdesthinspMeacutetaphysiques et le chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiques auxquels nous avons consacreacute deux lectures micrologiques dont nous ne reportons de suite que les conclusions39

37 Aristote nrsquoen donne nulle part un exposeacute un tant soit peu deacutetailleacute se contentant plutocirct de lrsquoeacutevoquer sousthinsplrsquointituleacutethinspquithinsplethinsprendrathinspceacutelegravebrethinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp15-17thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1039athinsp2-3thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp12-13)thinspouthinspbienthinspdrsquoenthinsprappelerthinsplathinspconclusionthinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36)thinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdrsquounethinsppassethinspargumentativethinspbienthinspconnuethinsp(cethinspquithinspdevaitthinspdrsquoailleursthinspecirctrethinsplethinspcas)thinsp38thinspthinspCetthinspexposeacutethinspsethinsplitthinspdansthinsplathinsppagethinspceacutelegravebrethinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauthinsppremierthinsplivrethinspdes MeacutetaphysiquesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspagravethinsplaquellethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspfairethinspallusionthinspthinsplaquothinspδείκνυταιthinspκαὶthinspοὕτωςthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινωνthinspπλειόνωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκαὶthinspἔστινthinspἄλλοthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspαὐτῶνthinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspἡγοῦνταιthinspδεικνύναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιmiddotthinspδιὰthinspτοῦτοthinspγάρthinspἐστίthinspτιthinspαὐτοάνθρωποςthinsp κατrsquothinsp αὐτούςthinsp ὅτιthinsp ὁthinsp ἄνθρωποςthinsp κατὰthinsp τῶνthinsp καθrsquothinsp ἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspπλειόνωνthinsp ὄντωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspἄλλοςthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspἐστίν)thinspndashthinspἀλλrsquothinspεἰthinspτοῦτοthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοςthinspὁthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspκατrsquothinspἰδίανthinspὑφεστώςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspδὲthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspπαράthinspτεthinspτὸνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspτὴνthinspἰδέανthinspοὕτωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspτέταρτοςthinspὁthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτούτουthinspκαὶthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὁμοίωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspπέμπτοςthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspἐπrsquothinspἄπειρονthinsp[onthinspprouvethinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspaussi de cette maniegravere si ce qui se preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute de plusieurs est aussi autre que ceux dont il se preacutedique seacutepareacute de ceux-ci (voilagrave ce que pensent prouver ceux qui posent les Ideacutees la raison pourthinsp laquellethinspenthinspeffetthinsp ilthinspythinspathinsppourthinspeuxthinspquelquethinspchosethinspquithinspestthinsp lrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspcrsquoestthinspquethinsp lrsquohommethinspse preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute des hommes particuliers qui sont plusieurs et il est autre que les hommes particuliers)thinspndashthinspmaisthinspsrsquoilthinspenthinspestthinspainsithinspilthinspythinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspSithinspenthinspeffetthinsplrsquohommethinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsppreacutediquethinspestthinspautrethinspquethinspceuxthinspdontthinspilthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspsubsistethinspenthinspproprethinspsithinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspilthinspythinspathinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspagravethinsppartthinspduthinspparticulier et de lrsquoIdeacutee Ainsi qursquoil y en aura un quatriegraveme qui se preacutedique de celui-ci de lrsquoIdeacutee et des particuliersthinspthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquounthinspcinquiegravemethinspetthinspcelathinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis de ideis fragmentathinsp(=thinspAlexandri in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria)thinsp8421thinsp-thinsp853)thinspLethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspillustrethinspagravethinsplathinspperfectionthinspla situation hermeacuteneutique que nous venons drsquoeacutevoquer ougrave le recours agrave la tradition indirecte est agrave la foisthinspineacutevitablethinspetthinsppassablementthinspdeacutelicatthinspDrsquounethinsppartthinspAlexandrethinspsignalethinspexplicitementthinspqursquoilthinspreportethinsplathinspversionthinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinsptellethinspqursquoAristotethinspsrsquoenthinspestthinspservithinspdansthinsplethinsppremierthinsplivrethinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsp(8511-12thinspthinsplaquothinspτῇthinspδὲthinspτελευταίᾳthinspαὐτὸςthinspἔνthinspτεthinspτῷthinspπρώτῳthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspraquo)thinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspilthinspestthinsphautementthinspimprobablethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspenthinsptrainthinspdethinsptranscrirethinspunthinspsegmentthinspduthinsptextethinspdrsquoAristotethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdethinsplethinspparaphraserthinspCethinspquethinsptrahitthinsplrsquoutilisationthinspdethinspcertainsthinsptermesthinsptelsthinspὑπόστασιςthinspetthinspὑφίστημιthinspNousthinspavonsthinspobserveacutethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoacceptionthinspdrsquoexistencethinspetthinspdrsquoexisterthinsprequisethinspparthinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspnithinsplrsquounthinsp(ὑπόστασις)thinspnithinsplrsquoautrethinsp(ὑφίστημι)thinspnethinspsontthinspattesteacutesthinspchezthinspAristotethinspquithinsplesthinsputilisethinspplutocirctthinspdansthinspunthinspsensthinsplocalthinsp(ὑφίστημιthinspindiquethinsple fait de se tenir au-dessous comme dans Aristotelis de caelo P Morauxthinsp(eacuted)thinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1965thinspIthinsp3thinsp269bthinsp24-25)thinspouthinspphysiologiquethinsp(ὑπόστασιςthinspsignifiethinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspreacutesiduthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspseacutedimentthinspraquothinspcomme dans Aristotelis de generatione animaliumthinspHthinspJ droSSaart LuLoFS (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1965thinspIthinsp18thinsp726athinsp21thinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspstationthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspposturethinspraquothinspcommethinspdansthinspAristotelis de partibus animaliumthinsp1956thinspIthinsp2thinsp647bthinsp28)39 Les deux lectures (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp23thinspetthinspAristotelis Sophistici elenchi 22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspontthinspeacuteteacutethinsppreacuteceacutedeacuteesthinspparthinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspeacutetudethinsplexicographiquethinsp(nousthinspavonsthinspeacutevoqueacutethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspplusthinsphautthinspcfthinspnotethinsp3)thinspconsacreacuteethinspauthinspvocabulairethinspquethinspcesthinsptextesthinsppartagentthinsp(etthinspauxthinspquelquesthinsposcillationsthinspqursquoilthinsppreacutesente)thinspEnthinspplusthinspdrsquoexpressionsthinspplusthinspprobleacutematiquesthinsp(commethinsplethinspτόδεthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinsppeutthinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspdeacutesignerthinspunethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle)thinspnousthinspavonsthinspsurtoutthinspexploreacutethinsplrsquooppositionthinspentrethinspcethinspqursquoAristotethinspappellethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(outhinspποιόνthinspτι)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspnousthinspontthinspsurtoutthinspaideacutesthinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinspnotrethinspreconnaissance J kunGthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspThisesthinspSuchesthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspArgumentthinspraquothinspPhronesis 26 (1981)thinsppthinsp207-247thinspetthinspS ebbeSen laquo Hoc aliquid - Quale quidthinspandthinspthethinspSignificationthinspofthinspAppellativesthinspraquothinsp

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Qursquoest-cethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspauthinspjustethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAuthinspboutthinspdrsquounthinspassezthinsplongthinspraisonnement40thinsplathinspconclusionthinspqursquoAristotethinsptirethinspestthinspcateacutegoriquethinsp(φανερὸνthinspὅτιthinspκτλ)thinspSeacuteparer lrsquouniversel crsquoest-agrave-dire le traiter comme quelque chose qui existe de plein exercicethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstarthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspparticuliegraveresthinsprevientthinspagravethinspsrsquoembarrasserthinspdethinsptoutesthinspsortesthinsp drsquoinconveacutenientsthinspthinsp laquothinspφανερὸνthinspὅτιthinsp οὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinspκαὶthinspὅτιthinspοὐδὲνthinspσημαίνειthinspτῶνthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορουμένωνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspἀλλὰthinspτοιόνδεthinspεἰthinspδὲthinspμήthinspἄλλαthinspτεthinspπολλὰthinspσυμβαίνειthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsp[ilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoaucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspnethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspmaisthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinsptelthinspouthinsptelthinspDansthinsplethinspcasthinspcontrairethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspbeaucoupthinspltdrsquoinconveacutenientsgtthinspnotammentthinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis meta-physicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)41 Quelle que soit la force que lrsquoon accorde agrave lrsquoargumentthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspreposethinspultimementthinspsurthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspjuxtaposerthinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspauthinspseinthinspdrsquounethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspmultipliciteacutethinspdontthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspviendraitthinspconstituerthinsplrsquouniteacutethinspauthinspmecircmethinsptitrethinspquethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdrsquohomme constituait lrsquouniteacute de la multipliciteacute des hommes particuliers Autrement ditthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsprequiertthinspquethinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinsp

Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

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[Categoriae]thinsp5thinsp3bthinsp10-21thinspthinsplaquothinspπᾶσαthinspδὲthinspοὐσίαthinspδοκεῖthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspἐπὶthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτῶνthinspπρώτωνthinspοὐσιῶνthinspἀναμφισβήτητονthinspκαὶthinspἀληθέςthinspἐστινthinspὅτιthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειmiddotthinspἄτομονthinspγὰρthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspἀριθμῷthinspτὸthinspδηλούμενόνthinspἐστινthinspἐπὶthinspδὲthinspτῶνthinspδευτέρωνthinspοὐσιῶνthinspφαίνεταιthinspμὲνthinspὁμοίωςthinspτῷthinspσχήματιthinspτῆςthinspπροσηγορίαςthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspὅτανthinspεἴπῃthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἢthinspζῷονmiddotthinspοὐthinspμὴνthinspἀληθέςthinspγεthinspἀλλὰthinspμᾶλλονthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspndashthinspοὐthinspγὰρthinspἕνthinspἐστιthinspτὸthinspὑποκείμενονthinspὥσπερthinspἡthinspπρώτηthinspοὐσίαthinspἀλλὰthinspκατὰthinspπολλῶνthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspλέγεταιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspοὐχthinspἁπλῶςthinspδὲthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὥσπερthinspτὸthinspλευκόνmiddotthinspοὐδὲνthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοthinspσημαίνειthinspτὸthinspλευκὸνthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιόνthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspεἶδοςthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspγένοςthinspπερὶthinspοὐσίανthinspτὸthinspποιὸνthinspἀφορίζειthinspndashthinspποιὰνthinspγάρthinspτιναthinspοὐσίανthinspσημαίνειthinsp[ilthinspsemblethinspquethinsptoutethinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspCethinspquithinspestthinspincontestablementthinspvraithinspdesthinspsubstancesthinsppremiegraveresthinsppuisqursquoellesthinspsignifientthinspunthinspcertainthinspcecithinspCethinspquithinspestthinspdeacutesigneacutethinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspindividuelthinspetthinspnumeacuteriquementthinspunthinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspenthinsprevanchethinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspsecondesthinspilthinspsembleraitthinspqursquoellesthinspsignifientthinspeacutegalementthinspunthinspcertainthinspcecithinspduthinspfaitthinspdethinspleurthinspformethinspdethinspdeacutenominationthinspcommethinsplorsqursquoonthinspditthinspldquohommerdquothinspouthinspldquoanimalrdquothinspOrthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspvraithinsppuisqursquoellesthinspsignifientthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspcertainthinspqualifieacutethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinsplethinspsujetthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspunthinspcommethinsplathinspsubstancethinsppremiegraverethinspmaisthinspltplusieursthinsppuisquegtthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinspdisentthinspdethinspplusieursthinspIlsthinspnethinspsignifientthinsppasthinsppourthinspautantthinspunthinspcertainthinspqualifieacutethinsptoutthinspcourtthinspltcommethinsplethinspfaitgtthinsplethinspblancthinspEnthinspeffetthinsplethinspblancthinspnethinspsignifiethinsprienthinspdrsquoautrethinspqursquounthinspqualifieacutethinsplrsquoespegravecethinspetthinsplethinspgenrethinspenthinsprevanchethinspdeacuteterminentthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancethinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspthinspilsthinspsignifientthinspenthinspeffetthinspquellethinspestthinspunethinspcertainethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp46 Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman 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141

(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

Cettethinspconclusionthinspestthinspembleacutematiquethinspetthinspouvrethinsplrsquoalternativethinspquithinspserathinspreprisethinspsansthinspcesse par la suite ndash que ce soit pour opposer Aristote et Platon ou pour les harmo-niserthinspndashthinspentrethinspunthinspuniverselthinspquithinspestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspunthinspuniverselthinspquithinspnrsquoenthinspestthinsppasthinspunethinspeacutetantthinspbienthinspentenduthinspquethinspquellethinspquethinspsoitthinsplathinspsignificationthinsppreacutecisethinspdethinsplrsquolaquothinspuniverselthinspraquothinspdontthinspilthinspestthinsptourthinspagravethinsptourthinspquestionthinsplaquothinspsubstancethinspraquothinspveutthinspdirethinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle Crsquoest un parti pris dont on peut certes discuter le meacuterite mais dont lrsquoenjeuthinsppoleacutemiquethinspjustifiethinspamplementthinsplrsquointeacuterecirctthinsparcheacuteologiquethinspavecthinsplequelthinspndashthinspapregravesthinsptantthinspdrsquoautresthinspndashthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprenouerthinspdansthinsplathinspmecircmethinspEacutecolethinspougravethinspnosthinspMaicirctresthinspndashthinspAlainthinspdethinspLiberathinspetthinspPhilippethinspHoffmannthinspndashthinspnousthinspythinspontthinspintroduitthinsppourthinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfoisthinsp

lirethinspen179athinsp1-2thinsplathinspsyntaxethinsplaquothinspτὸthinspμένthinsphellipthinspτὸthinspδέhellipthinspraquothinspopposethinspΚορίσκοςthinspagravethinspμουσικόςthinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinspΚορίσκοςthinspμουσικόςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspμένthinsphellipthinspτὸthinspδέhellipthinspraquothinsprenvoiethinsprespectivementthinspagravethinspΚορίσκοςthinsp(τὸthinspμέν)thinspetthinspagravethinspμουσικόςthinsp(τὸthinspδέ)thinspsousthinsppeinethinspdrsquointroduirethinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspseraitthinspunthinspautrethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspqursquounthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspavecthinsppourthinspconseacutequencethinspdethinspcompromettrethinsplrsquoanalogiethinspdethinspcomportementthinspentrethinsppreacutedicatsthinsp(enthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspἄνθρωποςthinspetthinspμουσικός)thinsp(3)thinspEst-cethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκθέσθαιthinspetthinsplrsquoἐκτίθεσθαιthinspenthinsp179athinsp3thinspainsithinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspsontthinspsynonymesthinspentrethinspeuxthinspetthinspaboutissentthinspdansthinsptousthinsplesthinspcasthinspagravethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspouthinspalternativementthinspagravethinspcellethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspouthinspbienthinsptantocirctthinspagravethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsptantocirctthinspagravethinspcellethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspAgravethinsplrsquoinstar de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 Ithinsp9thinsp103bthinsp29-35thinsplethinspverbethinspἐκτίθημιthinspnethinspchangethinsppointthinspdethinspsignificationthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdethinsplrsquoobjetthinspquithinspreacutesultethinspdethinspsonthinspopeacuterationthinsplequelthinspestthinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspsrsquoexposethinspauthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo)thinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspluithinspeacutechappe)thinsp(4)thinspCommentthinspcomprendrethinsplrsquoοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσειthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspthinspQursquoest-cethinspquithinspnethinspfaitthinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspquoithinspthinspEst-cethinspquethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspestthinspsupposeacutethinspsrsquoensuivrethinspagravethinsptousthinsplesthinspcoupsthinsp(aussithinspbienthinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspougravethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspsethinspsoldethinspparthinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspquethinspdansthinspceluithinspougravethinspcrsquoestthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppart)thinspouthinspbienthinspcrsquoestthinspparthinsprapportthinspauthinspreacutesultatthinspdethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspelle-mecircmethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspaurathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspqursquoonthinspobtiendrathinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinspunthinspἕνthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλοὺςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspCommethinsplethinspmontrentthinsplesthinsprecommandationsthinspdrsquoAristotethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspfaitthinspunethinspsacreacuteethinspdiffeacuterencethinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsp(lequelthinspsrsquoensuitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspquethinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppartthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinspilthinspsethinspditthinspenthinspcommunthinspὅπερthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspὅπερthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspEnthinsprevanchethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspentrethinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspLrsquounthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspmoinsthinspdistinctthinspquethinsplrsquoautrethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspdontthinsponthinsplethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspParthinspconseacutequentthinspsithinsponthinspaffirmethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspestthinspunethinspqualiteacutethinspetthinspnonthinspunethinspsubstancethinspcelathinspnethinspfaitthinspaucunethinspdiffeacuterencethinsp(οὐδὲνthinspδιοίσει)thinspduthinspmoinsthinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinspsathinsppositionthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspplusieursthinspcarthinspilthinspythinspaurathinsptoutthinspdethinspmecircmethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinsp(ἕνthinspτι)thinspetthinspdethinspdiffeacuterentthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(παρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλούς)thinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinsplaquothinsphommethinspraquothinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsp(οἷονthinspτὸthinspἄνθρωπος)thinsp

Annuaire EPHE Sciences religieuses t 123 (2014-2015)

Theacuteories et mystiques de la Gregravece helleacutenistique et de la fin de lrsquoAntiquiteacute

M Leone GazzieroChargeacute de confeacuterences

laquo Aucun attribut universel nrsquoest une substance1 raquo

Le cycle de confeacuterences a eacuteteacute conccedilu pour lrsquoessentiel comme une introduction agrave lrsquohistoire de la querelle dite des universaux que nous avons eacutetudieacutee dans sa phase inaugurale2 Pour ce faire nous nous sommes concentreacutes sur lrsquoappreacuteciation singuliegraverement neacutegative qursquoAristote a porteacute sur lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees dites de Platon3 Son rejet meacuterite en lrsquooccurrence une attention tout particuliegravere dans la

1thinsplaquothinspldquoΟὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinsp [aucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinsp substance]rdquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35)thinspAristotethinspcritiquethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquo2thinspthinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdesthinsprisquesthinspentraicircneacutesthinspparthinspunthinspusagethinsptropthinspcavalierthinspdethinsplrsquoeacutetiquettethinsplrsquolaquothinspaffairethinspdesthinspstylosthinspraquothinspinstruite par A de Libera La querelle des universaux Seuil Paris 1996 p 17-20 demeure toujours incontournablethinspPourthinspunethinspvuethinspdrsquoensemblethinsprelativementthinspreacutecentethinspaxeacuteethinspsurthinsplathinsppeacuteriodethinspanciennethinspsurthinsplaquellethinspnous nous sommes focaliseacutes on se reportera agrave R Sorabji laquo Universals Transformed The First Thousand YearsthinspafterthinspPlatothinspraquothinspdansthinspPthinspF StrawSonthinsp(eacuted)thinspUniversals Concepts and Qualities New Essays on the Meaning of PredicatesthinspAshgatethinspAldershotthinsp2006thinsppthinsp105-126thinspthinsppourthinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsporientationthinspquantthinspagravethinsplathinsppreacute-histoirethinspduthinspproblegravemethinspvoirthinspAthinspPthinspD MoureLatoS laquo The Concept of the Universal in Some Later Pre-PlatonicthinspCosmologiststhinspraquothinspdansthinspMthinspL GiLL P PeLLeGrinthinsp(eacuted)thinspA Companion to Ancient Philosophy BlackwellthinspOxfordthinsp2006thinsppthinsp56-76thinspetthinsppourthinsplethinsplaquothinsppreacuteceacutedentthinspraquothinspplatonicienthinspvoirthinspM bonazzi laquo Universals beforethinspUniversalsthinspSomethinspRemarksthinsponthinspPlatothinspinthinspHisthinspContextthinspraquothinspdansthinspR Chiaradonna G GaLLuzzothinsp(eacuted)thinspUniversals in Ancient Philosophy Edizioni della Normale Pise 2013 p 23-40 3 Quel que soit le creacutedit que lrsquoon accorde agrave Aristote comme source pour la reconstruction drsquoune telle doctrine (dont on a drsquoailleurs agrave lrsquooccasion nieacute tantocirct qursquoelle existe chez Platon comme lrsquoa fait par exemple F J GonzaLeSthinsplaquothinspPercheacutethinspnonthinspesistethinspunathinspdottrinathinspplatonicathinspdellethinspideethinspraquothinspdansthinspM bonazzi F trabattonithinsp(eacuted)thinspPlatone e la tradizione platonica Studi di filosofica antica Cisalpino Istituto editoriale universitario Milan 2003 p 31-67 tantocirct qursquoelle se laisse deacutecrire dans les termes drsquoune theacuteorie ou drsquoune proto-theacuteorie de lrsquouniversel comme lrsquoa fait ndash par exemple ndash L P GerSon laquo Platonism andthinspthethinspInventionthinspofthinspthethinspProblemthinspofthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspArchiv fuumlr Geschichte der Philosophiethinsp86thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp233-256thinsponthinspsignalerathinspquethinspndashthinspagravethinspunethinspexceptionthinsppregravesthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspAristotelis metaphysica Lambda S Fazzo (eacuted)thinspBibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp2012thinsp3thinsp1070athinsp18-19thinsp(authinspsujetthinspdethinsplaquellethinsponthinspathinspdrsquoailleursthinspsuggeacutereacutethinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspduthinspcommentaire drsquoAverroegraves au lemme correspondant qursquoelle ne faisait pas la leccedilon unanime des manus-crits deacutejagrave agrave lrsquoeacutepoque drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise cf J FreudenthaLthinsplaquothinspDiethinspdurchthinspAverroesthinsperhaltenenthinspFragmentethinspAlexandersthinspzurthinspMetaphysikthinspdesthinspAristotelesthinspuntersuchtthinspundthinspuumlbersetztthinspAbhandlungen der koumlniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin Aus dem Jahre 1884 Philosophisch-historische Abhandlungen p 86 et R waLzerthinsplaquothinspOnthinspthethinspArabicthinspVersionsthinspofthinspBooksthinspAthinspathinspandthinspLthinspofthinspAristotlersquosthinspMetaphysicsthinspraquothinspHarvard Studies in Classical Philologythinsp63thinsp(1958)thinsppthinsp223thinspndashthinspAristotethinspnethinspnommethinsppasthinspPlatonthinspmaisthinspmentionnethinsptoujoursthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(οἱthinspτιθέμενοιthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspεἶναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspλέγοντεςthinspetc)thinspCethinspquithinspconstituethinspunthinspindicethinspndashthinspnithinsplethinspseulthinspnithinsplethinspplusthinspparlantthinspmaisthinspunthinspindicethinspquandthinspmecircmethinspdrsquounthinspproblegravemethinspceluithinspdethinspsavoirthinspagravethinspquellethinspversionthinspdethinsplathinsptheacuteoriethinspAristotethinspsrsquoattaque-t-ilthinspauthinspjustethinsp(pourthinspunethinsppremiegravere reconnaissance de la question cf M iSnardi Parente laquo Le Peri ideocircn drsquoAristote Platon outhinspXeacutenocratethinspthinspraquothinspPhronesisthinsp26thinsp(1981)thinsppthinsp135-152thinspthinsppourthinspsonthinspcontextethinspinstitutionnelthinspcfthinspH tarrant

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

122

mesurethinspougravethinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdesthinspuniversauxthinspatteintthinspavecthinspAristotethinspunethinspmaturiteacutethinspquithinspestthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoordrethinspdoctrinalthinspetthinsphistoriographiquethinspDethinspfaitthinspdrsquounethinsppartthinsplathinspcritiquethinsparis-toteacuteliciennethinspdesthinspFormesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspestthinspsolidairethinspdrsquounethinspreacuteflexionthinsptheacutematiquethinspautourthinspde la question de savoir quelle est la nature de ce qui est et se dit en commun desthinspplusieursthinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspcettethinspmecircmethinspcritiquethinspinscritthinsplathinspnotionthinspdrsquouniverselthinspdansthinspune histoire intellectuelle qui commencerait avec Socrate (son inventeur drsquoapregraves Aristote)thinspetthinspsethinsptraduiraitthinspsurtoutthinspparthinspunethinspdeacuterivethinspdethinsplrsquointerrogationthinspsocratiquethinspauxthinspmainsthinspdethinspsesthinspsuccesseursthinsp(Platonthinspetthinsplesthinspplatoniciens)thinsp

Apregravesthinspavoirthinspproceacutedeacutethinspagravethinspunthinspexamenthinsppreacuteliminairethinspduthinspvocabulairethinsparistoteacutelicienthinspdethinsplrsquouniversel4thinspnousthinspavonsthinspjustifieacutethinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspdeacutepartthinspdethinspnotrethinspenquecirctethinspainsithinspquethinspsonthinspfilthinspconducteurthinspBienthinspqursquoAristotethinspdeacutefinissethinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspcethinspqursquoilthinspentendthinspparthinsplaquothinspuniver-selthinspraquothinsp(cethinspquithinspndashthinspcontrairementthinspauxthinspparticuliersthinspndashthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs5)thinspetthinspquethinsplethinsp

Platorsquos first interpretersthinspDuckworththinspLondresthinsp2000thinspetthinspJ diLLon The Heirs of Plato A Study of the Old Academy (347-274 BC) Clarendon Press Oxford 2003 4thinspthinspCettethinspreconnaissancethinspathinspconsisteacutethinsptoutthinspdrsquoabordthinspenthinspunethinspenquecirctethinsplexicographiquethinspaxeacuteethinspsurthinspquelquesthinspexpressions-cleacutethinsp agravethinsp savoirthinsp κοινόνthinsp κοινῇthinsp κατηγορούμενονthinsp etthinsp καθόλουthinsp (ainsithinsp quethinsp leurthinsp antonymethinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστον)thinspNousthinspnousthinspsommesthinsptoutthinspspeacutecialementthinspinteacuteresseacutesthinspauxthinsplieuxthinspduthinspcorpusthinspquithinspautorisentthinspdes variations synonymiques entre les trois comme crsquoest le cas dans Aristotelis sophistici elenchi eacuted D roSSthinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1958thinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinsp(ougravethinspκοινόνthinspetthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορούμενονthinspsontthinspinterchangeables)thinspAristotelis metaphysica Z eacuted M Frede et G PatziG Beck Munich 1988 13 1038bthinsp9thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp2thinspetthinsp16thinsp1040bthinsp25-27thinspetthinspAristotelis ethica nicomachea eacuted F SuSeMihL et O aPeLt LeipzigthinspTeubnerthinsp1912thinspIthinsp4thinsp1096athinsp27-28thinsp(ougravethinspκοινόνthinspetthinspκαθόλουthinspsontthinspeuxthinspaussithinspinterchangeables)thinspouthinspencore Aristotelis de partibus animalium eacuted P LouiSthinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1956thinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinsp(ougravethinspAristotethinspditthinspduthinspκαθόλουthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspκοινόν)thinspEncorethinspquethinsprelativementthinspanciennesthinsptroisthinspeacutetudesthinspsethinspsontthinspaveacutereacutees preacutecieuses agrave ce stade de notre recherche A-M diLLenS Eacutetude des acceptions techniques du terme katholou dans lrsquoœuvre drsquoAristotethinspUniversiteacutethinspCatholiquethinspdethinspLouvainthinspLouvainthinsp1965thinspthinspJ owenS laquothinspThethinspGroundsthinspofthinspUniversalitythinspinthinspAristotlethinspraquothinspAmerican Philosophical Quarterlythinsp3thinsp(1966)thinsppthinsp162-169thinspthinspW SaCkStederthinsplaquothinspSomethinspWordsthinspAristotlethinspNeverthinspUsesthinspAttributesthinspEssencesthinspandthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspThe New Scholasticismthinsp60thinsp(1986)thinsppthinsp427-453thinspDrsquoautresthinspnousthinspontthinspeacutegalementthinspfournithinspplusieursthinsppistesthinspdethinspreacuteflexionthinspetthinspconstituentthinspunethinspexcellentethinspintroductionthinspauxthinspvuesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspenthinspmatiegraverethinspdrsquouniversauxthinspthinspJthinspH LeSher laquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspFormsthinspSubstancethinspandthinspUniversalsthinspAthinspDilemmathinspraquothinspPhronesisthinsp16thinsp (1971)thinsppthinsp169-178thinspthinspM CreSSweLLthinsplaquothinspWhatthinspisthinspAristotlersquosthinspTheorythinspofthinspUniversalsthinspthinspraquothinspAustralasian Journal of Philosophythinsp53thinsp(1975)thinsppthinsp238-247thinspthinspJ enGMannthinsplaquothinspAristotelianthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspClassical Philologythinsp73thinsp(1978)thinsppthinsp17-23thinsp(dontthinsponthinsplirathinspaussithinsplaquothinspAristotlethinspDistinctionthinspbetweenthinspSubstancethinspandthinspUniversalthinspraquothinspPhronesisthinsp18thinsp[1973]thinsppthinsp 139-155)thinspthinsp MthinspM tweedaLethinsp laquothinspAristotlersquosthinsp universalsthinspraquothinsp Australasian Journal of Philosophythinsp 65thinsp(1987)thinsppthinsp412-426thinspthinspG brakaS Aristotlersquos concept of the universal G oLMSthinspVerlagthinspHildesheimthinsp1988thinspthinspT SCaLtSaS Substances and Universals in Aristotlersquos Metaphysics Cornell University Press Ithaca 1994thinspthinspA jauLinthinsplaquothinspFormethinspindividuthinspetthinspuniverselthinspraquothinspRevue de philosophie anciennethinsp14thinsp(1996)thinsppthinsp57-73thinspthinspS di CaMiLLothinsplaquothinspElthinspproblemathinspdelthinspstatusthinspontoloacutegicothinspdelthinspuniversalthinspenthinspAristoacutetelesthinspraquothinspSynthesisthinsp11thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp103-122thinspthinspMthinspJ LouxthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspUniversalthinspraquothinspdansthinspG anaGnoStoPuLoSthinsp(eacuted)thinspA Companion to AristotlethinspBlackwellthinspOxfordthinsp2009thinsppthinsp186-196thinspthinspG GaLLuzzo laquo A Kind Farewell to Platonism For an AristotelianthinspUnderstandingthinspofthinspKindsthinspandthinspPropertiesthinspraquothinspdansthinspG GaLLuzzo J Louxthinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Problem of Universals in Contemporary PhilosophythinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2015thinsppthinsp85-113thinsp5thinspthinspCfthinspeg Aristotelis peri hermeneias eacuted L Minio-PaLueLLothinsp(eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1949thinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinsp-thinsp17bthinsp1thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspδὲthinspὃthinspμήthinspοἷονthinspἄνθρωποςthinspμὲνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspΚαλλίαςthinspδὲthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinsppar nature se preacutedique de plusieurs alors que par particulier ce qui ltpar naturegt ne ltse preacutedique pas dethinspplusieursgtthinspthinspparthinspexemplethinsphommethinspestthinspunthinspuniverselthinspCalliasthinspunthinspparticulier]thinspraquothinspAgravethinsptitrethinspdrsquoexemplethinspduthinsptype de lectures de texte que nous avons engageacutees rappelons qursquoau cours de lrsquoanalyse de ce passage nousthinspavonsthinspabordeacutethinspetthinspessayeacutethinspdethinspreacutesoudrethinspunthinspnombrethinspdethinspdifficulteacutesthinsplieacuteesthinspagravethinspsathinspcompreacutehensionthinspEnthinspplusthinsp

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lathinsppreacutedicationthinsp(17athinsp38-39thinspthinsplaquothinspἐπεὶthinspδέthinspἐστιthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspκαθόλουthinspτῶνthinspπραγμάτωνthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinsp[puisquethinspcertainesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspsontthinspuniversellesthinspalorsthinspquethinspdrsquoautresthinspsontthinspparticuliegraveres]thinspraquo)thinsplathinspquestionthinspsrsquoestthinspposeacuteethinspdethinspsavoirthinspsithinsplethinspμήthinspniethinsplethinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinspouthinspbienthinsplethinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsptoutthinspcourtthinsp(unethinsptroisiegravemethinsppossibiliteacutethinspmoinsthinspplausiblethinspeacutetantthinspqursquoilthinspportethinspsurthinsplethinspπέφυκε)thinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspsithinsplathinspneacutegationthinspexclutthinspquethinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspnethinspsoientthinsppreacutediqueacutesthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(ἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspκατηγορεῖσθαι)thinspouthinspbienthinspqursquoilsthinspnethinspsoientthinsppreacutediqueacutesthinsptoutthinspcourtthinsp(κατηγορεῖσθαι)thinspLathinsplettrethinspduthinsptextethinsplaissethinspouvertethinspcettethinspalternativethinspthinspsrsquoil ne fait pas de doute que lrsquouniversel et le particulier srsquoopposent en cela qursquoil est dans la nature du premierthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspalorsthinspquethinsplethinspdeuxiegravemethinspreacutepugnethinspagravethinspcelathinspAristotethinspenthinsprevanchethinspnethinspnousthinspditthinsppasthinspclairementthinspsithinspcelathinspimpliquethinspouthinspbienthinspquethinsplethinspparticulierthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsppreacutedicablethinspduthinsptoutthinspouthinspbienthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppreacutedicablethinspquethinspdrsquounthinspseulthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinspDansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspAristotethinspdeacuteclarethinspailleursthinsplethinspparticulierthinspimpreacutedicablethinsp(Aristotelis [categoriae] eacuted R bodeacuteuumlS Les Belles Lettres Paris 2001thinsp2thinsp1athinsp20thinspetthinsp1bthinsp3-5thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinsp[hellip]thinspτὰthinspδὲthinspοὔτεthinspἐνthinspὑποκειμένῳthinspἐστὶνthinspοὔτεthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspλέγεταιthinspοἷονthinspὁthinspτὶςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἢthinspὁthinspτὶςthinspἵπποςthinsp[parmithinsplesthinspeacutetantsthinsp(hellip)thinsplesthinspautresthinspnithinspnethinspsontthinspdansthinspunthinspsujetthinspnithinspnethinspsethinspdisentthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinspparthinspexemplethinspthinspcetthinsphomme-cithinspouthinspcethinspcheval-ci]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspsoustraitthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinspau circuit de la preacutedication (Aristotelis [categoriae]thinsp5thinsp3athinsp36-37thinspthinsplaquothinspἀπὸthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspτῆςthinspπρώτηςthinspοὐσίαςthinspοὐδεμίαthinspἐστὶthinspκατηγορίαthinspκατrsquothinspοὐδενὸςthinspγὰρthinspὑποκειμένουthinspλέγεταιthinsp[onthinspnethinsppeutthinsptirerthinspaucunethinsppreacutedicationthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinsppremiegraverethinsppuisqursquoellethinspnethinspsethinspditthinspdrsquoaucunthinspsujet]thinspraquo)thinspilthinspparaicirctthinspassezthinspplausiblethinspdethinsppencherthinsppourthinsplathinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinspetthinspexclurethinspquethinsplethinspparticulierthinsppuissethinspfigurerthinspdansthinspunethinsppreacutedicationthinspagravethinsplathinspplacethinspdethinsppreacutedicat (sinon de faccedilon accidentelle selon lrsquoanomalie qursquoAristote prend en compte dans Aristotelis analytica priorathinspeacutedthinspD roSS Clarendon Press Oxford 1949 I 27 43a 33-26 ougrave lrsquoaccidentaliteacute en questionthinspestthinspagravethinspcomprendrethinspauthinspsensthinspquethinsplesthinspeacutenonceacutesthinspougravethinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspindividuellesthinspsethinsptrouventthinspenthinsppositionthinspdethinsppreacutedicatthinsppreacutesententthinsplesthinspaccidentsthinspdethinsplathinsppreacutedicationthinspsansthinspenthinspecirctrethinspunethinspagravethinspproprementthinspparlerthinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspndashthinspdrsquoailleursthinspndashthinspAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinsplesthinspqualifiethinspndashthinspdansthinspAlexandri Aphrodisiensis in Aristotelis analyticorum priorum librum I commentarium eacuted M waLLieS G reiMer Berlin 1883 2912thinspndashthinspdethinspπαρὰthinspφύσινthinspcontre nature)thinsp6 Cf eg Aristotelis analytica posteriorathinspeacutedthinspD roSS Clarendon Press Oxford 1949 I 11 77a 5-9thinsp(agravethinsplirethinspenthinspparallegravelethinspavecthinspIthinsp22thinsp83athinsp32-35)thinspetthinsp31thinsp87bthinsp28-39thinspthinspIIthinsp97bthinsp25-27thinspthinspAristotelis metaphysica A eacuted O PriMaveSi dans C SteeLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotlersquos Metaphysics Alpha Symposium Aristotelicum OxfordthinspUniversitythinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp2012thinsp1thinsp981athinsp5-7thinspetthinspsurtoutthinspAristotelis metaphysicathinspeacutedthinspD roSS ClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1924thinspBthinsp4thinsp999athinsp26-29thinspthinsplaquothinspεἴτεthinspγὰρthinspμὴthinspἔστιthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἄπειραthinspτῶνthinspδrsquothinspἀπείρωνthinspπῶςthinspἐνδέχεταιthinspλαβεῖνthinspἐπιστήμηνthinspthinspᾗthinspγὰρthinspἕνthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspταὐτόνthinspκαὶthinspᾗthinspκαθόλουthinspτιthinspὑπάρχειthinsp ταύτῃthinspπάνταthinspγνωρίζομενthinsp [srsquoilthinspnrsquoythinspavaitthinsppasthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinsp commethinsp lesthinsp particuliersthinsp sontthinsp enthinsp nombrethinsp infinithinsp commentthinsp serait-ilthinsp possiblethinsp drsquoacqueacuterirthinspunethinspsciencethinspdethinspcesthinspchosesthinspenthinspnombrethinsp infinithinspthinspdethinsp faitthinspnousthinspconnaissonsthinsp toutesthinspchosesthinsppourthinspautantthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquouniquethinspdrsquoidentiquethinspetthinspdrsquouniversel]thinspraquothinspParmithinsptantthinspdrsquoautresthinspessaisthinspconsacreacutesthinspagravethinsp lathinsp probleacutematiquethinspW LeSzL laquo Knowledge of the Universal and Knowledge of the Particular in AristotlethinspraquothinspReview of Metaphysicsthinsp26thinsp(1972)thinsppthinsp278-313thinspetthinspM CrubeLLier laquo Science de lrsquouniversel et connaissance du singulier Aristote MeacutetaphysiquethinspMthinsp10thinspraquothinspRevue de philosophie anciennethinsp14thinsp(1996)thinsppthinsp75-102thinsppreacutesententthinsplrsquoavantagethinspdrsquoeacutetudierthinspenthinspparallegravelethinsplathinspconnaissancethinspfondeacuteethinspsurthinsplrsquouniverselthinspetthinspcellethinsptourneacutee vers le particulier 7 Cf notamment les remarques sur la nature de la preacutedication des genres et des espegraveces en reacuteponse agrave la questionthinsplaquothinspqursquoest-cethinspquethinsp(τίthinspἐστι)thinspthinspraquothinspunthinspparticulierthinspdonneacutethinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplirethinspdansthinspAristotelis [categoriae] 5thinsp2bthinsp29-36thinspouthinspencorethinspauthinspsujetthinspdethinsplrsquoasymeacutetriethinspdrsquoexistencethinspentrethinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspdrsquounethinsppartthinspetthinspleursthinspespegraveces et genres de lrsquoautre qursquoon peut lire dans Aristotelis [categoriae]thinsp5thinsp2bthinsp3-6thinspCfthinspeacutegalementthinsp

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nicomacheathinspIthinsp4thinsp1096athinsp11-13thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspβέλτιονthinspἴσωςthinspἐπισκέψασθαιthinspκαὶthinspδιαπορῆσαιthinspπῶςthinspλέγεταιthinspκαίπερthinspπροσάντουςthinspτῆςthinspτοιαύτηςthinspζητήσεωςthinspγινομένηςthinspδιὰthinspτὸthinspφίλουςthinspἄνδραςthinspεἰσαγαγεῖνthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinsp[ilthinspvautthinsppeut-ecirctrethinspmieuxthinspeacutetudierthinspltlethinspbiengtthinspenthinspgeacuteneacuteralthinspetthinspreacutesoudrethinsplesthinspdifficulteacutesthinsplieacutesthinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfaccedilonsthinspdethinsplethinspdirethinspmecircmethinspsithinspcettethinsptacircchethinspestthinsprenduethinspplusthinspdifficilethinspparthinsplrsquoamitieacutethinsppourthinspceuxthinspquithinspontthinspintroduitthinsplesthinspFormes]thinspraquothinspSurthinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspamitieacutethinspenthinspcethinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspchapitrethinspcfthinspL taran laquo Amicus Plato sed magis amica veritasthinspFromthinspPlatothinspandthinspAristotlethinsptothinspCervantesthinspraquothinspAntike und Abendland 30 (1984)thinsppthinsp93-124thinsp9thinspthinspLathinsppremiegraverethinspeacutetantthinspdirectethinsplathinspdeuxiegravemethinspfiltreacuteethinspparthinsplrsquoenseignementthinspdeacutelivreacutethinspparthinspCratylethinspunthinspheacuteracliteacuteenthinspradicalthinsp dontthinsp lethinsp portraitthinsp aussithinsp bienthinsp chezthinspAristotethinsp quethinsp chezthinspPlatonthinsp preacutesentethinsp desthinsp traitsthinsp caricaturauxthinsp(drsquoapregraves le premier ndash Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspΓthinspeacutedthinspM heCquet-devienne Peeters Louvain-la-Neuve 2008thinsp5thinsp1010athinsp10-15thinspndashthinspCratylethinspnethinspsrsquoexprimaitthinspqursquoenthinspbougeantthinsplethinspdoigtthinspthinspilthinspestthinspaffubleacutethinspchezthinsplethinspsecondthinspndash Platonis Cratylus E A duke W F hiCken W S M niCoLLthinspDthinspB robinSon et J C G StraChan (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1995thinsp429ethinsp5thinspndashthinspdrsquounthinsppatronymethinspagravethinsplrsquoallurethinspdethinspcalembourthinspthinspσμικρίωνοςthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsptraduirathinspsansthinspsoucithinspdethinsplitteacuteraliteacutethinsplaquothinspfilsthinspdethinspminusthinspraquothinspcethinspquithinsppourthinspquelqursquounthinspquithinspsrsquoappellethinspΚρατύλοςthinsplaquothinspfortichethinspraquothinspestthinsptoutthinspunthinspprogramme)thinsp10 Nous avons lu et commenteacute en quelque deacutetail Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987athinsp32thinsp-thinsp987bthinsp14thinsp(ce chapitre a eacuteteacute reacutecemment eacutetudieacute par C SteeLthinsplaquothinspPlatothinspasthinspseenthinspbythinspAristotlethinspMetaphysicsthinspAthinsp6thinspraquothinspdans C SteeLthinsp (eacuted)thinspAristotlersquos Metaphysics Alpha Symposium Aristotelicum Oxford University PressthinspOxfordthinsp2012thinsppthinsp167-200)thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp9-16thinspetthinsp27-34thinsp(cfthinspM narCythinsplaquothinspRendrethinspagravethinspSocratehellipthinspouthinspagravethinspDeacutemocritethinspthinsp(AristotethinspMeacutetaphysiquethinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp17-31)thinspraquothinspdansthinspG Giannantoni et M narCythinsp(eacuted)thinspLezioni socratichethinspBibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp1997thinsppthinsp81-96)thinspthinspMthinsp9thinsp1086athinsp31thinsp-thinsp1086bthinsp11thinsp(cfthinspL Gazziero Rationes ex machina La micrologie agrave lrsquoacircge de lrsquoindustrie de lrsquoargumentthinspVrinthinspParisthinsp2008thinsppthinsp145-151)thinspPour les trois cf eacutegalement L M CaSteLLi laquo Universals Particulars and Aristotlersquos Criticism of Platorsquos FormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspR Chiaradonna et G GaLLuzzothinsp(eacuted)thinspUniversals in Ancient Philosophy Edizioni della Normale Pise 2013 p 139-184 Rappelons que le troisiegraveme des quatre tomes des Socratis et Socraticorum reliquiae eacuted G GiannantonithinspBibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp1990-1991thinspestthinspconsacreacutethinspagravethinspAristotethinspteacutemointhinspdethinspSocratethinsp(le lecteur francophone peut eacutegalement consulter T deMan Le teacutemoignage drsquoAristote sur Socrate Les BellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1942)thinspLathinspbibliographiethinspeacutetantthinsptregravesthinsprichethinsp(cellethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdistribueacuteethinspcomptaitthinspagravethinspellethinsptoutthinspseulethinspquelquethinspcentthinspcinquantethinsptitres)thinspicithinsponthinspsignalerathinspauthinspmoinsthinspthinspG Giannantoni laquo Socrate nella MetafisicathinspdithinspAristotelethinspraquothinspdansthinspA bauSoLa et G reaLethinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotele Percheacute la metafisica VitathinspethinspPensierothinspMilanthinsp1994thinsppthinsp431-449thinspthinspWthinspJ PriorthinsplaquothinspSocratesthinspMetaphysicianthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp27thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp1-14thinspainsithinspquethinspJ ManSFeLdthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspSocratesrsquothinspContributionsthinsptothinspPhilosophythinspraquothinspdansthinspF aLeSSe F aronadio M C daLFino L SiMeone et E SPineLLithinsp(eacuted)thinspAnthropine Sophia Studi di filologia e storiografia filosofica in memoria di Gabriele GiannantonithinspBibliopolisthinspNaples 2008 p 337-349

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ne lui reconnaissait pas une existence indeacutependante de ce dont il se preacutedique en commun11 Ce qui sera plutocirct le cas des platoniciens qui apregraves les avoir seacutepareacutes (Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp31thinspthinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp10)thinspappellerontthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp31-32)thinsplesthinspuni-versaux que la sagaciteacute de Socrate avait permis drsquoatteindre dans un domaine au moinsthinspceluithinspdethinsplrsquoeacutethiquethinsp(Athinsp6thinsp987bthinsp1-4thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp17-19)12 Or qursquoest-ce qui a bienthinspputhinsppousserthinspPlatonthinspetthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspagravethinsppostulerthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspontologiquementthinsp

11thinspthinspCommethinspilthinspressortirathinspparthinsplathinspsuitethinspnousthinspconsideacuteronsthinspicithinspquethinsplathinspnotionthinspdethinspχωρισμόςthinspcoiumlncidethinsppourthinspautant qursquoelle intervient dans la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees avec le fait de posseacuteder une existencethinspcomparablethinspagravethinspcellethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinsp(cetthinsphomme-cithinspouthinspcetthinsphomme-lagrave)thinspEllethinspdemeurethinspenthinspreacutealiteacutethinspndashthinspcommethinspbienthinspdrsquoautresthinspnotionsthinspchezthinspAristotethinspndashthinspunthinspπολλαχῶςthinspλεγόμενονthinspCethinspquithinspexpliquethinspdu moins en partie la grande dispariteacutes de vues que lrsquoon rencontre chez les interpregravetes Encore que relativementthinspancienthinsplrsquoarticlethinspdethinspJthinspD MabbottthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinspandthinspthethinspXΩΡΙΣΜΟΣthinspofthinspPlatothinspraquothinspThe Classical Quarterlythinsp20thinsp(1926)thinsppthinsp72-79thinspdemeurethinspunthinspexcellentthinsppointthinspdethinspdeacutepartthinsppourthinspeacutetudierthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspthinsptoutthinspcommethinsplathinspmonographiethinspdethinspCthinspH Chen Das Chorismos-Problem bei AristotelesthinspLimbachthinspBerlinthinsp1940 (une deuxiegraveme monographie plus reacutecente eacutetant celle de L SPeLLMan Substance and Separation in AristotlethinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp1995)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspagravethinsppeuthinsppregravesthinspcontemporainsthinspdethinspM-D PhiLiPPethinspgardentthinspeuxthinspaussithinsptoutthinspleurthinspinteacuterecirctthinsplethinsppremierthinspsurtoutthinspthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspM-D PhiLiPPe laquothinsprsquoΑφαίρεσιςthinsp πρόσθεσιςthinsp χωρίζεινthinsp dansthinsp lathinsp philosophiethinsp drsquoAristotethinspraquothinspRevue thomistethinsp 48thinsp (1948)thinsppthinsp461-479thinspetthinsplaquothinspLathinspparticipationthinspdansthinsplathinspphilosophiethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspRevue thomistethinsp492thinsp(1949)thinsppthinsp254-277thinspLe lecteur francophone pourra eacutegalement consulter E de Strycker laquo La notion aristoteacutelicienne de seacuteparationthinspraquothinspdansthinspAAVV Autour drsquoAristote recueil drsquoeacutetudes de philosophie ancienne et meacutedieacutevale offert agrave Monseigneur A MansionthinspPublicationsthinspuniversitairesthinspdethinspLouvainthinspLouvainthinsp1955thinsppthinsp119-139thinspet R duFourthinsplaquothinspLathinspseacuteparationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp1thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp47-66thinspAgrave cocircteacute drsquoautres eacutetudes speacutecialement consacreacutees agrave la notion (cf eg M Gianni laquo Aristotele e la nozione di separazionethinspraquothinspAnnali del Dipartimento di filosofia dellrsquoUniversitagrave di Firenzethinsp3thinsp[1987]thinsppthinsp229-251thinspou encore G abbatethinsplaquothinspLathinspproblematicathinspdellathinspseparazionethinspnellathinspmetafisicathinspdithinspAristotelethinspraquothinspAnnali della Facoltagrave di Lettere e Filosofia dellrsquoUniversitagrave degli studi di Maceratathinsp32thinsp[1999]thinsppthinsp9-38)thinsponthinspmentionnera surtout la controverse entre G FinethinspetthinspDthinspR MorriSon dans les premiegraveres livraisons des Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy G Finethinsp laquothinspSeparationthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp2thinsp(1984)thinsppthinsp31-87thinspthinspDthinspR MorriSon laquo Separation in Aristotlersquos MetaphysicsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp3thinsp(1985)thinsppthinsp125-157thinspetthinsplaquothinspχωριστόςthinspinthinspAristotlethinspraquothinspHarvard Studies in Classical Philologythinsp89thinsp(1985)thinsppthinsp89-105thinspthinspG FinethinsplaquothinspSeparationthinspthinspAthinspReplythinsptothinspMorrisonthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp 3thinsp (1985)thinsp pthinsp 159-165thinspthinspDthinspR MorriSon laquo Separation a Reply to FinethinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp3thinsp(1985)thinsppthinsp167-173thinspParmithinsplesthinspchapitresthinspdrsquoouvragesthinsprappelonsthinspauthinspmoinsthinsplaquothinspSeparationthinspraquothinspdansthinspEthinspG katayaMa Aristotle on Artifacts A Metaphysical PuzzlethinspStatethinspUniversitythinspofthinspNewthinspYorkthinspPressthinspAlbanythinsp1999thinsppthinsp29-40thinsp12thinspthinspProbleacutematiquethinspouthinsppasthinsplrsquoidentificationthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspuniversauxthinspsemblethinspallerthinspdethinspsoithinsppourthinspAristotethinspthinsplaquothinspἀλλrsquothinspὁthinspμὲνthinspΣωκράτηςthinspτὰthinspκαθόλουthinspοὐthinspχωριστὰthinspἐποίειthinspοὐδὲthinspτοὺςthinspὁρισμούςmiddotthinspοἱthinspδrsquothinspἐχώρισανthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσανthinspὥστεthinspσυνέβαινενthinspαὐτοῖςthinspσχεδὸνthinspτῷthinspαὐτῷthinspλόγῳthinspπάντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[orthinspSocratethinspnethinspfaisaitthinspnithinspdesthinspuniverselsthinspnithinspdesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspalorsthinspqursquoilsthinspltlesgtthinspseacuteparaientthinspetthinspdonnaientthinspagravethinspdethinsptellesthinspentiteacutesthinsplethinspnomthinspdrsquoIdeacuteesthinspthinspaussithinspilsthinspenthinspsontthinspvenusthinspagravethinspposerthinspparthinsplethinspmecircmethinspraisonnementthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdrsquoagravethinsppeuthinsppregravesthinsptoutthinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspdrsquouniversel]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp30-34)thinspLathinspparenteacutethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspuniverselsthinspestthinspeacutegalementthinspeacutevoqueacuteethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinsplivrethinspEtathinspthinsplaquothinspτῷthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspγένειthinspκαὶthinspαἱthinspἰδέαιthinspσυνάπτουσινthinsp(κατὰthinspτὸνthinspαὐτὸνthinspγὰρthinspλόγονthinspοὐσίαιthinspδοκοῦσινthinspεἶναι)thinsp[P-M MoreL Aristote Metaphysique EtathinspVrinthinspParisthinsp2015thinsppthinsp63thinspthinsporthinspagravethinsplrsquouniverselthinspetthinspauthinspgenrethinspsethinsprattachentthinspaussithinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(crsquoestthinspenthinspvertuthinspduthinspmecircmethinspraisonnementthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspreacuteputeacuteesthinspecirctrethinspsubstances]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspHthinsp1thinsp1042athinsp15-16)thinspCommethinsplethinspreacutesumethinspdethinspfaccedilonthinsptregravesthinspperspicacethinspA Code laquo Philosophical Method in Aristotlersquos On IdeasthinspraquothinspInternationale Zeitschrift fuumlr Philosophiethinsp2thinsp(1998)thinsppthinsp198thinspthinsplaquothinspwhatthinspisthinspunderthinspdisputethinspisthinspnotthinspwhetherthinsptherethinsparethinspuniversalsthinspbutthinspwhetherthinspthesethinspuniversalsthinsparethinspideasthinsp[cethinspquithinspestthinspcontroverseacutethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsplathinspquestionthinspdethinspsavoirthinspsrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspuniversauxthinspmaisthinspcellethinspdethinspsavoirthinspsithinspcesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspdesthinspIdeacutees]thinspraquothinsp

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plusthinsprobustesthinspquethinsplesthinspuniversauxthinsprechercheacutesthinspparthinspSocratethinspthinspCrsquoestthinsplagravethinspqursquointervientthinsplathinspdeuxiegravemethinspfiliationthinspquethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdrsquoeacutevoquerthinspthinsppersuadeacutesthinspdethinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspdesthinspthegravesesthinspdrsquoHeacuteraclitethinspndashthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspquethinsp lesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsensiblesthinspsontthinspemporteacuteesthinspdansthinspunthinspfluxthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsrsquoeacutecoulentthinspsansthinspcessethinspcethinspquithinsprendthinspleurthinspconnaissancethinspimpossiblethinsp(Athinsp6thinsp987athinsp32thinsp-thinsp987b1thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp12-16)thinspndashthinspPlatonthinspetthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspontthinspeuthinsprecoursthinspagravethinspdrsquoautresthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspquithinspexisteraientthinspenthinspplusthinspetthinspagravethinspcocircteacutethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspsensiblesthinsp(Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp15-16)thinsp

Il ne fait pas de doute qursquoAristote prend parti en lrsquooccurrence pour Socrate dontthinspilthinspathinspsalueacutethinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplrsquointeacuterecirctthinspfondateurthinsppourthinsplrsquouniverselthinspetthinsploueacutethinsplathinspsobrieacuteteacutethinspouthinsplathinspparcimonie ontologique13 Il deacutenonce en revanche le tournant ideacutealiste de ceux qui au lieu de se contenter de diffeacuterencier lrsquouniversel des particuliers comme lrsquoavaitthinspfaitthinspSocratethinspenthinspontthinspfaitthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspthinsplaquothinspτοῦτοthinspδέthinsp[hellip]thinspἐκίνησεthinspμὲνthinspΣωκράτηςthinspδιὰthinspτοὺςthinspὁρισμούςthinspοὐthinspμὴνthinspἐχώρισέthinspγεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονmiddotthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspὀρθῶςthinspἐνόησενthinspοὐthinspχωρίσαςthinspδηλοῖthinspδὲthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἔργωνmiddotthinspἄνευthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspτοῦthinspκαθόλουthinspοὐκthinspἔστινthinspἐπιστήμηνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspχωρίζεινthinspαἴτιονthinspτῶνthinspσυμβαινόντωνthinspδυσχερῶνthinspπερὶthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspἐστίνthinsp[Socratethinspathinspmisthinsplttoutgtthinspcelathinspenthinspbranlethinspparthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinspthinspilthinspnethinspltlesgt seacuteparait cependant pas des particuliers et il avait raison de penser ltqursquoelles ne sontgt pas seacutepareacutees Ce qui ressort clairement ltde la consideacuterationgt des reacutesultats drsquounethinsppartthinspsansthinsplrsquouniverselthinspilthinspestthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspparvenirthinspagravethinsplathinspsciencethinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplathinspseacuteparationthinspestthinsplathinspcausethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquithinspsurviennentthinspavecthinsplesthinspIdeacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Mthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp2-7)thinspOnthinsppeutthinspdoncthinspconclurethinspquethinspdrsquoapregravesthinspAristotethinspduthinspmoinsthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdes Ideacutees nrsquoeacutetaient pas les premiers agrave consideacuterer lrsquouniversel agrave part de la multipli-citeacute Il leur reviendrait en revanche drsquoavoir fait de la seacuteparation la maniegravere dont lrsquouniversel existe en dehors de la pluraliteacute dont il constitue lrsquouniteacute

Surthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspcettethinsppremiegraverethinspreconnaissancethinspagravethinspmecircmethinsplesthinsp textesthinspnousthinspnousthinspsommesthinspefforceacutesthinspdethinspreacutepondrethinspagravethinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinspquestionsthinspLesthinspdeuxthinspprincipalesthinspeacutetantthinspthinsppremiegraverementthinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvraithinspquethinsplethinspχωρισμόςthinspconstituethinsplathinspseulethinspalternativethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstabiliteacutethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspenthinspdevenir14thinspagravethinspquelthinsptypethinspdrsquoentiteacutesthinspcettethinspseacuteparationthinspaboutit-t-ellethinspthinspDeuxiegravemementthinspqursquoestthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdethinspbienthinspmalencontreuxthinspdansthinspcettethinspseacuteparationthinsppour qursquoAristote en fasse la racine de tous les inconveacutenients dont souffrirait la doctrine des Ideacutees15

13 On se souviendra que lrsquoune des attaques les plus seacutevegraveres qursquoAristote adresse aux partisans des Ideacuteesthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspredoublentthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspabsurdethinsplethinspnombrethinspdesthinspeacutetantsthinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica A 9 992a 26-27thinspthinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12)thinspCethinspquithinspestthinsplethinsprefletthinspdrsquounethinspcomptabiliteacutethinspaberrantethinspquithinspmultipliethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspeacutetaitthinspplusthinspaiseacutethinspdethinsplesthinspcompterthinsplorsqursquoilsthinspsontthinspplusthinspnombreuxthinspquethinsplorsqursquoilsthinspsontthinspmoinsthinspnombreuxthinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8)thinspLrsquoobjectionthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspeacutetudieacuteethinspaussithinspenthinspdeacutetailthinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplethinspsouhaiterthinspdansthinspD LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave Meacutetaphysique A 9 990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspSurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp(2008)thinsppthinsp305-32214thinspthinspLrsquoaffirmationthinsppeutthinspparaicirctrethinspndashthinspdethinspprimethinspabordthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppeuthinsppeacuteremptoirethinspmaisthinspellethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdeacutepourvuethinspde fondement Cf notamment Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp7-9thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδrsquothinspὡςthinspἀναγκαῖονthinspεἴπερthinspἔσονταίthinspτινεςthinspοὐσίαιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspαἰσθητὰςthinspκαὶthinspῥεούσαςthinspχωριστὰςthinspεἶναιthinsp[srsquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinspunthinspfluxthinspilthinspestthinspneacutecessairethinsppourthinspeuxthinspqursquoellesthinspsoientthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp15thinspthinspCettethinspaffirmationthinspaussithinsppeutthinspparaicirctrethinspquelquethinsppeuthinspexcessivethinspmaisthinspellethinspnonthinspplusthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspsansthinspfondement dans les textes Agrave cocircteacute drsquoAristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp2-7thinspquethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspciterthinspetthinspquithinspestthinspassezthinspexplicitethinspenthinspcethinspsensthinsponthinspeacutevoquerathinspeacutegalementthinspMthinsp9thinsp1085athinsp23-29thinspougravethinspAristotethinsprevientthinspsurthinsplathinspracinethinspcommunethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdansthinsplesquellesthinspversentthinsplesthinspdoctrinesthinspacadeacutemiciennesthinspdesthinspnombresthinspetthinspdesthinspgrandeursthinsp(πάντωνthinspδὲthinspκοινὸνthinspτούτων)thinspetthinspquithinspestthinspanaloguethinspagravethinspcellethinspquithinspconsistethinspagravethinsptraiterthinsplesthinspgenresthinsp

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Aristote ndash tout comme Platon drsquoailleurs ndash nrsquoa pas poseacute explicitement les deux questions Il y a toutefois non seulement de quoi les formuler mais aussi de quoi leurthinspapporterthinspunethinspreacuteponsethinspenthinspsrsquoautorisantthinspsansthinsptropthinsplesthinsptiraillerthinspdrsquounthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspde textes tireacutes du corpus de lrsquoun et de lrsquoautre

EnthinspdeacutepitthinspduthinspfaitthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdeacutenonccedilaitthinspndashthinspencorethinspquethinspdethinspmaniegraverethinsppassablementthinspdeacutetourneacutee et non sans ironie16 ndash lrsquoamalgame des Ideacutees et des particuliers Aristote semblethinsplrsquoavoirthinspfondamentalementthinsprepristhinspagravethinspsonthinspcomptethinspthinspilthinspenthinspathinspmecircmethinspfaitthinsplathinspchevillethinspouvriegravere de son rejet des Formes seacutepareacutees Aussi si lrsquoon pose la question de savoir cethinspqursquoontthinspenthinspcommunthinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspprecirctaitthinspauthinsppersonnagethinspeacuteponymethinspdans la premiegravere partie du Parmeacutenide17 drsquoune part et drsquoautre part les critiques

commethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(ὅπερthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspτῶνthinspὡςthinspγένουςthinspσυμβαίνειthinspδιαπορεῖν)thinspDethinspfaitthinsp lorsqursquoonthinspnethinspseacuteparethinsppasthinsplrsquouniverselthinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspproblegravemethinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspμὴthinspχωριστοῦthinspμὲνthinspὄντοςthinspοὐδεμίανthinspποιήσειthinspἀπορίαν)thinspalorsthinspquethinspndashthinsplorsqursquoonthinsplethinspseacuteparethinspcommethinsplethinspfontthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspndashthinsponthinspsethinsprendthinsplathinspviethinspdifficilethinspsithinspcethinspnrsquoestthinspimpossiblethinsp(χωριστοῦthinspδέthinspὥσπερthinspοἱthinspταῦταthinspλέγοντέςthinspφασιthinspτοῦthinspἑνὸςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀριθμῶνthinspοὐthinspῥᾴδιονthinspλῦσαιthinspεἰthinspμὴthinspῥᾴδιονthinspδεῖthinspλέγεινthinspτὸthinspἀδύνατον)thinsp16thinspthinspMecircmethinspsithinsponthinsplaissethinspdethinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinspquestionsthinsptregravesthinspdeacutebattuesthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspduthinspdialoguethinspainsithinspquethinspetthinspsurtoutthinspdethinspsathinspfinaliteacutethinsp(questionsthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspabordeacuteesthinspenthinspquelquethinspdeacutetailthinspagravethinsppartirthinspdesthinspmateacuteriauxthinsprassembleacutesthinspenthinspvuethinspdrsquounethinsppublicationthinspreacutecentethinspagravethinspsavoirthinspL Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspRevue de Philosophie Anciennethinsp32thinsp(2014)thinsppthinsp35-85thinspthinspquestionsthinspauthinspsujetthinspdesquellesthinspvautthinspencorethinspetthinsptoujoursthinspcethinspque R kLibanSkythinspeacutecrivaitthinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspsoixantethinspansthinspauthinsptoutthinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspsonthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspParmenides in thethinspMiddlethinspAgesthinspandthinspthethinspRenaissancethinspraquothinspMediaeval and Renaissance Studiesthinsp1thinsp(1943)thinsppthinsp281thinspthinsplaquothinspNothinspother Platonic dialogue perhaps no other philosophical work has undergone such strange vicissitudes as the ParmenidesthinspConsideredthinspbythinsponethinspgroupthinspofthinspexegetesthinspasthinspathinspmerethinspexercisethinspinthinspdialecticthinspregardedthinspbythinspanotherthinspasthinspanthinspimportantthinspcontributionthinsptothinspthethinsptheorythinspofthinspideasthinsprejectedthinspbythinspsomethinspasthinspspuriousthinspviewedthinspbythinspathinspfewthinspasthinspathinsphumorousthinspparodythinspandthinspextolledthinspbythinspmanythinspasthinspthethinspsupremethinspexpressionthinspofthinspPlatonicthinsptheologythinspitsthinspcharacterthinspwasthinspnothinsplessthinspdisputedthinspinthinspthethinspschoolsthinspofthinspAntiquitythinspthanthinspamongthinspmodernthinspinterpretersthinspraquo)thinsponthinspconviendra aiseacutement que plus drsquoun aspect de la mise en scegravene du Parmeacutenide peut laisser le lecteur perplexethinspthinsp depuisthinsp lrsquoimprobablethinsp datethinsp dramatiquethinsp jusqursquoauthinsp choixthinsp desthinsp personnagesthinsp ndashthinsp quithinsp nethinsp brillentthinsppasthinsppourthinsp leurthinspcreacutedibiliteacutethinspphilosophiquethinspndashthinspquithinspsethinspseraientthinsp relayeacutesthinsp lethinspreacutecitthinspdrsquounthinspentretienthinspndashthinspqursquoonthinsp litthinspde troisiegraveme main ndash qui aurait eu lieu entre un Parmeacutenide deacutesormais vieillissant et un Socrate plus preacutecoce dans son attachement aux Ideacutees qursquoon aurait pu le croire moins inspireacute cependant dans son rocircle tout aussi atypique de reacutepondant plutocirct que de questionneur 17thinspthinspNousthinsp avonsthinsp consacreacutethinsp lesthinsp seacuteancesthinsp duthinsp 2thinsp etthinsp 9thinspmarsthinsp 2015thinsp agravethinsp unethinsp lecturethinsp commenteacuteethinsp dethinspPlatonis Parmenides eacuted C MoreSChinithinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1966thinsp127athinsp7thinsp(ἔφηthinspδὲthinspδὴthinspὁthinsprsquoΑντιφῶνthinspλέγεινthinspτὸνthinspΠυθόδωρονthinspὅτιthinspκτλthinspougravethinspdeacutebutethinsplethinspreacutecitthinspduthinsppremierthinspeacutechangethinspentrethinspSocratethinspetthinspZeacutenonthinsppreacuteludethinspdethinspceluithinspavecthinspParmeacutenide)thinsp-thinsp135ethinsp4thinsp(οὗτοςthinspεἶπενthinspὅνπερthinspἤκουσαςthinspΖήνωνοςthinspκτλthinspougravethinspsrsquoachegravevethinsplethinspreacutequisitoirethinspde Parmeacutenide contre les Formes avec la revendication ndash agrave premiegravere vue paradoxale ndash de lrsquoexigence dethinsppostulerthinspleurthinspexistence)thinspAgravethinsppartirthinspdethinsplathinspconsideacuterationthinspdrsquounthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquoindicesthinspinternesthinspetthinspexternes nous avons repris la suggestion selon laquelle lrsquoarsenal deacuteployeacute contre lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees ne sanctionnethinsppasthinspsonthinspnaufragethinsp(auxthinspnombreusesthinspnuancesthinsppregravesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdethinsplathinsplignethinspinterpreacutetativethinspinaugureacuteethinsppar J wahL Eacutetude sur le Parmeacutenide de Platon F riederthinspParisthinsp1926thinsppthinsp31thinspetthinsp35thinspthinspFthinspM CornFord Plato and Parmenides Parmenidesrsquo laquo Way of truth raquo and Platorsquos Parmenides London Kegan Paul TrenchthinspTrubnerthinsp1939thinsppthinsp86-87thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy J hoPkinS PressthinspBaltimorethinsp1944thinsppthinsp292-298thinspetthinsp536thinspthinspD roSS Platorsquos Theory of Ideas Clarendon Press Oxford 1951thinsppthinsp87-89)thinspSithinsplesthinspFormesthinspnethinspsortentthinsppasthinsprenforceacuteesthinspdethinspcettethinspordaliethinsponthinspauraitthinsptoutefoisthinsptortthinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinspcroyancethinspdansthinspleurthinspexistencethinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspeacutebranleacuteethinspParmithinsplesthinspindicesthinspexternesthinspmilitantthinspenthinspfaveurthinspdrsquounthinspbilanthinspcritiquethinspplutocirctthinspmitigeacutethinspduthinspreacutequisitoirethinspparmeacutenideacuteenthinspmentionnonsthinspauthinspmoinsthinsplesthinspdeux qui paraissent eacutevoquer la passe drsquoarmes du Parmeacutenide En premier lieu Platonis Timaeus eacuted A rivaudthinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1925thinsp51bthinsp7thinsp-thinsp51dthinsp2thinspougravethinsptoutthinspenthinspreconnaissantthinsplathinspleacutegitimiteacutethinspdrsquounethinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

128

qursquoAristote adresse aux partisans des Ideacutees on ne srsquoeacuteloignera pas de la veacuteriteacute en reacutepondant que crsquoest justement le fait de consideacuterer drsquoun seul tenant les particuliers sensiblesthinspetthinspleursthinspcontrepartiesthinspintelligiblesthinsp

LethinsprappelthinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinspdialoguethinspplatonicien18 permet agrave Socrate de deacutejouer ndash pour un temps au moins ndash les arguments de Zeacutenon contre la multipliciteacutethinspenthinsplesthinspreleacuteguantthinspdansthinspunethinspreacutegionthinspdethinsplrsquoecirctrethinspcellethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspenthinspdevenirthinspqui ndash preacuteciseacutement ndash nrsquoest pas celle des Formes lesquelles se trouveraient par lagrave-mecircmethinspsoustraitesthinspauxthinspparadoxesthinspquithinspaffectentthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspLesthinspIdeacuteesthinsppermettentthinspdonc de relativiser ou de reacutegionaliser les paradoxes souleveacutes par Zeacutenon les choses drsquoici-basthinsppeuventthinsppreacutesenterthinspdesthinspcaractegraveresthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspcontradictoires19 Il nrsquoy a lagrave

mise agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees le personnage eacuteponyme lui accorde cependant une place assezthinspmodestethinspdansthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspvoirethinspmecircmethinspaccessoirethinsp (ilthinsp srsquoagitthinspcommethinspilthinspestthinspditthinspenthinsp51cthinsp7thinspdrsquounthinspsimplethinspπάρεργον)thinspthinspaucunethinspdesthinsppreuvesthinspagravethinspchargethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspnrsquoestthinspreprisethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspunethinspinstructionthinspsubsidiairethinspouthinspdethinspsubstitutionthinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspclasserthinspsansthinspsuitethinsplesthinspsoupccedilonsthinspagravethinspsonthinspencontrethinspenthinspmobilisantthinsplathinspdistinctionthinspentrethinspsensiblethinspetthinspintelligiblethinspquithinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcellethinspinvoqueacuteethinspparthinsplethinspjeunethinspSocratethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinspParmeacutenidethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoilthinspintroduitthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspafinthinspdethinspcontournerthinsplesthinspparadoxes zeacutenoniens de la multipliciteacute En second lieu Platonis Philebus eacuted A diegraveS Les Belles LettresthinspParisthinsp1941thinsp14cthinsp7thinsp-thinsp15cthinsp3thinspougravethinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspagravethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspetthinspagravethinsplathinspmultipliciteacutethinspdansthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdansthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspaporiesthinspeacutevoqueacuteesthinspdansthinspdesthinsptermesthinsptregravesthinspprochesthinspdethinspceuxthinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplirethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspnotrethinspdialoguethinspndashthinspnethinspsontthinsppasthinspmoinsthinsppreacutesenteacuteesthinspcommethinspunethinspcausethinspdrsquoembarrasthinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspἁπάσηςthinspἀπορίαςthinspαἴτια)thinspquethinspcommethinspunethinspressourcethinsppreacutecieusethinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspεὐπορίαςthinspltαἴτιαgt)thinspagravethinspconditionthinspndashthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspdethinsplesthinspneacutegocierthinspcorrectementthinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspκαλῶςthinspὁμολογηθέντα)thinspParmithinsplesthinspindicesthinspinternesthinsprappelonsthinsples deux principaux En premier lieu les critiques que le personnage eacuteponyme adresse agrave son jeune partenairethinspdethinspdiscussionthinsptoutthinspnombreusesthinspetthinspvarieacuteesthinspqursquoellesthinspsoientthinspparthinspailleursthinspnrsquoaboutissentthinsppasthinspau rejet de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees Bien au contraire sa valeur eacutepisteacutemologique voire la neacutecessiteacute de cettethinsphypothegravesethinspestthinsprevendiqueacuteethinspparthinspParmeacutenidethinsplui-mecircmethinspthinspsethinspdeacutetournerthinspdesthinspFormesthinsprevientthinspagravethinsppriverthinsplathinsppenseacuteethinspdethinsptoutethinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspsethinspdonnerthinspunthinspobjetthinspainsithinspqursquoagravethinspdeacutetruirethinsplethinspfondementthinspdethinsplathinspdialectiquethinspetthinspdethinspsathinsppratiquethinspautantthinspdirethinspdethinsplathinspphilosophiethinspelle-mecircmethinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp135bthinsp5thinsp-thinsp135cthinsp6)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu non seulement Parmeacutenide rappelle que lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees constitue la condition sine qua nonthinspdethinsplathinsppenseacuteethinspetthinspduthinspdiscoursthinspmaisthinspencorethinspilthinspaidethinspSocratethinspagravethinspidentifierthinsplrsquooriginethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdansthinsplesquellesthinspilthinsplrsquoathinspplongeacutethinspEtthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspavisthinspcesthinspaporiesthinspembarrassentthinsplethinspjeunethinspSocratethinspmoinsthinspparcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspinheacuterentesthinspagravethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdoncthinspincontournablesthinspvoirethinspinsurmontablesthinspque parce qursquoil nrsquoest pas assez expeacuterimenteacute pour les deacutejouer ou qursquoil srsquoy est pris trop tocirct pour le faire CesthinspdifficulteacutesthinsptiennentthinspdoncthinspmoinsthinspauthinspfaitthinspquethinsplesthinspFormesthinspposentthinspdavantagethinspdethinspproblegravemesthinspqursquoellethinspnethinsppermettentthinspdrsquoenthinspreacutesoudrethinspqursquoauthinspfaitthinspquethinspSocratethinspsrsquoestthinspattaqueacutethinspagravethinspcesthinspproblegravemesthinsptropthinspjeunethinspetthinspsansthinsplethinspbagagethinspouthinsplrsquoentraicircnementthinspneacutecessairesthinspagravethinsplesthinspreacutesoudrethinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp130ethinsp1-4thinspetthinsp135cthinsp8thinsp-thinsp135d)thinsp18 Platonis Parmenidesthinsp128ethinsp5thinsp-thinsp129athinsp3thinspthinsplaquothinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspοὐthinspνομίζειςthinspεἶναιthinspαὐτὸthinspκαθrsquothinsp[129a]thinspαὑτὸthinspεἶδόςthinsp τιthinsp ὁμοιότητοςthinsp καὶthinsp τῷthinsp τοιούτῳthinsp αὖthinsp ἄλλοthinsp τιthinsp ἐναντίονthinsp ὃthinsp ἔστινthinsp ἀνόμοιονmiddotthinsp τούτοινthinsp δὲthinsp δυοῖνthinspὄντοινthinspκαὶthinspἐμὲthinspκαὶthinspσὲthinspκαὶthinspτἆλλαthinspἃthinspδὴthinspπολλὰthinspκαλοῦμενthinspμεταλαμβάνεινthinspthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτῆςthinspὁμοιότητοςthinspμεταλαμβάνονταthinspὅμοιαthinspγίγνεσθαιthinsp ταύτῃthinspτεthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτοσοῦτονthinspὅσονthinspἂνthinspμεταλαμβάνῃthinsp τὰthinspδὲthinspτῆςthinspἀνομοιότητοςthinspἀνόμοιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspἀμφοτέρωνthinspἀμφότεραthinspthinsp[L briSSon Platon Parmeacutenide Flammarion Paris 1999 p 90 laquo ltSocrate gt ne partages-tu pas ces convictions il y a une Forme en soi de la RessemblancethinspthinspunethinsptellethinspFormethinspathinsppourthinspcontrairethinspcethinspqursquoestthinsplathinspDissemblancethinspthinsplesthinspchosesthinspdontthinspnousthinspdisonsthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspmultiplesthinspmoithinsptoithinspouthinspautrethinspchosethinspparticipentthinspagravethinspcesthinspdeuxthinspFormesthinspquithinspsontthinspveacuteritablementthinspthinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspparcethinspqursquoellesthinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspRessemblancethinspetthinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspellesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspquethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspRessemblancethinspsontthinspsemblablesthinsptandisthinspquethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspDissemblancethinspsontthinspdissemblablesthinspetthinspquethinspcellesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspauxthinspdeuxthinspFormesthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspsontthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspsemblablesthinspetthinspdissemblables]thinspraquothinsp19 Cf Platonis Parmenidesthinsp129athinsp6thinsp-thinsp129dthinsp6thinspougravethinspSocratethinspfaitthinspremarquerthinspquethinsplethinspmecircmethinsphommethinsptoutthinspuniquethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspdrsquoautresthinspecirctresthinsphumainsthinspapparaicirctthinspmultiplethinsplorsqursquoonthinspconsidegraverethinspqursquoilthinspathinsp

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rienthinspdethinspbienthinspeacutetonnantthinspCethinspquithinspeacutetonneraitthinspSocratethinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspdethinspfaitthinspvathinsplrsquoeacutetonnerthinspdansthinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinspdialoguethinspndashthinspcethinspseraitthinspplutocirctthinspdethinspretrouverthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinspcontradictions que tout un chacun peut constater au niveau du monde de lrsquoexpeacuterience Crsquoestthinsplethinspsensthinspduthinspdeacutefithinspqursquoilthinsplancethinspndashthinspenthinsp129ethinsp3thinsp-130athinsp2thinspndashthinspavantthinspdethinspceacutederthinsplathinspparolethinspauthinsppersonnagethinspquithinspdonnethinspauthinspdialoguethinspsonthinsptitrethinspthinsplaquothinspταῦταthinspδὲthinspἀνδρείωςthinspμὲνthinspπάνυthinspἡγοῦμαιthinspπεπραγματεῦσθαιmiddotthinspπολὺthinspμεντἂνthinspὧδεthinspμᾶλλονthinspὡςthinspλέγωthinspἀγασθείηνthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἔχοιthinspτὴνthinspαὐτὴνthinspταύτηνthinspἀπορίανthinspἐνthinspαὐτοῖςthinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσιthinsp[130a]thinspπαντοδαπῶςthinspπλεκομένηνthinspὥσπερthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspὁρωμένοιςthinspδιήλθετεthinspοὕτωςthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspλογισμῷthinspλαμβανομένοιςthinspἐπιδεῖξαιthinsp[L Brisson Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ton argumentation tu la conduis avec unethinspbellethinspetthinspmacirclethinspvigueurthinspmaisthinspavecthinspcombienthinspplusthinspdethinspplaisirthinspencorethinspjethinsplethinspreacutepegravetethinspjrsquoapplaudiraisthinspceluithinspquithinspsauraitthinspmontrerthinspcommentthinspcettethinspmecircmethinspdifficulteacutethinspsethinspretrouvethinspentrelaceacuteethinspdethinsptoutethinspsortethinspdethinspfaccedilonsthinspauthinspniveauthinspmecircmethinspdesthinspFormesthinspetthinspquithinspdeacutemontreraitthinspquethinspcettethinspdifficulteacutethinspquethinspvousthinspParmeacutenidethinspetthinsptoithinspZeacutenonthinspavezthinspdeacutecritethinspenthinspdeacutetailthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspvisiblesthinspsethinspmanifestethinspaussithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspquethinspsaisitthinsplathinspraison]thinspraquothinspOrthinspParmeacutenidethinsprelegravevethinsplethinspdeacutefithinspdethinspSocratethinspetthinspfaitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspce que celui-ci sommait Zeacutenon drsquoaccomplir agrave savoir faire remonter au niveau des Ideacutees les paradoxes qursquoil pensait avoir circonscrits au domaine des particuliers sensibles20thinspCelathinspsethinsptraduitthinspparthinspunethinspbatteriethinspdethinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinspParmeacutenidethinspsoulegravevethinspetthinspquithinsppartagentthinspunthinspmecircmethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspDethinspfaitthinspcethinspquithinspconfegraverethinspagravethinspcesthinspaporiesthinspleurthinspallurethinspcontraignantethinspetthinspplusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquithinspleurthinspassurethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspformuleacuteesthinspdansthinspdesthinsptermesthinspquithinsprendentthinspleurthinspsolutionthinspimpossiblethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspquethinsptoutthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspqursquoelles soient des individus mateacuteriels les Formes sont traiteacutees agrave leur tour comme desthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspphysiquesthinspToutthinspcommethinspcelles-cithinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspnithinspecirctrethinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdrsquoelles-mecircmesthinspnithinspsethinsptrouverthinspenthinspmecircmethinsptempsthinspenthinspplusieursthinspendroitsthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquoellesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspecirctrethinspcommunesthinspauxthinspplusieursthinspsinonthinspagravethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdrsquounthinsptoutthinspcorporelthinspdontthinspchacunthinsppossegravederaitthinspalternativementthinsplrsquointeacutegraliteacutethinspouthinspunethinsppartiethinspthinspellesthinsppeuventthinspenthinsprevanchethinspecirctrethinspcompteacuteesthinspenthinspplusthinspetthinspagravethinspcocircteacutethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspleurthinspressemblerthinspetthinspsethinspressemblerthinspentrethinspellesthinspetcthinsp

plusieursthinspmembresthinsptoutthinspcommethinspilthinspapparaicirctthinspdiffeacuterentthinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspobservethinspquethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspdroitthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspgauchethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsplethinspmecircmethinspsithinsponthinsplethinspregardethinspdethinspfrontthinspouthinspdethinspdosthinspetcthinsp20 Le point de deacutepart de ce tour de force dialectique est un deuxiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacuteesthinspdontthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspestthinsptregravesthinspsignificatifthinspenthinspcethinspqursquoilthinspintroduitthinsplethinspregistrethinspdethinsplathinspseacuteparationthinsp(Formesthinspetthinspparticuliersthinspsontthinspχωρίςthinspagravethinsppartthinsplesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautres)thinspthinsplaquothinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspκαίthinspμοιthinspεἰπέthinspαὐτὸςthinspσὺthinspοὕτωthinspδιῄρησαιthinspὡςthinspλέγειςthinspχωρὶςthinspμὲνthinspεἴδηthinspαὐτὰthinspἄτταthinspχωρὶςthinspδὲthinspτὰthinspτούτωνthinspαὖthinspμετέχονταthinspthinspκαίthinspτίthinspσοιthinspδοκεῖthinspεἶναιthinspαὐτὴthinspὁμοιότηςthinspχωρὶςthinspἧςthinspἡμεῖςthinspὁμοιότητοςthinspἔχομενthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspδὴthinspκαὶthinspπολλὰthinspκαὶthinspπάνταthinspὅσαthinspνυνδὴthinspΖήνωνοςthinspἤκουεςthinspthinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspἔμοιγεthinspφάναιthinspτὸνthinspΣωκράτηthinsp[L briSSon Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspetthinspdis-moithinspas-tuthinspfaitthinsptoi-mecircmethinsplathinspdistinctionthinspdontthinsptuthinspparlesthinspmettantthinspdrsquounthinspcocircteacutethinspcethinspquethinsptuthinspappellesthinsplesthinspFormesthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinspdrsquounthinspautrethinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspenthinspparticipentthinspthinspEtthinsptethinspsemble-t-ilthinspqursquoilthinspythinspaitthinspunethinspRessemblancethinspenthinspsoithinspdistinctethinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspenthinspnousthinspetthinspqursquoilthinspenthinspvathinspdethinspmecircmethinsppourthinsplrsquoUniteacutethinsppourthinsplathinspPluraliteacutethinspetthinsppourthinsptoutesthinsplesthinspchosesthinspquethinspZeacutenonthinspvientthinspdrsquoeacutevoquerthinspthinspltSocratethinspgtthinspenthinspcethinspquithinspmethinspconcernethinsp jethinsp lethinsp reconnaisthinsp reacuteponditthinspSocrate]thinspraquothinsp (Platonis Parmenidesthinsp 130bthinsp1-6)thinspAuthinspsujetthinspdethinsplathinsplaquothinspseacuteparationthinspraquothinsptellethinspqursquoellethinspestthinsppreacutefigureacuteethinspchezthinspPlatonthinspcfthinspG vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspldquoSeparationrdquothinspinthinspPlatothinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp5thinsp(1987)thinsppthinsp186-197thinspetthinspDthinspT devereux laquo Separation and ImmanencethinspinthinspPlatorsquosthinspTheorythinspofthinspFormsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp12thinsp(1994)thinsppthinsp63-90thinsp

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Ce preacutesupposeacute est clairement agrave lrsquoœuvre dans les apories meacutereacuteologiques qui ouvrent le reacutequisitoire contre les Formes21 La participation des particuliers aux Formes ne diffegravere en rien de la participation des particuliers entre eux seul un corpsthinspmateacuterielthinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspdonneacutethinspenthinsppartagethinspouthinspbienthinsptoutthinspentierthinspouthinspbienthinspenthinspplusieursthinspmorceaux seuls des individus mateacuteriels et leurs parties peuvent avoir une taille et ecirctrethinspplusthinspgrandsthinspouthinspplusthinsppetitsthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspetcthinspSithinspbienthinspquethinsplrsquoalternativethinspbinairethinspsur laquelle repose le dilemme de la participation22thinspagravethinspsavoirthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspparticiperthinspqursquoagravethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinsplrsquounethinspdethinspsesthinsppartiesthinspnrsquoathinspdethinspsensthinspquethinspsithinsplathinspFormethinspestthinsptraiteacuteethinspcommethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquoaussithinspconcretthinspquethinsplesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspvisiblesthinspetthinsptangiblesthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinsp

Ce preacutesupposeacute est formuleacute en toutes lettres dans lrsquoun des arguments avanceacutes par Parmeacutenide23thinspmecircmethinspsithinspcelathinspestthinsptropthinspsouventthinsppasseacutethinspsousthinspsilencethinspdansthinsplathinsplitteacutera-ture secondaire24thinspDethinspfaitthinsplathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspparthinsplaquellethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsp(enthinsp

21 La seacutequence est ouverte par un troisiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees et notamment de lrsquoeacuteponymie qui les lie aux reacutealiteacutes qui en participent (cf Platonis Parmenides 130e 4 et sq)thinsp22thinspthinspCrsquoestthinspSocratethinsplui-mecircmethinspquithinspestthinspameneacutethinspagravethinspreconnaicirctrethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdrsquoautresthinsppossibiliteacutesthinspthinsplaquothinspκαὶthinspπῶςthinspἄνthinspthinspraquothinspreacutepond-ilthinspenthinspeffetthinspagravethinspParmeacutenidethinspquithinspluithinspdemandethinspsithinspunethinsplaquothinspautrethinspparticipationthinspraquothinspndashthinspenthinspplusthinspdethinspcellethinspprisethinspdansthinsplrsquoalternativethinspduthinsptoutthinspetthinspdesthinsppartiesthinspndashthinspest-ellethinsppossiblethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐκοῦνthinspἤτοιthinspὅλουthinspτοῦthinspεἴδουςthinspἢthinspμέρουςthinspἕκαστονthinspτὸthinspμεταλαμβάνονthinspμεταλαμβάνειthinspthinspἢthinspἄλληthinspτιςthinspἂνthinspμετάληψιςthinspχωρὶςthinspτούτωνthinspγένοιτοthinspthinspraquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp131athinsp4-6)thinsp23 Cf Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp1thinspthinsplaquothinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspοἶμαίthinspσεthinspἐκthinspτοῦthinspτοιοῦδεthinspἓνthinspἕκαστονthinspεἶδοςthinspοἴεσθαιthinspεἶναιmiddotthinspὅτανthinspπόλλrsquothinspἄτταthinspμεγάλαthinspδόξῃthinspσοιthinspεἶναιthinspμίαthinspτιςthinspἴσωςthinspδοκεῖthinspἰδέαthinspἡthinspαὐτὴthinspεἶναιthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἰδόντιthinspὅθενthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspμέγαthinspἡγῇthinspεἶναιthinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspἀληθῆthinspλέγειςthinspφάναιthinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspτίthinspδrsquothinspαὐτὸthinspτὸthinspμέγαthinspκαὶthinspτἆλλαthinspτὰthinspμεγάλαthinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinspοὐχὶthinspἕνthinspτιthinspαὖthinspμέγαthinspφανεῖταιthinspᾧthinsp ταῦταthinsp πάνταthinsp ἀνάγκηthinsp μεγάλαthinsp φαίνεσθαιthinspthinsp ltΣωκράτηςgtthinsp ἔοικενthinsp ltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinsp ἄλλοthinsp ἄραthinsp εἶδοςthinspμεγέθουςthinspἀναφανήσεταιthinspπαρrsquothinspαὐτόthinspτεthinspτὸthinspμέγεθοςthinspγεγονὸςthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspμετέχονταthinspαὐτοῦmiddotthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτούτοιςthinspαὖthinspπᾶσινthinsp[132bthinsp1]thinspἕτερονthinspᾧthinspταῦταthinspπάνταthinspμεγάλαthinspἔσταιmiddotthinspκαὶthinspοὐκέτιthinspδὴthinspἓνthinspἕκαστόνthinspσοιthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἔσταιthinspἀλλὰthinspἄπειραthinspτὸthinspπλῆθοςthinsp[ltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquojethinsppensethinspquethinsptuthinsppensesthinspquethinspchaquethinspFormethinspestthinspunethinspagravethinsppartirthinspdethinspcelathinspthinspchaquethinspfoisthinspqursquoilthinsptethinspsemblethinspquethinspplusieursthinspchosesthinspsontthinspgrandesthinspilthinsptethinspsemblethinspeacutegalementthinspndashthinspagravethinsptoithinspquithinsplesthinspembrassesthinsptoutesthinspduthinspregardthinspndashthinspqursquounthinspcertainthinspaspectthinspuniquethinspestthinsplethinspmecircmethinspAgrave partir de lagrave tu estimesthinspquethinsplethinspGrandthinspestthinspunrdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquotuthinspdisthinspvrairdquothinspreacutepondit-ilthinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquoorthinspqursquoenthinspest-ilthinspduthinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinspdesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesthinspsithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptousthinspparthinsptonthinspacircmethinspthinspnrsquoest-ce pas qursquoagrave nouveau quelque chose drsquounique apparaicirctra grand en vertu duquel il est neacutecessaire quethinsptoutesthinspcesthinspchosesthinspapparaissentthinspgrandesthinsprdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquosemble-t-ilrdquothinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquounethinspautrethinspForme de grandeur fera donc son apparition surgissant agrave part de la grandeur en soi et des choses qui participent de la grandeur en soi ainsi qursquoune autre ltFormegt agrave nouveau en plus de toutes celles-lagrave par laquelle toutes ces choses seront grandes Aussi chacune de tes Formes ne sera pas unique mais plusieursthinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinirdquo]thinspraquothinsp24thinspthinspIlthinspestthinsppeut-ecirctrethinspindeacutelicatthinspdethinsppointerthinspduthinspdoigtthinspquelqursquounthinspenthinspparticulierthinspmaisthinspndashthinspsrsquoilthinspfallaitthinspagravethinsptoutthinspprixthinspdeacuteterminerthinspquellethinspestthinsplathinsppartthinspdethinspresponsabiliteacutethinspdethinspchacunthinspdansthinspcettethinspaffairethinspndashthinsprappelonsthinspquethinspauthinspnomthinspdrsquounthinsppartithinsppristhinspdeacuteductivistethinspquithinsplrsquoathinspameneacutethinspagravethinspinfligerthinspagravethinsplrsquoargumentthinspunethinspstructurethinspinfeacuterentiellethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspreacutecursivethinspGthinspVlastosthinspnrsquoathinsppasthinspfaitthinspgrandthinspcasthinspdansthinspsathinspreconstructionthinspdethinsplathinspclausethinspquethinspnousthinspallonsthinspeacutevoquerthinspdethinspsuitethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplrsquolaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqursquoonthinsplitthinspenthinsp132athinsp5-6thinspPirethinsplethinspὡσαύτωςthinspserathinspamputeacutethinspagravethinsptermethinspdethinspsathinsptraductionthinspAussithinspdansthinsplathinspcontributionthinspquithinspsethinspveutthinsppourtantthinsplathinspplus respectueuse de la lettre du texte (G vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspldquoThirdthinspManrdquothinspArgumentthinsp(Parmenides 132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspTextthinspandthinspLogicthinspraquothinspThe Philosophical Quarterlythinsp19thinsp[1969]thinsppthinsp291)thinsplrsquoadverbethinspathinsptoutthinspsimplementthinspdisparuthinspCethinspquithinspnonthinspseulementthinspcomprometthinsplrsquointelligibiliteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspmaisthinspencorethinspetthinspsurtout occulte le preacutesupposeacute (la confusion entre les Formes et les particuliers qui participent des Formes)thinspsurthinsplequelthinspcethinspdernierthinspreposethinspenthinspdernierthinspressort

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lrsquooccurrencethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspGrandeur)thinspsethinsptrouvethinspcompromisethinspreposethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspsurthinsplathinspclausethinsplaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardes tous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqui se porte garante de lrsquoenchaicircnement des diffeacuterentes eacutetapes de lrsquoargument lequel consistethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspagravethinspreacutepeacuteterthinsplathinspmecircmethinspopeacuterationthinspparthinsplaquellethinsponthinsprassemblethinspdansthinspunethinspvuethinspdrsquoensemblethinspunethinsppluraliteacutethinspdethinspchosesthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdrsquounethinspdeacuteterminationthinspcommunethinspAuthinspdemeurantthinspsithinsponthinspnethinspregardaitthinsppasthinsplathinspFormethinspetthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinsp(ὡσαύτως)thinspcommentthinspdeacuteclencherthinsplathinspdeacuterivethinspinflationnistethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspreacutecursivementthinspla position drsquoune deuxiegraveme Ideacutee puis drsquoune nouvelle puis drsquoune autre encore et ainsi dethinspsuitethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspthinspCettethinspsuggestionthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppernicieusethinspqursquoellethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleursthinspndash porte tout le poids de lrsquoargument dans la mesure ougrave elle est appeleacutee agrave assurer lathinspcontinuiteacutethinspentrethinspcethinspquithinspsrsquoestthinspmanifesteacutethinspauthinspniveauthinspdethinsplrsquoinspectionthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspet ce qui va se manifester en eacutelargissant cette opeacuteration synoptique aux Formes elles-mecircmesthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspregardethinsplesthinspunsthinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinspthinsp

Or il y a au moins un platonicien qui a vu les Ideacutees de cette faccedilon agrave savoir comme des reacutealiteacutes qui si tant est qursquoelles existent existent agrave la faccedilon des par-ticuliersthinsp sensiblesthinspCethinsp platonicienthinsp estthinsp naturellementthinspAristotethinsp chezthinsp quithinsp lrsquoassi-milationthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspconstituethinsplethinsplevierthinspdesthinspreprochesthinspreacutecurrents qursquoil a formuleacutes agrave lrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Formes Plus preacuteciseacute-ment si lrsquoon distingue ndash non sans fondement quoique de maniegravere un peu scheacute-matiquethinspndashthinspdeuxthinspgrandesthinspfamillesthinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspdansthinsplathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdes Ideacutees agrave savoir ndash drsquoune part ndash les apories lieacutees agrave leur existence (lesquelles visent agrave saper le fondement de la doctrine qui srsquoavegravere degraves lors tout simplement incapablethinspdethinspdeacutemontrerthinspqursquoellethinspathinspunthinspobjet)thinspetthinspndashthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspndashthinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspmoinsthinspagravethinsplrsquoexistencethinspelle-mecircmethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspqursquoagravethinspleurthinsprelationthinspavecthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinsp(lesquellesthinspvisentthinspagravethinspabolirthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspfairethinspappelthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinsppourthinspexpliquerthinspquoi que ce soit en termes de participation preacutesence ou encore imitation des unesthinspparthinsprapportthinspauxthinspautres)25thinspilthinspestthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspplausiblethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfamille fait intervenir ndash agrave tous les coups ndash cette assimilation des Formes et des substancesthinspmateacuteriellesthinspIlthinspsrsquoagitthinspndashthinspautrementthinspditthinspndashthinspdethinsplathinspconditionthinspsuffisantethinsp(soitthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspsoitthinspsurthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspconsideacuterationsthinspquithinsp luithinspsontthinspsolidaires)thinsppourthinspfairethinspdeacuteraillerthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspAristotethinsppeutthinspdifficilementthinspecirctrethinspaccuseacutethinspdrsquoavoirthinspmacirccheacutethinspsesthinspmotsthinspthinspconcisthinspouithinspagravethinspsonthinspordinairethinspndashthinspobscurthinspnonthinsp

25thinspthinspOnthinspreacutesumerathinspcettethinspdistinctionthinspenthinspdeacutetournantthinspunthinspceacutelegravebrethinsptraitthinsppascalienthinsp(Penseacutees eacuted P SeLLier MercurethinspdethinspFrancethinspParisthinsp1976thinsppthinsp445thinsp[887])thinspthinsplaquothinspPlatonthinspincertainthinspetthinspinutilethinspraquothinsplaquothinspIncertainthinspraquothinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspilthinsppostulethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdontthinspilthinspnethinspparvientthinsppasthinspagravethinspprouverthinspqursquoellesthinspexistentthinspthinsplaquothinspinutilethinspraquothinsppuisquethinspmecircmethinspsithinspdethinsptellesthinspentiteacutesthinspexistentthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditthinspellesthinspnethinspcontribueraientthinsppasthinspgrand-chosethinspagravethinspnotrethinspgouvernethinspouthinspagravethinspnotrethinspconnaissancethinspduthinspmondethinspdrsquoici-basthinspPuisqursquoilsthinspeacutepousentthinspbienthinspauthinspniveauthinspde la division du travail exeacutegeacutetique cette dualiteacute rappelons deux textes de F Fronterotta qursquoon peut prendre comme points de repegravere macroscopiques au sein de la tregraves vaste litteacuterature secondaire (au sujet dethinsplaquellethinspcfthinsplesthinspindicationsthinspfourniesthinspplusthinspbasthinspnotethinsp32)thinspthinspF Fronterotta laquo ldquoLes Formes nrsquoexistent pasthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditrdquothinspLathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspF Pradeauthinsp(eacuted)thinspPlaton Les formes intelligiblesthinspPUFthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp129-154thinspetthinsplaquothinspLathinspcriticathinsparistotelicathinspallathinspfunzionethinspcausalethinspdelle Idee platoniche MetafisicathinspAthinsp9thinsp991athinsp8thinsp-thinsp991bthinsp9thinspraquothinspdansthinspF Fronterottathinsp(eacuted)thinspLa scienza e le cause a partire dalla Metafisica di Aristotele BibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp2010thinsppthinsp93-119thinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

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Selon un paradoxe qui nrsquoen est un qursquoen apparence ce qursquoAristote sanctionne chezthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsplethinspvicethinspreacutedhibitoirethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspagravethinspluithinsptoutthinspseulthinsplethinsprejetthinspdethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspenthinspquestionthinspndashthinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcethinspqursquoilthinspestthinspprecirctthinspagravethinspleurthinspaccorderthinspAutant dire le dilemme des partisans des Ideacutees est qursquoils ont tort et raison agrave la foisthinspetthinspndashthinspsurtoutthinspndashthinspqursquoilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspontthinspraisonthinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspλέγοντεςthinspτῇthinspμὲνthinspὀρθῶςthinspλέγουσιthinspχωρίζοντεςthinspαὐτάthinspεἴπερthinspοὐσίαιthinspεἰσίthinspτῇthinspδrsquothinspοὐκthinspὀρθῶςthinspὅτιthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspεἶδοςthinspλέγουσινthinsp[ceuxthinspquithinspdisentthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspontthinspraisonthinspet tort agrave la fois Ils ont raison de dire qursquoelles sont seacutepareacutees puisqursquoelles sont des substancesthinspthinspmaisthinspilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinspmultipli-citeacute]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp16thinsp1040bthinsp27-30)thinspOrthinspqursquoest-cethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspdire pourquoi au juste les partisans des Ideacutees ont drsquoun cocircteacute tort et de lrsquoautre raison Reacuteponse la conviction que poser lrsquoexistence de quelque chose ou ndash ce quithinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinsprevientthinspauthinspmecircmethinspndashthinspfairethinspdethinspquelquethinspchosesthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutequivautthinspagravethinspenthinspfairethinspunthinspparticulierthinspsensiblethinsp(peuthinspimportethinspalorsthinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspeacuteternelthinspou pas26)thinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinspauthinsp tourthinspdrsquoincantationthinsppregravesthinspndashthinspcrsquoestthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspfontthinspcommethinsplrsquoindiquethinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinsppassagethinspthinsplaquothinspαἴτιονthinspδrsquothinspὅτιthinspοὐκthinspἔχουσινthinspἀποδοῦναιthinspτίνεςthinspαἱthinspτοιαῦταιthinspοὐσίαιthinspαἱthinspἄφθαρτοιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspαἰσθητάςmiddotthinspποιοῦσινthinspοὖνthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspτῷthinspεἴδειthinspτοῖςthinspφθαρτοῖςthinsp(ταύταςthinspγὰρthinspἴσμεν)thinspαὐτοάνθρωπονthinspκαὶthinspαὐτόϊππονthinspπροστιθέντεςthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspτὸthinspῥῆμαthinspτὸthinspldquoαὐτόrdquothinsp[lathinspcausethinspltdethinspleurthinsperreurgtthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspsontthinspincapablesthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquethinspsontthinspdethinsptellesthinspsubstancesthinspincorruptiblesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspIlsthinspenthinspfontthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspspeacutecifiquementthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspcorruptiblesthinsp(celles-cithinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspsavonsthinspltcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontgt)thinspunthinspHommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspChevalthinspenthinspsoithinspenthinspajoutantthinspauxthinspltnomsthinspdesgtthinspchosesthinspsensiblesthinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquoenthinspsoirdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica Z

26 Aristotelis ethica nicomacheathinsp Ithinsp 6thinsp 1096athinsp 34thinsp -thinsp 1096bthinsp 5thinspthinsp laquothinspἀπορήσειεthinsp δrsquothinsp ἄνthinsp τιςthinsp τίthinsp ποτεthinsp καὶthinspβούλονταιthinspλέγεινthinspαὐτοέκαστονthinspεἴπερthinspἔνthinspτεthinspαὐτοανθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspεἷςthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspαὐτὸςthinspλόγοςthinspἐστὶνthinspὁthinspτοῦthinspἀνθρώπουthinspᾗthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωποςthinspοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσουσινmiddotthinspεἰthinspδrsquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὐδrsquothinspᾗthinspἀγαθόνthinspἀλλὰthinspμὴνthinspοὐδὲthinspτῷthinspἀίδιονthinspεἶναιthinspμᾶλλονthinspἀγαθὸνthinspἔσταιthinspεἴπερthinspμηδὲthinspλευκότερονthinspτὸthinspπολυχρόνιονthinspτοῦthinspἐφημέρουthinsp[R bodeacuteuumlS Aristote Eacutethique agrave Nicomaque Flammarion Paris 2004 p 61 on peut drsquoautre part se demander ce quethinsppeutthinspbienthinspvouloirthinspdirethinspenthinspdeacutefinitivethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquochosethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplrsquoldquohommethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspetthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinspdeacutefinissentthinspparthinspunethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspformulethinspcellethinspdethinsplrsquohommethinspCarthinspsithinsplrsquoonthinspconsidegraverethinsplathinspchose en tant qursquohomme cela ne fait aucune diffeacuterence Et dans ces conditions il nrsquoy a pas non plus agrave fairethinsplathinspdiffeacuterencethinspagravethinspproposthinspduthinspbienthinspsithinsponthinsplethinspconsidegraverethinspenthinsptantthinspquethinsptelthinspMaisthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspnonthinspplusthinspparcethinspqursquoilthinspseraitthinspeacuteternelthinspqursquounthinspbienthinspseraitthinspdavantagethinspunthinspbienthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspquithinspdurethinsplongtempsthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdavantagethinspcethinspqursquoellethinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspeacutepheacutemegravere]thinspraquothinsp

Leone Gazziero

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16thinsp1040bthinsp30-34)27thinspCethinspquithinspndashthinsptoutthinsparbitrairethinspetthinspgratuitthinspquethinspcethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleurs28 ndash est ineacutevitablethinsppourthinsppeuthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspveuillethinsppreacuteserverthinsplathinspnotionthinspelle-mecircmethinspdethinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspγάρthinspτιςthinspμὴthinspθήσειthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspεἶναιthinspκεχωρισμέναςthinspκαὶthinspτὸνthinspτρόπονthinspτοῦτονthinspὡςthinspλέγεταιthinspτὰthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἀναιρήσειthinspτὴνthinspοὐσίανthinspὡςthinspβουλόμεθαthinspλέγεινthinsp[sithinsponthinspnethinspposethinsppasthinspquethinsplesthinspsubstancesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinsponthinspditthinspquethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspparticuliersthinsplethinspsontthinsponthinspdeacutetruitthinsplathinspsubstancethinspauthinspsensthinspougravethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendons]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp10thinsp1086bthinsp16-19)29

SurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspcethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspAristotethinspdeacuteveloppethinsptoutethinspunethinspseacuteriethinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspagravethinsplrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Ideacutees allant de lrsquoaccusation de verser dans une erreur aussi grossiegravere que lrsquoanthropomorphisme religieux30thinspagravethinspcellethinspdethinspredoublerthinspsansthinspraisonthinsp

27thinspthinspAristotethinspstigmatisethinspvolontiersthinsplesthinspliberteacutesthinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspprennentthinspavecthinsplethinsplangagethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinsptournerthinsplathinspplupartthinspduthinsptempsthinspagravethinspvidethinspAussithinsplorsqursquoilthinspnethinspbalaiethinspleurthinspproposthinspcommethinspduthinspsimplethinspverbiagethinsp(cf Aristotelis ethica eudemia R R waLzer J M MinGaythinsp(eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1991thinspIthinsp8thinsp1217bthinsp19-21thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspδὲthinspδεῖthinspσυντόμωςthinspεἰπεῖνthinspπερὶthinspαὐτῶνthinspλέγομενthinspὅτιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspτὸthinspεἶναιthinspἰδέανthinspμὴthinspμόνονthinspἀγαθοῦthinspἀλλὰthinspκαὶthinspἄλλουthinspὁτουοῦνthinspλέγεταιthinspλογικῶςthinspκαὶthinspκενῶςthinsp[srsquoilthinspnousthinspestthinsppermisthinspdrsquoexprimerthinspicithinsptregravesthinspbriegravevementthinspnotrethinsppenseacuteethinspnousthinspdironsthinspqursquoaffirmerthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspunethinspIdeacuteethinspnonthinspseulementthinspduthinspbienthinspmaisthinspdethinsptoutthinspautrethinspchosethinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspparlerthinspetthinsptenirthinspdesthinspproposthinspvides]thinspraquo)thinspilthinsplesthinspaccusethinspdethinspsethinspcontenterthinspde meacutetaphores poeacutetiques (cf Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp991athinsp20-22thinsp[=thinspMthinsp5thinsp1079bthinsp24-27]thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspλέγεινthinspπαραδείγματαthinspαὐτὰthinsplt scilicetthinspτὰthinspεἴδηgtthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspμετέχεινthinspαὐτῶνthinspτἆλλαthinspκενολογεῖνthinspἐστὶthinspκαὶthinspμεταφορὰςthinspλέγεινthinspποιητικάςthinsp[direthinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspsontthinspdesthinspparadigmesthinspetthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspnethinsprienthinspdirethinspetthinspsethinsppayerthinspdethinspmeacutetaphoresthinsppoeacutetiques]thinspraquo)thinspthinsp ilthinsp leurthinspreprochethinspeacutegalement de srsquoamuser agrave changer de nom aux choses sans se preacuteoccuper de nous dire ce qursquoelles sont au juste (cf Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987bthinsp7-14thinspthinsplaquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὖνthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσεthinspτὰthinspδrsquothinspαἰσϑητὰthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspταῦταthinspλέγεσϑαιthinspπάνταthinspκατὰthinspμέϑεξινthinspγὰρthinspεἶναιthinspτὰthinspπολλὰthinspτῶνthinspσυνωνύμωνthinsp[ὁμώνυμα]thinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσινthinspτὴνthinspδὲthinspμέϑεξινthinspτοὔνομαthinspμόνονthinspμετέβαλενmiddotthinspοἱthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspΠυϑαγόρειοιthinspμιμήσειthinspτὰthinspὄνταthinspφασὶνthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspἀριϑμῶνthinspΠλάτωνthinspδὲthinspμεϑέξειthinspτοὔνομαthinspμεταβαλώνthinspτὴνthinspμέντοιthinspγεthinspμέϑεξινthinspἢthinspτὴνthinspμίμησινthinspἥτιςthinspἂνthinspεἴηthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἀφεῖσανthinspἐνthinspκοινῷthinspζητεῖνthinsp[aussithinspilthinspathinspappeleacutethinspldquoIdeacuteesrdquothinspdethinsptellesthinspchosesthinspetthinspilthinspathinspaffirmeacutethinspquethinsptousthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspenthinspsontthinspseacutepareacutesthinspetthinspqursquoilsthinspreccediloiventthinspdrsquoellesthinspleur nom En effet crsquoest en raison de leur participation aux Ideacutees que les plusieurs sont synonymes avec les Ideacutees Pour ce qui est de la participation Platon nrsquoa fait que changer le nom en effet les PythagoriciensthinspaffirmaientthinspquethinsplesthinspeacutetantsthinspsontthinspparthinspimitationthinspdesthinspnombresthinspPlatonthinspparthinspparticipationthinspenthinspchangeantthinsplethinspnomthinspCethinspquethinsplathinspparticipationthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinspouthinsplrsquoimitationthinsppeutthinspbienthinspecirctrethinspilsthinspontthinspenthinspcommunthinspdrsquoavoirthinspneacutegligeacutethinspdethinsplethinspchercher]thinspraquo)thinsp28thinspthinspPourthinspAristotethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspplusthinspdethinspraisonthinspdethinspseacuteparerthinsplesthinspuniversauxthinspquethinsplesthinspaccidentsthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐδεμίαthinspἀνάγκηthinspὑπολαμβάνεινthinspτιthinspεἶναιthinspτοῦτοthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspὅτιthinspἓνthinspδηλοῖthinspοὐδὲνthinspμᾶλλονthinspἢthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspἄλλωνthinspὅσαthinspμὴthinspτὶthinspσημαίνειthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιὸνthinspἢthinspπρόςthinspτιthinspἢthinspποιεῖνthinsp[ilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspplusthinspneacutecessairethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplrsquouniversel est quelque chose agrave part des choses individuelles car il indique quelque chose drsquounique que de le penser des autres choses qui ne sont pas quelque chose mais une qualiteacute une relation ou encorethinspunethinspaction]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis analytica posteriorathinspIthinsp24thinsp85bthinsp18-21)thinsp29 Cf Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp12thinsp1037bthinsp27thinspougravethinspilthinspestthinspquestionthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspὡςthinspφαμένthinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplaquothinspἡthinspοὐσίαthinspἕνthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὡςthinspφαμένthinsp[lathinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspcommethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinspetthinspdethinspconcret]thinspraquothinsp30 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12thinspthinsplaquothinspπολλαχῇthinspδὲthinspἐχόντωνthinspδυσκολίανthinspοὐθενὸςthinspἧττονthinspἄτοπονthinspτὸthinspφάναιthinspμὲνthinspεἶναίthinspτιναςthinspφύσειςthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspοὐρανῷthinspταύταςthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspφάναιthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspπλὴνthinspὅτιthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspἀΐδιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspφθαρτάthinspαὐτὸthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωπόνthinspφασινthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspἵππονthinspκαὶthinspὑγίειανthinspἄλλοthinspδrsquothinspοὐδένthinspπαραπλήσιονthinspποιοῦντεςthinspτοῖςthinspθεοὺςthinspμὲνthinspεἶναιthinspφάσκουσινthinspἀνθρωποειδεῖςthinspδέmiddotthinspοὔτεthinspγὰρthinspἐκεῖνοιthinspοὐδὲνthinspἄλλοthinspἐποίουνthinspἢthinspἀνθρώπουςthinspἀϊδίουςthinspοὔθrsquothinspοὗτοιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἄλλrsquothinspἢthinspαἰσθητὰthinspἀΐδιαthinsp(D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp[2008]thinsppthinsp308thinspthinspmecircmethinspsrsquoilsthinspltlesthinspplatoniciensgtthinspsontthinspdethinspplusieursthinspfaccedilonsthinspenthinspdifficulteacutethinsprienthinspdethinspplusthinspabsurdethinspquethinspdethinspdirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspcertainesthinspnaturesthinspenthinspplusthinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

134

lethinspmobilierthinspontologiquethinspduthinspmonde31 en passant par des travers meacutereacuteologiques qui rappellent drsquoassez pregraves ceux que lrsquoon rencontre deacutejagrave chez Platon32

Si nous avons passeacute en revue chacun de ces inconveacutenients33 nous nous sommes cependantthinsparrecircteacutesthinsptoutthinspspeacutecialementthinspsurthinsplrsquounthinspdrsquoentrethinspeuxthinsplrsquoargumentthinspqursquoAristotethinsp

dethinspcellesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinsplrsquouniversthinspmaisthinspenthinspdisantthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspsensiblesthinspsaufthinspquethinsplesthinspunesthinspsontthinspeacuteternellesthinsplesthinspautresthinspcorruptiblesthinspIlsthinspdisentthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspunthinsphommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspchevalthinsplten soigt une santeacute lten soigt sans rien dire drsquoautre en faisant agrave peu pregraves comme ceux qui disent qursquoil existe des dieux mais de forme humaine Ceux-ci ne faisaient rien drsquoautre que des hommes eacuteternels etthinsppourthinspceux-lagravethinsplesthinspformesthinspnethinspsontthinspquethinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspeacuteternels)thinspraquothinsp31 Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8thinsp(cfthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp34thinsp-thinsp1079athinsp4)thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτωνδὶthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἕτεραthinspτούτωνthinspἴσαthinspτὸνthinspἀριθμὸνthinspἐκόμισανthinspὥσπερthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἀριθμῆσαιthinspβουλόμενοςthinspἐλαττόνωνthinspμὲνthinspὄντωνthinspοἴοιτοthinspμὴthinspδυνήσεσθαιthinspπλείωthinspδὲthinspποιήσαςthinspἀριθμοίηthinspσχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspἴσαthinspἢthinspοὐκthinspἐλάττωthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἐστὶthinspτούτοιςthinspπερὶthinspὧνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἐκthinspτούτωνthinspἐπrsquothinspἐκεῖναthinspπροῆλθονthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspγὰρthinspὁμώνυμόνthinspτιthinspἐστιthinspκαὶthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspτῶνthinspτεthinspἄλλωνthinspἐστὶνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspἕνthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖσδεthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖςthinspἀιδίοιςthinsp[D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinsppthinsp306-307thinspthinspquantthinspagravethinspceuxthinspquithinspposentthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspcommethinspdesthinspcausesthinspdrsquoabordthinspenthinspcherchantthinspagravethinspsaisirthinsplesthinspcausesthinspdesthinspecirctresthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinspilsthinspenthinspontthinspintroduitthinspdrsquoautresthinspenthinspnombrethinspeacutegauxthinspagravethinspeuxthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspquethinspquelqursquounthinspqui voudrait compter des choses mais croirait ne pas pouvoir le faire parce qursquoil y en a peu et pour lesthinspcompterthinsplesthinsprendraitthinspplusthinspnombreusesthinspLesthinspFormesthinspenthinspeffetthinspsontthinspenthinspnombrethinsppresquethinspeacutegalesthinspouthinsppas infeacuterieures aux choses loin desquelles dans leur recherche des causes ils ont eacuteteacute jusque vers ellesthinspcarthinsppourthinspchaquethinspchosethinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquohomonymethinspmecircmethinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspetthinspdesthinspautres choses dont il y a uniteacute drsquoune multipliciteacute agrave la fois pour les choses qui nous entourent et pour cellesthinspquithinspsontthinspeacuteternelles]thinspraquothinsp32 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1039athinsp26thinsp-thinsp1039bthinsp2thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἵππῳthinspἤτοιthinspἓνthinspκαὶthinspταὐτὸνthinspτῷthinspἀριθμῷthinspἐστὶνthinspἢthinspἕτερονmiddotthinspτῷthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspλόγῳthinspδῆλονthinspὅτιthinspἕνmiddotthinspτὸνthinspγὰρthinspαὐτὸνthinspδιέξεισιthinspλόγονthinspὁthinspλέγωνthinspἐνthinspἑκατέρῳthinspεἰthinspοὖνthinspἐστίthinspτιςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspαὐτὸςthinspκαθrsquothinspαὑτὸνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspἀνάγκηthinspκαὶthinspἐξthinspὧνthinspοἷονthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspδίπουνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspκαὶthinspεἶναιthinspχωριστὰthinspκαὶthinspοὐσίαςmiddotthinspὥστεthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτὸthinspαὐτὸthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἵππῳthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspὥσπερthinspσὺthinspσαυτῷthinspπῶςthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspοὖσιthinspχωρὶςthinspἓνthinspἔσταιthinspκαὶthinspδιὰthinspτίthinspοὐthinspκαὶthinspχωρὶςthinspαὑτοῦthinspἔσταιthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspτοῦτοthinspthinsp[sithinsplesthinspFormesthinspexistentthinspetthinspquethinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspouthinspbienthinspilthinspserathinspnumeacuteri-quementthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspouthinspbienthinspdiffeacuterentthinspParthinsplrsquoargumentthinspquethinspvoicithinspilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspuniquethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinsponthinsplethinspdeacutefinitthinspauthinspmoyenthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspdeacutefinitionthinspSrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdoncthinspunthinsphommethinspquithinspestthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinsppourthinsplui-mecircmethinspunthinspcecithinspetthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspneacutecessairementthinspquethinspcethinspquithinsplethinspconstituethinsplrsquoanimalthinspetthinsplethinspbipegravedethinspparthinspexemplethinspsoientthinspaussithinspunthinspcecithinspqursquoilsthinspsoientthinspdesthinspchosesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspOrthinspsithinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspetthinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspestthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspcommethinsptuthinsplrsquoesthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinsptoi-mecircmethinspcommentthinsppourra-t-ilthinspdemeurerthinspuniquethinspdansthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspquithinspsontthinspagravethinsppartthinspltlesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautresgtthinspetthinsppourquoithinspcetthinspanimalthinspnethinspsera-t-ilthinsppasthinspseacutepareacutethinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsp]thinspraquo33thinspthinspDethinspmecircmethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspeacutetudieacutethinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspplusthinspponctuellesthinspqursquoAristotethinspassociethinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfamilles drsquoarguments en faveur de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees dans le reacutequisitoire qursquoon peut lire ndash agrave quelques variations mineures pregraves ndash dans les livres A et M des MeacutetaphysiquesthinspenthinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp8-15thinspetthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp4-9thinsprespectivementthinsp(laquothinspἔτιthinspδὲthinspκαϑrsquothinspοὓςthinspτρόπουςthinspδείκνυμενthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκατrsquoοὐϑέναthinspφαίνεταιthinspτούτωνmiddotthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspοὐκthinspἀνάγκηthinspγίγνεσϑαιthinspσυλλογισμόνthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspοὐχthinspὧνthinspοἰόμεϑαthinspτούτωνthinspεἴδηthinspγίγνεταιthinspκατάthinspτεthinspγὰρthinspτοὺςthinspλόγουςthinspτοὺςthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἐπιστημῶνthinspεἴδηthinspἔσταιthinspπάντωνthinspὅσωνthinspἐπιστῆμαιthinspεἰσίthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀποφάσεωνthinspκατὰthinspδὲthinspτὸthinspνοεῖνthinspτιthinspφϑαρέντοςthinspτῶνthinspφϑαρτῶνmiddotthinspφάντασμαthinspγάρthinspτιthinspτούτωνthinspἔστινthinsp[dethinspplusthinspdrsquoaucunethinspdesthinspmaniegraveresthinspdontthinspnousthinspentreprenonsthinspdethinsplethinspprouverthinspnethinspreacutesultethinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinspeffetthinspdansthinspcertainsthinspcasthinsplethinspsyllogismethinspnethinspsrsquoensuitthinsppasthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspneacutecessairethinspthinspdansthinspdrsquoautresthinspcasthinspenthinsprevanchethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspmecircmethinsppourthinspdesthinspchosesthinsppourthinsplesquellesthinspnousthinsppensonsthinspqursquoil nrsquoy en a pas des arguments agrave partir des sciences qursquoil y a des Ideacutees de tout ce dont il y a des sciencesthinspthinspltdesthinspargumentsgtthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspltqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesgtthinspmecircmethinspdethinspneacutegationsthinspthinspetthinspltdesthinspargumentsgt agrave partir de la penseacutee de quelque chose apregraves sa corruption ltqursquoil y a des Ideacuteesgt drsquoentiteacutes

Leone Gazziero

135

lethinsppremierthinspndashthinspsansthinspenthinspattribuerthinsplathinsppaterniteacutethinspagravethinsppersonnethinsp(pasthinspplusthinspagravethinspsesthinsppreacutedeacuteces-seursthinspouthinspagravethinspsesthinspcontemporainsthinspqursquoagravethinsplui-mecircme)thinspndashthinspathinspappeleacutethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo34 Cela pour au moins deux raisons En premier lieu il y a tout sujet de croirethinspqursquoAristotethinspdevaitthinsplethinsptenirthinsppourthinspunethinspobjectionthinspassezthinspformidablethinspagravethinsplrsquoencontrethinspdethinsplathinsppromotionthinspdesthinsppreacutedicatsthinspuniverselsthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancesthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinspvuthinsplethinsptraitthinspquithinspndashthinsppourthinspAristotethinspndashthinspfaitthinsplathinspspeacutecificiteacutethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacutees)thinspCrsquoestthinspenthinsptoutthinspeacutetatthinspdethinspcausethinsplethinspspectrethinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspseulthinspqursquoAristotethinspagitethinsplorsqursquoilthinspeacutevoquethinspndashthinspenthinspblocthinspndashthinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdontthinspagravethinspsonthinspavisthinspsrsquoencombrethinsplrsquohypothegravese des Formes (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu la conviction que si les Ideacutees existent elles existent agrave la maniegravere desthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspnonthinspseulementthinspjouethinspunthinsprocirclethinspcapitalthinspdansthinsplrsquoeacuteconomiethinspdethinsplrsquoargument tel que nous pouvons le reconstruire agrave partir des diffeacuterentes sources qui nous lrsquoont transmis35 mais encore elle constitue la cleacute pour reacutesoudre un puzzle

quithinspontthinsppeacuterithinsp(puisqursquoilthinspenthinspexistethinspunethinspcertainethinspimage)]thinspraquo)thinspUnethinspbibliographiethinspdethinspquelquethinsptroisthinspcentsthinsptitresthinspspeacutecialement consacreacutee agrave la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees dans les lieux parallegraveles des livres A et M des Meacutetaphysiquesthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspdistribueacuteethinspetthinsp(dansthinspsathinspversionthinspalphabeacutetique)thinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspconsulteacuteethinsponlinethinspagravethinsplrsquoadressethinspthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir2808files201509BibliogrSept2015pdfthinsp34 Au sujet de lrsquohistoire de lrsquoargument qursquoil nous soit permis de renvoyer agrave L Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinsp(citeacutethinspnotethinsp14)thinsppourthinspsathinsppreacutehistoirethinspplatoniciennethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquothinspldquoκαὶthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςrdquothinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspProleacutegomegravenesthinspagravethinspunethinsphistoirethinspanciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspraquothinspRhizai 7 2010 p 181-220 pour son utilisationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquo ldquoEt quoniam est quis tertius homordquothinspArgumentthinspexeacutegegravesethinspcontresens dans la litteacuterature latine apparenteacutee aux Sophistici elenchithinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspArchives drsquohistoire doctrinale et litteacuteraire du Moyen Age 80 2013 p 7-48 pour ses transformations aux mains des commentateursthinspdethinsplanguethinspetthinspculturethinsplatinethinspPourthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspdesthinspcommentateursthinspdethinsplrsquoAntiquiteacutethinsptardivethinspcfthinspD huntthinsplaquothinspPlotinusthinspMeetsthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspJ CLearythinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Perennial Tradition of NeoplatonismthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinsp1997thinsppthinsp119-132thinspthinspJ oPSoMerthinsplaquothinspSyrianusthinsponthinspHomonymythinspandthinspFormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspvan rieL C MaCeacute et L van CaMPethinsp(eacuted)thinspPlatonic Ideas and Concept Formation in Ancient and Medieval ThoughtthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinspLouvainthinsp2004thinsppthinsp31-50thinspetthinspLthinspP GerSon laquothinspProclusthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspEacutetudes platoniciennesthinsp8thinsp(2011)thinsppthinsp105-11835thinspthinspCommethinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinsplonguementthinspexpliqueacutethinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinsplathinspseacuteancethinspduthinsp16thinspmarsthinsp2015thinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspestthinspunthinspexcellentthinspcasthinspdrsquoeacutetudethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoonthinspsethinsptournethinspversthinspdesthinspsourcesthinspsemi-canoniquesthinspafinthinspdethinspreconstituerthinspdesthinspfaitsthinspdethinspdiscoursthinspplusthinspouthinspmoinsthinspradicalementthinspindisponiblesthinspdansthinspleurthinspversionthinsporiginalethinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspmecircmethinspsithinspsonthinspcasthinspparaicirctthinspndashthinspagravethinsppremiegraverethinspvuethinspndashthinspmoinsthinspdeacutesespeacutereacutethinspquethinspceluithinspdrsquoautresthinsppiegravecesthinspdethinsplrsquoAristotethinspperduthinspetthinspmecircmethinspsithinspndashthinspagravethinspcoupthinspsucircrthinspndashthinspsathinspsituationthinspphilologiquethinspsrsquoestthinspconsideacuterablementthinspameacutelioreacutee depuis quelques anneacutees (parmi les progregraves il faut au moins signaler la nouvelle eacutedition critiquethinspdesthinspquelquesthinsppagesthinspdrsquointeacuterecirctthinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauxthinspMeacutetaphysiques drsquoAristotethinspquethinspD harLFinGerthinspnousthinspathinspoffertethinspenthinsp1975thinspthinsponthinspsignalerathinspeacutegalementthinspquethinsplathinspquestionthinspdesthinspdeuxthinsp recensionsthinspdansthinsp lesquellesthinspcesthinspmecircmesthinsppagesthinspnousthinspseraientthinspparvenuesthinspndashthinsp toutthinsp reacutecemmentthinspndashthinspathinspbeacuteneacuteficieacutethinspdesthinsplumiegraveresthinspdethinspP GoLitSiS laquo La recensio altera du Commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave la Meacutetaphysique drsquoAristotethinspetthinsplethinspteacutemoignagethinspdesthinspmanuscritsthinspbyzantinsthinspLaurentianus plut 8712 et Ambrosianus F113thinspsupthinspraquothinspdansthinspJ SiGneS Codontildeer et I Peacuterez Martinthinsp(eacuted)thinspTextual Transmission in Byzantium Between Textual Criticism and Quellenforschung Brepols Turnhout 2014 p 199-230 ainsi que de celles de L CaLvieacutethinsp laquothinspAgravethinsp proposthinsp dethinsp lrsquoeacuteditionthinspHayduckthinsp duthinspCommentairethinsp drsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodise agrave la MeacutetaphysiquethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspouthinspconsulterthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir565files201409Article-LCalvieacute-2e-edpdf)thinspIlthinspnrsquoenthinsprestethinsppasthinspmoinsthinspquethinsptoutthinspeffortthinspdethinsprestitutionthinspduthinsptraiteacutethinspperduthinspdrsquoAristotethinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspougravethinsponthinsppeutthinsplirethinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspdethinsplointhinsplethinspplusthinspinformatifthinspndashthinspdoitthinspsethinspconfronterthinspagravethinspunethinspeacutequationthinspagravethinspplusieursthinspvariablesthinspLethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspestthinspunthinsptextethinspqui ne nous est parvenu qursquoagrave travers la tradition indirecte et dont la vocation ndash pour autant qursquoelle se

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

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exeacutegeacutetique agrave la fois ancien et tenace agrave savoir pour autant que lrsquoon a affaire agrave un seul etthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinspnousthinsppouvonsthinspremonterthinspdansthinsplethinsptempsthinspne fait pas lrsquounanimiteacute ndash comment se fait-il qursquoAristote tantocirct lrsquoutilise pour reacutefuter les philosophes des Ideacutees tantocirct le rejette sous preacutetexte qursquoil srsquoagit drsquoun argument fallacieux36thinspthinspLethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspdansthinsplequelthinspnousthinspavonsthinspidentifieacutethinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspmotifsthinsppro-fonds de lrsquoantiplatonisme drsquoAristote ndash agrave savoir la particularisation existentielle des universauxthinspndashthinsppermetthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquithinspentraicircnethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspetthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinsplrsquoeacuteviterthinspMecircmethinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvirtuellementthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspcomprendrethinsplethinspfonctionnementthinspexactthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspsesthinspraresthinspoccurrencesthinspdansthinsp

laissethinspentrevoirthinspndashthinspeacutetaitthinspdethinsptraiterthinspdrsquounethinspdoctrinethinspcellethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspcœurthinspdrsquounthinspdeacutebatthinspquithinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplethinsppreacutecegravedethinspetthinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspaffecteacutethinspAucunethinspdethinspcesthinspvariablethinspnethinspsethinsplaissethinsptraiterthinspcommethinspunethinspsimplethinspvariablethinspdrsquoajustement et elles sont qui plus est lieacutees entre elles Si on distingue donc ndash avec les speacutecialistes de lrsquoecdotique (on se reacutefeacuterera en particulier agrave un texte de J iriGointhinspthinsplaquothinspLathinspcritiquethinspdesthinsptextesthinspdoitthinspecirctrethinsphistoriquethinspraquothinspdansthinspE FLoreSthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa critica testuale greco-latina oggi Metodi e problemi Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 29-31 ottobre 1979)thinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1981thinsppthinsp27-43)thinspndashthinsptrois eacutetapes fondamentales dans la reconstitution drsquoun texte la recensio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la collecte de toutesthinsp lesthinspsourcesthinspmanuscritesthinspdisponiblesthinsp(etthinspeacuteventuellementthinspdesthinspsourcesthinsp imprimeacutees)thinspdirectesthinspetthinspindirectes)thinsp lathinspcollatio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la comparaison des reacutesultats de la recensiothinsp afinthinspdrsquoobtenirthinspunethinspimagethinspaussithinspfidegravelethinspquethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspenthinspremontantthinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinsppossiblethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacuteterminationthinspdesthinspfamillesthinspdethinspmanuscritsthinspetthinspdethinspleurthinspplusthinspprochethinspancecirctresthinspcommuns)thinspetthinsplathinspdivinatio (lrsquoeacutetablissementthinspduthinsptextethinsplethinspplusthinspprochethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplrsquooriginal)thinsponthinspconviendrathinspquethinspcettethinspderniegraverethinspportethinspparticuliegraverementthinspbienthinspsonthinspnomthinsppuisquethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsplathinsprestitutionthinspdethinsptoutthinspunthinsppanthinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspnethinspnousthinsppermetthinsppasthinspdethinspreacuteglerthinspndashthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspndashthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdethinspsavoirthinspauthinspjustethinspquithinspa eacutecrit quoi Il faut se reacutesigner agrave une eacutevidence pour autant que le traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote est concerneacute mecircmethinsplethinspmeilleurthinsptextethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdemeurethinsprelativementthinspopaquethinspaussithinsplongtempsthinspduthinspmoinsthinspquethinsplrsquoon nrsquoa pas deacutetermineacute de quelle maniegravere il a travailleacute la matiegravere aristoteacutelicienne dont il srsquoest inspireacute et qursquoil a importeacutee dans son commentaire Autrement dit la question se pose de savoir si nous avons affairethinspagravethinspunethinspcollectionthinspdethinspfragmentsthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspdesthinspempruntsthinspponctuelsthinspouthinspdesthinspcitations)thinspouthinspbienthinspsithinspAlexandre a proceacutedeacute agrave une reformulation paraphrastique (en gros une transposition plus ou moins fidegravelethinspdethinspcethinspqursquoilthinsplisaitthinspdansthinsplethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspsonthinspdernierthinsplecteurthinspdethinsppremiegraverethinspmain)thinspOrthinspdeuxthinspdifficulteacutesthinspmajeuresthinspfontthinspobstaclethinspagravethinspcettethinspentreprisethinspLathinsppremiegraverethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspqursquoAlexandrethinspsethinsptrouve en situation de teacutemoin unique ce que nous connaissons du traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote sur les Ideacutees nous le tenons pour lrsquoessentiel drsquoAlexandre dans la mesure ougrave les quelques mentions eacuteparses dans la litteacuterature posteacuterieure deacutependent de son commentaire au livre Alpha meizocircn des Meacutetaphysiques Son maniementthinspappellethinspdoncthinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinsppreacutecautionsthinspthinspcethinspquethinspnousthinsplisonsthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspsinonthinspremanieacutethinspduthinspmoins reacuteorganiseacute dans une mesure et selon des modaliteacutes qui eacutetaient agrave la seule discreacutetion drsquoAlexandre etthinspquethinspnousthinspnethinsppouvonsthinsppasthinspappreacutecierthinspindeacutependammentthinspdethinspsonthinsptravailthinspLathinspdeuxiegravemethinspdifficulteacutethinsptientthinspauthinspfait que la langue drsquoAlexandre ne preacutesente pas de ceacutesures stylistiques ou de solutions de continuiteacute lexicales qui permettraient de deacuteterminer ougrave il ferait œuvre de compilateur et ougrave au contraire il fait œuvrethinspdrsquointerpregravetethinspDethinspfaitthinspagravethinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinsp(maisthinspaussithinspagravethinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspouthinspagravethinspunethinsptroisiegraveme)thinsponthinspsethinsprendrathinspagravethinspunethinspautrethinspeacutevidencethinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppartoutthinsplathinspprosethinspetthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspmecircmethinsplagravethinspougravethinspndashthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspaveuthinsp(commethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsppreacuteciseacutement)thinspndashthinsponthinsppeutthinspsrsquoattendrethinspagravethinspqursquoil suive de plus pregraves sa source 36thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy p 290 formule ce dilemme agrave peu pregraves dansthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinsptermesthinspUnthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquointerpregravetesthinspythinspontthinspvuthinsplrsquoindicethinspdrsquounethinspambivalencethinspdrsquoAristotethinspagrave son eacutegard (cf L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspVrin-PressesthinspdethinsplrsquoUniversiteacutethinspLavalthinspParis-Montreacutealthinsp1995thinsppthinsp360)thinspthinspdrsquoautresthinsplrsquoontthinsppristhinspassezthinspauthinspseacuterieuxthinsppourthinspexclurethinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspsrsquoagirthinspeffectivementthinspduthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspdontthinspAristotethinspferaitthinspunthinspusagethinspopportunistethinsp(cfthinspEthinspVthinspdi LaSCio laquo Third Man The Logic of the Sophism at Arist SEthinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinspraquothinspTopoithinsp23thinsp[2004]thinsppthinsp41)thinsp

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137

le corpus aristoteacutelicien37thinspcelathinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspeacutetablithinspsansthinspavoirthinsprecoursthinspauxthinspsourcesthinsppos-teacuterieuresthinspauxquellesthinsponthinspestthinspobligeacutethinspdrsquoemprunterthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspcanonique38 Crsquoest ce qui ressort de deux lieux du corpus aristoteacutelicien agrave savoir le chapitre 13 du livre ZecirctathinspdesthinspMeacutetaphysiques et le chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiques auxquels nous avons consacreacute deux lectures micrologiques dont nous ne reportons de suite que les conclusions39

37 Aristote nrsquoen donne nulle part un exposeacute un tant soit peu deacutetailleacute se contentant plutocirct de lrsquoeacutevoquer sousthinsplrsquointituleacutethinspquithinsplethinsprendrathinspceacutelegravebrethinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp15-17thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1039athinsp2-3thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp12-13)thinspouthinspbienthinspdrsquoenthinsprappelerthinsplathinspconclusionthinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36)thinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdrsquounethinsppassethinspargumentativethinspbienthinspconnuethinsp(cethinspquithinspdevaitthinspdrsquoailleursthinspecirctrethinsplethinspcas)thinsp38thinspthinspCetthinspexposeacutethinspsethinsplitthinspdansthinsplathinsppagethinspceacutelegravebrethinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauthinsppremierthinsplivrethinspdes MeacutetaphysiquesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspagravethinsplaquellethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspfairethinspallusionthinspthinsplaquothinspδείκνυταιthinspκαὶthinspοὕτωςthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινωνthinspπλειόνωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκαὶthinspἔστινthinspἄλλοthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspαὐτῶνthinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspἡγοῦνταιthinspδεικνύναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιmiddotthinspδιὰthinspτοῦτοthinspγάρthinspἐστίthinspτιthinspαὐτοάνθρωποςthinsp κατrsquothinsp αὐτούςthinsp ὅτιthinsp ὁthinsp ἄνθρωποςthinsp κατὰthinsp τῶνthinsp καθrsquothinsp ἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspπλειόνωνthinsp ὄντωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspἄλλοςthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspἐστίν)thinspndashthinspἀλλrsquothinspεἰthinspτοῦτοthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοςthinspὁthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspκατrsquothinspἰδίανthinspὑφεστώςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspδὲthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspπαράthinspτεthinspτὸνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspτὴνthinspἰδέανthinspοὕτωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspτέταρτοςthinspὁthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτούτουthinspκαὶthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὁμοίωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspπέμπτοςthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspἐπrsquothinspἄπειρονthinsp[onthinspprouvethinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspaussi de cette maniegravere si ce qui se preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute de plusieurs est aussi autre que ceux dont il se preacutedique seacutepareacute de ceux-ci (voilagrave ce que pensent prouver ceux qui posent les Ideacutees la raison pourthinsp laquellethinspenthinspeffetthinsp ilthinspythinspathinsppourthinspeuxthinspquelquethinspchosethinspquithinspestthinsp lrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspcrsquoestthinspquethinsp lrsquohommethinspse preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute des hommes particuliers qui sont plusieurs et il est autre que les hommes particuliers)thinspndashthinspmaisthinspsrsquoilthinspenthinspestthinspainsithinspilthinspythinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspSithinspenthinspeffetthinsplrsquohommethinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsppreacutediquethinspestthinspautrethinspquethinspceuxthinspdontthinspilthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspsubsistethinspenthinspproprethinspsithinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspilthinspythinspathinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspagravethinsppartthinspduthinspparticulier et de lrsquoIdeacutee Ainsi qursquoil y en aura un quatriegraveme qui se preacutedique de celui-ci de lrsquoIdeacutee et des particuliersthinspthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquounthinspcinquiegravemethinspetthinspcelathinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis de ideis fragmentathinsp(=thinspAlexandri in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria)thinsp8421thinsp-thinsp853)thinspLethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspillustrethinspagravethinsplathinspperfectionthinspla situation hermeacuteneutique que nous venons drsquoeacutevoquer ougrave le recours agrave la tradition indirecte est agrave la foisthinspineacutevitablethinspetthinsppassablementthinspdeacutelicatthinspDrsquounethinsppartthinspAlexandrethinspsignalethinspexplicitementthinspqursquoilthinspreportethinsplathinspversionthinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinsptellethinspqursquoAristotethinspsrsquoenthinspestthinspservithinspdansthinsplethinsppremierthinsplivrethinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsp(8511-12thinspthinsplaquothinspτῇthinspδὲthinspτελευταίᾳthinspαὐτὸςthinspἔνthinspτεthinspτῷthinspπρώτῳthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspraquo)thinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspilthinspestthinsphautementthinspimprobablethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspenthinsptrainthinspdethinsptranscrirethinspunthinspsegmentthinspduthinsptextethinspdrsquoAristotethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdethinsplethinspparaphraserthinspCethinspquethinsptrahitthinsplrsquoutilisationthinspdethinspcertainsthinsptermesthinsptelsthinspὑπόστασιςthinspetthinspὑφίστημιthinspNousthinspavonsthinspobserveacutethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoacceptionthinspdrsquoexistencethinspetthinspdrsquoexisterthinsprequisethinspparthinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspnithinsplrsquounthinsp(ὑπόστασις)thinspnithinsplrsquoautrethinsp(ὑφίστημι)thinspnethinspsontthinspattesteacutesthinspchezthinspAristotethinspquithinsplesthinsputilisethinspplutocirctthinspdansthinspunthinspsensthinsplocalthinsp(ὑφίστημιthinspindiquethinsple fait de se tenir au-dessous comme dans Aristotelis de caelo P Morauxthinsp(eacuted)thinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1965thinspIthinsp3thinsp269bthinsp24-25)thinspouthinspphysiologiquethinsp(ὑπόστασιςthinspsignifiethinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspreacutesiduthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspseacutedimentthinspraquothinspcomme dans Aristotelis de generatione animaliumthinspHthinspJ droSSaart LuLoFS (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1965thinspIthinsp18thinsp726athinsp21thinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspstationthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspposturethinspraquothinspcommethinspdansthinspAristotelis de partibus animaliumthinsp1956thinspIthinsp2thinsp647bthinsp28)39 Les deux lectures (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp23thinspetthinspAristotelis Sophistici elenchi 22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspontthinspeacuteteacutethinsppreacuteceacutedeacuteesthinspparthinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspeacutetudethinsplexicographiquethinsp(nousthinspavonsthinspeacutevoqueacutethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspplusthinsphautthinspcfthinspnotethinsp3)thinspconsacreacuteethinspauthinspvocabulairethinspquethinspcesthinsptextesthinsppartagentthinsp(etthinspauxthinspquelquesthinsposcillationsthinspqursquoilthinsppreacutesente)thinspEnthinspplusthinspdrsquoexpressionsthinspplusthinspprobleacutematiquesthinsp(commethinsplethinspτόδεthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinsppeutthinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspdeacutesignerthinspunethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle)thinspnousthinspavonsthinspsurtoutthinspexploreacutethinsplrsquooppositionthinspentrethinspcethinspqursquoAristotethinspappellethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(outhinspποιόνthinspτι)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspnousthinspontthinspsurtoutthinspaideacutesthinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinspnotrethinspreconnaissance J kunGthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspThisesthinspSuchesthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspArgumentthinspraquothinspPhronesis 26 (1981)thinsppthinsp207-247thinspetthinspS ebbeSen laquo Hoc aliquid - Quale quidthinspandthinspthethinspSignificationthinspofthinspAppellativesthinspraquothinsp

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Qursquoest-cethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspauthinspjustethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAuthinspboutthinspdrsquounthinspassezthinsplongthinspraisonnement40thinsplathinspconclusionthinspqursquoAristotethinsptirethinspestthinspcateacutegoriquethinsp(φανερὸνthinspὅτιthinspκτλ)thinspSeacuteparer lrsquouniversel crsquoest-agrave-dire le traiter comme quelque chose qui existe de plein exercicethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstarthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspparticuliegraveresthinsprevientthinspagravethinspsrsquoembarrasserthinspdethinsptoutesthinspsortesthinsp drsquoinconveacutenientsthinspthinsp laquothinspφανερὸνthinspὅτιthinsp οὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinspκαὶthinspὅτιthinspοὐδὲνthinspσημαίνειthinspτῶνthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορουμένωνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspἀλλὰthinspτοιόνδεthinspεἰthinspδὲthinspμήthinspἄλλαthinspτεthinspπολλὰthinspσυμβαίνειthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsp[ilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoaucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspnethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspmaisthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinsptelthinspouthinsptelthinspDansthinsplethinspcasthinspcontrairethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspbeaucoupthinspltdrsquoinconveacutenientsgtthinspnotammentthinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis meta-physicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)41 Quelle que soit la force que lrsquoon accorde agrave lrsquoargumentthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspreposethinspultimementthinspsurthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspjuxtaposerthinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspauthinspseinthinspdrsquounethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspmultipliciteacutethinspdontthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspviendraitthinspconstituerthinsplrsquouniteacutethinspauthinspmecircmethinsptitrethinspquethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdrsquohomme constituait lrsquouniteacute de la multipliciteacute des hommes particuliers Autrement ditthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsprequiertthinspquethinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinsp

Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

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Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman 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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

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lirethinspen179athinsp1-2thinsplathinspsyntaxethinsplaquothinspτὸthinspμένthinsphellipthinspτὸthinspδέhellipthinspraquothinspopposethinspΚορίσκοςthinspagravethinspμουσικόςthinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinspΚορίσκοςthinspμουσικόςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspμένthinsphellipthinspτὸthinspδέhellipthinspraquothinsprenvoiethinsprespectivementthinspagravethinspΚορίσκοςthinsp(τὸthinspμέν)thinspetthinspagravethinspμουσικόςthinsp(τὸthinspδέ)thinspsousthinsppeinethinspdrsquointroduirethinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspseraitthinspunthinspautrethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspqursquounthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspavecthinsppourthinspconseacutequencethinspdethinspcompromettrethinsplrsquoanalogiethinspdethinspcomportementthinspentrethinsppreacutedicatsthinsp(enthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspἄνθρωποςthinspetthinspμουσικός)thinsp(3)thinspEst-cethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκθέσθαιthinspetthinsplrsquoἐκτίθεσθαιthinspenthinsp179athinsp3thinspainsithinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspsontthinspsynonymesthinspentrethinspeuxthinspetthinspaboutissentthinspdansthinsptousthinsplesthinspcasthinspagravethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspouthinspalternativementthinspagravethinspcellethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspouthinspbienthinsptantocirctthinspagravethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsptantocirctthinspagravethinspcellethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspAgravethinsplrsquoinstar de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 Ithinsp9thinsp103bthinsp29-35thinsplethinspverbethinspἐκτίθημιthinspnethinspchangethinsppointthinspdethinspsignificationthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdethinsplrsquoobjetthinspquithinspreacutesultethinspdethinspsonthinspopeacuterationthinsplequelthinspestthinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspsrsquoexposethinspauthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo)thinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspluithinspeacutechappe)thinsp(4)thinspCommentthinspcomprendrethinsplrsquoοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσειthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspthinspQursquoest-cethinspquithinspnethinspfaitthinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspquoithinspthinspEst-cethinspquethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspestthinspsupposeacutethinspsrsquoensuivrethinspagravethinsptousthinsplesthinspcoupsthinsp(aussithinspbienthinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspougravethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspsethinspsoldethinspparthinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspquethinspdansthinspceluithinspougravethinspcrsquoestthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppart)thinspouthinspbienthinspcrsquoestthinspparthinsprapportthinspauthinspreacutesultatthinspdethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspelle-mecircmethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspaurathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspqursquoonthinspobtiendrathinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinspunthinspἕνthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλοὺςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspCommethinsplethinspmontrentthinsplesthinsprecommandationsthinspdrsquoAristotethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspfaitthinspunethinspsacreacuteethinspdiffeacuterencethinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsp(lequelthinspsrsquoensuitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspquethinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppartthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinspilthinspsethinspditthinspenthinspcommunthinspὅπερthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspὅπερthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspEnthinsprevanchethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspentrethinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspLrsquounthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspmoinsthinspdistinctthinspquethinsplrsquoautrethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspdontthinsponthinsplethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspParthinspconseacutequentthinspsithinsponthinspaffirmethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspestthinspunethinspqualiteacutethinspetthinspnonthinspunethinspsubstancethinspcelathinspnethinspfaitthinspaucunethinspdiffeacuterencethinsp(οὐδὲνthinspδιοίσει)thinspduthinspmoinsthinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinspsathinsppositionthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspplusieursthinspcarthinspilthinspythinspaurathinsptoutthinspdethinspmecircmethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinsp(ἕνthinspτι)thinspetthinspdethinspdiffeacuterentthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(παρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλούς)thinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinsplaquothinsphommethinspraquothinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsp(οἷονthinspτὸthinspἄνθρωπος)thinsp

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mesurethinspougravethinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdesthinspuniversauxthinspatteintthinspavecthinspAristotethinspunethinspmaturiteacutethinspquithinspestthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoordrethinspdoctrinalthinspetthinsphistoriographiquethinspDethinspfaitthinspdrsquounethinsppartthinsplathinspcritiquethinsparis-toteacuteliciennethinspdesthinspFormesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspestthinspsolidairethinspdrsquounethinspreacuteflexionthinsptheacutematiquethinspautourthinspde la question de savoir quelle est la nature de ce qui est et se dit en commun desthinspplusieursthinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspcettethinspmecircmethinspcritiquethinspinscritthinsplathinspnotionthinspdrsquouniverselthinspdansthinspune histoire intellectuelle qui commencerait avec Socrate (son inventeur drsquoapregraves Aristote)thinspetthinspsethinsptraduiraitthinspsurtoutthinspparthinspunethinspdeacuterivethinspdethinsplrsquointerrogationthinspsocratiquethinspauxthinspmainsthinspdethinspsesthinspsuccesseursthinsp(Platonthinspetthinsplesthinspplatoniciens)thinsp

Apregravesthinspavoirthinspproceacutedeacutethinspagravethinspunthinspexamenthinsppreacuteliminairethinspduthinspvocabulairethinsparistoteacutelicienthinspdethinsplrsquouniversel4thinspnousthinspavonsthinspjustifieacutethinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspdeacutepartthinspdethinspnotrethinspenquecirctethinspainsithinspquethinspsonthinspfilthinspconducteurthinspBienthinspqursquoAristotethinspdeacutefinissethinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspcethinspqursquoilthinspentendthinspparthinsplaquothinspuniver-selthinspraquothinsp(cethinspquithinspndashthinspcontrairementthinspauxthinspparticuliersthinspndashthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs5)thinspetthinspquethinsplethinsp

Platorsquos first interpretersthinspDuckworththinspLondresthinsp2000thinspetthinspJ diLLon The Heirs of Plato A Study of the Old Academy (347-274 BC) Clarendon Press Oxford 2003 4thinspthinspCettethinspreconnaissancethinspathinspconsisteacutethinsptoutthinspdrsquoabordthinspenthinspunethinspenquecirctethinsplexicographiquethinspaxeacuteethinspsurthinspquelquesthinspexpressions-cleacutethinsp agravethinsp savoirthinsp κοινόνthinsp κοινῇthinsp κατηγορούμενονthinsp etthinsp καθόλουthinsp (ainsithinsp quethinsp leurthinsp antonymethinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστον)thinspNousthinspnousthinspsommesthinsptoutthinspspeacutecialementthinspinteacuteresseacutesthinspauxthinsplieuxthinspduthinspcorpusthinspquithinspautorisentthinspdes variations synonymiques entre les trois comme crsquoest le cas dans Aristotelis sophistici elenchi eacuted D roSSthinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1958thinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinsp(ougravethinspκοινόνthinspetthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορούμενονthinspsontthinspinterchangeables)thinspAristotelis metaphysica Z eacuted M Frede et G PatziG Beck Munich 1988 13 1038bthinsp9thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp2thinspetthinsp16thinsp1040bthinsp25-27thinspetthinspAristotelis ethica nicomachea eacuted F SuSeMihL et O aPeLt LeipzigthinspTeubnerthinsp1912thinspIthinsp4thinsp1096athinsp27-28thinsp(ougravethinspκοινόνthinspetthinspκαθόλουthinspsontthinspeuxthinspaussithinspinterchangeables)thinspouthinspencore Aristotelis de partibus animalium eacuted P LouiSthinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1956thinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinsp(ougravethinspAristotethinspditthinspduthinspκαθόλουthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspκοινόν)thinspEncorethinspquethinsprelativementthinspanciennesthinsptroisthinspeacutetudesthinspsethinspsontthinspaveacutereacutees preacutecieuses agrave ce stade de notre recherche A-M diLLenS Eacutetude des acceptions techniques du terme katholou dans lrsquoœuvre drsquoAristotethinspUniversiteacutethinspCatholiquethinspdethinspLouvainthinspLouvainthinsp1965thinspthinspJ owenS laquothinspThethinspGroundsthinspofthinspUniversalitythinspinthinspAristotlethinspraquothinspAmerican Philosophical Quarterlythinsp3thinsp(1966)thinsppthinsp162-169thinspthinspW SaCkStederthinsplaquothinspSomethinspWordsthinspAristotlethinspNeverthinspUsesthinspAttributesthinspEssencesthinspandthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspThe New Scholasticismthinsp60thinsp(1986)thinsppthinsp427-453thinspDrsquoautresthinspnousthinspontthinspeacutegalementthinspfournithinspplusieursthinsppistesthinspdethinspreacuteflexionthinspetthinspconstituentthinspunethinspexcellentethinspintroductionthinspauxthinspvuesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspenthinspmatiegraverethinspdrsquouniversauxthinspthinspJthinspH LeSher laquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspFormsthinspSubstancethinspandthinspUniversalsthinspAthinspDilemmathinspraquothinspPhronesisthinsp16thinsp (1971)thinsppthinsp169-178thinspthinspM CreSSweLLthinsplaquothinspWhatthinspisthinspAristotlersquosthinspTheorythinspofthinspUniversalsthinspthinspraquothinspAustralasian Journal of Philosophythinsp53thinsp(1975)thinsppthinsp238-247thinspthinspJ enGMannthinsplaquothinspAristotelianthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspClassical Philologythinsp73thinsp(1978)thinsppthinsp17-23thinsp(dontthinsponthinsplirathinspaussithinsplaquothinspAristotlethinspDistinctionthinspbetweenthinspSubstancethinspandthinspUniversalthinspraquothinspPhronesisthinsp18thinsp[1973]thinsppthinsp 139-155)thinspthinsp MthinspM tweedaLethinsp laquothinspAristotlersquosthinsp universalsthinspraquothinsp Australasian Journal of Philosophythinsp 65thinsp(1987)thinsppthinsp412-426thinspthinspG brakaS Aristotlersquos concept of the universal G oLMSthinspVerlagthinspHildesheimthinsp1988thinspthinspT SCaLtSaS Substances and Universals in Aristotlersquos Metaphysics Cornell University Press Ithaca 1994thinspthinspA jauLinthinsplaquothinspFormethinspindividuthinspetthinspuniverselthinspraquothinspRevue de philosophie anciennethinsp14thinsp(1996)thinsppthinsp57-73thinspthinspS di CaMiLLothinsplaquothinspElthinspproblemathinspdelthinspstatusthinspontoloacutegicothinspdelthinspuniversalthinspenthinspAristoacutetelesthinspraquothinspSynthesisthinsp11thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp103-122thinspthinspMthinspJ LouxthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspUniversalthinspraquothinspdansthinspG anaGnoStoPuLoSthinsp(eacuted)thinspA Companion to AristotlethinspBlackwellthinspOxfordthinsp2009thinsppthinsp186-196thinspthinspG GaLLuzzo laquo A Kind Farewell to Platonism For an AristotelianthinspUnderstandingthinspofthinspKindsthinspandthinspPropertiesthinspraquothinspdansthinspG GaLLuzzo J Louxthinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Problem of Universals in Contemporary PhilosophythinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2015thinsppthinsp85-113thinsp5thinspthinspCfthinspeg Aristotelis peri hermeneias eacuted L Minio-PaLueLLothinsp(eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1949thinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinsp-thinsp17bthinsp1thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspδὲthinspὃthinspμήthinspοἷονthinspἄνθρωποςthinspμὲνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspΚαλλίαςthinspδὲthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinsppar nature se preacutedique de plusieurs alors que par particulier ce qui ltpar naturegt ne ltse preacutedique pas dethinspplusieursgtthinspthinspparthinspexemplethinsphommethinspestthinspunthinspuniverselthinspCalliasthinspunthinspparticulier]thinspraquothinspAgravethinsptitrethinspdrsquoexemplethinspduthinsptype de lectures de texte que nous avons engageacutees rappelons qursquoau cours de lrsquoanalyse de ce passage nousthinspavonsthinspabordeacutethinspetthinspessayeacutethinspdethinspreacutesoudrethinspunthinspnombrethinspdethinspdifficulteacutesthinsplieacuteesthinspagravethinspsathinspcompreacutehensionthinspEnthinspplusthinsp

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corpusthinspdesthinspeacutecritsthinspdrsquoeacutecolethinspnethinspsoitthinsppasthinspavarethinspenthinspindicationsthinspconcernantthinspsonthinspinteacuterecirctthinspndashthinsptoutthinspdrsquoabordthinspeacutepisteacutemologique6 ndash ou encore sa relation au multiple dont il constitue lrsquouniteacute7 ce qursquoAristote dit agrave ce sujet se trouve dans un eacutetat de relative dispersion

dethinspcellethinspdethinspsavoirthinspcethinspquethinspπρᾶγμαthinspveutthinspbienthinspdirethinspdansthinsplathinspphrasethinspimmeacutediatementthinsppreacuteceacutedentethinsp(mecircmethinspsithinspon ne partage pas tout agrave fait ses vues P hadot laquo Sur divers sens du mot pragma dans la tradition philosophiquethinspgrecquethinspraquothinspdansthinspP aubenquethinsp(eacuted)thinspConcepts et cateacutegories dans la penseacutee antiquethinspVrinthinspParisthinsp1980thinsppthinsp309-319thinspdemeurethinspunthinspexcellentthinsppointthinspdethinspdeacutepartthinsppourthinspeacutetudierthinsplethinspproblegraveme)thinspquithinspintroduitthinsplrsquooppositionthinsp desthinsp particuliersthinsp etthinsp desthinsp universauxthinsp qursquoAristotethinsp qualifiethinsp ensuitethinsp sousthinsp lethinsp rapportthinsp dethinsp lathinsppreacutedicationthinsp(17athinsp38-39thinspthinsplaquothinspἐπεὶthinspδέthinspἐστιthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspκαθόλουthinspτῶνthinspπραγμάτωνthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinsp[puisquethinspcertainesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspsontthinspuniversellesthinspalorsthinspquethinspdrsquoautresthinspsontthinspparticuliegraveres]thinspraquo)thinsplathinspquestionthinspsrsquoestthinspposeacuteethinspdethinspsavoirthinspsithinsplethinspμήthinspniethinsplethinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinspouthinspbienthinsplethinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsptoutthinspcourtthinsp(unethinsptroisiegravemethinsppossibiliteacutethinspmoinsthinspplausiblethinspeacutetantthinspqursquoilthinspportethinspsurthinsplethinspπέφυκε)thinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspsithinsplathinspneacutegationthinspexclutthinspquethinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspnethinspsoientthinsppreacutediqueacutesthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(ἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspκατηγορεῖσθαι)thinspouthinspbienthinspqursquoilsthinspnethinspsoientthinsppreacutediqueacutesthinsptoutthinspcourtthinsp(κατηγορεῖσθαι)thinspLathinsplettrethinspduthinsptextethinsplaissethinspouvertethinspcettethinspalternativethinspthinspsrsquoil ne fait pas de doute que lrsquouniversel et le particulier srsquoopposent en cela qursquoil est dans la nature du premierthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspalorsthinspquethinsplethinspdeuxiegravemethinspreacutepugnethinspagravethinspcelathinspAristotethinspenthinsprevanchethinspnethinspnousthinspditthinsppasthinspclairementthinspsithinspcelathinspimpliquethinspouthinspbienthinspquethinsplethinspparticulierthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsppreacutedicablethinspduthinsptoutthinspouthinspbienthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppreacutedicablethinspquethinspdrsquounthinspseulthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinspDansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspAristotethinspdeacuteclarethinspailleursthinsplethinspparticulierthinspimpreacutedicablethinsp(Aristotelis [categoriae] eacuted R bodeacuteuumlS Les Belles Lettres Paris 2001thinsp2thinsp1athinsp20thinspetthinsp1bthinsp3-5thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinsp[hellip]thinspτὰthinspδὲthinspοὔτεthinspἐνthinspὑποκειμένῳthinspἐστὶνthinspοὔτεthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspλέγεταιthinspοἷονthinspὁthinspτὶςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἢthinspὁthinspτὶςthinspἵπποςthinsp[parmithinsplesthinspeacutetantsthinsp(hellip)thinsplesthinspautresthinspnithinspnethinspsontthinspdansthinspunthinspsujetthinspnithinspnethinspsethinspdisentthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinspparthinspexemplethinspthinspcetthinsphomme-cithinspouthinspcethinspcheval-ci]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspsoustraitthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinspau circuit de la preacutedication (Aristotelis [categoriae]thinsp5thinsp3athinsp36-37thinspthinsplaquothinspἀπὸthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspτῆςthinspπρώτηςthinspοὐσίαςthinspοὐδεμίαthinspἐστὶthinspκατηγορίαthinspκατrsquothinspοὐδενὸςthinspγὰρthinspὑποκειμένουthinspλέγεταιthinsp[onthinspnethinsppeutthinsptirerthinspaucunethinsppreacutedicationthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinsppremiegraverethinsppuisqursquoellethinspnethinspsethinspditthinspdrsquoaucunthinspsujet]thinspraquo)thinspilthinspparaicirctthinspassezthinspplausiblethinspdethinsppencherthinsppourthinsplathinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinspetthinspexclurethinspquethinsplethinspparticulierthinsppuissethinspfigurerthinspdansthinspunethinsppreacutedicationthinspagravethinsplathinspplacethinspdethinsppreacutedicat (sinon de faccedilon accidentelle selon lrsquoanomalie qursquoAristote prend en compte dans Aristotelis analytica priorathinspeacutedthinspD roSS Clarendon Press Oxford 1949 I 27 43a 33-26 ougrave lrsquoaccidentaliteacute en questionthinspestthinspagravethinspcomprendrethinspauthinspsensthinspquethinsplesthinspeacutenonceacutesthinspougravethinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspindividuellesthinspsethinsptrouventthinspenthinsppositionthinspdethinsppreacutedicatthinsppreacutesententthinsplesthinspaccidentsthinspdethinsplathinsppreacutedicationthinspsansthinspenthinspecirctrethinspunethinspagravethinspproprementthinspparlerthinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspndashthinspdrsquoailleursthinspndashthinspAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinsplesthinspqualifiethinspndashthinspdansthinspAlexandri Aphrodisiensis in Aristotelis analyticorum priorum librum I commentarium eacuted M waLLieS G reiMer Berlin 1883 2912thinspndashthinspdethinspπαρὰthinspφύσινthinspcontre nature)thinsp6 Cf eg Aristotelis analytica posteriorathinspeacutedthinspD roSS Clarendon Press Oxford 1949 I 11 77a 5-9thinsp(agravethinsplirethinspenthinspparallegravelethinspavecthinspIthinsp22thinsp83athinsp32-35)thinspetthinsp31thinsp87bthinsp28-39thinspthinspIIthinsp97bthinsp25-27thinspthinspAristotelis metaphysica A eacuted O PriMaveSi dans C SteeLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotlersquos Metaphysics Alpha Symposium Aristotelicum OxfordthinspUniversitythinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp2012thinsp1thinsp981athinsp5-7thinspetthinspsurtoutthinspAristotelis metaphysicathinspeacutedthinspD roSS ClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1924thinspBthinsp4thinsp999athinsp26-29thinspthinsplaquothinspεἴτεthinspγὰρthinspμὴthinspἔστιthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἄπειραthinspτῶνthinspδrsquothinspἀπείρωνthinspπῶςthinspἐνδέχεταιthinspλαβεῖνthinspἐπιστήμηνthinspthinspᾗthinspγὰρthinspἕνthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspταὐτόνthinspκαὶthinspᾗthinspκαθόλουthinspτιthinspὑπάρχειthinsp ταύτῃthinspπάνταthinspγνωρίζομενthinsp [srsquoilthinspnrsquoythinspavaitthinsppasthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinsp commethinsp lesthinsp particuliersthinsp sontthinsp enthinsp nombrethinsp infinithinsp commentthinsp serait-ilthinsp possiblethinsp drsquoacqueacuterirthinspunethinspsciencethinspdethinspcesthinspchosesthinspenthinspnombrethinsp infinithinspthinspdethinsp faitthinspnousthinspconnaissonsthinsp toutesthinspchosesthinsppourthinspautantthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquouniquethinspdrsquoidentiquethinspetthinspdrsquouniversel]thinspraquothinspParmithinsptantthinspdrsquoautresthinspessaisthinspconsacreacutesthinspagravethinsp lathinsp probleacutematiquethinspW LeSzL laquo Knowledge of the Universal and Knowledge of the Particular in AristotlethinspraquothinspReview of Metaphysicsthinsp26thinsp(1972)thinsppthinsp278-313thinspetthinspM CrubeLLier laquo Science de lrsquouniversel et connaissance du singulier Aristote MeacutetaphysiquethinspMthinsp10thinspraquothinspRevue de philosophie anciennethinsp14thinsp(1996)thinsppthinsp75-102thinsppreacutesententthinsplrsquoavantagethinspdrsquoeacutetudierthinspenthinspparallegravelethinsplathinspconnaissancethinspfondeacuteethinspsurthinsplrsquouniverselthinspetthinspcellethinsptourneacutee vers le particulier 7 Cf notamment les remarques sur la nature de la preacutedication des genres et des espegraveces en reacuteponse agrave la questionthinsplaquothinspqursquoest-cethinspquethinsp(τίthinspἐστι)thinspthinspraquothinspunthinspparticulierthinspdonneacutethinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplirethinspdansthinspAristotelis [categoriae] 5thinsp2bthinsp29-36thinspouthinspencorethinspauthinspsujetthinspdethinsplrsquoasymeacutetriethinspdrsquoexistencethinspentrethinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspdrsquounethinsppartthinspetthinspleursthinspespegraveces et genres de lrsquoautre qursquoon peut lire dans Aristotelis [categoriae]thinsp5thinsp2bthinsp3-6thinspCfthinspeacutegalementthinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

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Aussithinsponthinspchercherathinspenthinspvainthinspchezthinspluithinspunthinsptraitementthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinspunifieacutethinspdethinspcettethinspmatiegravere Il se trouve en revanche qursquoil en dise le plus lorsqursquoil srsquooppose aux vues de certains de ses anciens collegravegues les partisans des Formes preacuteciseacutement8thinspDethinspfaitthinspdansthinspsonthinspsoucithinspdrsquoarrecircterthinsplathinspgenegravesethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspAristotethinspeacutetablitthinspunethinspdoublethinspfiliationthinspsocratiquethinspetthinspheacuteracliteacuteenne9thinsplaquellethinsplivrethinspfinalementthinsplesthinspprincipauxthinspeacuteleacutements de sa theacuteorie de lrsquouniversel

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Aristotelis metaphysicathinspΔthinsp26thinsp1023bthinsp29-32thinspougravethinsplathinsprelationthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspvis-agrave-visthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinsp ilthinspsethinsppreacutedique est analyseacutee en termes drsquouniteacute et de totaliteacute 8 Aristotelis ethica nicomacheathinspIthinsp4thinsp1096athinsp11-13thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspβέλτιονthinspἴσωςthinspἐπισκέψασθαιthinspκαὶthinspδιαπορῆσαιthinspπῶςthinspλέγεταιthinspκαίπερthinspπροσάντουςthinspτῆςthinspτοιαύτηςthinspζητήσεωςthinspγινομένηςthinspδιὰthinspτὸthinspφίλουςthinspἄνδραςthinspεἰσαγαγεῖνthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinsp[ilthinspvautthinsppeut-ecirctrethinspmieuxthinspeacutetudierthinspltlethinspbiengtthinspenthinspgeacuteneacuteralthinspetthinspreacutesoudrethinsplesthinspdifficulteacutesthinsplieacutesthinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfaccedilonsthinspdethinsplethinspdirethinspmecircmethinspsithinspcettethinsptacircchethinspestthinsprenduethinspplusthinspdifficilethinspparthinsplrsquoamitieacutethinsppourthinspceuxthinspquithinspontthinspintroduitthinsplesthinspFormes]thinspraquothinspSurthinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspamitieacutethinspenthinspcethinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspchapitrethinspcfthinspL taran laquo Amicus Plato sed magis amica veritasthinspFromthinspPlatothinspandthinspAristotlethinsptothinspCervantesthinspraquothinspAntike und Abendland 30 (1984)thinsppthinsp93-124thinsp9thinspthinspLathinsppremiegraverethinspeacutetantthinspdirectethinsplathinspdeuxiegravemethinspfiltreacuteethinspparthinsplrsquoenseignementthinspdeacutelivreacutethinspparthinspCratylethinspunthinspheacuteracliteacuteenthinspradicalthinsp dontthinsp lethinsp portraitthinsp aussithinsp bienthinsp chezthinspAristotethinsp quethinsp chezthinspPlatonthinsp preacutesentethinsp desthinsp traitsthinsp caricaturauxthinsp(drsquoapregraves le premier ndash Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspΓthinspeacutedthinspM heCquet-devienne Peeters Louvain-la-Neuve 2008thinsp5thinsp1010athinsp10-15thinspndashthinspCratylethinspnethinspsrsquoexprimaitthinspqursquoenthinspbougeantthinsplethinspdoigtthinspthinspilthinspestthinspaffubleacutethinspchezthinsplethinspsecondthinspndash Platonis Cratylus E A duke W F hiCken W S M niCoLLthinspDthinspB robinSon et J C G StraChan (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1995thinsp429ethinsp5thinspndashthinspdrsquounthinsppatronymethinspagravethinsplrsquoallurethinspdethinspcalembourthinspthinspσμικρίωνοςthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsptraduirathinspsansthinspsoucithinspdethinsplitteacuteraliteacutethinsplaquothinspfilsthinspdethinspminusthinspraquothinspcethinspquithinsppourthinspquelqursquounthinspquithinspsrsquoappellethinspΚρατύλοςthinsplaquothinspfortichethinspraquothinspestthinsptoutthinspunthinspprogramme)thinsp10 Nous avons lu et commenteacute en quelque deacutetail Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987athinsp32thinsp-thinsp987bthinsp14thinsp(ce chapitre a eacuteteacute reacutecemment eacutetudieacute par C SteeLthinsplaquothinspPlatothinspasthinspseenthinspbythinspAristotlethinspMetaphysicsthinspAthinsp6thinspraquothinspdans C SteeLthinsp (eacuted)thinspAristotlersquos Metaphysics Alpha Symposium Aristotelicum Oxford University PressthinspOxfordthinsp2012thinsppthinsp167-200)thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp9-16thinspetthinsp27-34thinsp(cfthinspM narCythinsplaquothinspRendrethinspagravethinspSocratehellipthinspouthinspagravethinspDeacutemocritethinspthinsp(AristotethinspMeacutetaphysiquethinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp17-31)thinspraquothinspdansthinspG Giannantoni et M narCythinsp(eacuted)thinspLezioni socratichethinspBibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp1997thinsppthinsp81-96)thinspthinspMthinsp9thinsp1086athinsp31thinsp-thinsp1086bthinsp11thinsp(cfthinspL Gazziero Rationes ex machina La micrologie agrave lrsquoacircge de lrsquoindustrie de lrsquoargumentthinspVrinthinspParisthinsp2008thinsppthinsp145-151)thinspPour les trois cf eacutegalement L M CaSteLLi laquo Universals Particulars and Aristotlersquos Criticism of Platorsquos FormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspR Chiaradonna et G GaLLuzzothinsp(eacuted)thinspUniversals in Ancient Philosophy Edizioni della Normale Pise 2013 p 139-184 Rappelons que le troisiegraveme des quatre tomes des Socratis et Socraticorum reliquiae eacuted G GiannantonithinspBibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp1990-1991thinspestthinspconsacreacutethinspagravethinspAristotethinspteacutemointhinspdethinspSocratethinsp(le lecteur francophone peut eacutegalement consulter T deMan Le teacutemoignage drsquoAristote sur Socrate Les BellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1942)thinspLathinspbibliographiethinspeacutetantthinsptregravesthinsprichethinsp(cellethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdistribueacuteethinspcomptaitthinspagravethinspellethinsptoutthinspseulethinspquelquethinspcentthinspcinquantethinsptitres)thinspicithinsponthinspsignalerathinspauthinspmoinsthinspthinspG Giannantoni laquo Socrate nella MetafisicathinspdithinspAristotelethinspraquothinspdansthinspA bauSoLa et G reaLethinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotele Percheacute la metafisica VitathinspethinspPensierothinspMilanthinsp1994thinsppthinsp431-449thinspthinspWthinspJ PriorthinsplaquothinspSocratesthinspMetaphysicianthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp27thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp1-14thinspainsithinspquethinspJ ManSFeLdthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspSocratesrsquothinspContributionsthinsptothinspPhilosophythinspraquothinspdansthinspF aLeSSe F aronadio M C daLFino L SiMeone et E SPineLLithinsp(eacuted)thinspAnthropine Sophia Studi di filologia e storiografia filosofica in memoria di Gabriele GiannantonithinspBibliopolisthinspNaples 2008 p 337-349

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ne lui reconnaissait pas une existence indeacutependante de ce dont il se preacutedique en commun11 Ce qui sera plutocirct le cas des platoniciens qui apregraves les avoir seacutepareacutes (Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp31thinspthinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp10)thinspappellerontthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp31-32)thinsplesthinspuni-versaux que la sagaciteacute de Socrate avait permis drsquoatteindre dans un domaine au moinsthinspceluithinspdethinsplrsquoeacutethiquethinsp(Athinsp6thinsp987bthinsp1-4thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp17-19)12 Or qursquoest-ce qui a bienthinspputhinsppousserthinspPlatonthinspetthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspagravethinsppostulerthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspontologiquementthinsp

11thinspthinspCommethinspilthinspressortirathinspparthinsplathinspsuitethinspnousthinspconsideacuteronsthinspicithinspquethinsplathinspnotionthinspdethinspχωρισμόςthinspcoiumlncidethinsppourthinspautant qursquoelle intervient dans la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees avec le fait de posseacuteder une existencethinspcomparablethinspagravethinspcellethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinsp(cetthinsphomme-cithinspouthinspcetthinsphomme-lagrave)thinspEllethinspdemeurethinspenthinspreacutealiteacutethinspndashthinspcommethinspbienthinspdrsquoautresthinspnotionsthinspchezthinspAristotethinspndashthinspunthinspπολλαχῶςthinspλεγόμενονthinspCethinspquithinspexpliquethinspdu moins en partie la grande dispariteacutes de vues que lrsquoon rencontre chez les interpregravetes Encore que relativementthinspancienthinsplrsquoarticlethinspdethinspJthinspD MabbottthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinspandthinspthethinspXΩΡΙΣΜΟΣthinspofthinspPlatothinspraquothinspThe Classical Quarterlythinsp20thinsp(1926)thinsppthinsp72-79thinspdemeurethinspunthinspexcellentthinsppointthinspdethinspdeacutepartthinsppourthinspeacutetudierthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspthinsptoutthinspcommethinsplathinspmonographiethinspdethinspCthinspH Chen Das Chorismos-Problem bei AristotelesthinspLimbachthinspBerlinthinsp1940 (une deuxiegraveme monographie plus reacutecente eacutetant celle de L SPeLLMan Substance and Separation in AristotlethinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp1995)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspagravethinsppeuthinsppregravesthinspcontemporainsthinspdethinspM-D PhiLiPPethinspgardentthinspeuxthinspaussithinsptoutthinspleurthinspinteacuterecirctthinsplethinsppremierthinspsurtoutthinspthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspM-D PhiLiPPe laquothinsprsquoΑφαίρεσιςthinsp πρόσθεσιςthinsp χωρίζεινthinsp dansthinsp lathinsp philosophiethinsp drsquoAristotethinspraquothinspRevue thomistethinsp 48thinsp (1948)thinsppthinsp461-479thinspetthinsplaquothinspLathinspparticipationthinspdansthinsplathinspphilosophiethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspRevue thomistethinsp492thinsp(1949)thinsppthinsp254-277thinspLe lecteur francophone pourra eacutegalement consulter E de Strycker laquo La notion aristoteacutelicienne de seacuteparationthinspraquothinspdansthinspAAVV Autour drsquoAristote recueil drsquoeacutetudes de philosophie ancienne et meacutedieacutevale offert agrave Monseigneur A MansionthinspPublicationsthinspuniversitairesthinspdethinspLouvainthinspLouvainthinsp1955thinsppthinsp119-139thinspet R duFourthinsplaquothinspLathinspseacuteparationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp1thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp47-66thinspAgrave cocircteacute drsquoautres eacutetudes speacutecialement consacreacutees agrave la notion (cf eg M Gianni laquo Aristotele e la nozione di separazionethinspraquothinspAnnali del Dipartimento di filosofia dellrsquoUniversitagrave di Firenzethinsp3thinsp[1987]thinsppthinsp229-251thinspou encore G abbatethinsplaquothinspLathinspproblematicathinspdellathinspseparazionethinspnellathinspmetafisicathinspdithinspAristotelethinspraquothinspAnnali della Facoltagrave di Lettere e Filosofia dellrsquoUniversitagrave degli studi di Maceratathinsp32thinsp[1999]thinsppthinsp9-38)thinsponthinspmentionnera surtout la controverse entre G FinethinspetthinspDthinspR MorriSon dans les premiegraveres livraisons des Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy G Finethinsp laquothinspSeparationthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp2thinsp(1984)thinsppthinsp31-87thinspthinspDthinspR MorriSon laquo Separation in Aristotlersquos MetaphysicsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp3thinsp(1985)thinsppthinsp125-157thinspetthinsplaquothinspχωριστόςthinspinthinspAristotlethinspraquothinspHarvard Studies in Classical Philologythinsp89thinsp(1985)thinsppthinsp89-105thinspthinspG FinethinsplaquothinspSeparationthinspthinspAthinspReplythinsptothinspMorrisonthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp 3thinsp (1985)thinsp pthinsp 159-165thinspthinspDthinspR MorriSon laquo Separation a Reply to FinethinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp3thinsp(1985)thinsppthinsp167-173thinspParmithinsplesthinspchapitresthinspdrsquoouvragesthinsprappelonsthinspauthinspmoinsthinsplaquothinspSeparationthinspraquothinspdansthinspEthinspG katayaMa Aristotle on Artifacts A Metaphysical PuzzlethinspStatethinspUniversitythinspofthinspNewthinspYorkthinspPressthinspAlbanythinsp1999thinsppthinsp29-40thinsp12thinspthinspProbleacutematiquethinspouthinsppasthinsplrsquoidentificationthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspuniversauxthinspsemblethinspallerthinspdethinspsoithinsppourthinspAristotethinspthinsplaquothinspἀλλrsquothinspὁthinspμὲνthinspΣωκράτηςthinspτὰthinspκαθόλουthinspοὐthinspχωριστὰthinspἐποίειthinspοὐδὲthinspτοὺςthinspὁρισμούςmiddotthinspοἱthinspδrsquothinspἐχώρισανthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσανthinspὥστεthinspσυνέβαινενthinspαὐτοῖςthinspσχεδὸνthinspτῷthinspαὐτῷthinspλόγῳthinspπάντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[orthinspSocratethinspnethinspfaisaitthinspnithinspdesthinspuniverselsthinspnithinspdesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspalorsthinspqursquoilsthinspltlesgtthinspseacuteparaientthinspetthinspdonnaientthinspagravethinspdethinsptellesthinspentiteacutesthinsplethinspnomthinspdrsquoIdeacuteesthinspthinspaussithinspilsthinspenthinspsontthinspvenusthinspagravethinspposerthinspparthinsplethinspmecircmethinspraisonnementthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdrsquoagravethinsppeuthinsppregravesthinsptoutthinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspdrsquouniversel]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp30-34)thinspLathinspparenteacutethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspuniverselsthinspestthinspeacutegalementthinspeacutevoqueacuteethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinsplivrethinspEtathinspthinsplaquothinspτῷthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspγένειthinspκαὶthinspαἱthinspἰδέαιthinspσυνάπτουσινthinsp(κατὰthinspτὸνthinspαὐτὸνthinspγὰρthinspλόγονthinspοὐσίαιthinspδοκοῦσινthinspεἶναι)thinsp[P-M MoreL Aristote Metaphysique EtathinspVrinthinspParisthinsp2015thinsppthinsp63thinspthinsporthinspagravethinsplrsquouniverselthinspetthinspauthinspgenrethinspsethinsprattachentthinspaussithinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(crsquoestthinspenthinspvertuthinspduthinspmecircmethinspraisonnementthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspreacuteputeacuteesthinspecirctrethinspsubstances]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspHthinsp1thinsp1042athinsp15-16)thinspCommethinsplethinspreacutesumethinspdethinspfaccedilonthinsptregravesthinspperspicacethinspA Code laquo Philosophical Method in Aristotlersquos On IdeasthinspraquothinspInternationale Zeitschrift fuumlr Philosophiethinsp2thinsp(1998)thinsppthinsp198thinspthinsplaquothinspwhatthinspisthinspunderthinspdisputethinspisthinspnotthinspwhetherthinsptherethinsparethinspuniversalsthinspbutthinspwhetherthinspthesethinspuniversalsthinsparethinspideasthinsp[cethinspquithinspestthinspcontroverseacutethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsplathinspquestionthinspdethinspsavoirthinspsrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspuniversauxthinspmaisthinspcellethinspdethinspsavoirthinspsithinspcesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspdesthinspIdeacutees]thinspraquothinsp

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plusthinsprobustesthinspquethinsplesthinspuniversauxthinsprechercheacutesthinspparthinspSocratethinspthinspCrsquoestthinsplagravethinspqursquointervientthinsplathinspdeuxiegravemethinspfiliationthinspquethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdrsquoeacutevoquerthinspthinsppersuadeacutesthinspdethinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspdesthinspthegravesesthinspdrsquoHeacuteraclitethinspndashthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspquethinsp lesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsensiblesthinspsontthinspemporteacuteesthinspdansthinspunthinspfluxthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsrsquoeacutecoulentthinspsansthinspcessethinspcethinspquithinsprendthinspleurthinspconnaissancethinspimpossiblethinsp(Athinsp6thinsp987athinsp32thinsp-thinsp987b1thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp12-16)thinspndashthinspPlatonthinspetthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspontthinspeuthinsprecoursthinspagravethinspdrsquoautresthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspquithinspexisteraientthinspenthinspplusthinspetthinspagravethinspcocircteacutethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspsensiblesthinsp(Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp15-16)thinsp

Il ne fait pas de doute qursquoAristote prend parti en lrsquooccurrence pour Socrate dontthinspilthinspathinspsalueacutethinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplrsquointeacuterecirctthinspfondateurthinsppourthinsplrsquouniverselthinspetthinsploueacutethinsplathinspsobrieacuteteacutethinspouthinsplathinspparcimonie ontologique13 Il deacutenonce en revanche le tournant ideacutealiste de ceux qui au lieu de se contenter de diffeacuterencier lrsquouniversel des particuliers comme lrsquoavaitthinspfaitthinspSocratethinspenthinspontthinspfaitthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspthinsplaquothinspτοῦτοthinspδέthinsp[hellip]thinspἐκίνησεthinspμὲνthinspΣωκράτηςthinspδιὰthinspτοὺςthinspὁρισμούςthinspοὐthinspμὴνthinspἐχώρισέthinspγεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονmiddotthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspὀρθῶςthinspἐνόησενthinspοὐthinspχωρίσαςthinspδηλοῖthinspδὲthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἔργωνmiddotthinspἄνευthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspτοῦthinspκαθόλουthinspοὐκthinspἔστινthinspἐπιστήμηνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspχωρίζεινthinspαἴτιονthinspτῶνthinspσυμβαινόντωνthinspδυσχερῶνthinspπερὶthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspἐστίνthinsp[Socratethinspathinspmisthinsplttoutgtthinspcelathinspenthinspbranlethinspparthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinspthinspilthinspnethinspltlesgt seacuteparait cependant pas des particuliers et il avait raison de penser ltqursquoelles ne sontgt pas seacutepareacutees Ce qui ressort clairement ltde la consideacuterationgt des reacutesultats drsquounethinsppartthinspsansthinsplrsquouniverselthinspilthinspestthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspparvenirthinspagravethinsplathinspsciencethinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplathinspseacuteparationthinspestthinsplathinspcausethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquithinspsurviennentthinspavecthinsplesthinspIdeacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Mthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp2-7)thinspOnthinsppeutthinspdoncthinspconclurethinspquethinspdrsquoapregravesthinspAristotethinspduthinspmoinsthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdes Ideacutees nrsquoeacutetaient pas les premiers agrave consideacuterer lrsquouniversel agrave part de la multipli-citeacute Il leur reviendrait en revanche drsquoavoir fait de la seacuteparation la maniegravere dont lrsquouniversel existe en dehors de la pluraliteacute dont il constitue lrsquouniteacute

Surthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspcettethinsppremiegraverethinspreconnaissancethinspagravethinspmecircmethinsplesthinsp textesthinspnousthinspnousthinspsommesthinspefforceacutesthinspdethinspreacutepondrethinspagravethinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinspquestionsthinspLesthinspdeuxthinspprincipalesthinspeacutetantthinspthinsppremiegraverementthinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvraithinspquethinsplethinspχωρισμόςthinspconstituethinsplathinspseulethinspalternativethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstabiliteacutethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspenthinspdevenir14thinspagravethinspquelthinsptypethinspdrsquoentiteacutesthinspcettethinspseacuteparationthinspaboutit-t-ellethinspthinspDeuxiegravemementthinspqursquoestthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdethinspbienthinspmalencontreuxthinspdansthinspcettethinspseacuteparationthinsppour qursquoAristote en fasse la racine de tous les inconveacutenients dont souffrirait la doctrine des Ideacutees15

13 On se souviendra que lrsquoune des attaques les plus seacutevegraveres qursquoAristote adresse aux partisans des Ideacuteesthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspredoublentthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspabsurdethinsplethinspnombrethinspdesthinspeacutetantsthinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica A 9 992a 26-27thinspthinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12)thinspCethinspquithinspestthinsplethinsprefletthinspdrsquounethinspcomptabiliteacutethinspaberrantethinspquithinspmultipliethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspeacutetaitthinspplusthinspaiseacutethinspdethinsplesthinspcompterthinsplorsqursquoilsthinspsontthinspplusthinspnombreuxthinspquethinsplorsqursquoilsthinspsontthinspmoinsthinspnombreuxthinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8)thinspLrsquoobjectionthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspeacutetudieacuteethinspaussithinspenthinspdeacutetailthinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplethinspsouhaiterthinspdansthinspD LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave Meacutetaphysique A 9 990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspSurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp(2008)thinsppthinsp305-32214thinspthinspLrsquoaffirmationthinsppeutthinspparaicirctrethinspndashthinspdethinspprimethinspabordthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppeuthinsppeacuteremptoirethinspmaisthinspellethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdeacutepourvuethinspde fondement Cf notamment Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp7-9thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδrsquothinspὡςthinspἀναγκαῖονthinspεἴπερthinspἔσονταίthinspτινεςthinspοὐσίαιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspαἰσθητὰςthinspκαὶthinspῥεούσαςthinspχωριστὰςthinspεἶναιthinsp[srsquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinspunthinspfluxthinspilthinspestthinspneacutecessairethinsppourthinspeuxthinspqursquoellesthinspsoientthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp15thinspthinspCettethinspaffirmationthinspaussithinsppeutthinspparaicirctrethinspquelquethinsppeuthinspexcessivethinspmaisthinspellethinspnonthinspplusthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspsansthinspfondement dans les textes Agrave cocircteacute drsquoAristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp2-7thinspquethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspciterthinspetthinspquithinspestthinspassezthinspexplicitethinspenthinspcethinspsensthinsponthinspeacutevoquerathinspeacutegalementthinspMthinsp9thinsp1085athinsp23-29thinspougravethinspAristotethinsprevientthinspsurthinsplathinspracinethinspcommunethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdansthinsplesquellesthinspversentthinsplesthinspdoctrinesthinspacadeacutemiciennesthinspdesthinspnombresthinspetthinspdesthinspgrandeursthinsp(πάντωνthinspδὲthinspκοινὸνthinspτούτων)thinspetthinspquithinspestthinspanaloguethinspagravethinspcellethinspquithinspconsistethinspagravethinsptraiterthinsplesthinspgenresthinsp

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Aristote ndash tout comme Platon drsquoailleurs ndash nrsquoa pas poseacute explicitement les deux questions Il y a toutefois non seulement de quoi les formuler mais aussi de quoi leurthinspapporterthinspunethinspreacuteponsethinspenthinspsrsquoautorisantthinspsansthinsptropthinsplesthinsptiraillerthinspdrsquounthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspde textes tireacutes du corpus de lrsquoun et de lrsquoautre

EnthinspdeacutepitthinspduthinspfaitthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdeacutenonccedilaitthinspndashthinspencorethinspquethinspdethinspmaniegraverethinsppassablementthinspdeacutetourneacutee et non sans ironie16 ndash lrsquoamalgame des Ideacutees et des particuliers Aristote semblethinsplrsquoavoirthinspfondamentalementthinsprepristhinspagravethinspsonthinspcomptethinspthinspilthinspenthinspathinspmecircmethinspfaitthinsplathinspchevillethinspouvriegravere de son rejet des Formes seacutepareacutees Aussi si lrsquoon pose la question de savoir cethinspqursquoontthinspenthinspcommunthinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspprecirctaitthinspauthinsppersonnagethinspeacuteponymethinspdans la premiegravere partie du Parmeacutenide17 drsquoune part et drsquoautre part les critiques

commethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(ὅπερthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspτῶνthinspὡςthinspγένουςthinspσυμβαίνειthinspδιαπορεῖν)thinspDethinspfaitthinsp lorsqursquoonthinspnethinspseacuteparethinsppasthinsplrsquouniverselthinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspproblegravemethinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspμὴthinspχωριστοῦthinspμὲνthinspὄντοςthinspοὐδεμίανthinspποιήσειthinspἀπορίαν)thinspalorsthinspquethinspndashthinsplorsqursquoonthinsplethinspseacuteparethinspcommethinsplethinspfontthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspndashthinsponthinspsethinsprendthinsplathinspviethinspdifficilethinspsithinspcethinspnrsquoestthinspimpossiblethinsp(χωριστοῦthinspδέthinspὥσπερthinspοἱthinspταῦταthinspλέγοντέςthinspφασιthinspτοῦthinspἑνὸςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀριθμῶνthinspοὐthinspῥᾴδιονthinspλῦσαιthinspεἰthinspμὴthinspῥᾴδιονthinspδεῖthinspλέγεινthinspτὸthinspἀδύνατον)thinsp16thinspthinspMecircmethinspsithinsponthinsplaissethinspdethinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinspquestionsthinsptregravesthinspdeacutebattuesthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspduthinspdialoguethinspainsithinspquethinspetthinspsurtoutthinspdethinspsathinspfinaliteacutethinsp(questionsthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspabordeacuteesthinspenthinspquelquethinspdeacutetailthinspagravethinsppartirthinspdesthinspmateacuteriauxthinsprassembleacutesthinspenthinspvuethinspdrsquounethinsppublicationthinspreacutecentethinspagravethinspsavoirthinspL Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspRevue de Philosophie Anciennethinsp32thinsp(2014)thinsppthinsp35-85thinspthinspquestionsthinspauthinspsujetthinspdesquellesthinspvautthinspencorethinspetthinsptoujoursthinspcethinspque R kLibanSkythinspeacutecrivaitthinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspsoixantethinspansthinspauthinsptoutthinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspsonthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspParmenides in thethinspMiddlethinspAgesthinspandthinspthethinspRenaissancethinspraquothinspMediaeval and Renaissance Studiesthinsp1thinsp(1943)thinsppthinsp281thinspthinsplaquothinspNothinspother Platonic dialogue perhaps no other philosophical work has undergone such strange vicissitudes as the ParmenidesthinspConsideredthinspbythinsponethinspgroupthinspofthinspexegetesthinspasthinspathinspmerethinspexercisethinspinthinspdialecticthinspregardedthinspbythinspanotherthinspasthinspanthinspimportantthinspcontributionthinsptothinspthethinsptheorythinspofthinspideasthinsprejectedthinspbythinspsomethinspasthinspspuriousthinspviewedthinspbythinspathinspfewthinspasthinspathinsphumorousthinspparodythinspandthinspextolledthinspbythinspmanythinspasthinspthethinspsupremethinspexpressionthinspofthinspPlatonicthinsptheologythinspitsthinspcharacterthinspwasthinspnothinsplessthinspdisputedthinspinthinspthethinspschoolsthinspofthinspAntiquitythinspthanthinspamongthinspmodernthinspinterpretersthinspraquo)thinsponthinspconviendra aiseacutement que plus drsquoun aspect de la mise en scegravene du Parmeacutenide peut laisser le lecteur perplexethinspthinsp depuisthinsp lrsquoimprobablethinsp datethinsp dramatiquethinsp jusqursquoauthinsp choixthinsp desthinsp personnagesthinsp ndashthinsp quithinsp nethinsp brillentthinsppasthinsppourthinsp leurthinspcreacutedibiliteacutethinspphilosophiquethinspndashthinspquithinspsethinspseraientthinsp relayeacutesthinsp lethinspreacutecitthinspdrsquounthinspentretienthinspndashthinspqursquoonthinsp litthinspde troisiegraveme main ndash qui aurait eu lieu entre un Parmeacutenide deacutesormais vieillissant et un Socrate plus preacutecoce dans son attachement aux Ideacutees qursquoon aurait pu le croire moins inspireacute cependant dans son rocircle tout aussi atypique de reacutepondant plutocirct que de questionneur 17thinspthinspNousthinsp avonsthinsp consacreacutethinsp lesthinsp seacuteancesthinsp duthinsp 2thinsp etthinsp 9thinspmarsthinsp 2015thinsp agravethinsp unethinsp lecturethinsp commenteacuteethinsp dethinspPlatonis Parmenides eacuted C MoreSChinithinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1966thinsp127athinsp7thinsp(ἔφηthinspδὲthinspδὴthinspὁthinsprsquoΑντιφῶνthinspλέγεινthinspτὸνthinspΠυθόδωρονthinspὅτιthinspκτλthinspougravethinspdeacutebutethinsplethinspreacutecitthinspduthinsppremierthinspeacutechangethinspentrethinspSocratethinspetthinspZeacutenonthinsppreacuteludethinspdethinspceluithinspavecthinspParmeacutenide)thinsp-thinsp135ethinsp4thinsp(οὗτοςthinspεἶπενthinspὅνπερthinspἤκουσαςthinspΖήνωνοςthinspκτλthinspougravethinspsrsquoachegravevethinsplethinspreacutequisitoirethinspde Parmeacutenide contre les Formes avec la revendication ndash agrave premiegravere vue paradoxale ndash de lrsquoexigence dethinsppostulerthinspleurthinspexistence)thinspAgravethinsppartirthinspdethinsplathinspconsideacuterationthinspdrsquounthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquoindicesthinspinternesthinspetthinspexternes nous avons repris la suggestion selon laquelle lrsquoarsenal deacuteployeacute contre lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees ne sanctionnethinsppasthinspsonthinspnaufragethinsp(auxthinspnombreusesthinspnuancesthinsppregravesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdethinsplathinsplignethinspinterpreacutetativethinspinaugureacuteethinsppar J wahL Eacutetude sur le Parmeacutenide de Platon F riederthinspParisthinsp1926thinsppthinsp31thinspetthinsp35thinspthinspFthinspM CornFord Plato and Parmenides Parmenidesrsquo laquo Way of truth raquo and Platorsquos Parmenides London Kegan Paul TrenchthinspTrubnerthinsp1939thinsppthinsp86-87thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy J hoPkinS PressthinspBaltimorethinsp1944thinsppthinsp292-298thinspetthinsp536thinspthinspD roSS Platorsquos Theory of Ideas Clarendon Press Oxford 1951thinsppthinsp87-89)thinspSithinsplesthinspFormesthinspnethinspsortentthinsppasthinsprenforceacuteesthinspdethinspcettethinspordaliethinsponthinspauraitthinsptoutefoisthinsptortthinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinspcroyancethinspdansthinspleurthinspexistencethinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspeacutebranleacuteethinspParmithinsplesthinspindicesthinspexternesthinspmilitantthinspenthinspfaveurthinspdrsquounthinspbilanthinspcritiquethinspplutocirctthinspmitigeacutethinspduthinspreacutequisitoirethinspparmeacutenideacuteenthinspmentionnonsthinspauthinspmoinsthinsplesthinspdeux qui paraissent eacutevoquer la passe drsquoarmes du Parmeacutenide En premier lieu Platonis Timaeus eacuted A rivaudthinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1925thinsp51bthinsp7thinsp-thinsp51dthinsp2thinspougravethinsptoutthinspenthinspreconnaissantthinsplathinspleacutegitimiteacutethinspdrsquounethinsp

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128

qursquoAristote adresse aux partisans des Ideacutees on ne srsquoeacuteloignera pas de la veacuteriteacute en reacutepondant que crsquoest justement le fait de consideacuterer drsquoun seul tenant les particuliers sensiblesthinspetthinspleursthinspcontrepartiesthinspintelligiblesthinsp

LethinsprappelthinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinspdialoguethinspplatonicien18 permet agrave Socrate de deacutejouer ndash pour un temps au moins ndash les arguments de Zeacutenon contre la multipliciteacutethinspenthinsplesthinspreleacuteguantthinspdansthinspunethinspreacutegionthinspdethinsplrsquoecirctrethinspcellethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspenthinspdevenirthinspqui ndash preacuteciseacutement ndash nrsquoest pas celle des Formes lesquelles se trouveraient par lagrave-mecircmethinspsoustraitesthinspauxthinspparadoxesthinspquithinspaffectentthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspLesthinspIdeacuteesthinsppermettentthinspdonc de relativiser ou de reacutegionaliser les paradoxes souleveacutes par Zeacutenon les choses drsquoici-basthinsppeuventthinsppreacutesenterthinspdesthinspcaractegraveresthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspcontradictoires19 Il nrsquoy a lagrave

mise agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees le personnage eacuteponyme lui accorde cependant une place assezthinspmodestethinspdansthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspvoirethinspmecircmethinspaccessoirethinsp (ilthinsp srsquoagitthinspcommethinspilthinspestthinspditthinspenthinsp51cthinsp7thinspdrsquounthinspsimplethinspπάρεργον)thinspthinspaucunethinspdesthinsppreuvesthinspagravethinspchargethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspnrsquoestthinspreprisethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspunethinspinstructionthinspsubsidiairethinspouthinspdethinspsubstitutionthinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspclasserthinspsansthinspsuitethinsplesthinspsoupccedilonsthinspagravethinspsonthinspencontrethinspenthinspmobilisantthinsplathinspdistinctionthinspentrethinspsensiblethinspetthinspintelligiblethinspquithinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcellethinspinvoqueacuteethinspparthinsplethinspjeunethinspSocratethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinspParmeacutenidethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoilthinspintroduitthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspafinthinspdethinspcontournerthinsplesthinspparadoxes zeacutenoniens de la multipliciteacute En second lieu Platonis Philebus eacuted A diegraveS Les Belles LettresthinspParisthinsp1941thinsp14cthinsp7thinsp-thinsp15cthinsp3thinspougravethinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspagravethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspetthinspagravethinsplathinspmultipliciteacutethinspdansthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdansthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspaporiesthinspeacutevoqueacuteesthinspdansthinspdesthinsptermesthinsptregravesthinspprochesthinspdethinspceuxthinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplirethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspnotrethinspdialoguethinspndashthinspnethinspsontthinsppasthinspmoinsthinsppreacutesenteacuteesthinspcommethinspunethinspcausethinspdrsquoembarrasthinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspἁπάσηςthinspἀπορίαςthinspαἴτια)thinspquethinspcommethinspunethinspressourcethinsppreacutecieusethinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspεὐπορίαςthinspltαἴτιαgt)thinspagravethinspconditionthinspndashthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspdethinsplesthinspneacutegocierthinspcorrectementthinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspκαλῶςthinspὁμολογηθέντα)thinspParmithinsplesthinspindicesthinspinternesthinsprappelonsthinsples deux principaux En premier lieu les critiques que le personnage eacuteponyme adresse agrave son jeune partenairethinspdethinspdiscussionthinsptoutthinspnombreusesthinspetthinspvarieacuteesthinspqursquoellesthinspsoientthinspparthinspailleursthinspnrsquoaboutissentthinsppasthinspau rejet de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees Bien au contraire sa valeur eacutepisteacutemologique voire la neacutecessiteacute de cettethinsphypothegravesethinspestthinsprevendiqueacuteethinspparthinspParmeacutenidethinsplui-mecircmethinspthinspsethinspdeacutetournerthinspdesthinspFormesthinsprevientthinspagravethinsppriverthinsplathinsppenseacuteethinspdethinsptoutethinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspsethinspdonnerthinspunthinspobjetthinspainsithinspqursquoagravethinspdeacutetruirethinsplethinspfondementthinspdethinsplathinspdialectiquethinspetthinspdethinspsathinsppratiquethinspautantthinspdirethinspdethinsplathinspphilosophiethinspelle-mecircmethinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp135bthinsp5thinsp-thinsp135cthinsp6)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu non seulement Parmeacutenide rappelle que lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees constitue la condition sine qua nonthinspdethinsplathinsppenseacuteethinspetthinspduthinspdiscoursthinspmaisthinspencorethinspilthinspaidethinspSocratethinspagravethinspidentifierthinsplrsquooriginethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdansthinsplesquellesthinspilthinsplrsquoathinspplongeacutethinspEtthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspavisthinspcesthinspaporiesthinspembarrassentthinsplethinspjeunethinspSocratethinspmoinsthinspparcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspinheacuterentesthinspagravethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdoncthinspincontournablesthinspvoirethinspinsurmontablesthinspque parce qursquoil nrsquoest pas assez expeacuterimenteacute pour les deacutejouer ou qursquoil srsquoy est pris trop tocirct pour le faire CesthinspdifficulteacutesthinsptiennentthinspdoncthinspmoinsthinspauthinspfaitthinspquethinsplesthinspFormesthinspposentthinspdavantagethinspdethinspproblegravemesthinspqursquoellethinspnethinsppermettentthinspdrsquoenthinspreacutesoudrethinspqursquoauthinspfaitthinspquethinspSocratethinspsrsquoestthinspattaqueacutethinspagravethinspcesthinspproblegravemesthinsptropthinspjeunethinspetthinspsansthinsplethinspbagagethinspouthinsplrsquoentraicircnementthinspneacutecessairesthinspagravethinsplesthinspreacutesoudrethinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp130ethinsp1-4thinspetthinsp135cthinsp8thinsp-thinsp135d)thinsp18 Platonis Parmenidesthinsp128ethinsp5thinsp-thinsp129athinsp3thinspthinsplaquothinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspοὐthinspνομίζειςthinspεἶναιthinspαὐτὸthinspκαθrsquothinsp[129a]thinspαὑτὸthinspεἶδόςthinsp τιthinsp ὁμοιότητοςthinsp καὶthinsp τῷthinsp τοιούτῳthinsp αὖthinsp ἄλλοthinsp τιthinsp ἐναντίονthinsp ὃthinsp ἔστινthinsp ἀνόμοιονmiddotthinsp τούτοινthinsp δὲthinsp δυοῖνthinspὄντοινthinspκαὶthinspἐμὲthinspκαὶthinspσὲthinspκαὶthinspτἆλλαthinspἃthinspδὴthinspπολλὰthinspκαλοῦμενthinspμεταλαμβάνεινthinspthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτῆςthinspὁμοιότητοςthinspμεταλαμβάνονταthinspὅμοιαthinspγίγνεσθαιthinsp ταύτῃthinspτεthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτοσοῦτονthinspὅσονthinspἂνthinspμεταλαμβάνῃthinsp τὰthinspδὲthinspτῆςthinspἀνομοιότητοςthinspἀνόμοιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspἀμφοτέρωνthinspἀμφότεραthinspthinsp[L briSSon Platon Parmeacutenide Flammarion Paris 1999 p 90 laquo ltSocrate gt ne partages-tu pas ces convictions il y a une Forme en soi de la RessemblancethinspthinspunethinsptellethinspFormethinspathinsppourthinspcontrairethinspcethinspqursquoestthinsplathinspDissemblancethinspthinsplesthinspchosesthinspdontthinspnousthinspdisonsthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspmultiplesthinspmoithinsptoithinspouthinspautrethinspchosethinspparticipentthinspagravethinspcesthinspdeuxthinspFormesthinspquithinspsontthinspveacuteritablementthinspthinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspparcethinspqursquoellesthinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspRessemblancethinspetthinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspellesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspquethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspRessemblancethinspsontthinspsemblablesthinsptandisthinspquethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspDissemblancethinspsontthinspdissemblablesthinspetthinspquethinspcellesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspauxthinspdeuxthinspFormesthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspsontthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspsemblablesthinspetthinspdissemblables]thinspraquothinsp19 Cf Platonis Parmenidesthinsp129athinsp6thinsp-thinsp129dthinsp6thinspougravethinspSocratethinspfaitthinspremarquerthinspquethinsplethinspmecircmethinsphommethinsptoutthinspuniquethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspdrsquoautresthinspecirctresthinsphumainsthinspapparaicirctthinspmultiplethinsplorsqursquoonthinspconsidegraverethinspqursquoilthinspathinsp

Leone Gazziero

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rienthinspdethinspbienthinspeacutetonnantthinspCethinspquithinspeacutetonneraitthinspSocratethinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspdethinspfaitthinspvathinsplrsquoeacutetonnerthinspdansthinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinspdialoguethinspndashthinspcethinspseraitthinspplutocirctthinspdethinspretrouverthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinspcontradictions que tout un chacun peut constater au niveau du monde de lrsquoexpeacuterience Crsquoestthinsplethinspsensthinspduthinspdeacutefithinspqursquoilthinsplancethinspndashthinspenthinsp129ethinsp3thinsp-130athinsp2thinspndashthinspavantthinspdethinspceacutederthinsplathinspparolethinspauthinsppersonnagethinspquithinspdonnethinspauthinspdialoguethinspsonthinsptitrethinspthinsplaquothinspταῦταthinspδὲthinspἀνδρείωςthinspμὲνthinspπάνυthinspἡγοῦμαιthinspπεπραγματεῦσθαιmiddotthinspπολὺthinspμεντἂνthinspὧδεthinspμᾶλλονthinspὡςthinspλέγωthinspἀγασθείηνthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἔχοιthinspτὴνthinspαὐτὴνthinspταύτηνthinspἀπορίανthinspἐνthinspαὐτοῖςthinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσιthinsp[130a]thinspπαντοδαπῶςthinspπλεκομένηνthinspὥσπερthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspὁρωμένοιςthinspδιήλθετεthinspοὕτωςthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspλογισμῷthinspλαμβανομένοιςthinspἐπιδεῖξαιthinsp[L Brisson Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ton argumentation tu la conduis avec unethinspbellethinspetthinspmacirclethinspvigueurthinspmaisthinspavecthinspcombienthinspplusthinspdethinspplaisirthinspencorethinspjethinsplethinspreacutepegravetethinspjrsquoapplaudiraisthinspceluithinspquithinspsauraitthinspmontrerthinspcommentthinspcettethinspmecircmethinspdifficulteacutethinspsethinspretrouvethinspentrelaceacuteethinspdethinsptoutethinspsortethinspdethinspfaccedilonsthinspauthinspniveauthinspmecircmethinspdesthinspFormesthinspetthinspquithinspdeacutemontreraitthinspquethinspcettethinspdifficulteacutethinspquethinspvousthinspParmeacutenidethinspetthinsptoithinspZeacutenonthinspavezthinspdeacutecritethinspenthinspdeacutetailthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspvisiblesthinspsethinspmanifestethinspaussithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspquethinspsaisitthinsplathinspraison]thinspraquothinspOrthinspParmeacutenidethinsprelegravevethinsplethinspdeacutefithinspdethinspSocratethinspetthinspfaitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspce que celui-ci sommait Zeacutenon drsquoaccomplir agrave savoir faire remonter au niveau des Ideacutees les paradoxes qursquoil pensait avoir circonscrits au domaine des particuliers sensibles20thinspCelathinspsethinsptraduitthinspparthinspunethinspbatteriethinspdethinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinspParmeacutenidethinspsoulegravevethinspetthinspquithinsppartagentthinspunthinspmecircmethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspDethinspfaitthinspcethinspquithinspconfegraverethinspagravethinspcesthinspaporiesthinspleurthinspallurethinspcontraignantethinspetthinspplusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquithinspleurthinspassurethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspformuleacuteesthinspdansthinspdesthinsptermesthinspquithinsprendentthinspleurthinspsolutionthinspimpossiblethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspquethinsptoutthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspqursquoelles soient des individus mateacuteriels les Formes sont traiteacutees agrave leur tour comme desthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspphysiquesthinspToutthinspcommethinspcelles-cithinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspnithinspecirctrethinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdrsquoelles-mecircmesthinspnithinspsethinsptrouverthinspenthinspmecircmethinsptempsthinspenthinspplusieursthinspendroitsthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquoellesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspecirctrethinspcommunesthinspauxthinspplusieursthinspsinonthinspagravethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdrsquounthinsptoutthinspcorporelthinspdontthinspchacunthinsppossegravederaitthinspalternativementthinsplrsquointeacutegraliteacutethinspouthinspunethinsppartiethinspthinspellesthinsppeuventthinspenthinsprevanchethinspecirctrethinspcompteacuteesthinspenthinspplusthinspetthinspagravethinspcocircteacutethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspleurthinspressemblerthinspetthinspsethinspressemblerthinspentrethinspellesthinspetcthinsp

plusieursthinspmembresthinsptoutthinspcommethinspilthinspapparaicirctthinspdiffeacuterentthinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspobservethinspquethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspdroitthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspgauchethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsplethinspmecircmethinspsithinsponthinsplethinspregardethinspdethinspfrontthinspouthinspdethinspdosthinspetcthinsp20 Le point de deacutepart de ce tour de force dialectique est un deuxiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacuteesthinspdontthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspestthinsptregravesthinspsignificatifthinspenthinspcethinspqursquoilthinspintroduitthinsplethinspregistrethinspdethinsplathinspseacuteparationthinsp(Formesthinspetthinspparticuliersthinspsontthinspχωρίςthinspagravethinsppartthinsplesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautres)thinspthinsplaquothinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspκαίthinspμοιthinspεἰπέthinspαὐτὸςthinspσὺthinspοὕτωthinspδιῄρησαιthinspὡςthinspλέγειςthinspχωρὶςthinspμὲνthinspεἴδηthinspαὐτὰthinspἄτταthinspχωρὶςthinspδὲthinspτὰthinspτούτωνthinspαὖthinspμετέχονταthinspthinspκαίthinspτίthinspσοιthinspδοκεῖthinspεἶναιthinspαὐτὴthinspὁμοιότηςthinspχωρὶςthinspἧςthinspἡμεῖςthinspὁμοιότητοςthinspἔχομενthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspδὴthinspκαὶthinspπολλὰthinspκαὶthinspπάνταthinspὅσαthinspνυνδὴthinspΖήνωνοςthinspἤκουεςthinspthinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspἔμοιγεthinspφάναιthinspτὸνthinspΣωκράτηthinsp[L briSSon Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspetthinspdis-moithinspas-tuthinspfaitthinsptoi-mecircmethinsplathinspdistinctionthinspdontthinsptuthinspparlesthinspmettantthinspdrsquounthinspcocircteacutethinspcethinspquethinsptuthinspappellesthinsplesthinspFormesthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinspdrsquounthinspautrethinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspenthinspparticipentthinspthinspEtthinsptethinspsemble-t-ilthinspqursquoilthinspythinspaitthinspunethinspRessemblancethinspenthinspsoithinspdistinctethinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspenthinspnousthinspetthinspqursquoilthinspenthinspvathinspdethinspmecircmethinsppourthinsplrsquoUniteacutethinsppourthinsplathinspPluraliteacutethinspetthinsppourthinsptoutesthinsplesthinspchosesthinspquethinspZeacutenonthinspvientthinspdrsquoeacutevoquerthinspthinspltSocratethinspgtthinspenthinspcethinspquithinspmethinspconcernethinsp jethinsp lethinsp reconnaisthinsp reacuteponditthinspSocrate]thinspraquothinsp (Platonis Parmenidesthinsp 130bthinsp1-6)thinspAuthinspsujetthinspdethinsplathinsplaquothinspseacuteparationthinspraquothinsptellethinspqursquoellethinspestthinsppreacutefigureacuteethinspchezthinspPlatonthinspcfthinspG vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspldquoSeparationrdquothinspinthinspPlatothinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp5thinsp(1987)thinsppthinsp186-197thinspetthinspDthinspT devereux laquo Separation and ImmanencethinspinthinspPlatorsquosthinspTheorythinspofthinspFormsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp12thinsp(1994)thinsppthinsp63-90thinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

130

Ce preacutesupposeacute est clairement agrave lrsquoœuvre dans les apories meacutereacuteologiques qui ouvrent le reacutequisitoire contre les Formes21 La participation des particuliers aux Formes ne diffegravere en rien de la participation des particuliers entre eux seul un corpsthinspmateacuterielthinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspdonneacutethinspenthinsppartagethinspouthinspbienthinsptoutthinspentierthinspouthinspbienthinspenthinspplusieursthinspmorceaux seuls des individus mateacuteriels et leurs parties peuvent avoir une taille et ecirctrethinspplusthinspgrandsthinspouthinspplusthinsppetitsthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspetcthinspSithinspbienthinspquethinsplrsquoalternativethinspbinairethinspsur laquelle repose le dilemme de la participation22thinspagravethinspsavoirthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspparticiperthinspqursquoagravethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinsplrsquounethinspdethinspsesthinsppartiesthinspnrsquoathinspdethinspsensthinspquethinspsithinsplathinspFormethinspestthinsptraiteacuteethinspcommethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquoaussithinspconcretthinspquethinsplesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspvisiblesthinspetthinsptangiblesthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinsp

Ce preacutesupposeacute est formuleacute en toutes lettres dans lrsquoun des arguments avanceacutes par Parmeacutenide23thinspmecircmethinspsithinspcelathinspestthinsptropthinspsouventthinsppasseacutethinspsousthinspsilencethinspdansthinsplathinsplitteacutera-ture secondaire24thinspDethinspfaitthinsplathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspparthinsplaquellethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsp(enthinsp

21 La seacutequence est ouverte par un troisiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees et notamment de lrsquoeacuteponymie qui les lie aux reacutealiteacutes qui en participent (cf Platonis Parmenides 130e 4 et sq)thinsp22thinspthinspCrsquoestthinspSocratethinsplui-mecircmethinspquithinspestthinspameneacutethinspagravethinspreconnaicirctrethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdrsquoautresthinsppossibiliteacutesthinspthinsplaquothinspκαὶthinspπῶςthinspἄνthinspthinspraquothinspreacutepond-ilthinspenthinspeffetthinspagravethinspParmeacutenidethinspquithinspluithinspdemandethinspsithinspunethinsplaquothinspautrethinspparticipationthinspraquothinspndashthinspenthinspplusthinspdethinspcellethinspprisethinspdansthinsplrsquoalternativethinspduthinsptoutthinspetthinspdesthinsppartiesthinspndashthinspest-ellethinsppossiblethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐκοῦνthinspἤτοιthinspὅλουthinspτοῦthinspεἴδουςthinspἢthinspμέρουςthinspἕκαστονthinspτὸthinspμεταλαμβάνονthinspμεταλαμβάνειthinspthinspἢthinspἄλληthinspτιςthinspἂνthinspμετάληψιςthinspχωρὶςthinspτούτωνthinspγένοιτοthinspthinspraquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp131athinsp4-6)thinsp23 Cf Platonis 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estimesthinspquethinsplethinspGrandthinspestthinspunrdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquotuthinspdisthinspvrairdquothinspreacutepondit-ilthinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquoorthinspqursquoenthinspest-ilthinspduthinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinspdesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesthinspsithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptousthinspparthinsptonthinspacircmethinspthinspnrsquoest-ce pas qursquoagrave nouveau quelque chose drsquounique apparaicirctra grand en vertu duquel il est neacutecessaire quethinsptoutesthinspcesthinspchosesthinspapparaissentthinspgrandesthinsprdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquosemble-t-ilrdquothinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquounethinspautrethinspForme de grandeur fera donc son apparition surgissant agrave part de la grandeur en soi et des choses qui participent de la grandeur en soi ainsi qursquoune autre ltFormegt agrave nouveau en plus de toutes celles-lagrave par laquelle toutes ces choses seront grandes Aussi chacune de tes Formes ne sera pas unique mais 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ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqursquoonthinsplitthinspenthinsp132athinsp5-6thinspPirethinsplethinspὡσαύτωςthinspserathinspamputeacutethinspagravethinsptermethinspdethinspsathinsptraductionthinspAussithinspdansthinsplathinspcontributionthinspquithinspsethinspveutthinsppourtantthinsplathinspplus respectueuse de la lettre du texte (G vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspldquoThirdthinspManrdquothinspArgumentthinsp(Parmenides 132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspTextthinspandthinspLogicthinspraquothinspThe Philosophical Quarterlythinsp19thinsp[1969]thinsppthinsp291)thinsplrsquoadverbethinspathinsptoutthinspsimplementthinspdisparuthinspCethinspquithinspnonthinspseulementthinspcomprometthinsplrsquointelligibiliteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspmaisthinspencorethinspetthinspsurtout occulte le preacutesupposeacute (la confusion entre les Formes et les particuliers 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lrsquooccurrencethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspGrandeur)thinspsethinsptrouvethinspcompromisethinspreposethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspsurthinsplathinspclausethinsplaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardes tous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqui se porte garante de lrsquoenchaicircnement des diffeacuterentes eacutetapes de lrsquoargument lequel consistethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspagravethinspreacutepeacuteterthinsplathinspmecircmethinspopeacuterationthinspparthinsplaquellethinsponthinsprassemblethinspdansthinspunethinspvuethinspdrsquoensemblethinspunethinsppluraliteacutethinspdethinspchosesthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdrsquounethinspdeacuteterminationthinspcommunethinspAuthinspdemeurantthinspsithinsponthinspnethinspregardaitthinsppasthinsplathinspFormethinspetthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinsp(ὡσαύτως)thinspcommentthinspdeacuteclencherthinsplathinspdeacuterivethinspinflationnistethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspreacutecursivementthinspla position drsquoune deuxiegraveme Ideacutee puis drsquoune nouvelle puis drsquoune autre encore et ainsi dethinspsuitethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspthinspCettethinspsuggestionthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppernicieusethinspqursquoellethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleursthinspndash porte tout le poids de lrsquoargument dans la mesure ougrave elle est appeleacutee agrave assurer lathinspcontinuiteacutethinspentrethinspcethinspquithinspsrsquoestthinspmanifesteacutethinspauthinspniveauthinspdethinsplrsquoinspectionthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspet ce qui va se manifester en eacutelargissant cette opeacuteration synoptique aux Formes elles-mecircmesthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspregardethinsplesthinspunsthinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinspthinsp

Or il y a au moins un platonicien qui a vu les Ideacutees de cette faccedilon agrave savoir comme des reacutealiteacutes qui si tant est qursquoelles existent existent agrave la faccedilon des par-ticuliersthinsp sensiblesthinspCethinsp platonicienthinsp estthinsp naturellementthinspAristotethinsp chezthinsp quithinsp lrsquoassi-milationthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspconstituethinsplethinsplevierthinspdesthinspreprochesthinspreacutecurrents qursquoil a formuleacutes agrave lrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Formes Plus preacuteciseacute-ment si lrsquoon distingue ndash non sans fondement quoique de maniegravere un peu scheacute-matiquethinspndashthinspdeuxthinspgrandesthinspfamillesthinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspdansthinsplathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdes Ideacutees agrave savoir ndash drsquoune part ndash les apories lieacutees agrave leur existence (lesquelles visent agrave saper le fondement de la doctrine qui srsquoavegravere degraves lors tout simplement incapablethinspdethinspdeacutemontrerthinspqursquoellethinspathinspunthinspobjet)thinspetthinspndashthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspndashthinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspmoinsthinspagravethinsplrsquoexistencethinspelle-mecircmethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspqursquoagravethinspleurthinsprelationthinspavecthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinsp(lesquellesthinspvisentthinspagravethinspabolirthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspfairethinspappelthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinsppourthinspexpliquerthinspquoi que ce soit en termes de participation preacutesence ou encore imitation des unesthinspparthinsprapportthinspauxthinspautres)25thinspilthinspestthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspplausiblethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfamille fait intervenir ndash agrave tous les coups ndash cette assimilation des Formes et des substancesthinspmateacuteriellesthinspIlthinspsrsquoagitthinspndashthinspautrementthinspditthinspndashthinspdethinsplathinspconditionthinspsuffisantethinsp(soitthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspsoitthinspsurthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspconsideacuterationsthinspquithinsp luithinspsontthinspsolidaires)thinsppourthinspfairethinspdeacuteraillerthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspAristotethinsppeutthinspdifficilementthinspecirctrethinspaccuseacutethinspdrsquoavoirthinspmacirccheacutethinspsesthinspmotsthinspthinspconcisthinspouithinspagravethinspsonthinspordinairethinspndashthinspobscurthinspnonthinsp

25thinspthinspOnthinspreacutesumerathinspcettethinspdistinctionthinspenthinspdeacutetournantthinspunthinspceacutelegravebrethinsptraitthinsppascalienthinsp(Penseacutees eacuted P SeLLier MercurethinspdethinspFrancethinspParisthinsp1976thinsppthinsp445thinsp[887])thinspthinsplaquothinspPlatonthinspincertainthinspetthinspinutilethinspraquothinsplaquothinspIncertainthinspraquothinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspilthinsppostulethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdontthinspilthinspnethinspparvientthinsppasthinspagravethinspprouverthinspqursquoellesthinspexistentthinspthinsplaquothinspinutilethinspraquothinsppuisquethinspmecircmethinspsithinspdethinsptellesthinspentiteacutesthinspexistentthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditthinspellesthinspnethinspcontribueraientthinsppasthinspgrand-chosethinspagravethinspnotrethinspgouvernethinspouthinspagravethinspnotrethinspconnaissancethinspduthinspmondethinspdrsquoici-basthinspPuisqursquoilsthinspeacutepousentthinspbienthinspauthinspniveauthinspde la division du travail exeacutegeacutetique cette dualiteacute rappelons deux textes de F Fronterotta qursquoon peut prendre comme points de repegravere macroscopiques au sein de la tregraves vaste litteacuterature secondaire (au sujet dethinsplaquellethinspcfthinsplesthinspindicationsthinspfourniesthinspplusthinspbasthinspnotethinsp32)thinspthinspF Fronterotta laquo ldquoLes Formes nrsquoexistent pasthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditrdquothinspLathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspF Pradeauthinsp(eacuted)thinspPlaton Les formes intelligiblesthinspPUFthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp129-154thinspetthinsplaquothinspLathinspcriticathinsparistotelicathinspallathinspfunzionethinspcausalethinspdelle Idee platoniche MetafisicathinspAthinsp9thinsp991athinsp8thinsp-thinsp991bthinsp9thinspraquothinspdansthinspF Fronterottathinsp(eacuted)thinspLa scienza e le cause a partire dalla Metafisica di Aristotele BibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp2010thinsppthinsp93-119thinsp

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Selon un paradoxe qui nrsquoen est un qursquoen apparence ce qursquoAristote sanctionne chezthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsplethinspvicethinspreacutedhibitoirethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspagravethinspluithinsptoutthinspseulthinsplethinsprejetthinspdethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspenthinspquestionthinspndashthinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcethinspqursquoilthinspestthinspprecirctthinspagravethinspleurthinspaccorderthinspAutant dire le dilemme des partisans des Ideacutees est qursquoils ont tort et raison agrave la foisthinspetthinspndashthinspsurtoutthinspndashthinspqursquoilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspontthinspraisonthinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspλέγοντεςthinspτῇthinspμὲνthinspὀρθῶςthinspλέγουσιthinspχωρίζοντεςthinspαὐτάthinspεἴπερthinspοὐσίαιthinspεἰσίthinspτῇthinspδrsquothinspοὐκthinspὀρθῶςthinspὅτιthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspεἶδοςthinspλέγουσινthinsp[ceuxthinspquithinspdisentthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspontthinspraisonthinspet tort agrave la fois Ils ont raison de dire qursquoelles sont seacutepareacutees puisqursquoelles sont des substancesthinspthinspmaisthinspilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinspmultipli-citeacute]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp16thinsp1040bthinsp27-30)thinspOrthinspqursquoest-cethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspdire pourquoi au juste les partisans des Ideacutees ont drsquoun cocircteacute tort et de lrsquoautre raison Reacuteponse la conviction que poser lrsquoexistence de quelque chose ou ndash ce quithinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinsprevientthinspauthinspmecircmethinspndashthinspfairethinspdethinspquelquethinspchosesthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutequivautthinspagravethinspenthinspfairethinspunthinspparticulierthinspsensiblethinsp(peuthinspimportethinspalorsthinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspeacuteternelthinspou pas26)thinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinspauthinsp tourthinspdrsquoincantationthinsppregravesthinspndashthinspcrsquoestthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspfontthinspcommethinsplrsquoindiquethinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinsppassagethinspthinsplaquothinspαἴτιονthinspδrsquothinspὅτιthinspοὐκthinspἔχουσινthinspἀποδοῦναιthinspτίνεςthinspαἱthinspτοιαῦταιthinspοὐσίαιthinspαἱthinspἄφθαρτοιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspαἰσθητάςmiddotthinspποιοῦσινthinspοὖνthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspτῷthinspεἴδειthinspτοῖςthinspφθαρτοῖςthinsp(ταύταςthinspγὰρthinspἴσμεν)thinspαὐτοάνθρωπονthinspκαὶthinspαὐτόϊππονthinspπροστιθέντεςthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspτὸthinspῥῆμαthinspτὸthinspldquoαὐτόrdquothinsp[lathinspcausethinspltdethinspleurthinsperreurgtthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspsontthinspincapablesthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquethinspsontthinspdethinsptellesthinspsubstancesthinspincorruptiblesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspIlsthinspenthinspfontthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspspeacutecifiquementthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspcorruptiblesthinsp(celles-cithinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspsavonsthinspltcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontgt)thinspunthinspHommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspChevalthinspenthinspsoithinspenthinspajoutantthinspauxthinspltnomsthinspdesgtthinspchosesthinspsensiblesthinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquoenthinspsoirdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica Z

26 Aristotelis ethica nicomacheathinsp Ithinsp 6thinsp 1096athinsp 34thinsp -thinsp 1096bthinsp 5thinspthinsp laquothinspἀπορήσειεthinsp δrsquothinsp ἄνthinsp τιςthinsp τίthinsp ποτεthinsp καὶthinspβούλονταιthinspλέγεινthinspαὐτοέκαστονthinspεἴπερthinspἔνthinspτεthinspαὐτοανθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspεἷςthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspαὐτὸςthinspλόγοςthinspἐστὶνthinspὁthinspτοῦthinspἀνθρώπουthinspᾗthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωποςthinspοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσουσινmiddotthinspεἰthinspδrsquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὐδrsquothinspᾗthinspἀγαθόνthinspἀλλὰthinspμὴνthinspοὐδὲthinspτῷthinspἀίδιονthinspεἶναιthinspμᾶλλονthinspἀγαθὸνthinspἔσταιthinspεἴπερthinspμηδὲthinspλευκότερονthinspτὸthinspπολυχρόνιονthinspτοῦthinspἐφημέρουthinsp[R bodeacuteuumlS Aristote Eacutethique agrave Nicomaque Flammarion Paris 2004 p 61 on peut drsquoautre part se demander ce quethinsppeutthinspbienthinspvouloirthinspdirethinspenthinspdeacutefinitivethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquochosethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplrsquoldquohommethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspetthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinspdeacutefinissentthinspparthinspunethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspformulethinspcellethinspdethinsplrsquohommethinspCarthinspsithinsplrsquoonthinspconsidegraverethinsplathinspchose en tant qursquohomme cela ne fait aucune diffeacuterence Et dans ces conditions il nrsquoy a pas non plus agrave fairethinsplathinspdiffeacuterencethinspagravethinspproposthinspduthinspbienthinspsithinsponthinsplethinspconsidegraverethinspenthinsptantthinspquethinsptelthinspMaisthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspnonthinspplusthinspparcethinspqursquoilthinspseraitthinspeacuteternelthinspqursquounthinspbienthinspseraitthinspdavantagethinspunthinspbienthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspquithinspdurethinsplongtempsthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdavantagethinspcethinspqursquoellethinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspeacutepheacutemegravere]thinspraquothinsp

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133

16thinsp1040bthinsp30-34)27thinspCethinspquithinspndashthinsptoutthinsparbitrairethinspetthinspgratuitthinspquethinspcethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleurs28 ndash est ineacutevitablethinsppourthinsppeuthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspveuillethinsppreacuteserverthinsplathinspnotionthinspelle-mecircmethinspdethinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspγάρthinspτιςthinspμὴthinspθήσειthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspεἶναιthinspκεχωρισμέναςthinspκαὶthinspτὸνthinspτρόπονthinspτοῦτονthinspὡςthinspλέγεταιthinspτὰthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἀναιρήσειthinspτὴνthinspοὐσίανthinspὡςthinspβουλόμεθαthinspλέγεινthinsp[sithinsponthinspnethinspposethinsppasthinspquethinsplesthinspsubstancesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinsponthinspditthinspquethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspparticuliersthinsplethinspsontthinsponthinspdeacutetruitthinsplathinspsubstancethinspauthinspsensthinspougravethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendons]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp10thinsp1086bthinsp16-19)29

SurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspcethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspAristotethinspdeacuteveloppethinsptoutethinspunethinspseacuteriethinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspagravethinsplrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Ideacutees allant de lrsquoaccusation de verser dans une erreur aussi grossiegravere que lrsquoanthropomorphisme religieux30thinspagravethinspcellethinspdethinspredoublerthinspsansthinspraisonthinsp

27thinspthinspAristotethinspstigmatisethinspvolontiersthinsplesthinspliberteacutesthinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspprennentthinspavecthinsplethinsplangagethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinsptournerthinsplathinspplupartthinspduthinsptempsthinspagravethinspvidethinspAussithinsplorsqursquoilthinspnethinspbalaiethinspleurthinspproposthinspcommethinspduthinspsimplethinspverbiagethinsp(cf Aristotelis ethica eudemia R R waLzer J M MinGaythinsp(eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1991thinspIthinsp8thinsp1217bthinsp19-21thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspδὲthinspδεῖthinspσυντόμωςthinspεἰπεῖνthinspπερὶthinspαὐτῶνthinspλέγομενthinspὅτιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspτὸthinspεἶναιthinspἰδέανthinspμὴthinspμόνονthinspἀγαθοῦthinspἀλλὰthinspκαὶthinspἄλλουthinspὁτουοῦνthinspλέγεταιthinspλογικῶςthinspκαὶthinspκενῶςthinsp[srsquoilthinspnousthinspestthinsppermisthinspdrsquoexprimerthinspicithinsptregravesthinspbriegravevementthinspnotrethinsppenseacuteethinspnousthinspdironsthinspqursquoaffirmerthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspunethinspIdeacuteethinspnonthinspseulementthinspduthinspbienthinspmaisthinspdethinsptoutthinspautrethinspchosethinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspparlerthinspetthinsptenirthinspdesthinspproposthinspvides]thinspraquo)thinspilthinsplesthinspaccusethinspdethinspsethinspcontenterthinspde meacutetaphores poeacutetiques (cf Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp991athinsp20-22thinsp[=thinspMthinsp5thinsp1079bthinsp24-27]thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspλέγεινthinspπαραδείγματαthinspαὐτὰthinsplt scilicetthinspτὰthinspεἴδηgtthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspμετέχεινthinspαὐτῶνthinspτἆλλαthinspκενολογεῖνthinspἐστὶthinspκαὶthinspμεταφορὰςthinspλέγεινthinspποιητικάςthinsp[direthinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspsontthinspdesthinspparadigmesthinspetthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspnethinsprienthinspdirethinspetthinspsethinsppayerthinspdethinspmeacutetaphoresthinsppoeacutetiques]thinspraquo)thinspthinsp ilthinsp leurthinspreprochethinspeacutegalement de srsquoamuser agrave changer de nom aux choses sans se preacuteoccuper de nous dire ce qursquoelles sont au juste (cf Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987bthinsp7-14thinspthinsplaquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὖνthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσεthinspτὰthinspδrsquothinspαἰσϑητὰthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspταῦταthinspλέγεσϑαιthinspπάνταthinspκατὰthinspμέϑεξινthinspγὰρthinspεἶναιthinspτὰthinspπολλὰthinspτῶνthinspσυνωνύμωνthinsp[ὁμώνυμα]thinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσινthinspτὴνthinspδὲthinspμέϑεξινthinspτοὔνομαthinspμόνονthinspμετέβαλενmiddotthinspοἱthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspΠυϑαγόρειοιthinspμιμήσειthinspτὰthinspὄνταthinspφασὶνthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspἀριϑμῶνthinspΠλάτωνthinspδὲthinspμεϑέξειthinspτοὔνομαthinspμεταβαλώνthinspτὴνthinspμέντοιthinspγεthinspμέϑεξινthinspἢthinspτὴνthinspμίμησινthinspἥτιςthinspἂνthinspεἴηthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἀφεῖσανthinspἐνthinspκοινῷthinspζητεῖνthinsp[aussithinspilthinspathinspappeleacutethinspldquoIdeacuteesrdquothinspdethinsptellesthinspchosesthinspetthinspilthinspathinspaffirmeacutethinspquethinsptousthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspenthinspsontthinspseacutepareacutesthinspetthinspqursquoilsthinspreccediloiventthinspdrsquoellesthinspleur nom En effet crsquoest en raison de leur participation aux Ideacutees que les plusieurs sont synonymes avec les Ideacutees Pour ce qui est de la participation Platon nrsquoa fait que changer le nom en effet les PythagoriciensthinspaffirmaientthinspquethinsplesthinspeacutetantsthinspsontthinspparthinspimitationthinspdesthinspnombresthinspPlatonthinspparthinspparticipationthinspenthinspchangeantthinsplethinspnomthinspCethinspquethinsplathinspparticipationthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinspouthinsplrsquoimitationthinsppeutthinspbienthinspecirctrethinspilsthinspontthinspenthinspcommunthinspdrsquoavoirthinspneacutegligeacutethinspdethinsplethinspchercher]thinspraquo)thinsp28thinspthinspPourthinspAristotethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspplusthinspdethinspraisonthinspdethinspseacuteparerthinsplesthinspuniversauxthinspquethinsplesthinspaccidentsthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐδεμίαthinspἀνάγκηthinspὑπολαμβάνεινthinspτιthinspεἶναιthinspτοῦτοthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspὅτιthinspἓνthinspδηλοῖthinspοὐδὲνthinspμᾶλλονthinspἢthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspἄλλωνthinspὅσαthinspμὴthinspτὶthinspσημαίνειthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιὸνthinspἢthinspπρόςthinspτιthinspἢthinspποιεῖνthinsp[ilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspplusthinspneacutecessairethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplrsquouniversel est quelque chose agrave part des choses individuelles car il indique quelque chose drsquounique que de le penser des autres choses qui ne sont pas quelque chose mais une qualiteacute une relation ou encorethinspunethinspaction]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis analytica posteriorathinspIthinsp24thinsp85bthinsp18-21)thinsp29 Cf Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp12thinsp1037bthinsp27thinspougravethinspilthinspestthinspquestionthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspὡςthinspφαμένthinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplaquothinspἡthinspοὐσίαthinspἕνthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὡςthinspφαμένthinsp[lathinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspcommethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinspetthinspdethinspconcret]thinspraquothinsp30 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12thinspthinsplaquothinspπολλαχῇthinspδὲthinspἐχόντωνthinspδυσκολίανthinspοὐθενὸςthinspἧττονthinspἄτοπονthinspτὸthinspφάναιthinspμὲνthinspεἶναίthinspτιναςthinspφύσειςthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspοὐρανῷthinspταύταςthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspφάναιthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspπλὴνthinspὅτιthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspἀΐδιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspφθαρτάthinspαὐτὸthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωπόνthinspφασινthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspἵππονthinspκαὶthinspὑγίειανthinspἄλλοthinspδrsquothinspοὐδένthinspπαραπλήσιονthinspποιοῦντεςthinspτοῖςthinspθεοὺςthinspμὲνthinspεἶναιthinspφάσκουσινthinspἀνθρωποειδεῖςthinspδέmiddotthinspοὔτεthinspγὰρthinspἐκεῖνοιthinspοὐδὲνthinspἄλλοthinspἐποίουνthinspἢthinspἀνθρώπουςthinspἀϊδίουςthinspοὔθrsquothinspοὗτοιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἄλλrsquothinspἢthinspαἰσθητὰthinspἀΐδιαthinsp(D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp[2008]thinsppthinsp308thinspthinspmecircmethinspsrsquoilsthinspltlesthinspplatoniciensgtthinspsontthinspdethinspplusieursthinspfaccedilonsthinspenthinspdifficulteacutethinsprienthinspdethinspplusthinspabsurdethinspquethinspdethinspdirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspcertainesthinspnaturesthinspenthinspplusthinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

134

lethinspmobilierthinspontologiquethinspduthinspmonde31 en passant par des travers meacutereacuteologiques qui rappellent drsquoassez pregraves ceux que lrsquoon rencontre deacutejagrave chez Platon32

Si nous avons passeacute en revue chacun de ces inconveacutenients33 nous nous sommes cependantthinsparrecircteacutesthinsptoutthinspspeacutecialementthinspsurthinsplrsquounthinspdrsquoentrethinspeuxthinsplrsquoargumentthinspqursquoAristotethinsp

dethinspcellesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinsplrsquouniversthinspmaisthinspenthinspdisantthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspsensiblesthinspsaufthinspquethinsplesthinspunesthinspsontthinspeacuteternellesthinsplesthinspautresthinspcorruptiblesthinspIlsthinspdisentthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspunthinsphommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspchevalthinsplten soigt une santeacute lten soigt sans rien dire drsquoautre en faisant agrave peu pregraves comme ceux qui disent qursquoil existe des dieux mais de forme humaine Ceux-ci ne faisaient rien drsquoautre que des hommes eacuteternels etthinsppourthinspceux-lagravethinsplesthinspformesthinspnethinspsontthinspquethinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspeacuteternels)thinspraquothinsp31 Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8thinsp(cfthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp34thinsp-thinsp1079athinsp4)thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτωνδὶthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἕτεραthinspτούτωνthinspἴσαthinspτὸνthinspἀριθμὸνthinspἐκόμισανthinspὥσπερthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἀριθμῆσαιthinspβουλόμενοςthinspἐλαττόνωνthinspμὲνthinspὄντωνthinspοἴοιτοthinspμὴthinspδυνήσεσθαιthinspπλείωthinspδὲthinspποιήσαςthinspἀριθμοίηthinspσχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspἴσαthinspἢthinspοὐκthinspἐλάττωthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἐστὶthinspτούτοιςthinspπερὶthinspὧνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἐκthinspτούτωνthinspἐπrsquothinspἐκεῖναthinspπροῆλθονthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspγὰρthinspὁμώνυμόνthinspτιthinspἐστιthinspκαὶthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspτῶνthinspτεthinspἄλλωνthinspἐστὶνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspἕνthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖσδεthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖςthinspἀιδίοιςthinsp[D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinsppthinsp306-307thinspthinspquantthinspagravethinspceuxthinspquithinspposentthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspcommethinspdesthinspcausesthinspdrsquoabordthinspenthinspcherchantthinspagravethinspsaisirthinsplesthinspcausesthinspdesthinspecirctresthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinspilsthinspenthinspontthinspintroduitthinspdrsquoautresthinspenthinspnombrethinspeacutegauxthinspagravethinspeuxthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspquethinspquelqursquounthinspqui voudrait compter des choses mais croirait ne pas pouvoir le faire parce qursquoil y en a peu et pour lesthinspcompterthinsplesthinsprendraitthinspplusthinspnombreusesthinspLesthinspFormesthinspenthinspeffetthinspsontthinspenthinspnombrethinsppresquethinspeacutegalesthinspouthinsppas infeacuterieures aux choses loin desquelles dans leur recherche des causes ils ont eacuteteacute jusque vers ellesthinspcarthinsppourthinspchaquethinspchosethinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquohomonymethinspmecircmethinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspetthinspdesthinspautres choses dont il y a uniteacute drsquoune multipliciteacute agrave la fois pour les choses qui nous entourent et pour cellesthinspquithinspsontthinspeacuteternelles]thinspraquothinsp32 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1039athinsp26thinsp-thinsp1039bthinsp2thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἵππῳthinspἤτοιthinspἓνthinspκαὶthinspταὐτὸνthinspτῷthinspἀριθμῷthinspἐστὶνthinspἢthinspἕτερονmiddotthinspτῷthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspλόγῳthinspδῆλονthinspὅτιthinspἕνmiddotthinspτὸνthinspγὰρthinspαὐτὸνthinspδιέξεισιthinspλόγονthinspὁthinspλέγωνthinspἐνthinspἑκατέρῳthinspεἰthinspοὖνthinspἐστίthinspτιςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspαὐτὸςthinspκαθrsquothinspαὑτὸνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspἀνάγκηthinspκαὶthinspἐξthinspὧνthinspοἷονthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspδίπουνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspκαὶthinspεἶναιthinspχωριστὰthinspκαὶthinspοὐσίαςmiddotthinspὥστεthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτὸthinspαὐτὸthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἵππῳthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspὥσπερthinspσὺthinspσαυτῷthinspπῶςthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspοὖσιthinspχωρὶςthinspἓνthinspἔσταιthinspκαὶthinspδιὰthinspτίthinspοὐthinspκαὶthinspχωρὶςthinspαὑτοῦthinspἔσταιthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspτοῦτοthinspthinsp[sithinsplesthinspFormesthinspexistentthinspetthinspquethinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspouthinspbienthinspilthinspserathinspnumeacuteri-quementthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspouthinspbienthinspdiffeacuterentthinspParthinsplrsquoargumentthinspquethinspvoicithinspilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspuniquethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinsponthinsplethinspdeacutefinitthinspauthinspmoyenthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspdeacutefinitionthinspSrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdoncthinspunthinsphommethinspquithinspestthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinsppourthinsplui-mecircmethinspunthinspcecithinspetthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspneacutecessairementthinspquethinspcethinspquithinsplethinspconstituethinsplrsquoanimalthinspetthinsplethinspbipegravedethinspparthinspexemplethinspsoientthinspaussithinspunthinspcecithinspqursquoilsthinspsoientthinspdesthinspchosesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspOrthinspsithinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspetthinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspestthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspcommethinsptuthinsplrsquoesthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinsptoi-mecircmethinspcommentthinsppourra-t-ilthinspdemeurerthinspuniquethinspdansthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspquithinspsontthinspagravethinsppartthinspltlesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautresgtthinspetthinsppourquoithinspcetthinspanimalthinspnethinspsera-t-ilthinsppasthinspseacutepareacutethinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsp]thinspraquo33thinspthinspDethinspmecircmethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspeacutetudieacutethinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspplusthinspponctuellesthinspqursquoAristotethinspassociethinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfamilles drsquoarguments en faveur de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees dans le reacutequisitoire qursquoon peut lire ndash agrave quelques variations mineures pregraves ndash dans les livres A et M des MeacutetaphysiquesthinspenthinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp8-15thinspetthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp4-9thinsprespectivementthinsp(laquothinspἔτιthinspδὲthinspκαϑrsquothinspοὓςthinspτρόπουςthinspδείκνυμενthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκατrsquoοὐϑέναthinspφαίνεταιthinspτούτωνmiddotthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspοὐκthinspἀνάγκηthinspγίγνεσϑαιthinspσυλλογισμόνthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspοὐχthinspὧνthinspοἰόμεϑαthinspτούτωνthinspεἴδηthinspγίγνεταιthinspκατάthinspτεthinspγὰρthinspτοὺςthinspλόγουςthinspτοὺςthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἐπιστημῶνthinspεἴδηthinspἔσταιthinspπάντωνthinspὅσωνthinspἐπιστῆμαιthinspεἰσίthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀποφάσεωνthinspκατὰthinspδὲthinspτὸthinspνοεῖνthinspτιthinspφϑαρέντοςthinspτῶνthinspφϑαρτῶνmiddotthinspφάντασμαthinspγάρthinspτιthinspτούτωνthinspἔστινthinsp[dethinspplusthinspdrsquoaucunethinspdesthinspmaniegraveresthinspdontthinspnousthinspentreprenonsthinspdethinsplethinspprouverthinspnethinspreacutesultethinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinspeffetthinspdansthinspcertainsthinspcasthinsplethinspsyllogismethinspnethinspsrsquoensuitthinsppasthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspneacutecessairethinspthinspdansthinspdrsquoautresthinspcasthinspenthinsprevanchethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspmecircmethinsppourthinspdesthinspchosesthinsppourthinsplesquellesthinspnousthinsppensonsthinspqursquoil nrsquoy en a pas des arguments agrave partir des sciences qursquoil y a des Ideacutees de tout ce dont il y a des sciencesthinspthinspltdesthinspargumentsgtthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspltqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesgtthinspmecircmethinspdethinspneacutegationsthinspthinspetthinspltdesthinspargumentsgt agrave partir de la penseacutee de quelque chose apregraves sa corruption ltqursquoil y a des Ideacuteesgt drsquoentiteacutes

Leone Gazziero

135

lethinsppremierthinspndashthinspsansthinspenthinspattribuerthinsplathinsppaterniteacutethinspagravethinsppersonnethinsp(pasthinspplusthinspagravethinspsesthinsppreacutedeacuteces-seursthinspouthinspagravethinspsesthinspcontemporainsthinspqursquoagravethinsplui-mecircme)thinspndashthinspathinspappeleacutethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo34 Cela pour au moins deux raisons En premier lieu il y a tout sujet de croirethinspqursquoAristotethinspdevaitthinsplethinsptenirthinsppourthinspunethinspobjectionthinspassezthinspformidablethinspagravethinsplrsquoencontrethinspdethinsplathinsppromotionthinspdesthinsppreacutedicatsthinspuniverselsthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancesthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinspvuthinsplethinsptraitthinspquithinspndashthinsppourthinspAristotethinspndashthinspfaitthinsplathinspspeacutecificiteacutethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacutees)thinspCrsquoestthinspenthinsptoutthinspeacutetatthinspdethinspcausethinsplethinspspectrethinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspseulthinspqursquoAristotethinspagitethinsplorsqursquoilthinspeacutevoquethinspndashthinspenthinspblocthinspndashthinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdontthinspagravethinspsonthinspavisthinspsrsquoencombrethinsplrsquohypothegravese des Formes (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu la conviction que si les Ideacutees existent elles existent agrave la maniegravere desthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspnonthinspseulementthinspjouethinspunthinsprocirclethinspcapitalthinspdansthinsplrsquoeacuteconomiethinspdethinsplrsquoargument tel que nous pouvons le reconstruire agrave partir des diffeacuterentes sources qui nous lrsquoont transmis35 mais encore elle constitue la cleacute pour reacutesoudre un puzzle

quithinspontthinsppeacuterithinsp(puisqursquoilthinspenthinspexistethinspunethinspcertainethinspimage)]thinspraquo)thinspUnethinspbibliographiethinspdethinspquelquethinsptroisthinspcentsthinsptitresthinspspeacutecialement consacreacutee agrave la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees dans les lieux parallegraveles des livres A et M des Meacutetaphysiquesthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspdistribueacuteethinspetthinsp(dansthinspsathinspversionthinspalphabeacutetique)thinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspconsulteacuteethinsponlinethinspagravethinsplrsquoadressethinspthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir2808files201509BibliogrSept2015pdfthinsp34 Au sujet de lrsquohistoire de lrsquoargument qursquoil nous soit permis de renvoyer agrave L Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinsp(citeacutethinspnotethinsp14)thinsppourthinspsathinsppreacutehistoirethinspplatoniciennethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquothinspldquoκαὶthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςrdquothinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspProleacutegomegravenesthinspagravethinspunethinsphistoirethinspanciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspraquothinspRhizai 7 2010 p 181-220 pour son utilisationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquo ldquoEt quoniam est quis tertius homordquothinspArgumentthinspexeacutegegravesethinspcontresens dans la litteacuterature latine apparenteacutee aux Sophistici elenchithinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspArchives drsquohistoire doctrinale et litteacuteraire du Moyen Age 80 2013 p 7-48 pour ses transformations aux mains des commentateursthinspdethinsplanguethinspetthinspculturethinsplatinethinspPourthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspdesthinspcommentateursthinspdethinsplrsquoAntiquiteacutethinsptardivethinspcfthinspD huntthinsplaquothinspPlotinusthinspMeetsthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspJ CLearythinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Perennial Tradition of NeoplatonismthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinsp1997thinsppthinsp119-132thinspthinspJ oPSoMerthinsplaquothinspSyrianusthinsponthinspHomonymythinspandthinspFormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspvan rieL C MaCeacute et L van CaMPethinsp(eacuted)thinspPlatonic Ideas and Concept Formation in Ancient and Medieval ThoughtthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinspLouvainthinsp2004thinsppthinsp31-50thinspetthinspLthinspP GerSon laquothinspProclusthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspEacutetudes platoniciennesthinsp8thinsp(2011)thinsppthinsp105-11835thinspthinspCommethinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinsplonguementthinspexpliqueacutethinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinsplathinspseacuteancethinspduthinsp16thinspmarsthinsp2015thinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspestthinspunthinspexcellentthinspcasthinspdrsquoeacutetudethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoonthinspsethinsptournethinspversthinspdesthinspsourcesthinspsemi-canoniquesthinspafinthinspdethinspreconstituerthinspdesthinspfaitsthinspdethinspdiscoursthinspplusthinspouthinspmoinsthinspradicalementthinspindisponiblesthinspdansthinspleurthinspversionthinsporiginalethinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspmecircmethinspsithinspsonthinspcasthinspparaicirctthinspndashthinspagravethinsppremiegraverethinspvuethinspndashthinspmoinsthinspdeacutesespeacutereacutethinspquethinspceluithinspdrsquoautresthinsppiegravecesthinspdethinsplrsquoAristotethinspperduthinspetthinspmecircmethinspsithinspndashthinspagravethinspcoupthinspsucircrthinspndashthinspsathinspsituationthinspphilologiquethinspsrsquoestthinspconsideacuterablementthinspameacutelioreacutee depuis quelques anneacutees (parmi les progregraves il faut au moins signaler la nouvelle eacutedition critiquethinspdesthinspquelquesthinsppagesthinspdrsquointeacuterecirctthinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauxthinspMeacutetaphysiques drsquoAristotethinspquethinspD harLFinGerthinspnousthinspathinspoffertethinspenthinsp1975thinspthinsponthinspsignalerathinspeacutegalementthinspquethinsplathinspquestionthinspdesthinspdeuxthinsp recensionsthinspdansthinsp lesquellesthinspcesthinspmecircmesthinsppagesthinspnousthinspseraientthinspparvenuesthinspndashthinsp toutthinsp reacutecemmentthinspndashthinspathinspbeacuteneacuteficieacutethinspdesthinsplumiegraveresthinspdethinspP GoLitSiS laquo La recensio altera du Commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave la Meacutetaphysique drsquoAristotethinspetthinsplethinspteacutemoignagethinspdesthinspmanuscritsthinspbyzantinsthinspLaurentianus plut 8712 et Ambrosianus F113thinspsupthinspraquothinspdansthinspJ SiGneS Codontildeer et I Peacuterez Martinthinsp(eacuted)thinspTextual Transmission in Byzantium Between Textual Criticism and Quellenforschung Brepols Turnhout 2014 p 199-230 ainsi que de celles de L CaLvieacutethinsp laquothinspAgravethinsp proposthinsp dethinsp lrsquoeacuteditionthinspHayduckthinsp duthinspCommentairethinsp drsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodise agrave la MeacutetaphysiquethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspouthinspconsulterthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir565files201409Article-LCalvieacute-2e-edpdf)thinspIlthinspnrsquoenthinsprestethinsppasthinspmoinsthinspquethinsptoutthinspeffortthinspdethinsprestitutionthinspduthinsptraiteacutethinspperduthinspdrsquoAristotethinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspougravethinsponthinsppeutthinsplirethinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspdethinsplointhinsplethinspplusthinspinformatifthinspndashthinspdoitthinspsethinspconfronterthinspagravethinspunethinspeacutequationthinspagravethinspplusieursthinspvariablesthinspLethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspestthinspunthinsptextethinspqui ne nous est parvenu qursquoagrave travers la tradition indirecte et dont la vocation ndash pour autant qursquoelle se

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

136

exeacutegeacutetique agrave la fois ancien et tenace agrave savoir pour autant que lrsquoon a affaire agrave un seul etthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinspnousthinsppouvonsthinspremonterthinspdansthinsplethinsptempsthinspne fait pas lrsquounanimiteacute ndash comment se fait-il qursquoAristote tantocirct lrsquoutilise pour reacutefuter les philosophes des Ideacutees tantocirct le rejette sous preacutetexte qursquoil srsquoagit drsquoun argument fallacieux36thinspthinspLethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspdansthinsplequelthinspnousthinspavonsthinspidentifieacutethinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspmotifsthinsppro-fonds de lrsquoantiplatonisme drsquoAristote ndash agrave savoir la particularisation existentielle des universauxthinspndashthinsppermetthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquithinspentraicircnethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspetthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinsplrsquoeacuteviterthinspMecircmethinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvirtuellementthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspcomprendrethinsplethinspfonctionnementthinspexactthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspsesthinspraresthinspoccurrencesthinspdansthinsp

laissethinspentrevoirthinspndashthinspeacutetaitthinspdethinsptraiterthinspdrsquounethinspdoctrinethinspcellethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspcœurthinspdrsquounthinspdeacutebatthinspquithinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplethinsppreacutecegravedethinspetthinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspaffecteacutethinspAucunethinspdethinspcesthinspvariablethinspnethinspsethinsplaissethinsptraiterthinspcommethinspunethinspsimplethinspvariablethinspdrsquoajustement et elles sont qui plus est lieacutees entre elles Si on distingue donc ndash avec les speacutecialistes de lrsquoecdotique (on se reacutefeacuterera en particulier agrave un texte de J iriGointhinspthinsplaquothinspLathinspcritiquethinspdesthinsptextesthinspdoitthinspecirctrethinsphistoriquethinspraquothinspdansthinspE FLoreSthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa critica testuale greco-latina oggi Metodi e problemi Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 29-31 ottobre 1979)thinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1981thinsppthinsp27-43)thinspndashthinsptrois eacutetapes fondamentales dans la reconstitution drsquoun texte la recensio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la collecte de toutesthinsp lesthinspsourcesthinspmanuscritesthinspdisponiblesthinsp(etthinspeacuteventuellementthinspdesthinspsourcesthinsp imprimeacutees)thinspdirectesthinspetthinspindirectes)thinsp lathinspcollatio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la comparaison des reacutesultats de la recensiothinsp afinthinspdrsquoobtenirthinspunethinspimagethinspaussithinspfidegravelethinspquethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspenthinspremontantthinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinsppossiblethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacuteterminationthinspdesthinspfamillesthinspdethinspmanuscritsthinspetthinspdethinspleurthinspplusthinspprochethinspancecirctresthinspcommuns)thinspetthinsplathinspdivinatio (lrsquoeacutetablissementthinspduthinsptextethinsplethinspplusthinspprochethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplrsquooriginal)thinsponthinspconviendrathinspquethinspcettethinspderniegraverethinspportethinspparticuliegraverementthinspbienthinspsonthinspnomthinsppuisquethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsplathinsprestitutionthinspdethinsptoutthinspunthinsppanthinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspnethinspnousthinsppermetthinsppasthinspdethinspreacuteglerthinspndashthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspndashthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdethinspsavoirthinspauthinspjustethinspquithinspa eacutecrit quoi Il faut se reacutesigner agrave une eacutevidence pour autant que le traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote est concerneacute mecircmethinsplethinspmeilleurthinsptextethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdemeurethinsprelativementthinspopaquethinspaussithinsplongtempsthinspduthinspmoinsthinspquethinsplrsquoon nrsquoa pas deacutetermineacute de quelle maniegravere il a travailleacute la matiegravere aristoteacutelicienne dont il srsquoest inspireacute et qursquoil a importeacutee dans son commentaire Autrement dit la question se pose de savoir si nous avons affairethinspagravethinspunethinspcollectionthinspdethinspfragmentsthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspdesthinspempruntsthinspponctuelsthinspouthinspdesthinspcitations)thinspouthinspbienthinspsithinspAlexandre a proceacutedeacute agrave une reformulation paraphrastique (en gros une transposition plus ou moins fidegravelethinspdethinspcethinspqursquoilthinsplisaitthinspdansthinsplethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspsonthinspdernierthinsplecteurthinspdethinsppremiegraverethinspmain)thinspOrthinspdeuxthinspdifficulteacutesthinspmajeuresthinspfontthinspobstaclethinspagravethinspcettethinspentreprisethinspLathinsppremiegraverethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspqursquoAlexandrethinspsethinsptrouve en situation de teacutemoin unique ce que nous connaissons du traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote sur les Ideacutees nous le tenons pour lrsquoessentiel drsquoAlexandre dans la mesure ougrave les quelques mentions eacuteparses dans la litteacuterature posteacuterieure deacutependent de son commentaire au livre Alpha meizocircn des Meacutetaphysiques Son maniementthinspappellethinspdoncthinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinsppreacutecautionsthinspthinspcethinspquethinspnousthinsplisonsthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspsinonthinspremanieacutethinspduthinspmoins reacuteorganiseacute dans une mesure et selon des modaliteacutes qui eacutetaient agrave la seule discreacutetion drsquoAlexandre etthinspquethinspnousthinspnethinsppouvonsthinsppasthinspappreacutecierthinspindeacutependammentthinspdethinspsonthinsptravailthinspLathinspdeuxiegravemethinspdifficulteacutethinsptientthinspauthinspfait que la langue drsquoAlexandre ne preacutesente pas de ceacutesures stylistiques ou de solutions de continuiteacute lexicales qui permettraient de deacuteterminer ougrave il ferait œuvre de compilateur et ougrave au contraire il fait œuvrethinspdrsquointerpregravetethinspDethinspfaitthinspagravethinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinsp(maisthinspaussithinspagravethinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspouthinspagravethinspunethinsptroisiegraveme)thinsponthinspsethinsprendrathinspagravethinspunethinspautrethinspeacutevidencethinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppartoutthinsplathinspprosethinspetthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspmecircmethinsplagravethinspougravethinspndashthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspaveuthinsp(commethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsppreacuteciseacutement)thinspndashthinsponthinsppeutthinspsrsquoattendrethinspagravethinspqursquoil suive de plus pregraves sa source 36thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy p 290 formule ce dilemme agrave peu pregraves dansthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinsptermesthinspUnthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquointerpregravetesthinspythinspontthinspvuthinsplrsquoindicethinspdrsquounethinspambivalencethinspdrsquoAristotethinspagrave son eacutegard (cf L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspVrin-PressesthinspdethinsplrsquoUniversiteacutethinspLavalthinspParis-Montreacutealthinsp1995thinsppthinsp360)thinspthinspdrsquoautresthinsplrsquoontthinsppristhinspassezthinspauthinspseacuterieuxthinsppourthinspexclurethinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspsrsquoagirthinspeffectivementthinspduthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspdontthinspAristotethinspferaitthinspunthinspusagethinspopportunistethinsp(cfthinspEthinspVthinspdi LaSCio laquo Third Man The Logic of the Sophism at Arist SEthinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinspraquothinspTopoithinsp23thinsp[2004]thinsppthinsp41)thinsp

Leone Gazziero

137

le corpus aristoteacutelicien37thinspcelathinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspeacutetablithinspsansthinspavoirthinsprecoursthinspauxthinspsourcesthinsppos-teacuterieuresthinspauxquellesthinsponthinspestthinspobligeacutethinspdrsquoemprunterthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspcanonique38 Crsquoest ce qui ressort de deux lieux du corpus aristoteacutelicien agrave savoir le chapitre 13 du livre ZecirctathinspdesthinspMeacutetaphysiques et le chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiques auxquels nous avons consacreacute deux lectures micrologiques dont nous ne reportons de suite que les conclusions39

37 Aristote nrsquoen donne nulle part un exposeacute un tant soit peu deacutetailleacute se contentant plutocirct de lrsquoeacutevoquer sousthinsplrsquointituleacutethinspquithinsplethinsprendrathinspceacutelegravebrethinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp15-17thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1039athinsp2-3thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp12-13)thinspouthinspbienthinspdrsquoenthinsprappelerthinsplathinspconclusionthinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36)thinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdrsquounethinsppassethinspargumentativethinspbienthinspconnuethinsp(cethinspquithinspdevaitthinspdrsquoailleursthinspecirctrethinsplethinspcas)thinsp38thinspthinspCetthinspexposeacutethinspsethinsplitthinspdansthinsplathinsppagethinspceacutelegravebrethinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauthinsppremierthinsplivrethinspdes MeacutetaphysiquesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspagravethinsplaquellethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspfairethinspallusionthinspthinsplaquothinspδείκνυταιthinspκαὶthinspοὕτωςthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινωνthinspπλειόνωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκαὶthinspἔστινthinspἄλλοthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspαὐτῶνthinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspἡγοῦνταιthinspδεικνύναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιmiddotthinspδιὰthinspτοῦτοthinspγάρthinspἐστίthinspτιthinspαὐτοάνθρωποςthinsp κατrsquothinsp αὐτούςthinsp ὅτιthinsp ὁthinsp ἄνθρωποςthinsp κατὰthinsp τῶνthinsp καθrsquothinsp ἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspπλειόνωνthinsp ὄντωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspἄλλοςthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspἐστίν)thinspndashthinspἀλλrsquothinspεἰthinspτοῦτοthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοςthinspὁthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspκατrsquothinspἰδίανthinspὑφεστώςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspδὲthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspπαράthinspτεthinspτὸνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspτὴνthinspἰδέανthinspοὕτωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspτέταρτοςthinspὁthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτούτουthinspκαὶthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὁμοίωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspπέμπτοςthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspἐπrsquothinspἄπειρονthinsp[onthinspprouvethinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspaussi de cette maniegravere si ce qui se preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute de plusieurs est aussi autre que ceux dont il se preacutedique seacutepareacute de ceux-ci (voilagrave ce que pensent prouver ceux qui posent les Ideacutees la raison pourthinsp laquellethinspenthinspeffetthinsp ilthinspythinspathinsppourthinspeuxthinspquelquethinspchosethinspquithinspestthinsp lrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspcrsquoestthinspquethinsp lrsquohommethinspse preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute des hommes particuliers qui sont plusieurs et il est autre que les hommes particuliers)thinspndashthinspmaisthinspsrsquoilthinspenthinspestthinspainsithinspilthinspythinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspSithinspenthinspeffetthinsplrsquohommethinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsppreacutediquethinspestthinspautrethinspquethinspceuxthinspdontthinspilthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspsubsistethinspenthinspproprethinspsithinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspilthinspythinspathinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspagravethinsppartthinspduthinspparticulier et de lrsquoIdeacutee Ainsi qursquoil y en aura un quatriegraveme qui se preacutedique de celui-ci de lrsquoIdeacutee et des particuliersthinspthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquounthinspcinquiegravemethinspetthinspcelathinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis de ideis fragmentathinsp(=thinspAlexandri in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria)thinsp8421thinsp-thinsp853)thinspLethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspillustrethinspagravethinsplathinspperfectionthinspla situation hermeacuteneutique que nous venons drsquoeacutevoquer ougrave le recours agrave la tradition indirecte est agrave la foisthinspineacutevitablethinspetthinsppassablementthinspdeacutelicatthinspDrsquounethinsppartthinspAlexandrethinspsignalethinspexplicitementthinspqursquoilthinspreportethinsplathinspversionthinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinsptellethinspqursquoAristotethinspsrsquoenthinspestthinspservithinspdansthinsplethinsppremierthinsplivrethinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsp(8511-12thinspthinsplaquothinspτῇthinspδὲthinspτελευταίᾳthinspαὐτὸςthinspἔνthinspτεthinspτῷthinspπρώτῳthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspraquo)thinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspilthinspestthinsphautementthinspimprobablethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspenthinsptrainthinspdethinsptranscrirethinspunthinspsegmentthinspduthinsptextethinspdrsquoAristotethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdethinsplethinspparaphraserthinspCethinspquethinsptrahitthinsplrsquoutilisationthinspdethinspcertainsthinsptermesthinsptelsthinspὑπόστασιςthinspetthinspὑφίστημιthinspNousthinspavonsthinspobserveacutethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoacceptionthinspdrsquoexistencethinspetthinspdrsquoexisterthinsprequisethinspparthinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspnithinsplrsquounthinsp(ὑπόστασις)thinspnithinsplrsquoautrethinsp(ὑφίστημι)thinspnethinspsontthinspattesteacutesthinspchezthinspAristotethinspquithinsplesthinsputilisethinspplutocirctthinspdansthinspunthinspsensthinsplocalthinsp(ὑφίστημιthinspindiquethinsple fait de se tenir au-dessous comme dans Aristotelis de caelo P Morauxthinsp(eacuted)thinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1965thinspIthinsp3thinsp269bthinsp24-25)thinspouthinspphysiologiquethinsp(ὑπόστασιςthinspsignifiethinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspreacutesiduthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspseacutedimentthinspraquothinspcomme dans Aristotelis de generatione animaliumthinspHthinspJ droSSaart LuLoFS (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1965thinspIthinsp18thinsp726athinsp21thinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspstationthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspposturethinspraquothinspcommethinspdansthinspAristotelis de partibus animaliumthinsp1956thinspIthinsp2thinsp647bthinsp28)39 Les deux lectures (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp23thinspetthinspAristotelis Sophistici elenchi 22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspontthinspeacuteteacutethinsppreacuteceacutedeacuteesthinspparthinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspeacutetudethinsplexicographiquethinsp(nousthinspavonsthinspeacutevoqueacutethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspplusthinsphautthinspcfthinspnotethinsp3)thinspconsacreacuteethinspauthinspvocabulairethinspquethinspcesthinsptextesthinsppartagentthinsp(etthinspauxthinspquelquesthinsposcillationsthinspqursquoilthinsppreacutesente)thinspEnthinspplusthinspdrsquoexpressionsthinspplusthinspprobleacutematiquesthinsp(commethinsplethinspτόδεthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinsppeutthinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspdeacutesignerthinspunethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle)thinspnousthinspavonsthinspsurtoutthinspexploreacutethinsplrsquooppositionthinspentrethinspcethinspqursquoAristotethinspappellethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(outhinspποιόνthinspτι)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspnousthinspontthinspsurtoutthinspaideacutesthinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinspnotrethinspreconnaissance J kunGthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspThisesthinspSuchesthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspArgumentthinspraquothinspPhronesis 26 (1981)thinsppthinsp207-247thinspetthinspS ebbeSen laquo Hoc aliquid - Quale quidthinspandthinspthethinspSignificationthinspofthinspAppellativesthinspraquothinsp

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Qursquoest-cethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspauthinspjustethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAuthinspboutthinspdrsquounthinspassezthinsplongthinspraisonnement40thinsplathinspconclusionthinspqursquoAristotethinsptirethinspestthinspcateacutegoriquethinsp(φανερὸνthinspὅτιthinspκτλ)thinspSeacuteparer lrsquouniversel crsquoest-agrave-dire le traiter comme quelque chose qui existe de plein exercicethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstarthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspparticuliegraveresthinsprevientthinspagravethinspsrsquoembarrasserthinspdethinsptoutesthinspsortesthinsp drsquoinconveacutenientsthinspthinsp laquothinspφανερὸνthinspὅτιthinsp οὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinspκαὶthinspὅτιthinspοὐδὲνthinspσημαίνειthinspτῶνthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορουμένωνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspἀλλὰthinspτοιόνδεthinspεἰthinspδὲthinspμήthinspἄλλαthinspτεthinspπολλὰthinspσυμβαίνειthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsp[ilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoaucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspnethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspmaisthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinsptelthinspouthinsptelthinspDansthinsplethinspcasthinspcontrairethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspbeaucoupthinspltdrsquoinconveacutenientsgtthinspnotammentthinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis meta-physicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)41 Quelle que soit la force que lrsquoon accorde agrave lrsquoargumentthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspreposethinspultimementthinspsurthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspjuxtaposerthinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspauthinspseinthinspdrsquounethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspmultipliciteacutethinspdontthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspviendraitthinspconstituerthinsplrsquouniteacutethinspauthinspmecircmethinsptitrethinspquethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdrsquohomme constituait lrsquouniteacute de la multipliciteacute des hommes particuliers Autrement ditthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsprequiertthinspquethinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinsp

Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

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[Categoriae]thinsp5thinsp3bthinsp10-21thinspthinsplaquothinspπᾶσαthinspδὲthinspοὐσίαthinspδοκεῖthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspἐπὶthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτῶνthinspπρώτωνthinspοὐσιῶνthinspἀναμφισβήτητονthinspκαὶthinspἀληθέςthinspἐστινthinspὅτιthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειmiddotthinspἄτομονthinspγὰρthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspἀριθμῷthinspτὸthinspδηλούμενόνthinspἐστινthinspἐπὶthinspδὲthinspτῶνthinspδευτέρωνthinspοὐσιῶνthinspφαίνεταιthinspμὲνthinspὁμοίωςthinspτῷthinspσχήματιthinspτῆςthinspπροσηγορίαςthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspὅτανthinspεἴπῃthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἢthinspζῷονmiddotthinspοὐthinspμὴνthinspἀληθέςthinspγεthinspἀλλὰthinspμᾶλλονthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspndashthinspοὐthinspγὰρthinspἕνthinspἐστιthinspτὸthinspὑποκείμενονthinspὥσπερthinspἡthinspπρώτηthinspοὐσίαthinspἀλλὰthinspκατὰthinspπολλῶνthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspλέγεταιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspοὐχthinspἁπλῶςthinspδὲthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὥσπερthinspτὸthinspλευκόνmiddotthinspοὐδὲνthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοthinspσημαίνειthinspτὸthinspλευκὸνthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιόνthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspεἶδοςthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspγένοςthinspπερὶthinspοὐσίανthinspτὸthinspποιὸνthinspἀφορίζειthinspndashthinspποιὰνthinspγάρthinspτιναthinspοὐσίανthinspσημαίνειthinsp[ilthinspsemblethinspquethinsptoutethinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspCethinspquithinspestthinspincontestablementthinspvraithinspdesthinspsubstancesthinsppremiegraveresthinsppuisqursquoellesthinspsignifientthinspunthinspcertainthinspcecithinspCethinspquithinspestthinspdeacutesigneacutethinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspindividuelthinspetthinspnumeacuteriquementthinspunthinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspenthinsprevanchethinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspsecondesthinspilthinspsembleraitthinspqursquoellesthinspsignifientthinspeacutegalementthinspunthinspcertainthinspcecithinspduthinspfaitthinspdethinspleurthinspformethinspdethinspdeacutenominationthinspcommethinsplorsqursquoonthinspditthinspldquohommerdquothinspouthinspldquoanimalrdquothinspOrthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspvraithinsppuisqursquoellesthinspsignifientthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspcertainthinspqualifieacutethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinsplethinspsujetthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspunthinspcommethinsplathinspsubstancethinsppremiegraverethinspmaisthinspltplusieursthinsppuisquegtthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinspdisentthinspdethinspplusieursthinspIlsthinspnethinspsignifientthinsppasthinsppourthinspautantthinspunthinspcertainthinspqualifieacutethinsptoutthinspcourtthinspltcommethinsplethinspfaitgtthinsplethinspblancthinspEnthinspeffetthinsplethinspblancthinspnethinspsignifiethinsprienthinspdrsquoautrethinspqursquounthinspqualifieacutethinsplrsquoespegravecethinspetthinsplethinspgenrethinspenthinsprevanchethinspdeacuteterminentthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancethinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspthinspilsthinspsignifientthinspenthinspeffetthinspquellethinspestthinspunethinspcertainethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp46 Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman 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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

Cettethinspconclusionthinspestthinspembleacutematiquethinspetthinspouvrethinsplrsquoalternativethinspquithinspserathinspreprisethinspsansthinspcesse par la suite ndash que ce soit pour opposer Aristote et Platon ou pour les harmo-niserthinspndashthinspentrethinspunthinspuniverselthinspquithinspestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspunthinspuniverselthinspquithinspnrsquoenthinspestthinsppasthinspunethinspeacutetantthinspbienthinspentenduthinspquethinspquellethinspquethinspsoitthinsplathinspsignificationthinsppreacutecisethinspdethinsplrsquolaquothinspuniverselthinspraquothinspdontthinspilthinspestthinsptourthinspagravethinsptourthinspquestionthinsplaquothinspsubstancethinspraquothinspveutthinspdirethinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle Crsquoest un parti pris dont on peut certes discuter le meacuterite mais dont lrsquoenjeuthinsppoleacutemiquethinspjustifiethinspamplementthinsplrsquointeacuterecirctthinsparcheacuteologiquethinspavecthinsplequelthinspndashthinspapregravesthinsptantthinspdrsquoautresthinspndashthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprenouerthinspdansthinsplathinspmecircmethinspEacutecolethinspougravethinspnosthinspMaicirctresthinspndashthinspAlainthinspdethinspLiberathinspetthinspPhilippethinspHoffmannthinspndashthinspnousthinspythinspontthinspintroduitthinsppourthinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfoisthinsp

lirethinspen179athinsp1-2thinsplathinspsyntaxethinsplaquothinspτὸthinspμένthinsphellipthinspτὸthinspδέhellipthinspraquothinspopposethinspΚορίσκοςthinspagravethinspμουσικόςthinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinspΚορίσκοςthinspμουσικόςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspμένthinsphellipthinspτὸthinspδέhellipthinspraquothinsprenvoiethinsprespectivementthinspagravethinspΚορίσκοςthinsp(τὸthinspμέν)thinspetthinspagravethinspμουσικόςthinsp(τὸthinspδέ)thinspsousthinsppeinethinspdrsquointroduirethinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspseraitthinspunthinspautrethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspqursquounthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspavecthinsppourthinspconseacutequencethinspdethinspcompromettrethinsplrsquoanalogiethinspdethinspcomportementthinspentrethinsppreacutedicatsthinsp(enthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspἄνθρωποςthinspetthinspμουσικός)thinsp(3)thinspEst-cethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκθέσθαιthinspetthinsplrsquoἐκτίθεσθαιthinspenthinsp179athinsp3thinspainsithinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspsontthinspsynonymesthinspentrethinspeuxthinspetthinspaboutissentthinspdansthinsptousthinsplesthinspcasthinspagravethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspouthinspalternativementthinspagravethinspcellethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspouthinspbienthinsptantocirctthinspagravethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsptantocirctthinspagravethinspcellethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspAgravethinsplrsquoinstar de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 Ithinsp9thinsp103bthinsp29-35thinsplethinspverbethinspἐκτίθημιthinspnethinspchangethinsppointthinspdethinspsignificationthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdethinsplrsquoobjetthinspquithinspreacutesultethinspdethinspsonthinspopeacuterationthinsplequelthinspestthinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspsrsquoexposethinspauthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo)thinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspluithinspeacutechappe)thinsp(4)thinspCommentthinspcomprendrethinsplrsquoοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσειthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspthinspQursquoest-cethinspquithinspnethinspfaitthinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspquoithinspthinspEst-cethinspquethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspestthinspsupposeacutethinspsrsquoensuivrethinspagravethinsptousthinsplesthinspcoupsthinsp(aussithinspbienthinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspougravethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspsethinspsoldethinspparthinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspquethinspdansthinspceluithinspougravethinspcrsquoestthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppart)thinspouthinspbienthinspcrsquoestthinspparthinsprapportthinspauthinspreacutesultatthinspdethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspelle-mecircmethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspaurathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspqursquoonthinspobtiendrathinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinspunthinspἕνthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλοὺςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspCommethinsplethinspmontrentthinsplesthinsprecommandationsthinspdrsquoAristotethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspfaitthinspunethinspsacreacuteethinspdiffeacuterencethinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsp(lequelthinspsrsquoensuitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspquethinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppartthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinspilthinspsethinspditthinspenthinspcommunthinspὅπερthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspὅπερthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspEnthinsprevanchethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspentrethinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspLrsquounthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspmoinsthinspdistinctthinspquethinsplrsquoautrethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspdontthinsponthinsplethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspParthinspconseacutequentthinspsithinsponthinspaffirmethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspestthinspunethinspqualiteacutethinspetthinspnonthinspunethinspsubstancethinspcelathinspnethinspfaitthinspaucunethinspdiffeacuterencethinsp(οὐδὲνthinspδιοίσει)thinspduthinspmoinsthinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinspsathinsppositionthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspplusieursthinspcarthinspilthinspythinspaurathinsptoutthinspdethinspmecircmethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinsp(ἕνthinspτι)thinspetthinspdethinspdiffeacuterentthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(παρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλούς)thinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinsplaquothinsphommethinspraquothinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsp(οἷονthinspτὸthinspἄνθρωπος)thinsp

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corpusthinspdesthinspeacutecritsthinspdrsquoeacutecolethinspnethinspsoitthinsppasthinspavarethinspenthinspindicationsthinspconcernantthinspsonthinspinteacuterecirctthinspndashthinsptoutthinspdrsquoabordthinspeacutepisteacutemologique6 ndash ou encore sa relation au multiple dont il constitue lrsquouniteacute7 ce qursquoAristote dit agrave ce sujet se trouve dans un eacutetat de relative dispersion

dethinspcellethinspdethinspsavoirthinspcethinspquethinspπρᾶγμαthinspveutthinspbienthinspdirethinspdansthinsplathinspphrasethinspimmeacutediatementthinsppreacuteceacutedentethinsp(mecircmethinspsithinspon ne partage pas tout agrave fait ses vues P hadot laquo Sur divers sens du mot pragma dans la tradition philosophiquethinspgrecquethinspraquothinspdansthinspP aubenquethinsp(eacuted)thinspConcepts et cateacutegories dans la penseacutee antiquethinspVrinthinspParisthinsp1980thinsppthinsp309-319thinspdemeurethinspunthinspexcellentthinsppointthinspdethinspdeacutepartthinsppourthinspeacutetudierthinsplethinspproblegraveme)thinspquithinspintroduitthinsplrsquooppositionthinsp desthinsp particuliersthinsp etthinsp desthinsp universauxthinsp qursquoAristotethinsp qualifiethinsp ensuitethinsp sousthinsp lethinsp rapportthinsp dethinsp lathinsppreacutedicationthinsp(17athinsp38-39thinspthinsplaquothinspἐπεὶthinspδέthinspἐστιthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspκαθόλουthinspτῶνthinspπραγμάτωνthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinsp[puisquethinspcertainesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspsontthinspuniversellesthinspalorsthinspquethinspdrsquoautresthinspsontthinspparticuliegraveres]thinspraquo)thinsplathinspquestionthinspsrsquoestthinspposeacuteethinspdethinspsavoirthinspsithinsplethinspμήthinspniethinsplethinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinspouthinspbienthinsplethinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsptoutthinspcourtthinsp(unethinsptroisiegravemethinsppossibiliteacutethinspmoinsthinspplausiblethinspeacutetantthinspqursquoilthinspportethinspsurthinsplethinspπέφυκε)thinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspsithinsplathinspneacutegationthinspexclutthinspquethinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspnethinspsoientthinsppreacutediqueacutesthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(ἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspκατηγορεῖσθαι)thinspouthinspbienthinspqursquoilsthinspnethinspsoientthinsppreacutediqueacutesthinsptoutthinspcourtthinsp(κατηγορεῖσθαι)thinspLathinsplettrethinspduthinsptextethinsplaissethinspouvertethinspcettethinspalternativethinspthinspsrsquoil ne fait pas de doute que lrsquouniversel et le particulier srsquoopposent en cela qursquoil est dans la nature du premierthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspalorsthinspquethinsplethinspdeuxiegravemethinspreacutepugnethinspagravethinspcelathinspAristotethinspenthinsprevanchethinspnethinspnousthinspditthinsppasthinspclairementthinspsithinspcelathinspimpliquethinspouthinspbienthinspquethinsplethinspparticulierthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsppreacutedicablethinspduthinsptoutthinspouthinspbienthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppreacutedicablethinspquethinspdrsquounthinspseulthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinspDansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspAristotethinspdeacuteclarethinspailleursthinsplethinspparticulierthinspimpreacutedicablethinsp(Aristotelis [categoriae] eacuted R bodeacuteuumlS Les Belles Lettres Paris 2001thinsp2thinsp1athinsp20thinspetthinsp1bthinsp3-5thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinsp[hellip]thinspτὰthinspδὲthinspοὔτεthinspἐνthinspὑποκειμένῳthinspἐστὶνthinspοὔτεthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspλέγεταιthinspοἷονthinspὁthinspτὶςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἢthinspὁthinspτὶςthinspἵπποςthinsp[parmithinsplesthinspeacutetantsthinsp(hellip)thinsplesthinspautresthinspnithinspnethinspsontthinspdansthinspunthinspsujetthinspnithinspnethinspsethinspdisentthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinspparthinspexemplethinspthinspcetthinsphomme-cithinspouthinspcethinspcheval-ci]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspsoustraitthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinspau circuit de la preacutedication (Aristotelis [categoriae]thinsp5thinsp3athinsp36-37thinspthinsplaquothinspἀπὸthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspτῆςthinspπρώτηςthinspοὐσίαςthinspοὐδεμίαthinspἐστὶthinspκατηγορίαthinspκατrsquothinspοὐδενὸςthinspγὰρthinspὑποκειμένουthinspλέγεταιthinsp[onthinspnethinsppeutthinsptirerthinspaucunethinsppreacutedicationthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinsppremiegraverethinsppuisqursquoellethinspnethinspsethinspditthinspdrsquoaucunthinspsujet]thinspraquo)thinspilthinspparaicirctthinspassezthinspplausiblethinspdethinsppencherthinsppourthinsplathinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinspetthinspexclurethinspquethinsplethinspparticulierthinsppuissethinspfigurerthinspdansthinspunethinsppreacutedicationthinspagravethinsplathinspplacethinspdethinsppreacutedicat (sinon de faccedilon accidentelle selon lrsquoanomalie qursquoAristote prend en compte dans Aristotelis analytica priorathinspeacutedthinspD roSS Clarendon Press Oxford 1949 I 27 43a 33-26 ougrave lrsquoaccidentaliteacute en questionthinspestthinspagravethinspcomprendrethinspauthinspsensthinspquethinsplesthinspeacutenonceacutesthinspougravethinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspindividuellesthinspsethinsptrouventthinspenthinsppositionthinspdethinsppreacutedicatthinsppreacutesententthinsplesthinspaccidentsthinspdethinsplathinsppreacutedicationthinspsansthinspenthinspecirctrethinspunethinspagravethinspproprementthinspparlerthinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspndashthinspdrsquoailleursthinspndashthinspAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinsplesthinspqualifiethinspndashthinspdansthinspAlexandri Aphrodisiensis in Aristotelis analyticorum priorum librum I commentarium eacuted M waLLieS G reiMer Berlin 1883 2912thinspndashthinspdethinspπαρὰthinspφύσινthinspcontre nature)thinsp6 Cf eg Aristotelis analytica posteriorathinspeacutedthinspD roSS Clarendon Press Oxford 1949 I 11 77a 5-9thinsp(agravethinsplirethinspenthinspparallegravelethinspavecthinspIthinsp22thinsp83athinsp32-35)thinspetthinsp31thinsp87bthinsp28-39thinspthinspIIthinsp97bthinsp25-27thinspthinspAristotelis metaphysica A eacuted O PriMaveSi dans C SteeLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotlersquos Metaphysics Alpha Symposium Aristotelicum OxfordthinspUniversitythinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp2012thinsp1thinsp981athinsp5-7thinspetthinspsurtoutthinspAristotelis metaphysicathinspeacutedthinspD roSS ClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1924thinspBthinsp4thinsp999athinsp26-29thinspthinsplaquothinspεἴτεthinspγὰρthinspμὴthinspἔστιthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἄπειραthinspτῶνthinspδrsquothinspἀπείρωνthinspπῶςthinspἐνδέχεταιthinspλαβεῖνthinspἐπιστήμηνthinspthinspᾗthinspγὰρthinspἕνthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspταὐτόνthinspκαὶthinspᾗthinspκαθόλουthinspτιthinspὑπάρχειthinsp ταύτῃthinspπάνταthinspγνωρίζομενthinsp [srsquoilthinspnrsquoythinspavaitthinsppasthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinsp commethinsp lesthinsp particuliersthinsp sontthinsp enthinsp nombrethinsp infinithinsp commentthinsp serait-ilthinsp possiblethinsp drsquoacqueacuterirthinspunethinspsciencethinspdethinspcesthinspchosesthinspenthinspnombrethinsp infinithinspthinspdethinsp faitthinspnousthinspconnaissonsthinsp toutesthinspchosesthinsppourthinspautantthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquouniquethinspdrsquoidentiquethinspetthinspdrsquouniversel]thinspraquothinspParmithinsptantthinspdrsquoautresthinspessaisthinspconsacreacutesthinspagravethinsp lathinsp probleacutematiquethinspW LeSzL laquo Knowledge of the Universal and Knowledge of the Particular in AristotlethinspraquothinspReview of Metaphysicsthinsp26thinsp(1972)thinsppthinsp278-313thinspetthinspM CrubeLLier laquo Science de lrsquouniversel et connaissance du singulier Aristote MeacutetaphysiquethinspMthinsp10thinspraquothinspRevue de philosophie anciennethinsp14thinsp(1996)thinsppthinsp75-102thinsppreacutesententthinsplrsquoavantagethinspdrsquoeacutetudierthinspenthinspparallegravelethinsplathinspconnaissancethinspfondeacuteethinspsurthinsplrsquouniverselthinspetthinspcellethinsptourneacutee vers le particulier 7 Cf notamment les remarques sur la nature de la preacutedication des genres et des espegraveces en reacuteponse agrave la questionthinsplaquothinspqursquoest-cethinspquethinsp(τίthinspἐστι)thinspthinspraquothinspunthinspparticulierthinspdonneacutethinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplirethinspdansthinspAristotelis [categoriae] 5thinsp2bthinsp29-36thinspouthinspencorethinspauthinspsujetthinspdethinsplrsquoasymeacutetriethinspdrsquoexistencethinspentrethinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspdrsquounethinsppartthinspetthinspleursthinspespegraveces et genres de lrsquoautre qursquoon peut lire dans Aristotelis [categoriae]thinsp5thinsp2bthinsp3-6thinspCfthinspeacutegalementthinsp

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Aussithinsponthinspchercherathinspenthinspvainthinspchezthinspluithinspunthinsptraitementthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinspunifieacutethinspdethinspcettethinspmatiegravere Il se trouve en revanche qursquoil en dise le plus lorsqursquoil srsquooppose aux vues de certains de ses anciens collegravegues les partisans des Formes preacuteciseacutement8thinspDethinspfaitthinspdansthinspsonthinspsoucithinspdrsquoarrecircterthinsplathinspgenegravesethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspAristotethinspeacutetablitthinspunethinspdoublethinspfiliationthinspsocratiquethinspetthinspheacuteracliteacuteenne9thinsplaquellethinsplivrethinspfinalementthinsplesthinspprincipauxthinspeacuteleacutements de sa theacuteorie de lrsquouniversel

Lesthinsptextesthinspsontthinspbienthinspconnus10thinspLethinsptableauthinspqursquoilsthinsppreacutesententthinspestthinspdethinspplusthinspremar-quablementthinspcoheacuterentthinspthinspSocratethinspythinspestthinspcreacutediteacutethinspdrsquoavoirthinspdeacutecouvertthinsplrsquouniverselthinspcrsquoest-agrave-dire de lrsquoavoir distingueacute le premier des particuliers (Aristotelis metaphysica A 6 986bthinsp4-7thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp27-29thinspthinspMthinsp9thinsp1086thinsp2-4)thinspPlatonthinspauraitthinsprepristhinspagravethinspsonthinspcomptethinsplrsquoheacuteritagethinspsocratiquethinsptoutthinspenthinspallantthinspplusthinsplointhinspquethinspSocratethinsplui-mecircmethinspnrsquoavaitthinspeacuteteacutethinspdansthinspsathinspquecirctethinspvisantthinspagravethinspfournirthinspdesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinspSocratethinspenthinspeffetthinsptoutthinspenthinsplethinspdiscernantthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspnethinspposaitthinsppasthinsplrsquouniverselthinspagravethinsppartthinsp(Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp30)thinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspqursquoilthinsp

Aristotelis metaphysicathinspΔthinsp26thinsp1023bthinsp29-32thinspougravethinsplathinsprelationthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspvis-agrave-visthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinsp ilthinspsethinsppreacutedique est analyseacutee en termes drsquouniteacute et de totaliteacute 8 Aristotelis ethica nicomacheathinspIthinsp4thinsp1096athinsp11-13thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspβέλτιονthinspἴσωςthinspἐπισκέψασθαιthinspκαὶthinspδιαπορῆσαιthinspπῶςthinspλέγεταιthinspκαίπερthinspπροσάντουςthinspτῆςthinspτοιαύτηςthinspζητήσεωςthinspγινομένηςthinspδιὰthinspτὸthinspφίλουςthinspἄνδραςthinspεἰσαγαγεῖνthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinsp[ilthinspvautthinsppeut-ecirctrethinspmieuxthinspeacutetudierthinspltlethinspbiengtthinspenthinspgeacuteneacuteralthinspetthinspreacutesoudrethinsplesthinspdifficulteacutesthinsplieacutesthinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfaccedilonsthinspdethinsplethinspdirethinspmecircmethinspsithinspcettethinsptacircchethinspestthinsprenduethinspplusthinspdifficilethinspparthinsplrsquoamitieacutethinsppourthinspceuxthinspquithinspontthinspintroduitthinsplesthinspFormes]thinspraquothinspSurthinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspamitieacutethinspenthinspcethinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspchapitrethinspcfthinspL taran laquo Amicus Plato sed magis amica veritasthinspFromthinspPlatothinspandthinspAristotlethinsptothinspCervantesthinspraquothinspAntike und Abendland 30 (1984)thinsppthinsp93-124thinsp9thinspthinspLathinsppremiegraverethinspeacutetantthinspdirectethinsplathinspdeuxiegravemethinspfiltreacuteethinspparthinsplrsquoenseignementthinspdeacutelivreacutethinspparthinspCratylethinspunthinspheacuteracliteacuteenthinspradicalthinsp dontthinsp lethinsp portraitthinsp aussithinsp bienthinsp chezthinspAristotethinsp quethinsp chezthinspPlatonthinsp preacutesentethinsp desthinsp traitsthinsp caricaturauxthinsp(drsquoapregraves le premier ndash Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspΓthinspeacutedthinspM heCquet-devienne Peeters Louvain-la-Neuve 2008thinsp5thinsp1010athinsp10-15thinspndashthinspCratylethinspnethinspsrsquoexprimaitthinspqursquoenthinspbougeantthinsplethinspdoigtthinspthinspilthinspestthinspaffubleacutethinspchezthinsplethinspsecondthinspndash Platonis Cratylus E A duke W F hiCken W S M niCoLLthinspDthinspB robinSon et J C G StraChan (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1995thinsp429ethinsp5thinspndashthinspdrsquounthinsppatronymethinspagravethinsplrsquoallurethinspdethinspcalembourthinspthinspσμικρίωνοςthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsptraduirathinspsansthinspsoucithinspdethinsplitteacuteraliteacutethinsplaquothinspfilsthinspdethinspminusthinspraquothinspcethinspquithinsppourthinspquelqursquounthinspquithinspsrsquoappellethinspΚρατύλοςthinsplaquothinspfortichethinspraquothinspestthinsptoutthinspunthinspprogramme)thinsp10 Nous avons lu et commenteacute en quelque deacutetail Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987athinsp32thinsp-thinsp987bthinsp14thinsp(ce chapitre a eacuteteacute reacutecemment eacutetudieacute par C SteeLthinsplaquothinspPlatothinspasthinspseenthinspbythinspAristotlethinspMetaphysicsthinspAthinsp6thinspraquothinspdans C SteeLthinsp (eacuted)thinspAristotlersquos Metaphysics Alpha Symposium Aristotelicum Oxford University PressthinspOxfordthinsp2012thinsppthinsp167-200)thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp9-16thinspetthinsp27-34thinsp(cfthinspM narCythinsplaquothinspRendrethinspagravethinspSocratehellipthinspouthinspagravethinspDeacutemocritethinspthinsp(AristotethinspMeacutetaphysiquethinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp17-31)thinspraquothinspdansthinspG Giannantoni et M narCythinsp(eacuted)thinspLezioni socratichethinspBibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp1997thinsppthinsp81-96)thinspthinspMthinsp9thinsp1086athinsp31thinsp-thinsp1086bthinsp11thinsp(cfthinspL Gazziero Rationes ex machina La micrologie agrave lrsquoacircge de lrsquoindustrie de lrsquoargumentthinspVrinthinspParisthinsp2008thinsppthinsp145-151)thinspPour les trois cf eacutegalement L M CaSteLLi laquo Universals Particulars and Aristotlersquos Criticism of Platorsquos FormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspR Chiaradonna et G GaLLuzzothinsp(eacuted)thinspUniversals in Ancient Philosophy Edizioni della Normale Pise 2013 p 139-184 Rappelons que le troisiegraveme des quatre tomes des Socratis et Socraticorum reliquiae eacuted G GiannantonithinspBibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp1990-1991thinspestthinspconsacreacutethinspagravethinspAristotethinspteacutemointhinspdethinspSocratethinsp(le lecteur francophone peut eacutegalement consulter T deMan Le teacutemoignage drsquoAristote sur Socrate Les BellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1942)thinspLathinspbibliographiethinspeacutetantthinsptregravesthinsprichethinsp(cellethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdistribueacuteethinspcomptaitthinspagravethinspellethinsptoutthinspseulethinspquelquethinspcentthinspcinquantethinsptitres)thinspicithinsponthinspsignalerathinspauthinspmoinsthinspthinspG Giannantoni laquo Socrate nella MetafisicathinspdithinspAristotelethinspraquothinspdansthinspA bauSoLa et G reaLethinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotele Percheacute la metafisica VitathinspethinspPensierothinspMilanthinsp1994thinsppthinsp431-449thinspthinspWthinspJ PriorthinsplaquothinspSocratesthinspMetaphysicianthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp27thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp1-14thinspainsithinspquethinspJ ManSFeLdthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspSocratesrsquothinspContributionsthinsptothinspPhilosophythinspraquothinspdansthinspF aLeSSe F aronadio M C daLFino L SiMeone et E SPineLLithinsp(eacuted)thinspAnthropine Sophia Studi di filologia e storiografia filosofica in memoria di Gabriele GiannantonithinspBibliopolisthinspNaples 2008 p 337-349

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ne lui reconnaissait pas une existence indeacutependante de ce dont il se preacutedique en commun11 Ce qui sera plutocirct le cas des platoniciens qui apregraves les avoir seacutepareacutes (Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp31thinspthinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp10)thinspappellerontthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp31-32)thinsplesthinspuni-versaux que la sagaciteacute de Socrate avait permis drsquoatteindre dans un domaine au moinsthinspceluithinspdethinsplrsquoeacutethiquethinsp(Athinsp6thinsp987bthinsp1-4thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp17-19)12 Or qursquoest-ce qui a bienthinspputhinsppousserthinspPlatonthinspetthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspagravethinsppostulerthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspontologiquementthinsp

11thinspthinspCommethinspilthinspressortirathinspparthinsplathinspsuitethinspnousthinspconsideacuteronsthinspicithinspquethinsplathinspnotionthinspdethinspχωρισμόςthinspcoiumlncidethinsppourthinspautant qursquoelle intervient dans la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees avec le fait de posseacuteder une existencethinspcomparablethinspagravethinspcellethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinsp(cetthinsphomme-cithinspouthinspcetthinsphomme-lagrave)thinspEllethinspdemeurethinspenthinspreacutealiteacutethinspndashthinspcommethinspbienthinspdrsquoautresthinspnotionsthinspchezthinspAristotethinspndashthinspunthinspπολλαχῶςthinspλεγόμενονthinspCethinspquithinspexpliquethinspdu moins en partie la grande dispariteacutes de vues que lrsquoon rencontre chez les interpregravetes Encore que relativementthinspancienthinsplrsquoarticlethinspdethinspJthinspD MabbottthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinspandthinspthethinspXΩΡΙΣΜΟΣthinspofthinspPlatothinspraquothinspThe Classical Quarterlythinsp20thinsp(1926)thinsppthinsp72-79thinspdemeurethinspunthinspexcellentthinsppointthinspdethinspdeacutepartthinsppourthinspeacutetudierthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspthinsptoutthinspcommethinsplathinspmonographiethinspdethinspCthinspH Chen Das Chorismos-Problem bei AristotelesthinspLimbachthinspBerlinthinsp1940 (une deuxiegraveme monographie plus reacutecente eacutetant celle de L SPeLLMan Substance and Separation in AristotlethinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp1995)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspagravethinsppeuthinsppregravesthinspcontemporainsthinspdethinspM-D PhiLiPPethinspgardentthinspeuxthinspaussithinsptoutthinspleurthinspinteacuterecirctthinsplethinsppremierthinspsurtoutthinspthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspM-D PhiLiPPe laquothinsprsquoΑφαίρεσιςthinsp πρόσθεσιςthinsp χωρίζεινthinsp dansthinsp lathinsp philosophiethinsp drsquoAristotethinspraquothinspRevue thomistethinsp 48thinsp (1948)thinsppthinsp461-479thinspetthinsplaquothinspLathinspparticipationthinspdansthinsplathinspphilosophiethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspRevue thomistethinsp492thinsp(1949)thinsppthinsp254-277thinspLe lecteur francophone pourra eacutegalement consulter E de Strycker laquo La notion aristoteacutelicienne de seacuteparationthinspraquothinspdansthinspAAVV Autour drsquoAristote recueil drsquoeacutetudes de philosophie ancienne et meacutedieacutevale offert agrave Monseigneur A MansionthinspPublicationsthinspuniversitairesthinspdethinspLouvainthinspLouvainthinsp1955thinsppthinsp119-139thinspet R duFourthinsplaquothinspLathinspseacuteparationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp1thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp47-66thinspAgrave cocircteacute drsquoautres eacutetudes speacutecialement consacreacutees agrave la notion (cf eg M Gianni laquo Aristotele e la nozione di separazionethinspraquothinspAnnali del Dipartimento di filosofia dellrsquoUniversitagrave di Firenzethinsp3thinsp[1987]thinsppthinsp229-251thinspou encore G abbatethinsplaquothinspLathinspproblematicathinspdellathinspseparazionethinspnellathinspmetafisicathinspdithinspAristotelethinspraquothinspAnnali della Facoltagrave di Lettere e Filosofia dellrsquoUniversitagrave degli studi di Maceratathinsp32thinsp[1999]thinsppthinsp9-38)thinsponthinspmentionnera surtout la controverse entre G FinethinspetthinspDthinspR MorriSon dans les premiegraveres livraisons des Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy G Finethinsp laquothinspSeparationthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp2thinsp(1984)thinsppthinsp31-87thinspthinspDthinspR MorriSon laquo Separation in Aristotlersquos MetaphysicsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp3thinsp(1985)thinsppthinsp125-157thinspetthinsplaquothinspχωριστόςthinspinthinspAristotlethinspraquothinspHarvard Studies in Classical Philologythinsp89thinsp(1985)thinsppthinsp89-105thinspthinspG FinethinsplaquothinspSeparationthinspthinspAthinspReplythinsptothinspMorrisonthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp 3thinsp (1985)thinsp pthinsp 159-165thinspthinspDthinspR MorriSon laquo Separation a Reply to FinethinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp3thinsp(1985)thinsppthinsp167-173thinspParmithinsplesthinspchapitresthinspdrsquoouvragesthinsprappelonsthinspauthinspmoinsthinsplaquothinspSeparationthinspraquothinspdansthinspEthinspG katayaMa Aristotle on Artifacts A Metaphysical PuzzlethinspStatethinspUniversitythinspofthinspNewthinspYorkthinspPressthinspAlbanythinsp1999thinsppthinsp29-40thinsp12thinspthinspProbleacutematiquethinspouthinsppasthinsplrsquoidentificationthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspuniversauxthinspsemblethinspallerthinspdethinspsoithinsppourthinspAristotethinspthinsplaquothinspἀλλrsquothinspὁthinspμὲνthinspΣωκράτηςthinspτὰthinspκαθόλουthinspοὐthinspχωριστὰthinspἐποίειthinspοὐδὲthinspτοὺςthinspὁρισμούςmiddotthinspοἱthinspδrsquothinspἐχώρισανthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσανthinspὥστεthinspσυνέβαινενthinspαὐτοῖςthinspσχεδὸνthinspτῷthinspαὐτῷthinspλόγῳthinspπάντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[orthinspSocratethinspnethinspfaisaitthinspnithinspdesthinspuniverselsthinspnithinspdesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspalorsthinspqursquoilsthinspltlesgtthinspseacuteparaientthinspetthinspdonnaientthinspagravethinspdethinsptellesthinspentiteacutesthinsplethinspnomthinspdrsquoIdeacuteesthinspthinspaussithinspilsthinspenthinspsontthinspvenusthinspagravethinspposerthinspparthinsplethinspmecircmethinspraisonnementthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdrsquoagravethinsppeuthinsppregravesthinsptoutthinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspdrsquouniversel]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp30-34)thinspLathinspparenteacutethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspuniverselsthinspestthinspeacutegalementthinspeacutevoqueacuteethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinsplivrethinspEtathinspthinsplaquothinspτῷthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspγένειthinspκαὶthinspαἱthinspἰδέαιthinspσυνάπτουσινthinsp(κατὰthinspτὸνthinspαὐτὸνthinspγὰρthinspλόγονthinspοὐσίαιthinspδοκοῦσινthinspεἶναι)thinsp[P-M MoreL Aristote Metaphysique EtathinspVrinthinspParisthinsp2015thinsppthinsp63thinspthinsporthinspagravethinsplrsquouniverselthinspetthinspauthinspgenrethinspsethinsprattachentthinspaussithinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(crsquoestthinspenthinspvertuthinspduthinspmecircmethinspraisonnementthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspreacuteputeacuteesthinspecirctrethinspsubstances]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspHthinsp1thinsp1042athinsp15-16)thinspCommethinsplethinspreacutesumethinspdethinspfaccedilonthinsptregravesthinspperspicacethinspA Code laquo Philosophical Method in Aristotlersquos On IdeasthinspraquothinspInternationale Zeitschrift fuumlr Philosophiethinsp2thinsp(1998)thinsppthinsp198thinspthinsplaquothinspwhatthinspisthinspunderthinspdisputethinspisthinspnotthinspwhetherthinsptherethinsparethinspuniversalsthinspbutthinspwhetherthinspthesethinspuniversalsthinsparethinspideasthinsp[cethinspquithinspestthinspcontroverseacutethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsplathinspquestionthinspdethinspsavoirthinspsrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspuniversauxthinspmaisthinspcellethinspdethinspsavoirthinspsithinspcesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspdesthinspIdeacutees]thinspraquothinsp

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plusthinsprobustesthinspquethinsplesthinspuniversauxthinsprechercheacutesthinspparthinspSocratethinspthinspCrsquoestthinsplagravethinspqursquointervientthinsplathinspdeuxiegravemethinspfiliationthinspquethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdrsquoeacutevoquerthinspthinsppersuadeacutesthinspdethinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspdesthinspthegravesesthinspdrsquoHeacuteraclitethinspndashthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspquethinsp lesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsensiblesthinspsontthinspemporteacuteesthinspdansthinspunthinspfluxthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsrsquoeacutecoulentthinspsansthinspcessethinspcethinspquithinsprendthinspleurthinspconnaissancethinspimpossiblethinsp(Athinsp6thinsp987athinsp32thinsp-thinsp987b1thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp12-16)thinspndashthinspPlatonthinspetthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspontthinspeuthinsprecoursthinspagravethinspdrsquoautresthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspquithinspexisteraientthinspenthinspplusthinspetthinspagravethinspcocircteacutethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspsensiblesthinsp(Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp15-16)thinsp

Il ne fait pas de doute qursquoAristote prend parti en lrsquooccurrence pour Socrate dontthinspilthinspathinspsalueacutethinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplrsquointeacuterecirctthinspfondateurthinsppourthinsplrsquouniverselthinspetthinsploueacutethinsplathinspsobrieacuteteacutethinspouthinsplathinspparcimonie ontologique13 Il deacutenonce en revanche le tournant ideacutealiste de ceux qui au lieu de se contenter de diffeacuterencier lrsquouniversel des particuliers comme lrsquoavaitthinspfaitthinspSocratethinspenthinspontthinspfaitthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspthinsplaquothinspτοῦτοthinspδέthinsp[hellip]thinspἐκίνησεthinspμὲνthinspΣωκράτηςthinspδιὰthinspτοὺςthinspὁρισμούςthinspοὐthinspμὴνthinspἐχώρισέthinspγεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονmiddotthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspὀρθῶςthinspἐνόησενthinspοὐthinspχωρίσαςthinspδηλοῖthinspδὲthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἔργωνmiddotthinspἄνευthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspτοῦthinspκαθόλουthinspοὐκthinspἔστινthinspἐπιστήμηνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspχωρίζεινthinspαἴτιονthinspτῶνthinspσυμβαινόντωνthinspδυσχερῶνthinspπερὶthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspἐστίνthinsp[Socratethinspathinspmisthinsplttoutgtthinspcelathinspenthinspbranlethinspparthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinspthinspilthinspnethinspltlesgt seacuteparait cependant pas des particuliers et il avait raison de penser ltqursquoelles ne sontgt pas seacutepareacutees Ce qui ressort clairement ltde la consideacuterationgt des reacutesultats drsquounethinsppartthinspsansthinsplrsquouniverselthinspilthinspestthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspparvenirthinspagravethinsplathinspsciencethinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplathinspseacuteparationthinspestthinsplathinspcausethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquithinspsurviennentthinspavecthinsplesthinspIdeacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Mthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp2-7)thinspOnthinsppeutthinspdoncthinspconclurethinspquethinspdrsquoapregravesthinspAristotethinspduthinspmoinsthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdes Ideacutees nrsquoeacutetaient pas les premiers agrave consideacuterer lrsquouniversel agrave part de la multipli-citeacute Il leur reviendrait en revanche drsquoavoir fait de la seacuteparation la maniegravere dont lrsquouniversel existe en dehors de la pluraliteacute dont il constitue lrsquouniteacute

Surthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspcettethinsppremiegraverethinspreconnaissancethinspagravethinspmecircmethinsplesthinsp textesthinspnousthinspnousthinspsommesthinspefforceacutesthinspdethinspreacutepondrethinspagravethinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinspquestionsthinspLesthinspdeuxthinspprincipalesthinspeacutetantthinspthinsppremiegraverementthinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvraithinspquethinsplethinspχωρισμόςthinspconstituethinsplathinspseulethinspalternativethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstabiliteacutethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspenthinspdevenir14thinspagravethinspquelthinsptypethinspdrsquoentiteacutesthinspcettethinspseacuteparationthinspaboutit-t-ellethinspthinspDeuxiegravemementthinspqursquoestthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdethinspbienthinspmalencontreuxthinspdansthinspcettethinspseacuteparationthinsppour qursquoAristote en fasse la racine de tous les inconveacutenients dont souffrirait la doctrine des Ideacutees15

13 On se souviendra que lrsquoune des attaques les plus seacutevegraveres qursquoAristote adresse aux partisans des Ideacuteesthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspredoublentthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspabsurdethinsplethinspnombrethinspdesthinspeacutetantsthinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica A 9 992a 26-27thinspthinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12)thinspCethinspquithinspestthinsplethinsprefletthinspdrsquounethinspcomptabiliteacutethinspaberrantethinspquithinspmultipliethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspeacutetaitthinspplusthinspaiseacutethinspdethinsplesthinspcompterthinsplorsqursquoilsthinspsontthinspplusthinspnombreuxthinspquethinsplorsqursquoilsthinspsontthinspmoinsthinspnombreuxthinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8)thinspLrsquoobjectionthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspeacutetudieacuteethinspaussithinspenthinspdeacutetailthinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplethinspsouhaiterthinspdansthinspD LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave Meacutetaphysique A 9 990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspSurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp(2008)thinsppthinsp305-32214thinspthinspLrsquoaffirmationthinsppeutthinspparaicirctrethinspndashthinspdethinspprimethinspabordthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppeuthinsppeacuteremptoirethinspmaisthinspellethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdeacutepourvuethinspde fondement Cf notamment Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp7-9thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδrsquothinspὡςthinspἀναγκαῖονthinspεἴπερthinspἔσονταίthinspτινεςthinspοὐσίαιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspαἰσθητὰςthinspκαὶthinspῥεούσαςthinspχωριστὰςthinspεἶναιthinsp[srsquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinspunthinspfluxthinspilthinspestthinspneacutecessairethinsppourthinspeuxthinspqursquoellesthinspsoientthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp15thinspthinspCettethinspaffirmationthinspaussithinsppeutthinspparaicirctrethinspquelquethinsppeuthinspexcessivethinspmaisthinspellethinspnonthinspplusthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspsansthinspfondement dans les textes Agrave cocircteacute drsquoAristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp2-7thinspquethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspciterthinspetthinspquithinspestthinspassezthinspexplicitethinspenthinspcethinspsensthinsponthinspeacutevoquerathinspeacutegalementthinspMthinsp9thinsp1085athinsp23-29thinspougravethinspAristotethinsprevientthinspsurthinsplathinspracinethinspcommunethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdansthinsplesquellesthinspversentthinsplesthinspdoctrinesthinspacadeacutemiciennesthinspdesthinspnombresthinspetthinspdesthinspgrandeursthinsp(πάντωνthinspδὲthinspκοινὸνthinspτούτων)thinspetthinspquithinspestthinspanaloguethinspagravethinspcellethinspquithinspconsistethinspagravethinsptraiterthinsplesthinspgenresthinsp

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127

Aristote ndash tout comme Platon drsquoailleurs ndash nrsquoa pas poseacute explicitement les deux questions Il y a toutefois non seulement de quoi les formuler mais aussi de quoi leurthinspapporterthinspunethinspreacuteponsethinspenthinspsrsquoautorisantthinspsansthinsptropthinsplesthinsptiraillerthinspdrsquounthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspde textes tireacutes du corpus de lrsquoun et de lrsquoautre

EnthinspdeacutepitthinspduthinspfaitthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdeacutenonccedilaitthinspndashthinspencorethinspquethinspdethinspmaniegraverethinsppassablementthinspdeacutetourneacutee et non sans ironie16 ndash lrsquoamalgame des Ideacutees et des particuliers Aristote semblethinsplrsquoavoirthinspfondamentalementthinsprepristhinspagravethinspsonthinspcomptethinspthinspilthinspenthinspathinspmecircmethinspfaitthinsplathinspchevillethinspouvriegravere de son rejet des Formes seacutepareacutees Aussi si lrsquoon pose la question de savoir cethinspqursquoontthinspenthinspcommunthinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspprecirctaitthinspauthinsppersonnagethinspeacuteponymethinspdans la premiegravere partie du Parmeacutenide17 drsquoune part et drsquoautre part les critiques

commethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(ὅπερthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspτῶνthinspὡςthinspγένουςthinspσυμβαίνειthinspδιαπορεῖν)thinspDethinspfaitthinsp lorsqursquoonthinspnethinspseacuteparethinsppasthinsplrsquouniverselthinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspproblegravemethinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspμὴthinspχωριστοῦthinspμὲνthinspὄντοςthinspοὐδεμίανthinspποιήσειthinspἀπορίαν)thinspalorsthinspquethinspndashthinsplorsqursquoonthinsplethinspseacuteparethinspcommethinsplethinspfontthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspndashthinsponthinspsethinsprendthinsplathinspviethinspdifficilethinspsithinspcethinspnrsquoestthinspimpossiblethinsp(χωριστοῦthinspδέthinspὥσπερthinspοἱthinspταῦταthinspλέγοντέςthinspφασιthinspτοῦthinspἑνὸςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀριθμῶνthinspοὐthinspῥᾴδιονthinspλῦσαιthinspεἰthinspμὴthinspῥᾴδιονthinspδεῖthinspλέγεινthinspτὸthinspἀδύνατον)thinsp16thinspthinspMecircmethinspsithinsponthinsplaissethinspdethinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinspquestionsthinsptregravesthinspdeacutebattuesthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspduthinspdialoguethinspainsithinspquethinspetthinspsurtoutthinspdethinspsathinspfinaliteacutethinsp(questionsthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspabordeacuteesthinspenthinspquelquethinspdeacutetailthinspagravethinsppartirthinspdesthinspmateacuteriauxthinsprassembleacutesthinspenthinspvuethinspdrsquounethinsppublicationthinspreacutecentethinspagravethinspsavoirthinspL Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspRevue de Philosophie Anciennethinsp32thinsp(2014)thinsppthinsp35-85thinspthinspquestionsthinspauthinspsujetthinspdesquellesthinspvautthinspencorethinspetthinsptoujoursthinspcethinspque R kLibanSkythinspeacutecrivaitthinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspsoixantethinspansthinspauthinsptoutthinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspsonthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspParmenides in thethinspMiddlethinspAgesthinspandthinspthethinspRenaissancethinspraquothinspMediaeval and Renaissance Studiesthinsp1thinsp(1943)thinsppthinsp281thinspthinsplaquothinspNothinspother Platonic dialogue perhaps no other philosophical work has undergone such strange vicissitudes as the ParmenidesthinspConsideredthinspbythinsponethinspgroupthinspofthinspexegetesthinspasthinspathinspmerethinspexercisethinspinthinspdialecticthinspregardedthinspbythinspanotherthinspasthinspanthinspimportantthinspcontributionthinsptothinspthethinsptheorythinspofthinspideasthinsprejectedthinspbythinspsomethinspasthinspspuriousthinspviewedthinspbythinspathinspfewthinspasthinspathinsphumorousthinspparodythinspandthinspextolledthinspbythinspmanythinspasthinspthethinspsupremethinspexpressionthinspofthinspPlatonicthinsptheologythinspitsthinspcharacterthinspwasthinspnothinsplessthinspdisputedthinspinthinspthethinspschoolsthinspofthinspAntiquitythinspthanthinspamongthinspmodernthinspinterpretersthinspraquo)thinsponthinspconviendra aiseacutement que plus drsquoun aspect de la mise en scegravene du Parmeacutenide peut laisser le lecteur perplexethinspthinsp depuisthinsp lrsquoimprobablethinsp datethinsp dramatiquethinsp jusqursquoauthinsp choixthinsp desthinsp personnagesthinsp ndashthinsp quithinsp nethinsp brillentthinsppasthinsppourthinsp leurthinspcreacutedibiliteacutethinspphilosophiquethinspndashthinspquithinspsethinspseraientthinsp relayeacutesthinsp lethinspreacutecitthinspdrsquounthinspentretienthinspndashthinspqursquoonthinsp litthinspde troisiegraveme main ndash qui aurait eu lieu entre un Parmeacutenide deacutesormais vieillissant et un Socrate plus preacutecoce dans son attachement aux Ideacutees qursquoon aurait pu le croire moins inspireacute cependant dans son rocircle tout aussi atypique de reacutepondant plutocirct que de questionneur 17thinspthinspNousthinsp avonsthinsp consacreacutethinsp lesthinsp seacuteancesthinsp duthinsp 2thinsp etthinsp 9thinspmarsthinsp 2015thinsp agravethinsp unethinsp lecturethinsp commenteacuteethinsp dethinspPlatonis Parmenides eacuted C MoreSChinithinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1966thinsp127athinsp7thinsp(ἔφηthinspδὲthinspδὴthinspὁthinsprsquoΑντιφῶνthinspλέγεινthinspτὸνthinspΠυθόδωρονthinspὅτιthinspκτλthinspougravethinspdeacutebutethinsplethinspreacutecitthinspduthinsppremierthinspeacutechangethinspentrethinspSocratethinspetthinspZeacutenonthinsppreacuteludethinspdethinspceluithinspavecthinspParmeacutenide)thinsp-thinsp135ethinsp4thinsp(οὗτοςthinspεἶπενthinspὅνπερthinspἤκουσαςthinspΖήνωνοςthinspκτλthinspougravethinspsrsquoachegravevethinsplethinspreacutequisitoirethinspde Parmeacutenide contre les Formes avec la revendication ndash agrave premiegravere vue paradoxale ndash de lrsquoexigence dethinsppostulerthinspleurthinspexistence)thinspAgravethinsppartirthinspdethinsplathinspconsideacuterationthinspdrsquounthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquoindicesthinspinternesthinspetthinspexternes nous avons repris la suggestion selon laquelle lrsquoarsenal deacuteployeacute contre lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees ne sanctionnethinsppasthinspsonthinspnaufragethinsp(auxthinspnombreusesthinspnuancesthinsppregravesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdethinsplathinsplignethinspinterpreacutetativethinspinaugureacuteethinsppar J wahL Eacutetude sur le Parmeacutenide de Platon F riederthinspParisthinsp1926thinsppthinsp31thinspetthinsp35thinspthinspFthinspM CornFord Plato and Parmenides Parmenidesrsquo laquo Way of truth raquo and Platorsquos Parmenides London Kegan Paul TrenchthinspTrubnerthinsp1939thinsppthinsp86-87thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy J hoPkinS PressthinspBaltimorethinsp1944thinsppthinsp292-298thinspetthinsp536thinspthinspD roSS Platorsquos Theory of Ideas Clarendon Press Oxford 1951thinsppthinsp87-89)thinspSithinsplesthinspFormesthinspnethinspsortentthinsppasthinsprenforceacuteesthinspdethinspcettethinspordaliethinsponthinspauraitthinsptoutefoisthinsptortthinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinspcroyancethinspdansthinspleurthinspexistencethinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspeacutebranleacuteethinspParmithinsplesthinspindicesthinspexternesthinspmilitantthinspenthinspfaveurthinspdrsquounthinspbilanthinspcritiquethinspplutocirctthinspmitigeacutethinspduthinspreacutequisitoirethinspparmeacutenideacuteenthinspmentionnonsthinspauthinspmoinsthinsplesthinspdeux qui paraissent eacutevoquer la passe drsquoarmes du Parmeacutenide En premier lieu Platonis Timaeus eacuted A rivaudthinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1925thinsp51bthinsp7thinsp-thinsp51dthinsp2thinspougravethinsptoutthinspenthinspreconnaissantthinsplathinspleacutegitimiteacutethinspdrsquounethinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

128

qursquoAristote adresse aux partisans des Ideacutees on ne srsquoeacuteloignera pas de la veacuteriteacute en reacutepondant que crsquoest justement le fait de consideacuterer drsquoun seul tenant les particuliers sensiblesthinspetthinspleursthinspcontrepartiesthinspintelligiblesthinsp

LethinsprappelthinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinspdialoguethinspplatonicien18 permet agrave Socrate de deacutejouer ndash pour un temps au moins ndash les arguments de Zeacutenon contre la multipliciteacutethinspenthinsplesthinspreleacuteguantthinspdansthinspunethinspreacutegionthinspdethinsplrsquoecirctrethinspcellethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspenthinspdevenirthinspqui ndash preacuteciseacutement ndash nrsquoest pas celle des Formes lesquelles se trouveraient par lagrave-mecircmethinspsoustraitesthinspauxthinspparadoxesthinspquithinspaffectentthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspLesthinspIdeacuteesthinsppermettentthinspdonc de relativiser ou de reacutegionaliser les paradoxes souleveacutes par Zeacutenon les choses drsquoici-basthinsppeuventthinsppreacutesenterthinspdesthinspcaractegraveresthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspcontradictoires19 Il nrsquoy a lagrave

mise agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees le personnage eacuteponyme lui accorde cependant une place assezthinspmodestethinspdansthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspvoirethinspmecircmethinspaccessoirethinsp (ilthinsp srsquoagitthinspcommethinspilthinspestthinspditthinspenthinsp51cthinsp7thinspdrsquounthinspsimplethinspπάρεργον)thinspthinspaucunethinspdesthinsppreuvesthinspagravethinspchargethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspnrsquoestthinspreprisethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspunethinspinstructionthinspsubsidiairethinspouthinspdethinspsubstitutionthinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspclasserthinspsansthinspsuitethinsplesthinspsoupccedilonsthinspagravethinspsonthinspencontrethinspenthinspmobilisantthinsplathinspdistinctionthinspentrethinspsensiblethinspetthinspintelligiblethinspquithinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcellethinspinvoqueacuteethinspparthinsplethinspjeunethinspSocratethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinspParmeacutenidethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoilthinspintroduitthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspafinthinspdethinspcontournerthinsplesthinspparadoxes zeacutenoniens de la multipliciteacute En second lieu Platonis Philebus eacuted A diegraveS Les Belles LettresthinspParisthinsp1941thinsp14cthinsp7thinsp-thinsp15cthinsp3thinspougravethinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspagravethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspetthinspagravethinsplathinspmultipliciteacutethinspdansthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdansthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspaporiesthinspeacutevoqueacuteesthinspdansthinspdesthinsptermesthinsptregravesthinspprochesthinspdethinspceuxthinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplirethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspnotrethinspdialoguethinspndashthinspnethinspsontthinsppasthinspmoinsthinsppreacutesenteacuteesthinspcommethinspunethinspcausethinspdrsquoembarrasthinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspἁπάσηςthinspἀπορίαςthinspαἴτια)thinspquethinspcommethinspunethinspressourcethinsppreacutecieusethinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspεὐπορίαςthinspltαἴτιαgt)thinspagravethinspconditionthinspndashthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspdethinsplesthinspneacutegocierthinspcorrectementthinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspκαλῶςthinspὁμολογηθέντα)thinspParmithinsplesthinspindicesthinspinternesthinsprappelonsthinsples deux principaux En premier lieu les critiques que le personnage eacuteponyme adresse agrave son jeune partenairethinspdethinspdiscussionthinsptoutthinspnombreusesthinspetthinspvarieacuteesthinspqursquoellesthinspsoientthinspparthinspailleursthinspnrsquoaboutissentthinsppasthinspau rejet de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees Bien au contraire sa valeur eacutepisteacutemologique voire la neacutecessiteacute de cettethinsphypothegravesethinspestthinsprevendiqueacuteethinspparthinspParmeacutenidethinsplui-mecircmethinspthinspsethinspdeacutetournerthinspdesthinspFormesthinsprevientthinspagravethinsppriverthinsplathinsppenseacuteethinspdethinsptoutethinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspsethinspdonnerthinspunthinspobjetthinspainsithinspqursquoagravethinspdeacutetruirethinsplethinspfondementthinspdethinsplathinspdialectiquethinspetthinspdethinspsathinsppratiquethinspautantthinspdirethinspdethinsplathinspphilosophiethinspelle-mecircmethinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp135bthinsp5thinsp-thinsp135cthinsp6)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu non seulement Parmeacutenide rappelle que lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees constitue la condition sine qua nonthinspdethinsplathinsppenseacuteethinspetthinspduthinspdiscoursthinspmaisthinspencorethinspilthinspaidethinspSocratethinspagravethinspidentifierthinsplrsquooriginethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdansthinsplesquellesthinspilthinsplrsquoathinspplongeacutethinspEtthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspavisthinspcesthinspaporiesthinspembarrassentthinsplethinspjeunethinspSocratethinspmoinsthinspparcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspinheacuterentesthinspagravethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdoncthinspincontournablesthinspvoirethinspinsurmontablesthinspque parce qursquoil nrsquoest pas assez expeacuterimenteacute pour les deacutejouer ou qursquoil srsquoy est pris trop tocirct pour le faire CesthinspdifficulteacutesthinsptiennentthinspdoncthinspmoinsthinspauthinspfaitthinspquethinsplesthinspFormesthinspposentthinspdavantagethinspdethinspproblegravemesthinspqursquoellethinspnethinsppermettentthinspdrsquoenthinspreacutesoudrethinspqursquoauthinspfaitthinspquethinspSocratethinspsrsquoestthinspattaqueacutethinspagravethinspcesthinspproblegravemesthinsptropthinspjeunethinspetthinspsansthinsplethinspbagagethinspouthinsplrsquoentraicircnementthinspneacutecessairesthinspagravethinsplesthinspreacutesoudrethinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp130ethinsp1-4thinspetthinsp135cthinsp8thinsp-thinsp135d)thinsp18 Platonis Parmenidesthinsp128ethinsp5thinsp-thinsp129athinsp3thinspthinsplaquothinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspοὐthinspνομίζειςthinspεἶναιthinspαὐτὸthinspκαθrsquothinsp[129a]thinspαὑτὸthinspεἶδόςthinsp τιthinsp ὁμοιότητοςthinsp καὶthinsp τῷthinsp τοιούτῳthinsp αὖthinsp ἄλλοthinsp τιthinsp ἐναντίονthinsp ὃthinsp ἔστινthinsp ἀνόμοιονmiddotthinsp τούτοινthinsp δὲthinsp δυοῖνthinspὄντοινthinspκαὶthinspἐμὲthinspκαὶthinspσὲthinspκαὶthinspτἆλλαthinspἃthinspδὴthinspπολλὰthinspκαλοῦμενthinspμεταλαμβάνεινthinspthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτῆςthinspὁμοιότητοςthinspμεταλαμβάνονταthinspὅμοιαthinspγίγνεσθαιthinsp ταύτῃthinspτεthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτοσοῦτονthinspὅσονthinspἂνthinspμεταλαμβάνῃthinsp τὰthinspδὲthinspτῆςthinspἀνομοιότητοςthinspἀνόμοιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspἀμφοτέρωνthinspἀμφότεραthinspthinsp[L briSSon Platon Parmeacutenide Flammarion Paris 1999 p 90 laquo ltSocrate gt ne partages-tu pas ces convictions il y a une Forme en soi de la RessemblancethinspthinspunethinsptellethinspFormethinspathinsppourthinspcontrairethinspcethinspqursquoestthinsplathinspDissemblancethinspthinsplesthinspchosesthinspdontthinspnousthinspdisonsthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspmultiplesthinspmoithinsptoithinspouthinspautrethinspchosethinspparticipentthinspagravethinspcesthinspdeuxthinspFormesthinspquithinspsontthinspveacuteritablementthinspthinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspparcethinspqursquoellesthinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspRessemblancethinspetthinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspellesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspquethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspRessemblancethinspsontthinspsemblablesthinsptandisthinspquethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspDissemblancethinspsontthinspdissemblablesthinspetthinspquethinspcellesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspauxthinspdeuxthinspFormesthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspsontthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspsemblablesthinspetthinspdissemblables]thinspraquothinsp19 Cf Platonis Parmenidesthinsp129athinsp6thinsp-thinsp129dthinsp6thinspougravethinspSocratethinspfaitthinspremarquerthinspquethinsplethinspmecircmethinsphommethinsptoutthinspuniquethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspdrsquoautresthinspecirctresthinsphumainsthinspapparaicirctthinspmultiplethinsplorsqursquoonthinspconsidegraverethinspqursquoilthinspathinsp

Leone Gazziero

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rienthinspdethinspbienthinspeacutetonnantthinspCethinspquithinspeacutetonneraitthinspSocratethinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspdethinspfaitthinspvathinsplrsquoeacutetonnerthinspdansthinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinspdialoguethinspndashthinspcethinspseraitthinspplutocirctthinspdethinspretrouverthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinspcontradictions que tout un chacun peut constater au niveau du monde de lrsquoexpeacuterience Crsquoestthinsplethinspsensthinspduthinspdeacutefithinspqursquoilthinsplancethinspndashthinspenthinsp129ethinsp3thinsp-130athinsp2thinspndashthinspavantthinspdethinspceacutederthinsplathinspparolethinspauthinsppersonnagethinspquithinspdonnethinspauthinspdialoguethinspsonthinsptitrethinspthinsplaquothinspταῦταthinspδὲthinspἀνδρείωςthinspμὲνthinspπάνυthinspἡγοῦμαιthinspπεπραγματεῦσθαιmiddotthinspπολὺthinspμεντἂνthinspὧδεthinspμᾶλλονthinspὡςthinspλέγωthinspἀγασθείηνthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἔχοιthinspτὴνthinspαὐτὴνthinspταύτηνthinspἀπορίανthinspἐνthinspαὐτοῖςthinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσιthinsp[130a]thinspπαντοδαπῶςthinspπλεκομένηνthinspὥσπερthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspὁρωμένοιςthinspδιήλθετεthinspοὕτωςthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspλογισμῷthinspλαμβανομένοιςthinspἐπιδεῖξαιthinsp[L Brisson Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ton argumentation tu la conduis avec unethinspbellethinspetthinspmacirclethinspvigueurthinspmaisthinspavecthinspcombienthinspplusthinspdethinspplaisirthinspencorethinspjethinsplethinspreacutepegravetethinspjrsquoapplaudiraisthinspceluithinspquithinspsauraitthinspmontrerthinspcommentthinspcettethinspmecircmethinspdifficulteacutethinspsethinspretrouvethinspentrelaceacuteethinspdethinsptoutethinspsortethinspdethinspfaccedilonsthinspauthinspniveauthinspmecircmethinspdesthinspFormesthinspetthinspquithinspdeacutemontreraitthinspquethinspcettethinspdifficulteacutethinspquethinspvousthinspParmeacutenidethinspetthinsptoithinspZeacutenonthinspavezthinspdeacutecritethinspenthinspdeacutetailthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspvisiblesthinspsethinspmanifestethinspaussithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspquethinspsaisitthinsplathinspraison]thinspraquothinspOrthinspParmeacutenidethinsprelegravevethinsplethinspdeacutefithinspdethinspSocratethinspetthinspfaitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspce que celui-ci sommait Zeacutenon drsquoaccomplir agrave savoir faire remonter au niveau des Ideacutees les paradoxes qursquoil pensait avoir circonscrits au domaine des particuliers sensibles20thinspCelathinspsethinsptraduitthinspparthinspunethinspbatteriethinspdethinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinspParmeacutenidethinspsoulegravevethinspetthinspquithinsppartagentthinspunthinspmecircmethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspDethinspfaitthinspcethinspquithinspconfegraverethinspagravethinspcesthinspaporiesthinspleurthinspallurethinspcontraignantethinspetthinspplusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquithinspleurthinspassurethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspformuleacuteesthinspdansthinspdesthinsptermesthinspquithinsprendentthinspleurthinspsolutionthinspimpossiblethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspquethinsptoutthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspqursquoelles soient des individus mateacuteriels les Formes sont traiteacutees agrave leur tour comme desthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspphysiquesthinspToutthinspcommethinspcelles-cithinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspnithinspecirctrethinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdrsquoelles-mecircmesthinspnithinspsethinsptrouverthinspenthinspmecircmethinsptempsthinspenthinspplusieursthinspendroitsthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquoellesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspecirctrethinspcommunesthinspauxthinspplusieursthinspsinonthinspagravethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdrsquounthinsptoutthinspcorporelthinspdontthinspchacunthinsppossegravederaitthinspalternativementthinsplrsquointeacutegraliteacutethinspouthinspunethinsppartiethinspthinspellesthinsppeuventthinspenthinsprevanchethinspecirctrethinspcompteacuteesthinspenthinspplusthinspetthinspagravethinspcocircteacutethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspleurthinspressemblerthinspetthinspsethinspressemblerthinspentrethinspellesthinspetcthinsp

plusieursthinspmembresthinsptoutthinspcommethinspilthinspapparaicirctthinspdiffeacuterentthinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspobservethinspquethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspdroitthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspgauchethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsplethinspmecircmethinspsithinsponthinsplethinspregardethinspdethinspfrontthinspouthinspdethinspdosthinspetcthinsp20 Le point de deacutepart de ce tour de force dialectique est un deuxiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacuteesthinspdontthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspestthinsptregravesthinspsignificatifthinspenthinspcethinspqursquoilthinspintroduitthinsplethinspregistrethinspdethinsplathinspseacuteparationthinsp(Formesthinspetthinspparticuliersthinspsontthinspχωρίςthinspagravethinsppartthinsplesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautres)thinspthinsplaquothinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspκαίthinspμοιthinspεἰπέthinspαὐτὸςthinspσὺthinspοὕτωthinspδιῄρησαιthinspὡςthinspλέγειςthinspχωρὶςthinspμὲνthinspεἴδηthinspαὐτὰthinspἄτταthinspχωρὶςthinspδὲthinspτὰthinspτούτωνthinspαὖthinspμετέχονταthinspthinspκαίthinspτίthinspσοιthinspδοκεῖthinspεἶναιthinspαὐτὴthinspὁμοιότηςthinspχωρὶςthinspἧςthinspἡμεῖςthinspὁμοιότητοςthinspἔχομενthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspδὴthinspκαὶthinspπολλὰthinspκαὶthinspπάνταthinspὅσαthinspνυνδὴthinspΖήνωνοςthinspἤκουεςthinspthinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspἔμοιγεthinspφάναιthinspτὸνthinspΣωκράτηthinsp[L briSSon Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspetthinspdis-moithinspas-tuthinspfaitthinsptoi-mecircmethinsplathinspdistinctionthinspdontthinsptuthinspparlesthinspmettantthinspdrsquounthinspcocircteacutethinspcethinspquethinsptuthinspappellesthinsplesthinspFormesthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinspdrsquounthinspautrethinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspenthinspparticipentthinspthinspEtthinsptethinspsemble-t-ilthinspqursquoilthinspythinspaitthinspunethinspRessemblancethinspenthinspsoithinspdistinctethinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspenthinspnousthinspetthinspqursquoilthinspenthinspvathinspdethinspmecircmethinsppourthinsplrsquoUniteacutethinsppourthinsplathinspPluraliteacutethinspetthinsppourthinsptoutesthinsplesthinspchosesthinspquethinspZeacutenonthinspvientthinspdrsquoeacutevoquerthinspthinspltSocratethinspgtthinspenthinspcethinspquithinspmethinspconcernethinsp jethinsp lethinsp reconnaisthinsp reacuteponditthinspSocrate]thinspraquothinsp (Platonis Parmenidesthinsp 130bthinsp1-6)thinspAuthinspsujetthinspdethinsplathinsplaquothinspseacuteparationthinspraquothinsptellethinspqursquoellethinspestthinsppreacutefigureacuteethinspchezthinspPlatonthinspcfthinspG vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspldquoSeparationrdquothinspinthinspPlatothinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp5thinsp(1987)thinsppthinsp186-197thinspetthinspDthinspT devereux laquo Separation and ImmanencethinspinthinspPlatorsquosthinspTheorythinspofthinspFormsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp12thinsp(1994)thinsppthinsp63-90thinsp

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Ce preacutesupposeacute est clairement agrave lrsquoœuvre dans les apories meacutereacuteologiques qui ouvrent le reacutequisitoire contre les Formes21 La participation des particuliers aux Formes ne diffegravere en rien de la participation des particuliers entre eux seul un corpsthinspmateacuterielthinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspdonneacutethinspenthinsppartagethinspouthinspbienthinsptoutthinspentierthinspouthinspbienthinspenthinspplusieursthinspmorceaux seuls des individus mateacuteriels et leurs parties peuvent avoir une taille et ecirctrethinspplusthinspgrandsthinspouthinspplusthinsppetitsthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspetcthinspSithinspbienthinspquethinsplrsquoalternativethinspbinairethinspsur laquelle repose le dilemme de la participation22thinspagravethinspsavoirthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspparticiperthinspqursquoagravethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinsplrsquounethinspdethinspsesthinsppartiesthinspnrsquoathinspdethinspsensthinspquethinspsithinsplathinspFormethinspestthinsptraiteacuteethinspcommethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquoaussithinspconcretthinspquethinsplesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspvisiblesthinspetthinsptangiblesthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinsp

Ce preacutesupposeacute est formuleacute en toutes lettres dans lrsquoun des arguments avanceacutes par Parmeacutenide23thinspmecircmethinspsithinspcelathinspestthinsptropthinspsouventthinsppasseacutethinspsousthinspsilencethinspdansthinsplathinsplitteacutera-ture secondaire24thinspDethinspfaitthinsplathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspparthinsplaquellethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsp(enthinsp

21 La seacutequence est ouverte par un troisiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees et notamment de lrsquoeacuteponymie qui les lie aux reacutealiteacutes qui en participent (cf Platonis Parmenides 130e 4 et sq)thinsp22thinspthinspCrsquoestthinspSocratethinsplui-mecircmethinspquithinspestthinspameneacutethinspagravethinspreconnaicirctrethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdrsquoautresthinsppossibiliteacutesthinspthinsplaquothinspκαὶthinspπῶςthinspἄνthinspthinspraquothinspreacutepond-ilthinspenthinspeffetthinspagravethinspParmeacutenidethinspquithinspluithinspdemandethinspsithinspunethinsplaquothinspautrethinspparticipationthinspraquothinspndashthinspenthinspplusthinspdethinspcellethinspprisethinspdansthinsplrsquoalternativethinspduthinsptoutthinspetthinspdesthinsppartiesthinspndashthinspest-ellethinsppossiblethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐκοῦνthinspἤτοιthinspὅλουthinspτοῦthinspεἴδουςthinspἢthinspμέρουςthinspἕκαστονthinspτὸthinspμεταλαμβάνονthinspμεταλαμβάνειthinspthinspἢthinspἄλληthinspτιςthinspἂνthinspμετάληψιςthinspχωρὶςthinspτούτωνthinspγένοιτοthinspthinspraquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp131athinsp4-6)thinsp23 Cf Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp1thinspthinsplaquothinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspοἶμαίthinspσεthinspἐκthinspτοῦthinspτοιοῦδεthinspἓνthinspἕκαστονthinspεἶδοςthinspοἴεσθαιthinspεἶναιmiddotthinspὅτανthinspπόλλrsquothinspἄτταthinspμεγάλαthinspδόξῃthinspσοιthinspεἶναιthinspμίαthinspτιςthinspἴσωςthinspδοκεῖthinspἰδέαthinspἡthinspαὐτὴthinspεἶναιthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἰδόντιthinspὅθενthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspμέγαthinspἡγῇthinspεἶναιthinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspἀληθῆthinspλέγειςthinspφάναιthinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspτίthinspδrsquothinspαὐτὸthinspτὸthinspμέγαthinspκαὶthinspτἆλλαthinspτὰthinspμεγάλαthinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinspοὐχὶthinspἕνthinspτιthinspαὖthinspμέγαthinspφανεῖταιthinspᾧthinsp ταῦταthinsp πάνταthinsp ἀνάγκηthinsp μεγάλαthinsp φαίνεσθαιthinspthinsp ltΣωκράτηςgtthinsp ἔοικενthinsp ltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinsp ἄλλοthinsp ἄραthinsp εἶδοςthinspμεγέθουςthinspἀναφανήσεταιthinspπαρrsquothinspαὐτόthinspτεthinspτὸthinspμέγεθοςthinspγεγονὸςthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspμετέχονταthinspαὐτοῦmiddotthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτούτοιςthinspαὖthinspπᾶσινthinsp[132bthinsp1]thinspἕτερονthinspᾧthinspταῦταthinspπάνταthinspμεγάλαthinspἔσταιmiddotthinspκαὶthinspοὐκέτιthinspδὴthinspἓνthinspἕκαστόνthinspσοιthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἔσταιthinspἀλλὰthinspἄπειραthinspτὸthinspπλῆθοςthinsp[ltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquojethinsppensethinspquethinsptuthinsppensesthinspquethinspchaquethinspFormethinspestthinspunethinspagravethinsppartirthinspdethinspcelathinspthinspchaquethinspfoisthinspqursquoilthinsptethinspsemblethinspquethinspplusieursthinspchosesthinspsontthinspgrandesthinspilthinsptethinspsemblethinspeacutegalementthinspndashthinspagravethinsptoithinspquithinsplesthinspembrassesthinsptoutesthinspduthinspregardthinspndashthinspqursquounthinspcertainthinspaspectthinspuniquethinspestthinsplethinspmecircmethinspAgrave partir de lagrave tu estimesthinspquethinsplethinspGrandthinspestthinspunrdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquotuthinspdisthinspvrairdquothinspreacutepondit-ilthinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquoorthinspqursquoenthinspest-ilthinspduthinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinspdesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesthinspsithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptousthinspparthinsptonthinspacircmethinspthinspnrsquoest-ce pas qursquoagrave nouveau quelque chose drsquounique apparaicirctra grand en vertu duquel il est neacutecessaire quethinsptoutesthinspcesthinspchosesthinspapparaissentthinspgrandesthinsprdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquosemble-t-ilrdquothinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquounethinspautrethinspForme de grandeur fera donc son apparition surgissant agrave part de la grandeur en soi et des choses qui participent de la grandeur en soi ainsi qursquoune autre ltFormegt agrave nouveau en plus de toutes celles-lagrave par laquelle toutes ces choses seront grandes Aussi chacune de tes Formes ne sera pas unique mais plusieursthinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinirdquo]thinspraquothinsp24thinspthinspIlthinspestthinsppeut-ecirctrethinspindeacutelicatthinspdethinsppointerthinspduthinspdoigtthinspquelqursquounthinspenthinspparticulierthinspmaisthinspndashthinspsrsquoilthinspfallaitthinspagravethinsptoutthinspprixthinspdeacuteterminerthinspquellethinspestthinsplathinsppartthinspdethinspresponsabiliteacutethinspdethinspchacunthinspdansthinspcettethinspaffairethinspndashthinsprappelonsthinspquethinspauthinspnomthinspdrsquounthinsppartithinsppristhinspdeacuteductivistethinspquithinsplrsquoathinspameneacutethinspagravethinspinfligerthinspagravethinsplrsquoargumentthinspunethinspstructurethinspinfeacuterentiellethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspreacutecursivethinspGthinspVlastosthinspnrsquoathinsppasthinspfaitthinspgrandthinspcasthinspdansthinspsathinspreconstructionthinspdethinsplathinspclausethinspquethinspnousthinspallonsthinspeacutevoquerthinspdethinspsuitethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplrsquolaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqursquoonthinsplitthinspenthinsp132athinsp5-6thinspPirethinsplethinspὡσαύτωςthinspserathinspamputeacutethinspagravethinsptermethinspdethinspsathinsptraductionthinspAussithinspdansthinsplathinspcontributionthinspquithinspsethinspveutthinsppourtantthinsplathinspplus respectueuse de la lettre du texte (G vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspldquoThirdthinspManrdquothinspArgumentthinsp(Parmenides 132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspTextthinspandthinspLogicthinspraquothinspThe Philosophical Quarterlythinsp19thinsp[1969]thinsppthinsp291)thinsplrsquoadverbethinspathinsptoutthinspsimplementthinspdisparuthinspCethinspquithinspnonthinspseulementthinspcomprometthinsplrsquointelligibiliteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspmaisthinspencorethinspetthinspsurtout occulte le preacutesupposeacute (la confusion entre les Formes et les particuliers qui participent des Formes)thinspsurthinsplequelthinspcethinspdernierthinspreposethinspenthinspdernierthinspressort

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lrsquooccurrencethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspGrandeur)thinspsethinsptrouvethinspcompromisethinspreposethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspsurthinsplathinspclausethinsplaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardes tous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqui se porte garante de lrsquoenchaicircnement des diffeacuterentes eacutetapes de lrsquoargument lequel consistethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspagravethinspreacutepeacuteterthinsplathinspmecircmethinspopeacuterationthinspparthinsplaquellethinsponthinsprassemblethinspdansthinspunethinspvuethinspdrsquoensemblethinspunethinsppluraliteacutethinspdethinspchosesthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdrsquounethinspdeacuteterminationthinspcommunethinspAuthinspdemeurantthinspsithinsponthinspnethinspregardaitthinsppasthinsplathinspFormethinspetthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinsp(ὡσαύτως)thinspcommentthinspdeacuteclencherthinsplathinspdeacuterivethinspinflationnistethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspreacutecursivementthinspla position drsquoune deuxiegraveme Ideacutee puis drsquoune nouvelle puis drsquoune autre encore et ainsi dethinspsuitethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspthinspCettethinspsuggestionthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppernicieusethinspqursquoellethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleursthinspndash porte tout le poids de lrsquoargument dans la mesure ougrave elle est appeleacutee agrave assurer lathinspcontinuiteacutethinspentrethinspcethinspquithinspsrsquoestthinspmanifesteacutethinspauthinspniveauthinspdethinsplrsquoinspectionthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspet ce qui va se manifester en eacutelargissant cette opeacuteration synoptique aux Formes elles-mecircmesthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspregardethinsplesthinspunsthinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinspthinsp

Or il y a au moins un platonicien qui a vu les Ideacutees de cette faccedilon agrave savoir comme des reacutealiteacutes qui si tant est qursquoelles existent existent agrave la faccedilon des par-ticuliersthinsp sensiblesthinspCethinsp platonicienthinsp estthinsp naturellementthinspAristotethinsp chezthinsp quithinsp lrsquoassi-milationthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspconstituethinsplethinsplevierthinspdesthinspreprochesthinspreacutecurrents qursquoil a formuleacutes agrave lrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Formes Plus preacuteciseacute-ment si lrsquoon distingue ndash non sans fondement quoique de maniegravere un peu scheacute-matiquethinspndashthinspdeuxthinspgrandesthinspfamillesthinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspdansthinsplathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdes Ideacutees agrave savoir ndash drsquoune part ndash les apories lieacutees agrave leur existence (lesquelles visent agrave saper le fondement de la doctrine qui srsquoavegravere degraves lors tout simplement incapablethinspdethinspdeacutemontrerthinspqursquoellethinspathinspunthinspobjet)thinspetthinspndashthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspndashthinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspmoinsthinspagravethinsplrsquoexistencethinspelle-mecircmethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspqursquoagravethinspleurthinsprelationthinspavecthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinsp(lesquellesthinspvisentthinspagravethinspabolirthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspfairethinspappelthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinsppourthinspexpliquerthinspquoi que ce soit en termes de participation preacutesence ou encore imitation des unesthinspparthinsprapportthinspauxthinspautres)25thinspilthinspestthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspplausiblethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfamille fait intervenir ndash agrave tous les coups ndash cette assimilation des Formes et des substancesthinspmateacuteriellesthinspIlthinspsrsquoagitthinspndashthinspautrementthinspditthinspndashthinspdethinsplathinspconditionthinspsuffisantethinsp(soitthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspsoitthinspsurthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspconsideacuterationsthinspquithinsp luithinspsontthinspsolidaires)thinsppourthinspfairethinspdeacuteraillerthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspAristotethinsppeutthinspdifficilementthinspecirctrethinspaccuseacutethinspdrsquoavoirthinspmacirccheacutethinspsesthinspmotsthinspthinspconcisthinspouithinspagravethinspsonthinspordinairethinspndashthinspobscurthinspnonthinsp

25thinspthinspOnthinspreacutesumerathinspcettethinspdistinctionthinspenthinspdeacutetournantthinspunthinspceacutelegravebrethinsptraitthinsppascalienthinsp(Penseacutees eacuted P SeLLier MercurethinspdethinspFrancethinspParisthinsp1976thinsppthinsp445thinsp[887])thinspthinsplaquothinspPlatonthinspincertainthinspetthinspinutilethinspraquothinsplaquothinspIncertainthinspraquothinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspilthinsppostulethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdontthinspilthinspnethinspparvientthinsppasthinspagravethinspprouverthinspqursquoellesthinspexistentthinspthinsplaquothinspinutilethinspraquothinsppuisquethinspmecircmethinspsithinspdethinsptellesthinspentiteacutesthinspexistentthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditthinspellesthinspnethinspcontribueraientthinsppasthinspgrand-chosethinspagravethinspnotrethinspgouvernethinspouthinspagravethinspnotrethinspconnaissancethinspduthinspmondethinspdrsquoici-basthinspPuisqursquoilsthinspeacutepousentthinspbienthinspauthinspniveauthinspde la division du travail exeacutegeacutetique cette dualiteacute rappelons deux textes de F Fronterotta qursquoon peut prendre comme points de repegravere macroscopiques au sein de la tregraves vaste litteacuterature secondaire (au sujet dethinsplaquellethinspcfthinsplesthinspindicationsthinspfourniesthinspplusthinspbasthinspnotethinsp32)thinspthinspF Fronterotta laquo ldquoLes Formes nrsquoexistent pasthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditrdquothinspLathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspF Pradeauthinsp(eacuted)thinspPlaton Les formes intelligiblesthinspPUFthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp129-154thinspetthinsplaquothinspLathinspcriticathinsparistotelicathinspallathinspfunzionethinspcausalethinspdelle Idee platoniche MetafisicathinspAthinsp9thinsp991athinsp8thinsp-thinsp991bthinsp9thinspraquothinspdansthinspF Fronterottathinsp(eacuted)thinspLa scienza e le cause a partire dalla Metafisica di Aristotele BibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp2010thinsppthinsp93-119thinsp

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Selon un paradoxe qui nrsquoen est un qursquoen apparence ce qursquoAristote sanctionne chezthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsplethinspvicethinspreacutedhibitoirethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspagravethinspluithinsptoutthinspseulthinsplethinsprejetthinspdethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspenthinspquestionthinspndashthinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcethinspqursquoilthinspestthinspprecirctthinspagravethinspleurthinspaccorderthinspAutant dire le dilemme des partisans des Ideacutees est qursquoils ont tort et raison agrave la foisthinspetthinspndashthinspsurtoutthinspndashthinspqursquoilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspontthinspraisonthinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspλέγοντεςthinspτῇthinspμὲνthinspὀρθῶςthinspλέγουσιthinspχωρίζοντεςthinspαὐτάthinspεἴπερthinspοὐσίαιthinspεἰσίthinspτῇthinspδrsquothinspοὐκthinspὀρθῶςthinspὅτιthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspεἶδοςthinspλέγουσινthinsp[ceuxthinspquithinspdisentthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspontthinspraisonthinspet tort agrave la fois Ils ont raison de dire qursquoelles sont seacutepareacutees puisqursquoelles sont des substancesthinspthinspmaisthinspilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinspmultipli-citeacute]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp16thinsp1040bthinsp27-30)thinspOrthinspqursquoest-cethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspdire pourquoi au juste les partisans des Ideacutees ont drsquoun cocircteacute tort et de lrsquoautre raison Reacuteponse la conviction que poser lrsquoexistence de quelque chose ou ndash ce quithinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinsprevientthinspauthinspmecircmethinspndashthinspfairethinspdethinspquelquethinspchosesthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutequivautthinspagravethinspenthinspfairethinspunthinspparticulierthinspsensiblethinsp(peuthinspimportethinspalorsthinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspeacuteternelthinspou pas26)thinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinspauthinsp tourthinspdrsquoincantationthinsppregravesthinspndashthinspcrsquoestthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspfontthinspcommethinsplrsquoindiquethinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinsppassagethinspthinsplaquothinspαἴτιονthinspδrsquothinspὅτιthinspοὐκthinspἔχουσινthinspἀποδοῦναιthinspτίνεςthinspαἱthinspτοιαῦταιthinspοὐσίαιthinspαἱthinspἄφθαρτοιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspαἰσθητάςmiddotthinspποιοῦσινthinspοὖνthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspτῷthinspεἴδειthinspτοῖςthinspφθαρτοῖςthinsp(ταύταςthinspγὰρthinspἴσμεν)thinspαὐτοάνθρωπονthinspκαὶthinspαὐτόϊππονthinspπροστιθέντεςthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspτὸthinspῥῆμαthinspτὸthinspldquoαὐτόrdquothinsp[lathinspcausethinspltdethinspleurthinsperreurgtthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspsontthinspincapablesthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquethinspsontthinspdethinsptellesthinspsubstancesthinspincorruptiblesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspIlsthinspenthinspfontthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspspeacutecifiquementthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspcorruptiblesthinsp(celles-cithinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspsavonsthinspltcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontgt)thinspunthinspHommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspChevalthinspenthinspsoithinspenthinspajoutantthinspauxthinspltnomsthinspdesgtthinspchosesthinspsensiblesthinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquoenthinspsoirdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica Z

26 Aristotelis ethica nicomacheathinsp Ithinsp 6thinsp 1096athinsp 34thinsp -thinsp 1096bthinsp 5thinspthinsp laquothinspἀπορήσειεthinsp δrsquothinsp ἄνthinsp τιςthinsp τίthinsp ποτεthinsp καὶthinspβούλονταιthinspλέγεινthinspαὐτοέκαστονthinspεἴπερthinspἔνthinspτεthinspαὐτοανθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspεἷςthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspαὐτὸςthinspλόγοςthinspἐστὶνthinspὁthinspτοῦthinspἀνθρώπουthinspᾗthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωποςthinspοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσουσινmiddotthinspεἰthinspδrsquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὐδrsquothinspᾗthinspἀγαθόνthinspἀλλὰthinspμὴνthinspοὐδὲthinspτῷthinspἀίδιονthinspεἶναιthinspμᾶλλονthinspἀγαθὸνthinspἔσταιthinspεἴπερthinspμηδὲthinspλευκότερονthinspτὸthinspπολυχρόνιονthinspτοῦthinspἐφημέρουthinsp[R bodeacuteuumlS Aristote Eacutethique agrave Nicomaque Flammarion Paris 2004 p 61 on peut drsquoautre part se demander ce quethinsppeutthinspbienthinspvouloirthinspdirethinspenthinspdeacutefinitivethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquochosethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplrsquoldquohommethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspetthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinspdeacutefinissentthinspparthinspunethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspformulethinspcellethinspdethinsplrsquohommethinspCarthinspsithinsplrsquoonthinspconsidegraverethinsplathinspchose en tant qursquohomme cela ne fait aucune diffeacuterence Et dans ces conditions il nrsquoy a pas non plus agrave fairethinsplathinspdiffeacuterencethinspagravethinspproposthinspduthinspbienthinspsithinsponthinsplethinspconsidegraverethinspenthinsptantthinspquethinsptelthinspMaisthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspnonthinspplusthinspparcethinspqursquoilthinspseraitthinspeacuteternelthinspqursquounthinspbienthinspseraitthinspdavantagethinspunthinspbienthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspquithinspdurethinsplongtempsthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdavantagethinspcethinspqursquoellethinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspeacutepheacutemegravere]thinspraquothinsp

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16thinsp1040bthinsp30-34)27thinspCethinspquithinspndashthinsptoutthinsparbitrairethinspetthinspgratuitthinspquethinspcethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleurs28 ndash est ineacutevitablethinsppourthinsppeuthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspveuillethinsppreacuteserverthinsplathinspnotionthinspelle-mecircmethinspdethinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspγάρthinspτιςthinspμὴthinspθήσειthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspεἶναιthinspκεχωρισμέναςthinspκαὶthinspτὸνthinspτρόπονthinspτοῦτονthinspὡςthinspλέγεταιthinspτὰthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἀναιρήσειthinspτὴνthinspοὐσίανthinspὡςthinspβουλόμεθαthinspλέγεινthinsp[sithinsponthinspnethinspposethinsppasthinspquethinsplesthinspsubstancesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinsponthinspditthinspquethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspparticuliersthinsplethinspsontthinsponthinspdeacutetruitthinsplathinspsubstancethinspauthinspsensthinspougravethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendons]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp10thinsp1086bthinsp16-19)29

SurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspcethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspAristotethinspdeacuteveloppethinsptoutethinspunethinspseacuteriethinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspagravethinsplrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Ideacutees allant de lrsquoaccusation de verser dans une erreur aussi grossiegravere que lrsquoanthropomorphisme religieux30thinspagravethinspcellethinspdethinspredoublerthinspsansthinspraisonthinsp

27thinspthinspAristotethinspstigmatisethinspvolontiersthinsplesthinspliberteacutesthinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspprennentthinspavecthinsplethinsplangagethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinsptournerthinsplathinspplupartthinspduthinsptempsthinspagravethinspvidethinspAussithinsplorsqursquoilthinspnethinspbalaiethinspleurthinspproposthinspcommethinspduthinspsimplethinspverbiagethinsp(cf Aristotelis ethica eudemia R R waLzer J M MinGaythinsp(eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1991thinspIthinsp8thinsp1217bthinsp19-21thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspδὲthinspδεῖthinspσυντόμωςthinspεἰπεῖνthinspπερὶthinspαὐτῶνthinspλέγομενthinspὅτιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspτὸthinspεἶναιthinspἰδέανthinspμὴthinspμόνονthinspἀγαθοῦthinspἀλλὰthinspκαὶthinspἄλλουthinspὁτουοῦνthinspλέγεταιthinspλογικῶςthinspκαὶthinspκενῶςthinsp[srsquoilthinspnousthinspestthinsppermisthinspdrsquoexprimerthinspicithinsptregravesthinspbriegravevementthinspnotrethinsppenseacuteethinspnousthinspdironsthinspqursquoaffirmerthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspunethinspIdeacuteethinspnonthinspseulementthinspduthinspbienthinspmaisthinspdethinsptoutthinspautrethinspchosethinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspparlerthinspetthinsptenirthinspdesthinspproposthinspvides]thinspraquo)thinspilthinsplesthinspaccusethinspdethinspsethinspcontenterthinspde meacutetaphores poeacutetiques (cf Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp991athinsp20-22thinsp[=thinspMthinsp5thinsp1079bthinsp24-27]thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspλέγεινthinspπαραδείγματαthinspαὐτὰthinsplt scilicetthinspτὰthinspεἴδηgtthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspμετέχεινthinspαὐτῶνthinspτἆλλαthinspκενολογεῖνthinspἐστὶthinspκαὶthinspμεταφορὰςthinspλέγεινthinspποιητικάςthinsp[direthinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspsontthinspdesthinspparadigmesthinspetthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspnethinsprienthinspdirethinspetthinspsethinsppayerthinspdethinspmeacutetaphoresthinsppoeacutetiques]thinspraquo)thinspthinsp ilthinsp leurthinspreprochethinspeacutegalement de srsquoamuser agrave changer de nom aux choses sans se preacuteoccuper de nous dire ce qursquoelles sont au juste (cf Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987bthinsp7-14thinspthinsplaquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὖνthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσεthinspτὰthinspδrsquothinspαἰσϑητὰthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspταῦταthinspλέγεσϑαιthinspπάνταthinspκατὰthinspμέϑεξινthinspγὰρthinspεἶναιthinspτὰthinspπολλὰthinspτῶνthinspσυνωνύμωνthinsp[ὁμώνυμα]thinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσινthinspτὴνthinspδὲthinspμέϑεξινthinspτοὔνομαthinspμόνονthinspμετέβαλενmiddotthinspοἱthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspΠυϑαγόρειοιthinspμιμήσειthinspτὰthinspὄνταthinspφασὶνthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspἀριϑμῶνthinspΠλάτωνthinspδὲthinspμεϑέξειthinspτοὔνομαthinspμεταβαλώνthinspτὴνthinspμέντοιthinspγεthinspμέϑεξινthinspἢthinspτὴνthinspμίμησινthinspἥτιςthinspἂνthinspεἴηthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἀφεῖσανthinspἐνthinspκοινῷthinspζητεῖνthinsp[aussithinspilthinspathinspappeleacutethinspldquoIdeacuteesrdquothinspdethinsptellesthinspchosesthinspetthinspilthinspathinspaffirmeacutethinspquethinsptousthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspenthinspsontthinspseacutepareacutesthinspetthinspqursquoilsthinspreccediloiventthinspdrsquoellesthinspleur nom En effet crsquoest en raison de leur participation aux Ideacutees que les plusieurs sont synonymes avec les Ideacutees Pour ce qui est de la participation Platon nrsquoa fait que changer le nom en effet les PythagoriciensthinspaffirmaientthinspquethinsplesthinspeacutetantsthinspsontthinspparthinspimitationthinspdesthinspnombresthinspPlatonthinspparthinspparticipationthinspenthinspchangeantthinsplethinspnomthinspCethinspquethinsplathinspparticipationthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinspouthinsplrsquoimitationthinsppeutthinspbienthinspecirctrethinspilsthinspontthinspenthinspcommunthinspdrsquoavoirthinspneacutegligeacutethinspdethinsplethinspchercher]thinspraquo)thinsp28thinspthinspPourthinspAristotethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspplusthinspdethinspraisonthinspdethinspseacuteparerthinsplesthinspuniversauxthinspquethinsplesthinspaccidentsthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐδεμίαthinspἀνάγκηthinspὑπολαμβάνεινthinspτιthinspεἶναιthinspτοῦτοthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspὅτιthinspἓνthinspδηλοῖthinspοὐδὲνthinspμᾶλλονthinspἢthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspἄλλωνthinspὅσαthinspμὴthinspτὶthinspσημαίνειthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιὸνthinspἢthinspπρόςthinspτιthinspἢthinspποιεῖνthinsp[ilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspplusthinspneacutecessairethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplrsquouniversel est quelque chose agrave part des choses individuelles car il indique quelque chose drsquounique que de le penser des autres choses qui ne sont pas quelque chose mais une qualiteacute une relation ou encorethinspunethinspaction]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis analytica posteriorathinspIthinsp24thinsp85bthinsp18-21)thinsp29 Cf Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp12thinsp1037bthinsp27thinspougravethinspilthinspestthinspquestionthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspὡςthinspφαμένthinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplaquothinspἡthinspοὐσίαthinspἕνthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὡςthinspφαμένthinsp[lathinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspcommethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinspetthinspdethinspconcret]thinspraquothinsp30 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12thinspthinsplaquothinspπολλαχῇthinspδὲthinspἐχόντωνthinspδυσκολίανthinspοὐθενὸςthinspἧττονthinspἄτοπονthinspτὸthinspφάναιthinspμὲνthinspεἶναίthinspτιναςthinspφύσειςthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspοὐρανῷthinspταύταςthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspφάναιthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspπλὴνthinspὅτιthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspἀΐδιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspφθαρτάthinspαὐτὸthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωπόνthinspφασινthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspἵππονthinspκαὶthinspὑγίειανthinspἄλλοthinspδrsquothinspοὐδένthinspπαραπλήσιονthinspποιοῦντεςthinspτοῖςthinspθεοὺςthinspμὲνthinspεἶναιthinspφάσκουσινthinspἀνθρωποειδεῖςthinspδέmiddotthinspοὔτεthinspγὰρthinspἐκεῖνοιthinspοὐδὲνthinspἄλλοthinspἐποίουνthinspἢthinspἀνθρώπουςthinspἀϊδίουςthinspοὔθrsquothinspοὗτοιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἄλλrsquothinspἢthinspαἰσθητὰthinspἀΐδιαthinsp(D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp[2008]thinsppthinsp308thinspthinspmecircmethinspsrsquoilsthinspltlesthinspplatoniciensgtthinspsontthinspdethinspplusieursthinspfaccedilonsthinspenthinspdifficulteacutethinsprienthinspdethinspplusthinspabsurdethinspquethinspdethinspdirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspcertainesthinspnaturesthinspenthinspplusthinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

134

lethinspmobilierthinspontologiquethinspduthinspmonde31 en passant par des travers meacutereacuteologiques qui rappellent drsquoassez pregraves ceux que lrsquoon rencontre deacutejagrave chez Platon32

Si nous avons passeacute en revue chacun de ces inconveacutenients33 nous nous sommes cependantthinsparrecircteacutesthinsptoutthinspspeacutecialementthinspsurthinsplrsquounthinspdrsquoentrethinspeuxthinsplrsquoargumentthinspqursquoAristotethinsp

dethinspcellesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinsplrsquouniversthinspmaisthinspenthinspdisantthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspsensiblesthinspsaufthinspquethinsplesthinspunesthinspsontthinspeacuteternellesthinsplesthinspautresthinspcorruptiblesthinspIlsthinspdisentthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspunthinsphommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspchevalthinsplten soigt une santeacute lten soigt sans rien dire drsquoautre en faisant agrave peu pregraves comme ceux qui disent qursquoil existe des dieux mais de forme humaine Ceux-ci ne faisaient rien drsquoautre que des hommes eacuteternels etthinsppourthinspceux-lagravethinsplesthinspformesthinspnethinspsontthinspquethinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspeacuteternels)thinspraquothinsp31 Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8thinsp(cfthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp34thinsp-thinsp1079athinsp4)thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτωνδὶthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἕτεραthinspτούτωνthinspἴσαthinspτὸνthinspἀριθμὸνthinspἐκόμισανthinspὥσπερthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἀριθμῆσαιthinspβουλόμενοςthinspἐλαττόνωνthinspμὲνthinspὄντωνthinspοἴοιτοthinspμὴthinspδυνήσεσθαιthinspπλείωthinspδὲthinspποιήσαςthinspἀριθμοίηthinspσχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspἴσαthinspἢthinspοὐκthinspἐλάττωthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἐστὶthinspτούτοιςthinspπερὶthinspὧνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἐκthinspτούτωνthinspἐπrsquothinspἐκεῖναthinspπροῆλθονthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspγὰρthinspὁμώνυμόνthinspτιthinspἐστιthinspκαὶthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspτῶνthinspτεthinspἄλλωνthinspἐστὶνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspἕνthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖσδεthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖςthinspἀιδίοιςthinsp[D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinsppthinsp306-307thinspthinspquantthinspagravethinspceuxthinspquithinspposentthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspcommethinspdesthinspcausesthinspdrsquoabordthinspenthinspcherchantthinspagravethinspsaisirthinsplesthinspcausesthinspdesthinspecirctresthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinspilsthinspenthinspontthinspintroduitthinspdrsquoautresthinspenthinspnombrethinspeacutegauxthinspagravethinspeuxthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspquethinspquelqursquounthinspqui voudrait compter des choses mais croirait ne pas pouvoir le faire parce qursquoil y en a peu et pour lesthinspcompterthinsplesthinsprendraitthinspplusthinspnombreusesthinspLesthinspFormesthinspenthinspeffetthinspsontthinspenthinspnombrethinsppresquethinspeacutegalesthinspouthinsppas infeacuterieures aux choses loin desquelles dans leur recherche des causes ils ont eacuteteacute jusque vers ellesthinspcarthinsppourthinspchaquethinspchosethinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquohomonymethinspmecircmethinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspetthinspdesthinspautres choses dont il y a uniteacute drsquoune multipliciteacute agrave la fois pour les choses qui nous entourent et pour cellesthinspquithinspsontthinspeacuteternelles]thinspraquothinsp32 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1039athinsp26thinsp-thinsp1039bthinsp2thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἵππῳthinspἤτοιthinspἓνthinspκαὶthinspταὐτὸνthinspτῷthinspἀριθμῷthinspἐστὶνthinspἢthinspἕτερονmiddotthinspτῷthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspλόγῳthinspδῆλονthinspὅτιthinspἕνmiddotthinspτὸνthinspγὰρthinspαὐτὸνthinspδιέξεισιthinspλόγονthinspὁthinspλέγωνthinspἐνthinspἑκατέρῳthinspεἰthinspοὖνthinspἐστίthinspτιςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspαὐτὸςthinspκαθrsquothinspαὑτὸνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspἀνάγκηthinspκαὶthinspἐξthinspὧνthinspοἷονthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspδίπουνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspκαὶthinspεἶναιthinspχωριστὰthinspκαὶthinspοὐσίαςmiddotthinspὥστεthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτὸthinspαὐτὸthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἵππῳthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspὥσπερthinspσὺthinspσαυτῷthinspπῶςthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspοὖσιthinspχωρὶςthinspἓνthinspἔσταιthinspκαὶthinspδιὰthinspτίthinspοὐthinspκαὶthinspχωρὶςthinspαὑτοῦthinspἔσταιthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspτοῦτοthinspthinsp[sithinsplesthinspFormesthinspexistentthinspetthinspquethinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspouthinspbienthinspilthinspserathinspnumeacuteri-quementthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspouthinspbienthinspdiffeacuterentthinspParthinsplrsquoargumentthinspquethinspvoicithinspilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspuniquethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinsponthinsplethinspdeacutefinitthinspauthinspmoyenthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspdeacutefinitionthinspSrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdoncthinspunthinsphommethinspquithinspestthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinsppourthinsplui-mecircmethinspunthinspcecithinspetthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspneacutecessairementthinspquethinspcethinspquithinsplethinspconstituethinsplrsquoanimalthinspetthinsplethinspbipegravedethinspparthinspexemplethinspsoientthinspaussithinspunthinspcecithinspqursquoilsthinspsoientthinspdesthinspchosesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspOrthinspsithinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspetthinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspestthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspcommethinsptuthinsplrsquoesthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinsptoi-mecircmethinspcommentthinsppourra-t-ilthinspdemeurerthinspuniquethinspdansthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspquithinspsontthinspagravethinsppartthinspltlesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautresgtthinspetthinsppourquoithinspcetthinspanimalthinspnethinspsera-t-ilthinsppasthinspseacutepareacutethinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsp]thinspraquo33thinspthinspDethinspmecircmethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspeacutetudieacutethinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspplusthinspponctuellesthinspqursquoAristotethinspassociethinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfamilles drsquoarguments en faveur de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees dans le reacutequisitoire qursquoon peut lire ndash agrave quelques variations mineures pregraves ndash dans les livres A et M des MeacutetaphysiquesthinspenthinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp8-15thinspetthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp4-9thinsprespectivementthinsp(laquothinspἔτιthinspδὲthinspκαϑrsquothinspοὓςthinspτρόπουςthinspδείκνυμενthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκατrsquoοὐϑέναthinspφαίνεταιthinspτούτωνmiddotthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspοὐκthinspἀνάγκηthinspγίγνεσϑαιthinspσυλλογισμόνthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspοὐχthinspὧνthinspοἰόμεϑαthinspτούτωνthinspεἴδηthinspγίγνεταιthinspκατάthinspτεthinspγὰρthinspτοὺςthinspλόγουςthinspτοὺςthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἐπιστημῶνthinspεἴδηthinspἔσταιthinspπάντωνthinspὅσωνthinspἐπιστῆμαιthinspεἰσίthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀποφάσεωνthinspκατὰthinspδὲthinspτὸthinspνοεῖνthinspτιthinspφϑαρέντοςthinspτῶνthinspφϑαρτῶνmiddotthinspφάντασμαthinspγάρthinspτιthinspτούτωνthinspἔστινthinsp[dethinspplusthinspdrsquoaucunethinspdesthinspmaniegraveresthinspdontthinspnousthinspentreprenonsthinspdethinsplethinspprouverthinspnethinspreacutesultethinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinspeffetthinspdansthinspcertainsthinspcasthinsplethinspsyllogismethinspnethinspsrsquoensuitthinsppasthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspneacutecessairethinspthinspdansthinspdrsquoautresthinspcasthinspenthinsprevanchethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspmecircmethinsppourthinspdesthinspchosesthinsppourthinsplesquellesthinspnousthinsppensonsthinspqursquoil nrsquoy en a pas des arguments agrave partir des sciences qursquoil y a des Ideacutees de tout ce dont il y a des sciencesthinspthinspltdesthinspargumentsgtthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspltqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesgtthinspmecircmethinspdethinspneacutegationsthinspthinspetthinspltdesthinspargumentsgt agrave partir de la penseacutee de quelque chose apregraves sa corruption ltqursquoil y a des Ideacuteesgt drsquoentiteacutes

Leone Gazziero

135

lethinsppremierthinspndashthinspsansthinspenthinspattribuerthinsplathinsppaterniteacutethinspagravethinsppersonnethinsp(pasthinspplusthinspagravethinspsesthinsppreacutedeacuteces-seursthinspouthinspagravethinspsesthinspcontemporainsthinspqursquoagravethinsplui-mecircme)thinspndashthinspathinspappeleacutethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo34 Cela pour au moins deux raisons En premier lieu il y a tout sujet de croirethinspqursquoAristotethinspdevaitthinsplethinsptenirthinsppourthinspunethinspobjectionthinspassezthinspformidablethinspagravethinsplrsquoencontrethinspdethinsplathinsppromotionthinspdesthinsppreacutedicatsthinspuniverselsthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancesthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinspvuthinsplethinsptraitthinspquithinspndashthinsppourthinspAristotethinspndashthinspfaitthinsplathinspspeacutecificiteacutethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacutees)thinspCrsquoestthinspenthinsptoutthinspeacutetatthinspdethinspcausethinsplethinspspectrethinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspseulthinspqursquoAristotethinspagitethinsplorsqursquoilthinspeacutevoquethinspndashthinspenthinspblocthinspndashthinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdontthinspagravethinspsonthinspavisthinspsrsquoencombrethinsplrsquohypothegravese des Formes (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu la conviction que si les Ideacutees existent elles existent agrave la maniegravere desthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspnonthinspseulementthinspjouethinspunthinsprocirclethinspcapitalthinspdansthinsplrsquoeacuteconomiethinspdethinsplrsquoargument tel que nous pouvons le reconstruire agrave partir des diffeacuterentes sources qui nous lrsquoont transmis35 mais encore elle constitue la cleacute pour reacutesoudre un puzzle

quithinspontthinsppeacuterithinsp(puisqursquoilthinspenthinspexistethinspunethinspcertainethinspimage)]thinspraquo)thinspUnethinspbibliographiethinspdethinspquelquethinsptroisthinspcentsthinsptitresthinspspeacutecialement consacreacutee agrave la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees dans les lieux parallegraveles des livres A et M des Meacutetaphysiquesthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspdistribueacuteethinspetthinsp(dansthinspsathinspversionthinspalphabeacutetique)thinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspconsulteacuteethinsponlinethinspagravethinsplrsquoadressethinspthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir2808files201509BibliogrSept2015pdfthinsp34 Au sujet de lrsquohistoire de lrsquoargument qursquoil nous soit permis de renvoyer agrave L Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinsp(citeacutethinspnotethinsp14)thinsppourthinspsathinsppreacutehistoirethinspplatoniciennethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquothinspldquoκαὶthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςrdquothinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspProleacutegomegravenesthinspagravethinspunethinsphistoirethinspanciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspraquothinspRhizai 7 2010 p 181-220 pour son utilisationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquo ldquoEt quoniam est quis tertius homordquothinspArgumentthinspexeacutegegravesethinspcontresens dans la litteacuterature latine apparenteacutee aux Sophistici elenchithinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspArchives drsquohistoire doctrinale et litteacuteraire du Moyen Age 80 2013 p 7-48 pour ses transformations aux mains des commentateursthinspdethinsplanguethinspetthinspculturethinsplatinethinspPourthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspdesthinspcommentateursthinspdethinsplrsquoAntiquiteacutethinsptardivethinspcfthinspD huntthinsplaquothinspPlotinusthinspMeetsthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspJ CLearythinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Perennial Tradition of NeoplatonismthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinsp1997thinsppthinsp119-132thinspthinspJ oPSoMerthinsplaquothinspSyrianusthinsponthinspHomonymythinspandthinspFormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspvan rieL C MaCeacute et L van CaMPethinsp(eacuted)thinspPlatonic Ideas and Concept Formation in Ancient and Medieval ThoughtthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinspLouvainthinsp2004thinsppthinsp31-50thinspetthinspLthinspP GerSon laquothinspProclusthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspEacutetudes platoniciennesthinsp8thinsp(2011)thinsppthinsp105-11835thinspthinspCommethinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinsplonguementthinspexpliqueacutethinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinsplathinspseacuteancethinspduthinsp16thinspmarsthinsp2015thinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspestthinspunthinspexcellentthinspcasthinspdrsquoeacutetudethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoonthinspsethinsptournethinspversthinspdesthinspsourcesthinspsemi-canoniquesthinspafinthinspdethinspreconstituerthinspdesthinspfaitsthinspdethinspdiscoursthinspplusthinspouthinspmoinsthinspradicalementthinspindisponiblesthinspdansthinspleurthinspversionthinsporiginalethinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspmecircmethinspsithinspsonthinspcasthinspparaicirctthinspndashthinspagravethinsppremiegraverethinspvuethinspndashthinspmoinsthinspdeacutesespeacutereacutethinspquethinspceluithinspdrsquoautresthinsppiegravecesthinspdethinsplrsquoAristotethinspperduthinspetthinspmecircmethinspsithinspndashthinspagravethinspcoupthinspsucircrthinspndashthinspsathinspsituationthinspphilologiquethinspsrsquoestthinspconsideacuterablementthinspameacutelioreacutee depuis quelques anneacutees (parmi les progregraves il faut au moins signaler la nouvelle eacutedition critiquethinspdesthinspquelquesthinsppagesthinspdrsquointeacuterecirctthinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauxthinspMeacutetaphysiques drsquoAristotethinspquethinspD harLFinGerthinspnousthinspathinspoffertethinspenthinsp1975thinspthinsponthinspsignalerathinspeacutegalementthinspquethinsplathinspquestionthinspdesthinspdeuxthinsp recensionsthinspdansthinsp lesquellesthinspcesthinspmecircmesthinsppagesthinspnousthinspseraientthinspparvenuesthinspndashthinsp toutthinsp reacutecemmentthinspndashthinspathinspbeacuteneacuteficieacutethinspdesthinsplumiegraveresthinspdethinspP GoLitSiS laquo La recensio altera du Commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave la Meacutetaphysique drsquoAristotethinspetthinsplethinspteacutemoignagethinspdesthinspmanuscritsthinspbyzantinsthinspLaurentianus plut 8712 et Ambrosianus F113thinspsupthinspraquothinspdansthinspJ SiGneS Codontildeer et I Peacuterez Martinthinsp(eacuted)thinspTextual Transmission in Byzantium Between Textual Criticism and Quellenforschung Brepols Turnhout 2014 p 199-230 ainsi que de celles de L CaLvieacutethinsp laquothinspAgravethinsp proposthinsp dethinsp lrsquoeacuteditionthinspHayduckthinsp duthinspCommentairethinsp drsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodise agrave la MeacutetaphysiquethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspouthinspconsulterthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir565files201409Article-LCalvieacute-2e-edpdf)thinspIlthinspnrsquoenthinsprestethinsppasthinspmoinsthinspquethinsptoutthinspeffortthinspdethinsprestitutionthinspduthinsptraiteacutethinspperduthinspdrsquoAristotethinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspougravethinsponthinsppeutthinsplirethinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspdethinsplointhinsplethinspplusthinspinformatifthinspndashthinspdoitthinspsethinspconfronterthinspagravethinspunethinspeacutequationthinspagravethinspplusieursthinspvariablesthinspLethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspestthinspunthinsptextethinspqui ne nous est parvenu qursquoagrave travers la tradition indirecte et dont la vocation ndash pour autant qursquoelle se

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

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exeacutegeacutetique agrave la fois ancien et tenace agrave savoir pour autant que lrsquoon a affaire agrave un seul etthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinspnousthinsppouvonsthinspremonterthinspdansthinsplethinsptempsthinspne fait pas lrsquounanimiteacute ndash comment se fait-il qursquoAristote tantocirct lrsquoutilise pour reacutefuter les philosophes des Ideacutees tantocirct le rejette sous preacutetexte qursquoil srsquoagit drsquoun argument fallacieux36thinspthinspLethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspdansthinsplequelthinspnousthinspavonsthinspidentifieacutethinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspmotifsthinsppro-fonds de lrsquoantiplatonisme drsquoAristote ndash agrave savoir la particularisation existentielle des universauxthinspndashthinsppermetthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquithinspentraicircnethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspetthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinsplrsquoeacuteviterthinspMecircmethinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvirtuellementthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspcomprendrethinsplethinspfonctionnementthinspexactthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspsesthinspraresthinspoccurrencesthinspdansthinsp

laissethinspentrevoirthinspndashthinspeacutetaitthinspdethinsptraiterthinspdrsquounethinspdoctrinethinspcellethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspcœurthinspdrsquounthinspdeacutebatthinspquithinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplethinsppreacutecegravedethinspetthinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspaffecteacutethinspAucunethinspdethinspcesthinspvariablethinspnethinspsethinsplaissethinsptraiterthinspcommethinspunethinspsimplethinspvariablethinspdrsquoajustement et elles sont qui plus est lieacutees entre elles Si on distingue donc ndash avec les speacutecialistes de lrsquoecdotique (on se reacutefeacuterera en particulier agrave un texte de J iriGointhinspthinsplaquothinspLathinspcritiquethinspdesthinsptextesthinspdoitthinspecirctrethinsphistoriquethinspraquothinspdansthinspE FLoreSthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa critica testuale greco-latina oggi Metodi e problemi Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 29-31 ottobre 1979)thinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1981thinsppthinsp27-43)thinspndashthinsptrois eacutetapes fondamentales dans la reconstitution drsquoun texte la recensio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la collecte de toutesthinsp lesthinspsourcesthinspmanuscritesthinspdisponiblesthinsp(etthinspeacuteventuellementthinspdesthinspsourcesthinsp imprimeacutees)thinspdirectesthinspetthinspindirectes)thinsp lathinspcollatio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la comparaison des reacutesultats de la recensiothinsp afinthinspdrsquoobtenirthinspunethinspimagethinspaussithinspfidegravelethinspquethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspenthinspremontantthinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinsppossiblethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacuteterminationthinspdesthinspfamillesthinspdethinspmanuscritsthinspetthinspdethinspleurthinspplusthinspprochethinspancecirctresthinspcommuns)thinspetthinsplathinspdivinatio (lrsquoeacutetablissementthinspduthinsptextethinsplethinspplusthinspprochethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplrsquooriginal)thinsponthinspconviendrathinspquethinspcettethinspderniegraverethinspportethinspparticuliegraverementthinspbienthinspsonthinspnomthinsppuisquethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsplathinsprestitutionthinspdethinsptoutthinspunthinsppanthinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspnethinspnousthinsppermetthinsppasthinspdethinspreacuteglerthinspndashthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspndashthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdethinspsavoirthinspauthinspjustethinspquithinspa eacutecrit quoi Il faut se reacutesigner agrave une eacutevidence pour autant que le traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote est concerneacute mecircmethinsplethinspmeilleurthinsptextethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdemeurethinsprelativementthinspopaquethinspaussithinsplongtempsthinspduthinspmoinsthinspquethinsplrsquoon nrsquoa pas deacutetermineacute de quelle maniegravere il a travailleacute la matiegravere aristoteacutelicienne dont il srsquoest inspireacute et qursquoil a importeacutee dans son commentaire Autrement dit la question se pose de savoir si nous avons affairethinspagravethinspunethinspcollectionthinspdethinspfragmentsthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspdesthinspempruntsthinspponctuelsthinspouthinspdesthinspcitations)thinspouthinspbienthinspsithinspAlexandre a proceacutedeacute agrave une reformulation paraphrastique (en gros une transposition plus ou moins fidegravelethinspdethinspcethinspqursquoilthinsplisaitthinspdansthinsplethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspsonthinspdernierthinsplecteurthinspdethinsppremiegraverethinspmain)thinspOrthinspdeuxthinspdifficulteacutesthinspmajeuresthinspfontthinspobstaclethinspagravethinspcettethinspentreprisethinspLathinsppremiegraverethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspqursquoAlexandrethinspsethinsptrouve en situation de teacutemoin unique ce que nous connaissons du traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote sur les Ideacutees nous le tenons pour lrsquoessentiel drsquoAlexandre dans la mesure ougrave les quelques mentions eacuteparses dans la litteacuterature posteacuterieure deacutependent de son commentaire au livre Alpha meizocircn des Meacutetaphysiques Son maniementthinspappellethinspdoncthinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinsppreacutecautionsthinspthinspcethinspquethinspnousthinsplisonsthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspsinonthinspremanieacutethinspduthinspmoins reacuteorganiseacute dans une mesure et selon des modaliteacutes qui eacutetaient agrave la seule discreacutetion drsquoAlexandre etthinspquethinspnousthinspnethinsppouvonsthinsppasthinspappreacutecierthinspindeacutependammentthinspdethinspsonthinsptravailthinspLathinspdeuxiegravemethinspdifficulteacutethinsptientthinspauthinspfait que la langue drsquoAlexandre ne preacutesente pas de ceacutesures stylistiques ou de solutions de continuiteacute lexicales qui permettraient de deacuteterminer ougrave il ferait œuvre de compilateur et ougrave au contraire il fait œuvrethinspdrsquointerpregravetethinspDethinspfaitthinspagravethinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinsp(maisthinspaussithinspagravethinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspouthinspagravethinspunethinsptroisiegraveme)thinsponthinspsethinsprendrathinspagravethinspunethinspautrethinspeacutevidencethinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppartoutthinsplathinspprosethinspetthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspmecircmethinsplagravethinspougravethinspndashthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspaveuthinsp(commethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsppreacuteciseacutement)thinspndashthinsponthinsppeutthinspsrsquoattendrethinspagravethinspqursquoil suive de plus pregraves sa source 36thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy p 290 formule ce dilemme agrave peu pregraves dansthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinsptermesthinspUnthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquointerpregravetesthinspythinspontthinspvuthinsplrsquoindicethinspdrsquounethinspambivalencethinspdrsquoAristotethinspagrave son eacutegard (cf L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspVrin-PressesthinspdethinsplrsquoUniversiteacutethinspLavalthinspParis-Montreacutealthinsp1995thinsppthinsp360)thinspthinspdrsquoautresthinsplrsquoontthinsppristhinspassezthinspauthinspseacuterieuxthinsppourthinspexclurethinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspsrsquoagirthinspeffectivementthinspduthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspdontthinspAristotethinspferaitthinspunthinspusagethinspopportunistethinsp(cfthinspEthinspVthinspdi LaSCio laquo Third Man The Logic of the Sophism at Arist SEthinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinspraquothinspTopoithinsp23thinsp[2004]thinsppthinsp41)thinsp

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137

le corpus aristoteacutelicien37thinspcelathinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspeacutetablithinspsansthinspavoirthinsprecoursthinspauxthinspsourcesthinsppos-teacuterieuresthinspauxquellesthinsponthinspestthinspobligeacutethinspdrsquoemprunterthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspcanonique38 Crsquoest ce qui ressort de deux lieux du corpus aristoteacutelicien agrave savoir le chapitre 13 du livre ZecirctathinspdesthinspMeacutetaphysiques et le chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiques auxquels nous avons consacreacute deux lectures micrologiques dont nous ne reportons de suite que les conclusions39

37 Aristote nrsquoen donne nulle part un exposeacute un tant soit peu deacutetailleacute se contentant plutocirct de lrsquoeacutevoquer sousthinsplrsquointituleacutethinspquithinsplethinsprendrathinspceacutelegravebrethinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp15-17thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1039athinsp2-3thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp12-13)thinspouthinspbienthinspdrsquoenthinsprappelerthinsplathinspconclusionthinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36)thinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdrsquounethinsppassethinspargumentativethinspbienthinspconnuethinsp(cethinspquithinspdevaitthinspdrsquoailleursthinspecirctrethinsplethinspcas)thinsp38thinspthinspCetthinspexposeacutethinspsethinsplitthinspdansthinsplathinsppagethinspceacutelegravebrethinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauthinsppremierthinsplivrethinspdes MeacutetaphysiquesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspagravethinsplaquellethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspfairethinspallusionthinspthinsplaquothinspδείκνυταιthinspκαὶthinspοὕτωςthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινωνthinspπλειόνωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκαὶthinspἔστινthinspἄλλοthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspαὐτῶνthinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspἡγοῦνταιthinspδεικνύναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιmiddotthinspδιὰthinspτοῦτοthinspγάρthinspἐστίthinspτιthinspαὐτοάνθρωποςthinsp κατrsquothinsp αὐτούςthinsp ὅτιthinsp ὁthinsp ἄνθρωποςthinsp κατὰthinsp τῶνthinsp καθrsquothinsp ἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspπλειόνωνthinsp ὄντωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspἄλλοςthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspἐστίν)thinspndashthinspἀλλrsquothinspεἰthinspτοῦτοthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοςthinspὁthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspκατrsquothinspἰδίανthinspὑφεστώςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspδὲthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspπαράthinspτεthinspτὸνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspτὴνthinspἰδέανthinspοὕτωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspτέταρτοςthinspὁthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτούτουthinspκαὶthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὁμοίωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspπέμπτοςthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspἐπrsquothinspἄπειρονthinsp[onthinspprouvethinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspaussi de cette maniegravere si ce qui se preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute de plusieurs est aussi autre que ceux dont il se preacutedique seacutepareacute de ceux-ci (voilagrave ce que pensent prouver ceux qui posent les Ideacutees la raison pourthinsp laquellethinspenthinspeffetthinsp ilthinspythinspathinsppourthinspeuxthinspquelquethinspchosethinspquithinspestthinsp lrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspcrsquoestthinspquethinsp lrsquohommethinspse preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute des hommes particuliers qui sont plusieurs et il est autre que les hommes particuliers)thinspndashthinspmaisthinspsrsquoilthinspenthinspestthinspainsithinspilthinspythinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspSithinspenthinspeffetthinsplrsquohommethinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsppreacutediquethinspestthinspautrethinspquethinspceuxthinspdontthinspilthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspsubsistethinspenthinspproprethinspsithinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspilthinspythinspathinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspagravethinsppartthinspduthinspparticulier et de lrsquoIdeacutee Ainsi qursquoil y en aura un quatriegraveme qui se preacutedique de celui-ci de lrsquoIdeacutee et des particuliersthinspthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquounthinspcinquiegravemethinspetthinspcelathinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis de ideis fragmentathinsp(=thinspAlexandri in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria)thinsp8421thinsp-thinsp853)thinspLethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspillustrethinspagravethinsplathinspperfectionthinspla situation hermeacuteneutique que nous venons drsquoeacutevoquer ougrave le recours agrave la tradition indirecte est agrave la foisthinspineacutevitablethinspetthinsppassablementthinspdeacutelicatthinspDrsquounethinsppartthinspAlexandrethinspsignalethinspexplicitementthinspqursquoilthinspreportethinsplathinspversionthinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinsptellethinspqursquoAristotethinspsrsquoenthinspestthinspservithinspdansthinsplethinsppremierthinsplivrethinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsp(8511-12thinspthinsplaquothinspτῇthinspδὲthinspτελευταίᾳthinspαὐτὸςthinspἔνthinspτεthinspτῷthinspπρώτῳthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspraquo)thinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspilthinspestthinsphautementthinspimprobablethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspenthinsptrainthinspdethinsptranscrirethinspunthinspsegmentthinspduthinsptextethinspdrsquoAristotethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdethinsplethinspparaphraserthinspCethinspquethinsptrahitthinsplrsquoutilisationthinspdethinspcertainsthinsptermesthinsptelsthinspὑπόστασιςthinspetthinspὑφίστημιthinspNousthinspavonsthinspobserveacutethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoacceptionthinspdrsquoexistencethinspetthinspdrsquoexisterthinsprequisethinspparthinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspnithinsplrsquounthinsp(ὑπόστασις)thinspnithinsplrsquoautrethinsp(ὑφίστημι)thinspnethinspsontthinspattesteacutesthinspchezthinspAristotethinspquithinsplesthinsputilisethinspplutocirctthinspdansthinspunthinspsensthinsplocalthinsp(ὑφίστημιthinspindiquethinsple fait de se tenir au-dessous comme dans Aristotelis de caelo P Morauxthinsp(eacuted)thinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1965thinspIthinsp3thinsp269bthinsp24-25)thinspouthinspphysiologiquethinsp(ὑπόστασιςthinspsignifiethinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspreacutesiduthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspseacutedimentthinspraquothinspcomme dans Aristotelis de generatione animaliumthinspHthinspJ droSSaart LuLoFS (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1965thinspIthinsp18thinsp726athinsp21thinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspstationthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspposturethinspraquothinspcommethinspdansthinspAristotelis de partibus animaliumthinsp1956thinspIthinsp2thinsp647bthinsp28)39 Les deux lectures (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp23thinspetthinspAristotelis Sophistici elenchi 22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspontthinspeacuteteacutethinsppreacuteceacutedeacuteesthinspparthinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspeacutetudethinsplexicographiquethinsp(nousthinspavonsthinspeacutevoqueacutethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspplusthinsphautthinspcfthinspnotethinsp3)thinspconsacreacuteethinspauthinspvocabulairethinspquethinspcesthinsptextesthinsppartagentthinsp(etthinspauxthinspquelquesthinsposcillationsthinspqursquoilthinsppreacutesente)thinspEnthinspplusthinspdrsquoexpressionsthinspplusthinspprobleacutematiquesthinsp(commethinsplethinspτόδεthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinsppeutthinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspdeacutesignerthinspunethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle)thinspnousthinspavonsthinspsurtoutthinspexploreacutethinsplrsquooppositionthinspentrethinspcethinspqursquoAristotethinspappellethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(outhinspποιόνthinspτι)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspnousthinspontthinspsurtoutthinspaideacutesthinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinspnotrethinspreconnaissance J kunGthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspThisesthinspSuchesthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspArgumentthinspraquothinspPhronesis 26 (1981)thinsppthinsp207-247thinspetthinspS ebbeSen laquo Hoc aliquid - Quale quidthinspandthinspthethinspSignificationthinspofthinspAppellativesthinspraquothinsp

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Qursquoest-cethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspauthinspjustethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAuthinspboutthinspdrsquounthinspassezthinsplongthinspraisonnement40thinsplathinspconclusionthinspqursquoAristotethinsptirethinspestthinspcateacutegoriquethinsp(φανερὸνthinspὅτιthinspκτλ)thinspSeacuteparer lrsquouniversel crsquoest-agrave-dire le traiter comme quelque chose qui existe de plein exercicethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstarthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspparticuliegraveresthinsprevientthinspagravethinspsrsquoembarrasserthinspdethinsptoutesthinspsortesthinsp drsquoinconveacutenientsthinspthinsp laquothinspφανερὸνthinspὅτιthinsp οὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinspκαὶthinspὅτιthinspοὐδὲνthinspσημαίνειthinspτῶνthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορουμένωνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspἀλλὰthinspτοιόνδεthinspεἰthinspδὲthinspμήthinspἄλλαthinspτεthinspπολλὰthinspσυμβαίνειthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsp[ilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoaucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspnethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspmaisthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinsptelthinspouthinsptelthinspDansthinsplethinspcasthinspcontrairethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspbeaucoupthinspltdrsquoinconveacutenientsgtthinspnotammentthinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis meta-physicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)41 Quelle que soit la force que lrsquoon accorde agrave lrsquoargumentthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspreposethinspultimementthinspsurthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspjuxtaposerthinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspauthinspseinthinspdrsquounethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspmultipliciteacutethinspdontthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspviendraitthinspconstituerthinsplrsquouniteacutethinspauthinspmecircmethinsptitrethinspquethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdrsquohomme constituait lrsquouniteacute de la multipliciteacute des hommes particuliers Autrement ditthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsprequiertthinspquethinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinsp

Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

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Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman 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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

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de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 Ithinsp9thinsp103bthinsp29-35thinsplethinspverbethinspἐκτίθημιthinspnethinspchangethinsppointthinspdethinspsignificationthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdethinsplrsquoobjetthinspquithinspreacutesultethinspdethinspsonthinspopeacuterationthinsplequelthinspestthinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspsrsquoexposethinspauthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo)thinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspluithinspeacutechappe)thinsp(4)thinspCommentthinspcomprendrethinsplrsquoοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσειthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspthinspQursquoest-cethinspquithinspnethinspfaitthinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspquoithinspthinspEst-cethinspquethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspestthinspsupposeacutethinspsrsquoensuivrethinspagravethinsptousthinsplesthinspcoupsthinsp(aussithinspbienthinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspougravethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspsethinspsoldethinspparthinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspquethinspdansthinspceluithinspougravethinspcrsquoestthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppart)thinspouthinspbienthinspcrsquoestthinspparthinsprapportthinspauthinspreacutesultatthinspdethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspelle-mecircmethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspaurathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspqursquoonthinspobtiendrathinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinspunthinspἕνthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλοὺςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspCommethinsplethinspmontrentthinsplesthinsprecommandationsthinspdrsquoAristotethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspfaitthinspunethinspsacreacuteethinspdiffeacuterencethinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsp(lequelthinspsrsquoensuitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspquethinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppartthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinspilthinspsethinspditthinspenthinspcommunthinspὅπερthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspὅπερthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspEnthinsprevanchethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspentrethinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspLrsquounthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspmoinsthinspdistinctthinspquethinsplrsquoautrethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspdontthinsponthinsplethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspParthinspconseacutequentthinspsithinsponthinspaffirmethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspestthinspunethinspqualiteacutethinspetthinspnonthinspunethinspsubstancethinspcelathinspnethinspfaitthinspaucunethinspdiffeacuterencethinsp(οὐδὲνthinspδιοίσει)thinspduthinspmoinsthinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinspsathinsppositionthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspplusieursthinspcarthinspilthinspythinspaurathinsptoutthinspdethinspmecircmethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinsp(ἕνthinspτι)thinspetthinspdethinspdiffeacuterentthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(παρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλούς)thinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinsplaquothinsphommethinspraquothinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsp(οἷονthinspτὸthinspἄνθρωπος)thinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

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Aristotelis metaphysicathinspΔthinsp26thinsp1023bthinsp29-32thinspougravethinsplathinsprelationthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspvis-agrave-visthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinsp ilthinspsethinsppreacutedique est analyseacutee en termes drsquouniteacute et de totaliteacute 8 Aristotelis ethica nicomacheathinspIthinsp4thinsp1096athinsp11-13thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspβέλτιονthinspἴσωςthinspἐπισκέψασθαιthinspκαὶthinspδιαπορῆσαιthinspπῶςthinspλέγεταιthinspκαίπερthinspπροσάντουςthinspτῆςthinspτοιαύτηςthinspζητήσεωςthinspγινομένηςthinspδιὰthinspτὸthinspφίλουςthinspἄνδραςthinspεἰσαγαγεῖνthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinsp[ilthinspvautthinsppeut-ecirctrethinspmieuxthinspeacutetudierthinspltlethinspbiengtthinspenthinspgeacuteneacuteralthinspetthinspreacutesoudrethinsplesthinspdifficulteacutesthinsplieacutesthinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfaccedilonsthinspdethinsplethinspdirethinspmecircmethinspsithinspcettethinsptacircchethinspestthinsprenduethinspplusthinspdifficilethinspparthinsplrsquoamitieacutethinsppourthinspceuxthinspquithinspontthinspintroduitthinsplesthinspFormes]thinspraquothinspSurthinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspamitieacutethinspenthinspcethinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspchapitrethinspcfthinspL taran laquo Amicus Plato sed magis amica veritasthinspFromthinspPlatothinspandthinspAristotlethinsptothinspCervantesthinspraquothinspAntike und Abendland 30 (1984)thinsppthinsp93-124thinsp9thinspthinspLathinsppremiegraverethinspeacutetantthinspdirectethinsplathinspdeuxiegravemethinspfiltreacuteethinspparthinsplrsquoenseignementthinspdeacutelivreacutethinspparthinspCratylethinspunthinspheacuteracliteacuteenthinspradicalthinsp dontthinsp lethinsp portraitthinsp aussithinsp bienthinsp chezthinspAristotethinsp quethinsp chezthinspPlatonthinsp preacutesentethinsp desthinsp traitsthinsp caricaturauxthinsp(drsquoapregraves le premier ndash Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspΓthinspeacutedthinspM heCquet-devienne Peeters Louvain-la-Neuve 2008thinsp5thinsp1010athinsp10-15thinspndashthinspCratylethinspnethinspsrsquoexprimaitthinspqursquoenthinspbougeantthinsplethinspdoigtthinspthinspilthinspestthinspaffubleacutethinspchezthinsplethinspsecondthinspndash Platonis Cratylus E A duke W F hiCken W S M niCoLLthinspDthinspB robinSon et J C G StraChan (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1995thinsp429ethinsp5thinspndashthinspdrsquounthinsppatronymethinspagravethinsplrsquoallurethinspdethinspcalembourthinspthinspσμικρίωνοςthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsptraduirathinspsansthinspsoucithinspdethinsplitteacuteraliteacutethinsplaquothinspfilsthinspdethinspminusthinspraquothinspcethinspquithinsppourthinspquelqursquounthinspquithinspsrsquoappellethinspΚρατύλοςthinsplaquothinspfortichethinspraquothinspestthinsptoutthinspunthinspprogramme)thinsp10 Nous avons lu et commenteacute en quelque deacutetail Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987athinsp32thinsp-thinsp987bthinsp14thinsp(ce chapitre a eacuteteacute reacutecemment eacutetudieacute par C SteeLthinsplaquothinspPlatothinspasthinspseenthinspbythinspAristotlethinspMetaphysicsthinspAthinsp6thinspraquothinspdans C SteeLthinsp (eacuted)thinspAristotlersquos Metaphysics Alpha Symposium Aristotelicum Oxford University PressthinspOxfordthinsp2012thinsppthinsp167-200)thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp9-16thinspetthinsp27-34thinsp(cfthinspM narCythinsplaquothinspRendrethinspagravethinspSocratehellipthinspouthinspagravethinspDeacutemocritethinspthinsp(AristotethinspMeacutetaphysiquethinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp17-31)thinspraquothinspdansthinspG Giannantoni et M narCythinsp(eacuted)thinspLezioni socratichethinspBibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp1997thinsppthinsp81-96)thinspthinspMthinsp9thinsp1086athinsp31thinsp-thinsp1086bthinsp11thinsp(cfthinspL Gazziero Rationes ex machina La micrologie agrave lrsquoacircge de lrsquoindustrie de lrsquoargumentthinspVrinthinspParisthinsp2008thinsppthinsp145-151)thinspPour les trois cf eacutegalement L M CaSteLLi laquo Universals Particulars and Aristotlersquos Criticism of Platorsquos FormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspR Chiaradonna et G GaLLuzzothinsp(eacuted)thinspUniversals in Ancient Philosophy Edizioni della Normale Pise 2013 p 139-184 Rappelons que le troisiegraveme des quatre tomes des Socratis et Socraticorum reliquiae eacuted G GiannantonithinspBibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp1990-1991thinspestthinspconsacreacutethinspagravethinspAristotethinspteacutemointhinspdethinspSocratethinsp(le lecteur francophone peut eacutegalement consulter T deMan Le teacutemoignage drsquoAristote sur Socrate Les BellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1942)thinspLathinspbibliographiethinspeacutetantthinsptregravesthinsprichethinsp(cellethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdistribueacuteethinspcomptaitthinspagravethinspellethinsptoutthinspseulethinspquelquethinspcentthinspcinquantethinsptitres)thinspicithinsponthinspsignalerathinspauthinspmoinsthinspthinspG Giannantoni laquo Socrate nella MetafisicathinspdithinspAristotelethinspraquothinspdansthinspA bauSoLa et G reaLethinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotele Percheacute la metafisica VitathinspethinspPensierothinspMilanthinsp1994thinsppthinsp431-449thinspthinspWthinspJ PriorthinsplaquothinspSocratesthinspMetaphysicianthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp27thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp1-14thinspainsithinspquethinspJ ManSFeLdthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspSocratesrsquothinspContributionsthinsptothinspPhilosophythinspraquothinspdansthinspF aLeSSe F aronadio M C daLFino L SiMeone et E SPineLLithinsp(eacuted)thinspAnthropine Sophia Studi di filologia e storiografia filosofica in memoria di Gabriele GiannantonithinspBibliopolisthinspNaples 2008 p 337-349

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ne lui reconnaissait pas une existence indeacutependante de ce dont il se preacutedique en commun11 Ce qui sera plutocirct le cas des platoniciens qui apregraves les avoir seacutepareacutes (Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp31thinspthinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp10)thinspappellerontthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp31-32)thinsplesthinspuni-versaux que la sagaciteacute de Socrate avait permis drsquoatteindre dans un domaine au moinsthinspceluithinspdethinsplrsquoeacutethiquethinsp(Athinsp6thinsp987bthinsp1-4thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp17-19)12 Or qursquoest-ce qui a bienthinspputhinsppousserthinspPlatonthinspetthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspagravethinsppostulerthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspontologiquementthinsp

11thinspthinspCommethinspilthinspressortirathinspparthinsplathinspsuitethinspnousthinspconsideacuteronsthinspicithinspquethinsplathinspnotionthinspdethinspχωρισμόςthinspcoiumlncidethinsppourthinspautant qursquoelle intervient dans la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees avec le fait de posseacuteder une existencethinspcomparablethinspagravethinspcellethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinsp(cetthinsphomme-cithinspouthinspcetthinsphomme-lagrave)thinspEllethinspdemeurethinspenthinspreacutealiteacutethinspndashthinspcommethinspbienthinspdrsquoautresthinspnotionsthinspchezthinspAristotethinspndashthinspunthinspπολλαχῶςthinspλεγόμενονthinspCethinspquithinspexpliquethinspdu moins en partie la grande dispariteacutes de vues que lrsquoon rencontre chez les interpregravetes Encore que relativementthinspancienthinsplrsquoarticlethinspdethinspJthinspD MabbottthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinspandthinspthethinspXΩΡΙΣΜΟΣthinspofthinspPlatothinspraquothinspThe Classical Quarterlythinsp20thinsp(1926)thinsppthinsp72-79thinspdemeurethinspunthinspexcellentthinsppointthinspdethinspdeacutepartthinsppourthinspeacutetudierthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspthinsptoutthinspcommethinsplathinspmonographiethinspdethinspCthinspH Chen Das Chorismos-Problem bei AristotelesthinspLimbachthinspBerlinthinsp1940 (une deuxiegraveme monographie plus reacutecente eacutetant celle de L SPeLLMan Substance and Separation in AristotlethinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp1995)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspagravethinsppeuthinsppregravesthinspcontemporainsthinspdethinspM-D PhiLiPPethinspgardentthinspeuxthinspaussithinsptoutthinspleurthinspinteacuterecirctthinsplethinsppremierthinspsurtoutthinspthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspM-D PhiLiPPe laquothinsprsquoΑφαίρεσιςthinsp πρόσθεσιςthinsp χωρίζεινthinsp dansthinsp lathinsp philosophiethinsp drsquoAristotethinspraquothinspRevue thomistethinsp 48thinsp (1948)thinsppthinsp461-479thinspetthinsplaquothinspLathinspparticipationthinspdansthinsplathinspphilosophiethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspRevue thomistethinsp492thinsp(1949)thinsppthinsp254-277thinspLe lecteur francophone pourra eacutegalement consulter E de Strycker laquo La notion aristoteacutelicienne de seacuteparationthinspraquothinspdansthinspAAVV Autour drsquoAristote recueil drsquoeacutetudes de philosophie ancienne et meacutedieacutevale offert agrave Monseigneur A MansionthinspPublicationsthinspuniversitairesthinspdethinspLouvainthinspLouvainthinsp1955thinsppthinsp119-139thinspet R duFourthinsplaquothinspLathinspseacuteparationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp1thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp47-66thinspAgrave cocircteacute drsquoautres eacutetudes speacutecialement consacreacutees agrave la notion (cf eg M Gianni laquo Aristotele e la nozione di separazionethinspraquothinspAnnali del Dipartimento di filosofia dellrsquoUniversitagrave di Firenzethinsp3thinsp[1987]thinsppthinsp229-251thinspou encore G abbatethinsplaquothinspLathinspproblematicathinspdellathinspseparazionethinspnellathinspmetafisicathinspdithinspAristotelethinspraquothinspAnnali della Facoltagrave di Lettere e Filosofia dellrsquoUniversitagrave degli studi di Maceratathinsp32thinsp[1999]thinsppthinsp9-38)thinsponthinspmentionnera surtout la controverse entre G FinethinspetthinspDthinspR MorriSon dans les premiegraveres livraisons des Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy G Finethinsp laquothinspSeparationthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp2thinsp(1984)thinsppthinsp31-87thinspthinspDthinspR MorriSon laquo Separation in Aristotlersquos MetaphysicsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp3thinsp(1985)thinsppthinsp125-157thinspetthinsplaquothinspχωριστόςthinspinthinspAristotlethinspraquothinspHarvard Studies in Classical Philologythinsp89thinsp(1985)thinsppthinsp89-105thinspthinspG FinethinsplaquothinspSeparationthinspthinspAthinspReplythinsptothinspMorrisonthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp 3thinsp (1985)thinsp pthinsp 159-165thinspthinspDthinspR MorriSon laquo Separation a Reply to FinethinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp3thinsp(1985)thinsppthinsp167-173thinspParmithinsplesthinspchapitresthinspdrsquoouvragesthinsprappelonsthinspauthinspmoinsthinsplaquothinspSeparationthinspraquothinspdansthinspEthinspG katayaMa Aristotle on Artifacts A Metaphysical PuzzlethinspStatethinspUniversitythinspofthinspNewthinspYorkthinspPressthinspAlbanythinsp1999thinsppthinsp29-40thinsp12thinspthinspProbleacutematiquethinspouthinsppasthinsplrsquoidentificationthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspuniversauxthinspsemblethinspallerthinspdethinspsoithinsppourthinspAristotethinspthinsplaquothinspἀλλrsquothinspὁthinspμὲνthinspΣωκράτηςthinspτὰthinspκαθόλουthinspοὐthinspχωριστὰthinspἐποίειthinspοὐδὲthinspτοὺςthinspὁρισμούςmiddotthinspοἱthinspδrsquothinspἐχώρισανthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσανthinspὥστεthinspσυνέβαινενthinspαὐτοῖςthinspσχεδὸνthinspτῷthinspαὐτῷthinspλόγῳthinspπάντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[orthinspSocratethinspnethinspfaisaitthinspnithinspdesthinspuniverselsthinspnithinspdesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspalorsthinspqursquoilsthinspltlesgtthinspseacuteparaientthinspetthinspdonnaientthinspagravethinspdethinsptellesthinspentiteacutesthinsplethinspnomthinspdrsquoIdeacuteesthinspthinspaussithinspilsthinspenthinspsontthinspvenusthinspagravethinspposerthinspparthinsplethinspmecircmethinspraisonnementthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdrsquoagravethinsppeuthinsppregravesthinsptoutthinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspdrsquouniversel]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp30-34)thinspLathinspparenteacutethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspuniverselsthinspestthinspeacutegalementthinspeacutevoqueacuteethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinsplivrethinspEtathinspthinsplaquothinspτῷthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspγένειthinspκαὶthinspαἱthinspἰδέαιthinspσυνάπτουσινthinsp(κατὰthinspτὸνthinspαὐτὸνthinspγὰρthinspλόγονthinspοὐσίαιthinspδοκοῦσινthinspεἶναι)thinsp[P-M MoreL Aristote Metaphysique EtathinspVrinthinspParisthinsp2015thinsppthinsp63thinspthinsporthinspagravethinsplrsquouniverselthinspetthinspauthinspgenrethinspsethinsprattachentthinspaussithinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(crsquoestthinspenthinspvertuthinspduthinspmecircmethinspraisonnementthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspreacuteputeacuteesthinspecirctrethinspsubstances]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspHthinsp1thinsp1042athinsp15-16)thinspCommethinsplethinspreacutesumethinspdethinspfaccedilonthinsptregravesthinspperspicacethinspA Code laquo Philosophical Method in Aristotlersquos On IdeasthinspraquothinspInternationale Zeitschrift fuumlr Philosophiethinsp2thinsp(1998)thinsppthinsp198thinspthinsplaquothinspwhatthinspisthinspunderthinspdisputethinspisthinspnotthinspwhetherthinsptherethinsparethinspuniversalsthinspbutthinspwhetherthinspthesethinspuniversalsthinsparethinspideasthinsp[cethinspquithinspestthinspcontroverseacutethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsplathinspquestionthinspdethinspsavoirthinspsrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspuniversauxthinspmaisthinspcellethinspdethinspsavoirthinspsithinspcesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspdesthinspIdeacutees]thinspraquothinsp

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plusthinsprobustesthinspquethinsplesthinspuniversauxthinsprechercheacutesthinspparthinspSocratethinspthinspCrsquoestthinsplagravethinspqursquointervientthinsplathinspdeuxiegravemethinspfiliationthinspquethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdrsquoeacutevoquerthinspthinsppersuadeacutesthinspdethinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspdesthinspthegravesesthinspdrsquoHeacuteraclitethinspndashthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspquethinsp lesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsensiblesthinspsontthinspemporteacuteesthinspdansthinspunthinspfluxthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsrsquoeacutecoulentthinspsansthinspcessethinspcethinspquithinsprendthinspleurthinspconnaissancethinspimpossiblethinsp(Athinsp6thinsp987athinsp32thinsp-thinsp987b1thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp12-16)thinspndashthinspPlatonthinspetthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspontthinspeuthinsprecoursthinspagravethinspdrsquoautresthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspquithinspexisteraientthinspenthinspplusthinspetthinspagravethinspcocircteacutethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspsensiblesthinsp(Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp15-16)thinsp

Il ne fait pas de doute qursquoAristote prend parti en lrsquooccurrence pour Socrate dontthinspilthinspathinspsalueacutethinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplrsquointeacuterecirctthinspfondateurthinsppourthinsplrsquouniverselthinspetthinsploueacutethinsplathinspsobrieacuteteacutethinspouthinsplathinspparcimonie ontologique13 Il deacutenonce en revanche le tournant ideacutealiste de ceux qui au lieu de se contenter de diffeacuterencier lrsquouniversel des particuliers comme lrsquoavaitthinspfaitthinspSocratethinspenthinspontthinspfaitthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspthinsplaquothinspτοῦτοthinspδέthinsp[hellip]thinspἐκίνησεthinspμὲνthinspΣωκράτηςthinspδιὰthinspτοὺςthinspὁρισμούςthinspοὐthinspμὴνthinspἐχώρισέthinspγεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονmiddotthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspὀρθῶςthinspἐνόησενthinspοὐthinspχωρίσαςthinspδηλοῖthinspδὲthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἔργωνmiddotthinspἄνευthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspτοῦthinspκαθόλουthinspοὐκthinspἔστινthinspἐπιστήμηνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspχωρίζεινthinspαἴτιονthinspτῶνthinspσυμβαινόντωνthinspδυσχερῶνthinspπερὶthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspἐστίνthinsp[Socratethinspathinspmisthinsplttoutgtthinspcelathinspenthinspbranlethinspparthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinspthinspilthinspnethinspltlesgt seacuteparait cependant pas des particuliers et il avait raison de penser ltqursquoelles ne sontgt pas seacutepareacutees Ce qui ressort clairement ltde la consideacuterationgt des reacutesultats drsquounethinsppartthinspsansthinsplrsquouniverselthinspilthinspestthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspparvenirthinspagravethinsplathinspsciencethinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplathinspseacuteparationthinspestthinsplathinspcausethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquithinspsurviennentthinspavecthinsplesthinspIdeacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Mthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp2-7)thinspOnthinsppeutthinspdoncthinspconclurethinspquethinspdrsquoapregravesthinspAristotethinspduthinspmoinsthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdes Ideacutees nrsquoeacutetaient pas les premiers agrave consideacuterer lrsquouniversel agrave part de la multipli-citeacute Il leur reviendrait en revanche drsquoavoir fait de la seacuteparation la maniegravere dont lrsquouniversel existe en dehors de la pluraliteacute dont il constitue lrsquouniteacute

Surthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspcettethinsppremiegraverethinspreconnaissancethinspagravethinspmecircmethinsplesthinsp textesthinspnousthinspnousthinspsommesthinspefforceacutesthinspdethinspreacutepondrethinspagravethinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinspquestionsthinspLesthinspdeuxthinspprincipalesthinspeacutetantthinspthinsppremiegraverementthinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvraithinspquethinsplethinspχωρισμόςthinspconstituethinsplathinspseulethinspalternativethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstabiliteacutethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspenthinspdevenir14thinspagravethinspquelthinsptypethinspdrsquoentiteacutesthinspcettethinspseacuteparationthinspaboutit-t-ellethinspthinspDeuxiegravemementthinspqursquoestthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdethinspbienthinspmalencontreuxthinspdansthinspcettethinspseacuteparationthinsppour qursquoAristote en fasse la racine de tous les inconveacutenients dont souffrirait la doctrine des Ideacutees15

13 On se souviendra que lrsquoune des attaques les plus seacutevegraveres qursquoAristote adresse aux partisans des Ideacuteesthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspredoublentthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspabsurdethinsplethinspnombrethinspdesthinspeacutetantsthinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica A 9 992a 26-27thinspthinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12)thinspCethinspquithinspestthinsplethinsprefletthinspdrsquounethinspcomptabiliteacutethinspaberrantethinspquithinspmultipliethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspeacutetaitthinspplusthinspaiseacutethinspdethinsplesthinspcompterthinsplorsqursquoilsthinspsontthinspplusthinspnombreuxthinspquethinsplorsqursquoilsthinspsontthinspmoinsthinspnombreuxthinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8)thinspLrsquoobjectionthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspeacutetudieacuteethinspaussithinspenthinspdeacutetailthinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplethinspsouhaiterthinspdansthinspD LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave Meacutetaphysique A 9 990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspSurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp(2008)thinsppthinsp305-32214thinspthinspLrsquoaffirmationthinsppeutthinspparaicirctrethinspndashthinspdethinspprimethinspabordthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppeuthinsppeacuteremptoirethinspmaisthinspellethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdeacutepourvuethinspde fondement Cf notamment Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp7-9thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδrsquothinspὡςthinspἀναγκαῖονthinspεἴπερthinspἔσονταίthinspτινεςthinspοὐσίαιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspαἰσθητὰςthinspκαὶthinspῥεούσαςthinspχωριστὰςthinspεἶναιthinsp[srsquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinspunthinspfluxthinspilthinspestthinspneacutecessairethinsppourthinspeuxthinspqursquoellesthinspsoientthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp15thinspthinspCettethinspaffirmationthinspaussithinsppeutthinspparaicirctrethinspquelquethinsppeuthinspexcessivethinspmaisthinspellethinspnonthinspplusthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspsansthinspfondement dans les textes Agrave cocircteacute drsquoAristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp2-7thinspquethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspciterthinspetthinspquithinspestthinspassezthinspexplicitethinspenthinspcethinspsensthinsponthinspeacutevoquerathinspeacutegalementthinspMthinsp9thinsp1085athinsp23-29thinspougravethinspAristotethinsprevientthinspsurthinsplathinspracinethinspcommunethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdansthinsplesquellesthinspversentthinsplesthinspdoctrinesthinspacadeacutemiciennesthinspdesthinspnombresthinspetthinspdesthinspgrandeursthinsp(πάντωνthinspδὲthinspκοινὸνthinspτούτων)thinspetthinspquithinspestthinspanaloguethinspagravethinspcellethinspquithinspconsistethinspagravethinsptraiterthinsplesthinspgenresthinsp

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Aristote ndash tout comme Platon drsquoailleurs ndash nrsquoa pas poseacute explicitement les deux questions Il y a toutefois non seulement de quoi les formuler mais aussi de quoi leurthinspapporterthinspunethinspreacuteponsethinspenthinspsrsquoautorisantthinspsansthinsptropthinsplesthinsptiraillerthinspdrsquounthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspde textes tireacutes du corpus de lrsquoun et de lrsquoautre

EnthinspdeacutepitthinspduthinspfaitthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdeacutenonccedilaitthinspndashthinspencorethinspquethinspdethinspmaniegraverethinsppassablementthinspdeacutetourneacutee et non sans ironie16 ndash lrsquoamalgame des Ideacutees et des particuliers Aristote semblethinsplrsquoavoirthinspfondamentalementthinsprepristhinspagravethinspsonthinspcomptethinspthinspilthinspenthinspathinspmecircmethinspfaitthinsplathinspchevillethinspouvriegravere de son rejet des Formes seacutepareacutees Aussi si lrsquoon pose la question de savoir cethinspqursquoontthinspenthinspcommunthinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspprecirctaitthinspauthinsppersonnagethinspeacuteponymethinspdans la premiegravere partie du Parmeacutenide17 drsquoune part et drsquoautre part les critiques

commethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(ὅπερthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspτῶνthinspὡςthinspγένουςthinspσυμβαίνειthinspδιαπορεῖν)thinspDethinspfaitthinsp lorsqursquoonthinspnethinspseacuteparethinsppasthinsplrsquouniverselthinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspproblegravemethinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspμὴthinspχωριστοῦthinspμὲνthinspὄντοςthinspοὐδεμίανthinspποιήσειthinspἀπορίαν)thinspalorsthinspquethinspndashthinsplorsqursquoonthinsplethinspseacuteparethinspcommethinsplethinspfontthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspndashthinsponthinspsethinsprendthinsplathinspviethinspdifficilethinspsithinspcethinspnrsquoestthinspimpossiblethinsp(χωριστοῦthinspδέthinspὥσπερthinspοἱthinspταῦταthinspλέγοντέςthinspφασιthinspτοῦthinspἑνὸςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀριθμῶνthinspοὐthinspῥᾴδιονthinspλῦσαιthinspεἰthinspμὴthinspῥᾴδιονthinspδεῖthinspλέγεινthinspτὸthinspἀδύνατον)thinsp16thinspthinspMecircmethinspsithinsponthinsplaissethinspdethinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinspquestionsthinsptregravesthinspdeacutebattuesthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspduthinspdialoguethinspainsithinspquethinspetthinspsurtoutthinspdethinspsathinspfinaliteacutethinsp(questionsthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspabordeacuteesthinspenthinspquelquethinspdeacutetailthinspagravethinsppartirthinspdesthinspmateacuteriauxthinsprassembleacutesthinspenthinspvuethinspdrsquounethinsppublicationthinspreacutecentethinspagravethinspsavoirthinspL Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspRevue de Philosophie Anciennethinsp32thinsp(2014)thinsppthinsp35-85thinspthinspquestionsthinspauthinspsujetthinspdesquellesthinspvautthinspencorethinspetthinsptoujoursthinspcethinspque R kLibanSkythinspeacutecrivaitthinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspsoixantethinspansthinspauthinsptoutthinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspsonthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspParmenides in thethinspMiddlethinspAgesthinspandthinspthethinspRenaissancethinspraquothinspMediaeval and Renaissance Studiesthinsp1thinsp(1943)thinsppthinsp281thinspthinsplaquothinspNothinspother Platonic dialogue perhaps no other philosophical work has undergone such strange vicissitudes as the ParmenidesthinspConsideredthinspbythinsponethinspgroupthinspofthinspexegetesthinspasthinspathinspmerethinspexercisethinspinthinspdialecticthinspregardedthinspbythinspanotherthinspasthinspanthinspimportantthinspcontributionthinsptothinspthethinsptheorythinspofthinspideasthinsprejectedthinspbythinspsomethinspasthinspspuriousthinspviewedthinspbythinspathinspfewthinspasthinspathinsphumorousthinspparodythinspandthinspextolledthinspbythinspmanythinspasthinspthethinspsupremethinspexpressionthinspofthinspPlatonicthinsptheologythinspitsthinspcharacterthinspwasthinspnothinsplessthinspdisputedthinspinthinspthethinspschoolsthinspofthinspAntiquitythinspthanthinspamongthinspmodernthinspinterpretersthinspraquo)thinsponthinspconviendra aiseacutement que plus drsquoun aspect de la mise en scegravene du Parmeacutenide peut laisser le lecteur perplexethinspthinsp depuisthinsp lrsquoimprobablethinsp datethinsp dramatiquethinsp jusqursquoauthinsp choixthinsp desthinsp personnagesthinsp ndashthinsp quithinsp nethinsp brillentthinsppasthinsppourthinsp leurthinspcreacutedibiliteacutethinspphilosophiquethinspndashthinspquithinspsethinspseraientthinsp relayeacutesthinsp lethinspreacutecitthinspdrsquounthinspentretienthinspndashthinspqursquoonthinsp litthinspde troisiegraveme main ndash qui aurait eu lieu entre un Parmeacutenide deacutesormais vieillissant et un Socrate plus preacutecoce dans son attachement aux Ideacutees qursquoon aurait pu le croire moins inspireacute cependant dans son rocircle tout aussi atypique de reacutepondant plutocirct que de questionneur 17thinspthinspNousthinsp avonsthinsp consacreacutethinsp lesthinsp seacuteancesthinsp duthinsp 2thinsp etthinsp 9thinspmarsthinsp 2015thinsp agravethinsp unethinsp lecturethinsp commenteacuteethinsp dethinspPlatonis Parmenides eacuted C MoreSChinithinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1966thinsp127athinsp7thinsp(ἔφηthinspδὲthinspδὴthinspὁthinsprsquoΑντιφῶνthinspλέγεινthinspτὸνthinspΠυθόδωρονthinspὅτιthinspκτλthinspougravethinspdeacutebutethinsplethinspreacutecitthinspduthinsppremierthinspeacutechangethinspentrethinspSocratethinspetthinspZeacutenonthinsppreacuteludethinspdethinspceluithinspavecthinspParmeacutenide)thinsp-thinsp135ethinsp4thinsp(οὗτοςthinspεἶπενthinspὅνπερthinspἤκουσαςthinspΖήνωνοςthinspκτλthinspougravethinspsrsquoachegravevethinsplethinspreacutequisitoirethinspde Parmeacutenide contre les Formes avec la revendication ndash agrave premiegravere vue paradoxale ndash de lrsquoexigence dethinsppostulerthinspleurthinspexistence)thinspAgravethinsppartirthinspdethinsplathinspconsideacuterationthinspdrsquounthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquoindicesthinspinternesthinspetthinspexternes nous avons repris la suggestion selon laquelle lrsquoarsenal deacuteployeacute contre lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees ne sanctionnethinsppasthinspsonthinspnaufragethinsp(auxthinspnombreusesthinspnuancesthinsppregravesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdethinsplathinsplignethinspinterpreacutetativethinspinaugureacuteethinsppar J wahL Eacutetude sur le Parmeacutenide de Platon F riederthinspParisthinsp1926thinsppthinsp31thinspetthinsp35thinspthinspFthinspM CornFord Plato and Parmenides Parmenidesrsquo laquo Way of truth raquo and Platorsquos Parmenides London Kegan Paul TrenchthinspTrubnerthinsp1939thinsppthinsp86-87thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy J hoPkinS PressthinspBaltimorethinsp1944thinsppthinsp292-298thinspetthinsp536thinspthinspD roSS Platorsquos Theory of Ideas Clarendon Press Oxford 1951thinsppthinsp87-89)thinspSithinsplesthinspFormesthinspnethinspsortentthinsppasthinsprenforceacuteesthinspdethinspcettethinspordaliethinsponthinspauraitthinsptoutefoisthinsptortthinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinspcroyancethinspdansthinspleurthinspexistencethinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspeacutebranleacuteethinspParmithinsplesthinspindicesthinspexternesthinspmilitantthinspenthinspfaveurthinspdrsquounthinspbilanthinspcritiquethinspplutocirctthinspmitigeacutethinspduthinspreacutequisitoirethinspparmeacutenideacuteenthinspmentionnonsthinspauthinspmoinsthinsplesthinspdeux qui paraissent eacutevoquer la passe drsquoarmes du Parmeacutenide En premier lieu Platonis Timaeus eacuted A rivaudthinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1925thinsp51bthinsp7thinsp-thinsp51dthinsp2thinspougravethinsptoutthinspenthinspreconnaissantthinsplathinspleacutegitimiteacutethinspdrsquounethinsp

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qursquoAristote adresse aux partisans des Ideacutees on ne srsquoeacuteloignera pas de la veacuteriteacute en reacutepondant que crsquoest justement le fait de consideacuterer drsquoun seul tenant les particuliers sensiblesthinspetthinspleursthinspcontrepartiesthinspintelligiblesthinsp

LethinsprappelthinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinspdialoguethinspplatonicien18 permet agrave Socrate de deacutejouer ndash pour un temps au moins ndash les arguments de Zeacutenon contre la multipliciteacutethinspenthinsplesthinspreleacuteguantthinspdansthinspunethinspreacutegionthinspdethinsplrsquoecirctrethinspcellethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspenthinspdevenirthinspqui ndash preacuteciseacutement ndash nrsquoest pas celle des Formes lesquelles se trouveraient par lagrave-mecircmethinspsoustraitesthinspauxthinspparadoxesthinspquithinspaffectentthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspLesthinspIdeacuteesthinsppermettentthinspdonc de relativiser ou de reacutegionaliser les paradoxes souleveacutes par Zeacutenon les choses drsquoici-basthinsppeuventthinsppreacutesenterthinspdesthinspcaractegraveresthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspcontradictoires19 Il nrsquoy a lagrave

mise agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees le personnage eacuteponyme lui accorde cependant une place assezthinspmodestethinspdansthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspvoirethinspmecircmethinspaccessoirethinsp (ilthinsp srsquoagitthinspcommethinspilthinspestthinspditthinspenthinsp51cthinsp7thinspdrsquounthinspsimplethinspπάρεργον)thinspthinspaucunethinspdesthinsppreuvesthinspagravethinspchargethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspnrsquoestthinspreprisethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspunethinspinstructionthinspsubsidiairethinspouthinspdethinspsubstitutionthinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspclasserthinspsansthinspsuitethinsplesthinspsoupccedilonsthinspagravethinspsonthinspencontrethinspenthinspmobilisantthinsplathinspdistinctionthinspentrethinspsensiblethinspetthinspintelligiblethinspquithinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcellethinspinvoqueacuteethinspparthinsplethinspjeunethinspSocratethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinspParmeacutenidethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoilthinspintroduitthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspafinthinspdethinspcontournerthinsplesthinspparadoxes zeacutenoniens de la multipliciteacute En second lieu Platonis Philebus eacuted A diegraveS Les Belles LettresthinspParisthinsp1941thinsp14cthinsp7thinsp-thinsp15cthinsp3thinspougravethinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspagravethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspetthinspagravethinsplathinspmultipliciteacutethinspdansthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdansthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspaporiesthinspeacutevoqueacuteesthinspdansthinspdesthinsptermesthinsptregravesthinspprochesthinspdethinspceuxthinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplirethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspnotrethinspdialoguethinspndashthinspnethinspsontthinsppasthinspmoinsthinsppreacutesenteacuteesthinspcommethinspunethinspcausethinspdrsquoembarrasthinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspἁπάσηςthinspἀπορίαςthinspαἴτια)thinspquethinspcommethinspunethinspressourcethinsppreacutecieusethinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspεὐπορίαςthinspltαἴτιαgt)thinspagravethinspconditionthinspndashthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspdethinsplesthinspneacutegocierthinspcorrectementthinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspκαλῶςthinspὁμολογηθέντα)thinspParmithinsplesthinspindicesthinspinternesthinsprappelonsthinsples deux principaux En premier lieu les critiques que le personnage eacuteponyme adresse agrave son jeune partenairethinspdethinspdiscussionthinsptoutthinspnombreusesthinspetthinspvarieacuteesthinspqursquoellesthinspsoientthinspparthinspailleursthinspnrsquoaboutissentthinsppasthinspau rejet de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees Bien au contraire sa valeur eacutepisteacutemologique voire la neacutecessiteacute de cettethinsphypothegravesethinspestthinsprevendiqueacuteethinspparthinspParmeacutenidethinsplui-mecircmethinspthinspsethinspdeacutetournerthinspdesthinspFormesthinsprevientthinspagravethinsppriverthinsplathinsppenseacuteethinspdethinsptoutethinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspsethinspdonnerthinspunthinspobjetthinspainsithinspqursquoagravethinspdeacutetruirethinsplethinspfondementthinspdethinsplathinspdialectiquethinspetthinspdethinspsathinsppratiquethinspautantthinspdirethinspdethinsplathinspphilosophiethinspelle-mecircmethinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp135bthinsp5thinsp-thinsp135cthinsp6)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu non seulement Parmeacutenide rappelle que lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees constitue la condition sine qua nonthinspdethinsplathinsppenseacuteethinspetthinspduthinspdiscoursthinspmaisthinspencorethinspilthinspaidethinspSocratethinspagravethinspidentifierthinsplrsquooriginethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdansthinsplesquellesthinspilthinsplrsquoathinspplongeacutethinspEtthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspavisthinspcesthinspaporiesthinspembarrassentthinsplethinspjeunethinspSocratethinspmoinsthinspparcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspinheacuterentesthinspagravethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdoncthinspincontournablesthinspvoirethinspinsurmontablesthinspque parce qursquoil nrsquoest pas assez expeacuterimenteacute pour les deacutejouer ou qursquoil srsquoy est pris trop tocirct pour le faire CesthinspdifficulteacutesthinsptiennentthinspdoncthinspmoinsthinspauthinspfaitthinspquethinsplesthinspFormesthinspposentthinspdavantagethinspdethinspproblegravemesthinspqursquoellethinspnethinsppermettentthinspdrsquoenthinspreacutesoudrethinspqursquoauthinspfaitthinspquethinspSocratethinspsrsquoestthinspattaqueacutethinspagravethinspcesthinspproblegravemesthinsptropthinspjeunethinspetthinspsansthinsplethinspbagagethinspouthinsplrsquoentraicircnementthinspneacutecessairesthinspagravethinsplesthinspreacutesoudrethinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp130ethinsp1-4thinspetthinsp135cthinsp8thinsp-thinsp135d)thinsp18 Platonis Parmenidesthinsp128ethinsp5thinsp-thinsp129athinsp3thinspthinsplaquothinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspοὐthinspνομίζειςthinspεἶναιthinspαὐτὸthinspκαθrsquothinsp[129a]thinspαὑτὸthinspεἶδόςthinsp τιthinsp ὁμοιότητοςthinsp καὶthinsp τῷthinsp τοιούτῳthinsp αὖthinsp ἄλλοthinsp τιthinsp ἐναντίονthinsp ὃthinsp ἔστινthinsp ἀνόμοιονmiddotthinsp τούτοινthinsp δὲthinsp δυοῖνthinspὄντοινthinspκαὶthinspἐμὲthinspκαὶthinspσὲthinspκαὶthinspτἆλλαthinspἃthinspδὴthinspπολλὰthinspκαλοῦμενthinspμεταλαμβάνεινthinspthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτῆςthinspὁμοιότητοςthinspμεταλαμβάνονταthinspὅμοιαthinspγίγνεσθαιthinsp ταύτῃthinspτεthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτοσοῦτονthinspὅσονthinspἂνthinspμεταλαμβάνῃthinsp τὰthinspδὲthinspτῆςthinspἀνομοιότητοςthinspἀνόμοιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspἀμφοτέρωνthinspἀμφότεραthinspthinsp[L briSSon Platon Parmeacutenide Flammarion Paris 1999 p 90 laquo ltSocrate gt ne partages-tu pas ces convictions il y a une Forme en soi de la RessemblancethinspthinspunethinsptellethinspFormethinspathinsppourthinspcontrairethinspcethinspqursquoestthinsplathinspDissemblancethinspthinsplesthinspchosesthinspdontthinspnousthinspdisonsthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspmultiplesthinspmoithinsptoithinspouthinspautrethinspchosethinspparticipentthinspagravethinspcesthinspdeuxthinspFormesthinspquithinspsontthinspveacuteritablementthinspthinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspparcethinspqursquoellesthinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspRessemblancethinspetthinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspellesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspquethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspRessemblancethinspsontthinspsemblablesthinsptandisthinspquethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspDissemblancethinspsontthinspdissemblablesthinspetthinspquethinspcellesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspauxthinspdeuxthinspFormesthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspsontthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspsemblablesthinspetthinspdissemblables]thinspraquothinsp19 Cf Platonis Parmenidesthinsp129athinsp6thinsp-thinsp129dthinsp6thinspougravethinspSocratethinspfaitthinspremarquerthinspquethinsplethinspmecircmethinsphommethinsptoutthinspuniquethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspdrsquoautresthinspecirctresthinsphumainsthinspapparaicirctthinspmultiplethinsplorsqursquoonthinspconsidegraverethinspqursquoilthinspathinsp

Leone Gazziero

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rienthinspdethinspbienthinspeacutetonnantthinspCethinspquithinspeacutetonneraitthinspSocratethinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspdethinspfaitthinspvathinsplrsquoeacutetonnerthinspdansthinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinspdialoguethinspndashthinspcethinspseraitthinspplutocirctthinspdethinspretrouverthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinspcontradictions que tout un chacun peut constater au niveau du monde de lrsquoexpeacuterience Crsquoestthinsplethinspsensthinspduthinspdeacutefithinspqursquoilthinsplancethinspndashthinspenthinsp129ethinsp3thinsp-130athinsp2thinspndashthinspavantthinspdethinspceacutederthinsplathinspparolethinspauthinsppersonnagethinspquithinspdonnethinspauthinspdialoguethinspsonthinsptitrethinspthinsplaquothinspταῦταthinspδὲthinspἀνδρείωςthinspμὲνthinspπάνυthinspἡγοῦμαιthinspπεπραγματεῦσθαιmiddotthinspπολὺthinspμεντἂνthinspὧδεthinspμᾶλλονthinspὡςthinspλέγωthinspἀγασθείηνthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἔχοιthinspτὴνthinspαὐτὴνthinspταύτηνthinspἀπορίανthinspἐνthinspαὐτοῖςthinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσιthinsp[130a]thinspπαντοδαπῶςthinspπλεκομένηνthinspὥσπερthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspὁρωμένοιςthinspδιήλθετεthinspοὕτωςthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspλογισμῷthinspλαμβανομένοιςthinspἐπιδεῖξαιthinsp[L Brisson Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ton argumentation tu la conduis avec unethinspbellethinspetthinspmacirclethinspvigueurthinspmaisthinspavecthinspcombienthinspplusthinspdethinspplaisirthinspencorethinspjethinsplethinspreacutepegravetethinspjrsquoapplaudiraisthinspceluithinspquithinspsauraitthinspmontrerthinspcommentthinspcettethinspmecircmethinspdifficulteacutethinspsethinspretrouvethinspentrelaceacuteethinspdethinsptoutethinspsortethinspdethinspfaccedilonsthinspauthinspniveauthinspmecircmethinspdesthinspFormesthinspetthinspquithinspdeacutemontreraitthinspquethinspcettethinspdifficulteacutethinspquethinspvousthinspParmeacutenidethinspetthinsptoithinspZeacutenonthinspavezthinspdeacutecritethinspenthinspdeacutetailthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspvisiblesthinspsethinspmanifestethinspaussithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspquethinspsaisitthinsplathinspraison]thinspraquothinspOrthinspParmeacutenidethinsprelegravevethinsplethinspdeacutefithinspdethinspSocratethinspetthinspfaitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspce que celui-ci sommait Zeacutenon drsquoaccomplir agrave savoir faire remonter au niveau des Ideacutees les paradoxes qursquoil pensait avoir circonscrits au domaine des particuliers sensibles20thinspCelathinspsethinsptraduitthinspparthinspunethinspbatteriethinspdethinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinspParmeacutenidethinspsoulegravevethinspetthinspquithinsppartagentthinspunthinspmecircmethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspDethinspfaitthinspcethinspquithinspconfegraverethinspagravethinspcesthinspaporiesthinspleurthinspallurethinspcontraignantethinspetthinspplusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquithinspleurthinspassurethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspformuleacuteesthinspdansthinspdesthinsptermesthinspquithinsprendentthinspleurthinspsolutionthinspimpossiblethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspquethinsptoutthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspqursquoelles soient des individus mateacuteriels les Formes sont traiteacutees agrave leur tour comme desthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspphysiquesthinspToutthinspcommethinspcelles-cithinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspnithinspecirctrethinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdrsquoelles-mecircmesthinspnithinspsethinsptrouverthinspenthinspmecircmethinsptempsthinspenthinspplusieursthinspendroitsthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquoellesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspecirctrethinspcommunesthinspauxthinspplusieursthinspsinonthinspagravethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdrsquounthinsptoutthinspcorporelthinspdontthinspchacunthinsppossegravederaitthinspalternativementthinsplrsquointeacutegraliteacutethinspouthinspunethinsppartiethinspthinspellesthinsppeuventthinspenthinsprevanchethinspecirctrethinspcompteacuteesthinspenthinspplusthinspetthinspagravethinspcocircteacutethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspleurthinspressemblerthinspetthinspsethinspressemblerthinspentrethinspellesthinspetcthinsp

plusieursthinspmembresthinsptoutthinspcommethinspilthinspapparaicirctthinspdiffeacuterentthinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspobservethinspquethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspdroitthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspgauchethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsplethinspmecircmethinspsithinsponthinsplethinspregardethinspdethinspfrontthinspouthinspdethinspdosthinspetcthinsp20 Le point de deacutepart de ce tour de force dialectique est un deuxiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacuteesthinspdontthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspestthinsptregravesthinspsignificatifthinspenthinspcethinspqursquoilthinspintroduitthinsplethinspregistrethinspdethinsplathinspseacuteparationthinsp(Formesthinspetthinspparticuliersthinspsontthinspχωρίςthinspagravethinsppartthinsplesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautres)thinspthinsplaquothinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspκαίthinspμοιthinspεἰπέthinspαὐτὸςthinspσὺthinspοὕτωthinspδιῄρησαιthinspὡςthinspλέγειςthinspχωρὶςthinspμὲνthinspεἴδηthinspαὐτὰthinspἄτταthinspχωρὶςthinspδὲthinspτὰthinspτούτωνthinspαὖthinspμετέχονταthinspthinspκαίthinspτίthinspσοιthinspδοκεῖthinspεἶναιthinspαὐτὴthinspὁμοιότηςthinspχωρὶςthinspἧςthinspἡμεῖςthinspὁμοιότητοςthinspἔχομενthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspδὴthinspκαὶthinspπολλὰthinspκαὶthinspπάνταthinspὅσαthinspνυνδὴthinspΖήνωνοςthinspἤκουεςthinspthinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspἔμοιγεthinspφάναιthinspτὸνthinspΣωκράτηthinsp[L briSSon Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspetthinspdis-moithinspas-tuthinspfaitthinsptoi-mecircmethinsplathinspdistinctionthinspdontthinsptuthinspparlesthinspmettantthinspdrsquounthinspcocircteacutethinspcethinspquethinsptuthinspappellesthinsplesthinspFormesthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinspdrsquounthinspautrethinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspenthinspparticipentthinspthinspEtthinsptethinspsemble-t-ilthinspqursquoilthinspythinspaitthinspunethinspRessemblancethinspenthinspsoithinspdistinctethinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspenthinspnousthinspetthinspqursquoilthinspenthinspvathinspdethinspmecircmethinsppourthinsplrsquoUniteacutethinsppourthinsplathinspPluraliteacutethinspetthinsppourthinsptoutesthinsplesthinspchosesthinspquethinspZeacutenonthinspvientthinspdrsquoeacutevoquerthinspthinspltSocratethinspgtthinspenthinspcethinspquithinspmethinspconcernethinsp jethinsp lethinsp reconnaisthinsp reacuteponditthinspSocrate]thinspraquothinsp (Platonis Parmenidesthinsp 130bthinsp1-6)thinspAuthinspsujetthinspdethinsplathinsplaquothinspseacuteparationthinspraquothinsptellethinspqursquoellethinspestthinsppreacutefigureacuteethinspchezthinspPlatonthinspcfthinspG vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspldquoSeparationrdquothinspinthinspPlatothinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp5thinsp(1987)thinsppthinsp186-197thinspetthinspDthinspT devereux laquo Separation and ImmanencethinspinthinspPlatorsquosthinspTheorythinspofthinspFormsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp12thinsp(1994)thinsppthinsp63-90thinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

130

Ce preacutesupposeacute est clairement agrave lrsquoœuvre dans les apories meacutereacuteologiques qui ouvrent le reacutequisitoire contre les Formes21 La participation des particuliers aux Formes ne diffegravere en rien de la participation des particuliers entre eux seul un corpsthinspmateacuterielthinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspdonneacutethinspenthinsppartagethinspouthinspbienthinsptoutthinspentierthinspouthinspbienthinspenthinspplusieursthinspmorceaux seuls des individus mateacuteriels et leurs parties peuvent avoir une taille et ecirctrethinspplusthinspgrandsthinspouthinspplusthinsppetitsthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspetcthinspSithinspbienthinspquethinsplrsquoalternativethinspbinairethinspsur laquelle repose le dilemme de la participation22thinspagravethinspsavoirthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspparticiperthinspqursquoagravethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinsplrsquounethinspdethinspsesthinsppartiesthinspnrsquoathinspdethinspsensthinspquethinspsithinsplathinspFormethinspestthinsptraiteacuteethinspcommethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquoaussithinspconcretthinspquethinsplesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspvisiblesthinspetthinsptangiblesthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinsp

Ce preacutesupposeacute est formuleacute en toutes lettres dans lrsquoun des arguments avanceacutes par Parmeacutenide23thinspmecircmethinspsithinspcelathinspestthinsptropthinspsouventthinsppasseacutethinspsousthinspsilencethinspdansthinsplathinsplitteacutera-ture secondaire24thinspDethinspfaitthinsplathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspparthinsplaquellethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsp(enthinsp

21 La seacutequence est ouverte par un troisiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees et notamment de lrsquoeacuteponymie qui les lie aux reacutealiteacutes qui en participent (cf Platonis Parmenides 130e 4 et sq)thinsp22thinspthinspCrsquoestthinspSocratethinsplui-mecircmethinspquithinspestthinspameneacutethinspagravethinspreconnaicirctrethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdrsquoautresthinsppossibiliteacutesthinspthinsplaquothinspκαὶthinspπῶςthinspἄνthinspthinspraquothinspreacutepond-ilthinspenthinspeffetthinspagravethinspParmeacutenidethinspquithinspluithinspdemandethinspsithinspunethinsplaquothinspautrethinspparticipationthinspraquothinspndashthinspenthinspplusthinspdethinspcellethinspprisethinspdansthinsplrsquoalternativethinspduthinsptoutthinspetthinspdesthinsppartiesthinspndashthinspest-ellethinsppossiblethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐκοῦνthinspἤτοιthinspὅλουthinspτοῦthinspεἴδουςthinspἢthinspμέρουςthinspἕκαστονthinspτὸthinspμεταλαμβάνονthinspμεταλαμβάνειthinspthinspἢthinspἄλληthinspτιςthinspἂνthinspμετάληψιςthinspχωρὶςthinspτούτωνthinspγένοιτοthinspthinspraquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp131athinsp4-6)thinsp23 Cf Platonis 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estimesthinspquethinsplethinspGrandthinspestthinspunrdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquotuthinspdisthinspvrairdquothinspreacutepondit-ilthinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquoorthinspqursquoenthinspest-ilthinspduthinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinspdesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesthinspsithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptousthinspparthinsptonthinspacircmethinspthinspnrsquoest-ce pas qursquoagrave nouveau quelque chose drsquounique apparaicirctra grand en vertu duquel il est neacutecessaire quethinsptoutesthinspcesthinspchosesthinspapparaissentthinspgrandesthinsprdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquosemble-t-ilrdquothinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquounethinspautrethinspForme de grandeur fera donc son apparition surgissant agrave part de la grandeur en soi et des choses qui participent de la grandeur en soi ainsi qursquoune autre ltFormegt agrave nouveau en plus de toutes celles-lagrave par laquelle toutes ces choses seront grandes Aussi chacune de tes Formes ne sera pas unique mais 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ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqursquoonthinsplitthinspenthinsp132athinsp5-6thinspPirethinsplethinspὡσαύτωςthinspserathinspamputeacutethinspagravethinsptermethinspdethinspsathinsptraductionthinspAussithinspdansthinsplathinspcontributionthinspquithinspsethinspveutthinsppourtantthinsplathinspplus respectueuse de la lettre du texte (G vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspldquoThirdthinspManrdquothinspArgumentthinsp(Parmenides 132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspTextthinspandthinspLogicthinspraquothinspThe Philosophical Quarterlythinsp19thinsp[1969]thinsppthinsp291)thinsplrsquoadverbethinspathinsptoutthinspsimplementthinspdisparuthinspCethinspquithinspnonthinspseulementthinspcomprometthinsplrsquointelligibiliteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspmaisthinspencorethinspetthinspsurtout occulte le preacutesupposeacute (la confusion entre les Formes et les particuliers 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lrsquooccurrencethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspGrandeur)thinspsethinsptrouvethinspcompromisethinspreposethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspsurthinsplathinspclausethinsplaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardes tous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqui se porte garante de lrsquoenchaicircnement des diffeacuterentes eacutetapes de lrsquoargument lequel consistethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspagravethinspreacutepeacuteterthinsplathinspmecircmethinspopeacuterationthinspparthinsplaquellethinsponthinsprassemblethinspdansthinspunethinspvuethinspdrsquoensemblethinspunethinsppluraliteacutethinspdethinspchosesthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdrsquounethinspdeacuteterminationthinspcommunethinspAuthinspdemeurantthinspsithinsponthinspnethinspregardaitthinsppasthinsplathinspFormethinspetthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinsp(ὡσαύτως)thinspcommentthinspdeacuteclencherthinsplathinspdeacuterivethinspinflationnistethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspreacutecursivementthinspla position drsquoune deuxiegraveme Ideacutee puis drsquoune nouvelle puis drsquoune autre encore et ainsi dethinspsuitethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspthinspCettethinspsuggestionthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppernicieusethinspqursquoellethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleursthinspndash porte tout le poids de lrsquoargument dans la mesure ougrave elle est appeleacutee agrave assurer lathinspcontinuiteacutethinspentrethinspcethinspquithinspsrsquoestthinspmanifesteacutethinspauthinspniveauthinspdethinsplrsquoinspectionthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspet ce qui va se manifester en eacutelargissant cette opeacuteration synoptique aux Formes elles-mecircmesthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspregardethinsplesthinspunsthinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinspthinsp

Or il y a au moins un platonicien qui a vu les Ideacutees de cette faccedilon agrave savoir comme des reacutealiteacutes qui si tant est qursquoelles existent existent agrave la faccedilon des par-ticuliersthinsp sensiblesthinspCethinsp platonicienthinsp estthinsp naturellementthinspAristotethinsp chezthinsp quithinsp lrsquoassi-milationthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspconstituethinsplethinsplevierthinspdesthinspreprochesthinspreacutecurrents qursquoil a formuleacutes agrave lrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Formes Plus preacuteciseacute-ment si lrsquoon distingue ndash non sans fondement quoique de maniegravere un peu scheacute-matiquethinspndashthinspdeuxthinspgrandesthinspfamillesthinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspdansthinsplathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdes Ideacutees agrave savoir ndash drsquoune part ndash les apories lieacutees agrave leur existence (lesquelles visent agrave saper le fondement de la doctrine qui srsquoavegravere degraves lors tout simplement incapablethinspdethinspdeacutemontrerthinspqursquoellethinspathinspunthinspobjet)thinspetthinspndashthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspndashthinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspmoinsthinspagravethinsplrsquoexistencethinspelle-mecircmethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspqursquoagravethinspleurthinsprelationthinspavecthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinsp(lesquellesthinspvisentthinspagravethinspabolirthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspfairethinspappelthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinsppourthinspexpliquerthinspquoi que ce soit en termes de participation preacutesence ou encore imitation des unesthinspparthinsprapportthinspauxthinspautres)25thinspilthinspestthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspplausiblethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfamille fait intervenir ndash agrave tous les coups ndash cette assimilation des Formes et des substancesthinspmateacuteriellesthinspIlthinspsrsquoagitthinspndashthinspautrementthinspditthinspndashthinspdethinsplathinspconditionthinspsuffisantethinsp(soitthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspsoitthinspsurthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspconsideacuterationsthinspquithinsp luithinspsontthinspsolidaires)thinsppourthinspfairethinspdeacuteraillerthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspAristotethinsppeutthinspdifficilementthinspecirctrethinspaccuseacutethinspdrsquoavoirthinspmacirccheacutethinspsesthinspmotsthinspthinspconcisthinspouithinspagravethinspsonthinspordinairethinspndashthinspobscurthinspnonthinsp

25thinspthinspOnthinspreacutesumerathinspcettethinspdistinctionthinspenthinspdeacutetournantthinspunthinspceacutelegravebrethinsptraitthinsppascalienthinsp(Penseacutees eacuted P SeLLier MercurethinspdethinspFrancethinspParisthinsp1976thinsppthinsp445thinsp[887])thinspthinsplaquothinspPlatonthinspincertainthinspetthinspinutilethinspraquothinsplaquothinspIncertainthinspraquothinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspilthinsppostulethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdontthinspilthinspnethinspparvientthinsppasthinspagravethinspprouverthinspqursquoellesthinspexistentthinspthinsplaquothinspinutilethinspraquothinsppuisquethinspmecircmethinspsithinspdethinsptellesthinspentiteacutesthinspexistentthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditthinspellesthinspnethinspcontribueraientthinsppasthinspgrand-chosethinspagravethinspnotrethinspgouvernethinspouthinspagravethinspnotrethinspconnaissancethinspduthinspmondethinspdrsquoici-basthinspPuisqursquoilsthinspeacutepousentthinspbienthinspauthinspniveauthinspde la division du travail exeacutegeacutetique cette dualiteacute rappelons deux textes de F Fronterotta qursquoon peut prendre comme points de repegravere macroscopiques au sein de la tregraves vaste litteacuterature secondaire (au sujet dethinsplaquellethinspcfthinsplesthinspindicationsthinspfourniesthinspplusthinspbasthinspnotethinsp32)thinspthinspF Fronterotta laquo ldquoLes Formes nrsquoexistent pasthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditrdquothinspLathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspF Pradeauthinsp(eacuted)thinspPlaton Les formes intelligiblesthinspPUFthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp129-154thinspetthinsplaquothinspLathinspcriticathinsparistotelicathinspallathinspfunzionethinspcausalethinspdelle Idee platoniche MetafisicathinspAthinsp9thinsp991athinsp8thinsp-thinsp991bthinsp9thinspraquothinspdansthinspF Fronterottathinsp(eacuted)thinspLa scienza e le cause a partire dalla Metafisica di Aristotele BibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp2010thinsppthinsp93-119thinsp

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Selon un paradoxe qui nrsquoen est un qursquoen apparence ce qursquoAristote sanctionne chezthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsplethinspvicethinspreacutedhibitoirethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspagravethinspluithinsptoutthinspseulthinsplethinsprejetthinspdethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspenthinspquestionthinspndashthinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcethinspqursquoilthinspestthinspprecirctthinspagravethinspleurthinspaccorderthinspAutant dire le dilemme des partisans des Ideacutees est qursquoils ont tort et raison agrave la foisthinspetthinspndashthinspsurtoutthinspndashthinspqursquoilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspontthinspraisonthinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspλέγοντεςthinspτῇthinspμὲνthinspὀρθῶςthinspλέγουσιthinspχωρίζοντεςthinspαὐτάthinspεἴπερthinspοὐσίαιthinspεἰσίthinspτῇthinspδrsquothinspοὐκthinspὀρθῶςthinspὅτιthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspεἶδοςthinspλέγουσινthinsp[ceuxthinspquithinspdisentthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspontthinspraisonthinspet tort agrave la fois Ils ont raison de dire qursquoelles sont seacutepareacutees puisqursquoelles sont des substancesthinspthinspmaisthinspilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinspmultipli-citeacute]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp16thinsp1040bthinsp27-30)thinspOrthinspqursquoest-cethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspdire pourquoi au juste les partisans des Ideacutees ont drsquoun cocircteacute tort et de lrsquoautre raison Reacuteponse la conviction que poser lrsquoexistence de quelque chose ou ndash ce quithinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinsprevientthinspauthinspmecircmethinspndashthinspfairethinspdethinspquelquethinspchosesthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutequivautthinspagravethinspenthinspfairethinspunthinspparticulierthinspsensiblethinsp(peuthinspimportethinspalorsthinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspeacuteternelthinspou pas26)thinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinspauthinsp tourthinspdrsquoincantationthinsppregravesthinspndashthinspcrsquoestthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspfontthinspcommethinsplrsquoindiquethinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinsppassagethinspthinsplaquothinspαἴτιονthinspδrsquothinspὅτιthinspοὐκthinspἔχουσινthinspἀποδοῦναιthinspτίνεςthinspαἱthinspτοιαῦταιthinspοὐσίαιthinspαἱthinspἄφθαρτοιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspαἰσθητάςmiddotthinspποιοῦσινthinspοὖνthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspτῷthinspεἴδειthinspτοῖςthinspφθαρτοῖςthinsp(ταύταςthinspγὰρthinspἴσμεν)thinspαὐτοάνθρωπονthinspκαὶthinspαὐτόϊππονthinspπροστιθέντεςthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspτὸthinspῥῆμαthinspτὸthinspldquoαὐτόrdquothinsp[lathinspcausethinspltdethinspleurthinsperreurgtthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspsontthinspincapablesthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquethinspsontthinspdethinsptellesthinspsubstancesthinspincorruptiblesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspIlsthinspenthinspfontthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspspeacutecifiquementthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspcorruptiblesthinsp(celles-cithinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspsavonsthinspltcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontgt)thinspunthinspHommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspChevalthinspenthinspsoithinspenthinspajoutantthinspauxthinspltnomsthinspdesgtthinspchosesthinspsensiblesthinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquoenthinspsoirdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica Z

26 Aristotelis ethica nicomacheathinsp Ithinsp 6thinsp 1096athinsp 34thinsp -thinsp 1096bthinsp 5thinspthinsp laquothinspἀπορήσειεthinsp δrsquothinsp ἄνthinsp τιςthinsp τίthinsp ποτεthinsp καὶthinspβούλονταιthinspλέγεινthinspαὐτοέκαστονthinspεἴπερthinspἔνthinspτεthinspαὐτοανθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspεἷςthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspαὐτὸςthinspλόγοςthinspἐστὶνthinspὁthinspτοῦthinspἀνθρώπουthinspᾗthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωποςthinspοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσουσινmiddotthinspεἰthinspδrsquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὐδrsquothinspᾗthinspἀγαθόνthinspἀλλὰthinspμὴνthinspοὐδὲthinspτῷthinspἀίδιονthinspεἶναιthinspμᾶλλονthinspἀγαθὸνthinspἔσταιthinspεἴπερthinspμηδὲthinspλευκότερονthinspτὸthinspπολυχρόνιονthinspτοῦthinspἐφημέρουthinsp[R bodeacuteuumlS Aristote Eacutethique agrave Nicomaque Flammarion Paris 2004 p 61 on peut drsquoautre part se demander ce quethinsppeutthinspbienthinspvouloirthinspdirethinspenthinspdeacutefinitivethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquochosethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplrsquoldquohommethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspetthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinspdeacutefinissentthinspparthinspunethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspformulethinspcellethinspdethinsplrsquohommethinspCarthinspsithinsplrsquoonthinspconsidegraverethinsplathinspchose en tant qursquohomme cela ne fait aucune diffeacuterence Et dans ces conditions il nrsquoy a pas non plus agrave fairethinsplathinspdiffeacuterencethinspagravethinspproposthinspduthinspbienthinspsithinsponthinsplethinspconsidegraverethinspenthinsptantthinspquethinsptelthinspMaisthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspnonthinspplusthinspparcethinspqursquoilthinspseraitthinspeacuteternelthinspqursquounthinspbienthinspseraitthinspdavantagethinspunthinspbienthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspquithinspdurethinsplongtempsthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdavantagethinspcethinspqursquoellethinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspeacutepheacutemegravere]thinspraquothinsp

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133

16thinsp1040bthinsp30-34)27thinspCethinspquithinspndashthinsptoutthinsparbitrairethinspetthinspgratuitthinspquethinspcethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleurs28 ndash est ineacutevitablethinsppourthinsppeuthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspveuillethinsppreacuteserverthinsplathinspnotionthinspelle-mecircmethinspdethinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspγάρthinspτιςthinspμὴthinspθήσειthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspεἶναιthinspκεχωρισμέναςthinspκαὶthinspτὸνthinspτρόπονthinspτοῦτονthinspὡςthinspλέγεταιthinspτὰthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἀναιρήσειthinspτὴνthinspοὐσίανthinspὡςthinspβουλόμεθαthinspλέγεινthinsp[sithinsponthinspnethinspposethinsppasthinspquethinsplesthinspsubstancesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinsponthinspditthinspquethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspparticuliersthinsplethinspsontthinsponthinspdeacutetruitthinsplathinspsubstancethinspauthinspsensthinspougravethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendons]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp10thinsp1086bthinsp16-19)29

SurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspcethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspAristotethinspdeacuteveloppethinsptoutethinspunethinspseacuteriethinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspagravethinsplrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Ideacutees allant de lrsquoaccusation de verser dans une erreur aussi grossiegravere que lrsquoanthropomorphisme religieux30thinspagravethinspcellethinspdethinspredoublerthinspsansthinspraisonthinsp

27thinspthinspAristotethinspstigmatisethinspvolontiersthinsplesthinspliberteacutesthinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspprennentthinspavecthinsplethinsplangagethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinsptournerthinsplathinspplupartthinspduthinsptempsthinspagravethinspvidethinspAussithinsplorsqursquoilthinspnethinspbalaiethinspleurthinspproposthinspcommethinspduthinspsimplethinspverbiagethinsp(cf Aristotelis ethica eudemia R R waLzer J M MinGaythinsp(eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1991thinspIthinsp8thinsp1217bthinsp19-21thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspδὲthinspδεῖthinspσυντόμωςthinspεἰπεῖνthinspπερὶthinspαὐτῶνthinspλέγομενthinspὅτιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspτὸthinspεἶναιthinspἰδέανthinspμὴthinspμόνονthinspἀγαθοῦthinspἀλλὰthinspκαὶthinspἄλλουthinspὁτουοῦνthinspλέγεταιthinspλογικῶςthinspκαὶthinspκενῶςthinsp[srsquoilthinspnousthinspestthinsppermisthinspdrsquoexprimerthinspicithinsptregravesthinspbriegravevementthinspnotrethinsppenseacuteethinspnousthinspdironsthinspqursquoaffirmerthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspunethinspIdeacuteethinspnonthinspseulementthinspduthinspbienthinspmaisthinspdethinsptoutthinspautrethinspchosethinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspparlerthinspetthinsptenirthinspdesthinspproposthinspvides]thinspraquo)thinspilthinsplesthinspaccusethinspdethinspsethinspcontenterthinspde meacutetaphores poeacutetiques (cf Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp991athinsp20-22thinsp[=thinspMthinsp5thinsp1079bthinsp24-27]thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspλέγεινthinspπαραδείγματαthinspαὐτὰthinsplt scilicetthinspτὰthinspεἴδηgtthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspμετέχεινthinspαὐτῶνthinspτἆλλαthinspκενολογεῖνthinspἐστὶthinspκαὶthinspμεταφορὰςthinspλέγεινthinspποιητικάςthinsp[direthinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspsontthinspdesthinspparadigmesthinspetthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspnethinsprienthinspdirethinspetthinspsethinsppayerthinspdethinspmeacutetaphoresthinsppoeacutetiques]thinspraquo)thinspthinsp ilthinsp leurthinspreprochethinspeacutegalement de srsquoamuser agrave changer de nom aux choses sans se preacuteoccuper de nous dire ce qursquoelles sont au juste (cf Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987bthinsp7-14thinspthinsplaquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὖνthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσεthinspτὰthinspδrsquothinspαἰσϑητὰthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspταῦταthinspλέγεσϑαιthinspπάνταthinspκατὰthinspμέϑεξινthinspγὰρthinspεἶναιthinspτὰthinspπολλὰthinspτῶνthinspσυνωνύμωνthinsp[ὁμώνυμα]thinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσινthinspτὴνthinspδὲthinspμέϑεξινthinspτοὔνομαthinspμόνονthinspμετέβαλενmiddotthinspοἱthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspΠυϑαγόρειοιthinspμιμήσειthinspτὰthinspὄνταthinspφασὶνthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspἀριϑμῶνthinspΠλάτωνthinspδὲthinspμεϑέξειthinspτοὔνομαthinspμεταβαλώνthinspτὴνthinspμέντοιthinspγεthinspμέϑεξινthinspἢthinspτὴνthinspμίμησινthinspἥτιςthinspἂνthinspεἴηthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἀφεῖσανthinspἐνthinspκοινῷthinspζητεῖνthinsp[aussithinspilthinspathinspappeleacutethinspldquoIdeacuteesrdquothinspdethinsptellesthinspchosesthinspetthinspilthinspathinspaffirmeacutethinspquethinsptousthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspenthinspsontthinspseacutepareacutesthinspetthinspqursquoilsthinspreccediloiventthinspdrsquoellesthinspleur nom En effet crsquoest en raison de leur participation aux Ideacutees que les plusieurs sont synonymes avec les Ideacutees Pour ce qui est de la participation Platon nrsquoa fait que changer le nom en effet les PythagoriciensthinspaffirmaientthinspquethinsplesthinspeacutetantsthinspsontthinspparthinspimitationthinspdesthinspnombresthinspPlatonthinspparthinspparticipationthinspenthinspchangeantthinsplethinspnomthinspCethinspquethinsplathinspparticipationthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinspouthinsplrsquoimitationthinsppeutthinspbienthinspecirctrethinspilsthinspontthinspenthinspcommunthinspdrsquoavoirthinspneacutegligeacutethinspdethinsplethinspchercher]thinspraquo)thinsp28thinspthinspPourthinspAristotethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspplusthinspdethinspraisonthinspdethinspseacuteparerthinsplesthinspuniversauxthinspquethinsplesthinspaccidentsthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐδεμίαthinspἀνάγκηthinspὑπολαμβάνεινthinspτιthinspεἶναιthinspτοῦτοthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspὅτιthinspἓνthinspδηλοῖthinspοὐδὲνthinspμᾶλλονthinspἢthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspἄλλωνthinspὅσαthinspμὴthinspτὶthinspσημαίνειthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιὸνthinspἢthinspπρόςthinspτιthinspἢthinspποιεῖνthinsp[ilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspplusthinspneacutecessairethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplrsquouniversel est quelque chose agrave part des choses individuelles car il indique quelque chose drsquounique que de le penser des autres choses qui ne sont pas quelque chose mais une qualiteacute une relation ou encorethinspunethinspaction]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis analytica posteriorathinspIthinsp24thinsp85bthinsp18-21)thinsp29 Cf Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp12thinsp1037bthinsp27thinspougravethinspilthinspestthinspquestionthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspὡςthinspφαμένthinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplaquothinspἡthinspοὐσίαthinspἕνthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὡςthinspφαμένthinsp[lathinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspcommethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinspetthinspdethinspconcret]thinspraquothinsp30 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12thinspthinsplaquothinspπολλαχῇthinspδὲthinspἐχόντωνthinspδυσκολίανthinspοὐθενὸςthinspἧττονthinspἄτοπονthinspτὸthinspφάναιthinspμὲνthinspεἶναίthinspτιναςthinspφύσειςthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspοὐρανῷthinspταύταςthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspφάναιthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspπλὴνthinspὅτιthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspἀΐδιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspφθαρτάthinspαὐτὸthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωπόνthinspφασινthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspἵππονthinspκαὶthinspὑγίειανthinspἄλλοthinspδrsquothinspοὐδένthinspπαραπλήσιονthinspποιοῦντεςthinspτοῖςthinspθεοὺςthinspμὲνthinspεἶναιthinspφάσκουσινthinspἀνθρωποειδεῖςthinspδέmiddotthinspοὔτεthinspγὰρthinspἐκεῖνοιthinspοὐδὲνthinspἄλλοthinspἐποίουνthinspἢthinspἀνθρώπουςthinspἀϊδίουςthinspοὔθrsquothinspοὗτοιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἄλλrsquothinspἢthinspαἰσθητὰthinspἀΐδιαthinsp(D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp[2008]thinsppthinsp308thinspthinspmecircmethinspsrsquoilsthinspltlesthinspplatoniciensgtthinspsontthinspdethinspplusieursthinspfaccedilonsthinspenthinspdifficulteacutethinsprienthinspdethinspplusthinspabsurdethinspquethinspdethinspdirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspcertainesthinspnaturesthinspenthinspplusthinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

134

lethinspmobilierthinspontologiquethinspduthinspmonde31 en passant par des travers meacutereacuteologiques qui rappellent drsquoassez pregraves ceux que lrsquoon rencontre deacutejagrave chez Platon32

Si nous avons passeacute en revue chacun de ces inconveacutenients33 nous nous sommes cependantthinsparrecircteacutesthinsptoutthinspspeacutecialementthinspsurthinsplrsquounthinspdrsquoentrethinspeuxthinsplrsquoargumentthinspqursquoAristotethinsp

dethinspcellesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinsplrsquouniversthinspmaisthinspenthinspdisantthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspsensiblesthinspsaufthinspquethinsplesthinspunesthinspsontthinspeacuteternellesthinsplesthinspautresthinspcorruptiblesthinspIlsthinspdisentthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspunthinsphommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspchevalthinsplten soigt une santeacute lten soigt sans rien dire drsquoautre en faisant agrave peu pregraves comme ceux qui disent qursquoil existe des dieux mais de forme humaine Ceux-ci ne faisaient rien drsquoautre que des hommes eacuteternels etthinsppourthinspceux-lagravethinsplesthinspformesthinspnethinspsontthinspquethinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspeacuteternels)thinspraquothinsp31 Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8thinsp(cfthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp34thinsp-thinsp1079athinsp4)thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτωνδὶthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἕτεραthinspτούτωνthinspἴσαthinspτὸνthinspἀριθμὸνthinspἐκόμισανthinspὥσπερthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἀριθμῆσαιthinspβουλόμενοςthinspἐλαττόνωνthinspμὲνthinspὄντωνthinspοἴοιτοthinspμὴthinspδυνήσεσθαιthinspπλείωthinspδὲthinspποιήσαςthinspἀριθμοίηthinspσχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspἴσαthinspἢthinspοὐκthinspἐλάττωthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἐστὶthinspτούτοιςthinspπερὶthinspὧνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἐκthinspτούτωνthinspἐπrsquothinspἐκεῖναthinspπροῆλθονthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspγὰρthinspὁμώνυμόνthinspτιthinspἐστιthinspκαὶthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspτῶνthinspτεthinspἄλλωνthinspἐστὶνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspἕνthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖσδεthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖςthinspἀιδίοιςthinsp[D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinsppthinsp306-307thinspthinspquantthinspagravethinspceuxthinspquithinspposentthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspcommethinspdesthinspcausesthinspdrsquoabordthinspenthinspcherchantthinspagravethinspsaisirthinsplesthinspcausesthinspdesthinspecirctresthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinspilsthinspenthinspontthinspintroduitthinspdrsquoautresthinspenthinspnombrethinspeacutegauxthinspagravethinspeuxthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspquethinspquelqursquounthinspqui voudrait compter des choses mais croirait ne pas pouvoir le faire parce qursquoil y en a peu et pour lesthinspcompterthinsplesthinsprendraitthinspplusthinspnombreusesthinspLesthinspFormesthinspenthinspeffetthinspsontthinspenthinspnombrethinsppresquethinspeacutegalesthinspouthinsppas infeacuterieures aux choses loin desquelles dans leur recherche des causes ils ont eacuteteacute jusque vers ellesthinspcarthinsppourthinspchaquethinspchosethinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquohomonymethinspmecircmethinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspetthinspdesthinspautres choses dont il y a uniteacute drsquoune multipliciteacute agrave la fois pour les choses qui nous entourent et pour cellesthinspquithinspsontthinspeacuteternelles]thinspraquothinsp32 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1039athinsp26thinsp-thinsp1039bthinsp2thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἵππῳthinspἤτοιthinspἓνthinspκαὶthinspταὐτὸνthinspτῷthinspἀριθμῷthinspἐστὶνthinspἢthinspἕτερονmiddotthinspτῷthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspλόγῳthinspδῆλονthinspὅτιthinspἕνmiddotthinspτὸνthinspγὰρthinspαὐτὸνthinspδιέξεισιthinspλόγονthinspὁthinspλέγωνthinspἐνthinspἑκατέρῳthinspεἰthinspοὖνthinspἐστίthinspτιςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspαὐτὸςthinspκαθrsquothinspαὑτὸνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspἀνάγκηthinspκαὶthinspἐξthinspὧνthinspοἷονthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspδίπουνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspκαὶthinspεἶναιthinspχωριστὰthinspκαὶthinspοὐσίαςmiddotthinspὥστεthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτὸthinspαὐτὸthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἵππῳthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspὥσπερthinspσὺthinspσαυτῷthinspπῶςthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspοὖσιthinspχωρὶςthinspἓνthinspἔσταιthinspκαὶthinspδιὰthinspτίthinspοὐthinspκαὶthinspχωρὶςthinspαὑτοῦthinspἔσταιthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspτοῦτοthinspthinsp[sithinsplesthinspFormesthinspexistentthinspetthinspquethinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspouthinspbienthinspilthinspserathinspnumeacuteri-quementthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspouthinspbienthinspdiffeacuterentthinspParthinsplrsquoargumentthinspquethinspvoicithinspilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspuniquethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinsponthinsplethinspdeacutefinitthinspauthinspmoyenthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspdeacutefinitionthinspSrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdoncthinspunthinsphommethinspquithinspestthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinsppourthinsplui-mecircmethinspunthinspcecithinspetthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspneacutecessairementthinspquethinspcethinspquithinsplethinspconstituethinsplrsquoanimalthinspetthinsplethinspbipegravedethinspparthinspexemplethinspsoientthinspaussithinspunthinspcecithinspqursquoilsthinspsoientthinspdesthinspchosesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspOrthinspsithinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspetthinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspestthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspcommethinsptuthinsplrsquoesthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinsptoi-mecircmethinspcommentthinsppourra-t-ilthinspdemeurerthinspuniquethinspdansthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspquithinspsontthinspagravethinsppartthinspltlesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautresgtthinspetthinsppourquoithinspcetthinspanimalthinspnethinspsera-t-ilthinsppasthinspseacutepareacutethinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsp]thinspraquo33thinspthinspDethinspmecircmethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspeacutetudieacutethinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspplusthinspponctuellesthinspqursquoAristotethinspassociethinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfamilles drsquoarguments en faveur de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees dans le reacutequisitoire qursquoon peut lire ndash agrave quelques variations mineures pregraves ndash dans les livres A et M des MeacutetaphysiquesthinspenthinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp8-15thinspetthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp4-9thinsprespectivementthinsp(laquothinspἔτιthinspδὲthinspκαϑrsquothinspοὓςthinspτρόπουςthinspδείκνυμενthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκατrsquoοὐϑέναthinspφαίνεταιthinspτούτωνmiddotthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspοὐκthinspἀνάγκηthinspγίγνεσϑαιthinspσυλλογισμόνthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspοὐχthinspὧνthinspοἰόμεϑαthinspτούτωνthinspεἴδηthinspγίγνεταιthinspκατάthinspτεthinspγὰρthinspτοὺςthinspλόγουςthinspτοὺςthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἐπιστημῶνthinspεἴδηthinspἔσταιthinspπάντωνthinspὅσωνthinspἐπιστῆμαιthinspεἰσίthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀποφάσεωνthinspκατὰthinspδὲthinspτὸthinspνοεῖνthinspτιthinspφϑαρέντοςthinspτῶνthinspφϑαρτῶνmiddotthinspφάντασμαthinspγάρthinspτιthinspτούτωνthinspἔστινthinsp[dethinspplusthinspdrsquoaucunethinspdesthinspmaniegraveresthinspdontthinspnousthinspentreprenonsthinspdethinsplethinspprouverthinspnethinspreacutesultethinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinspeffetthinspdansthinspcertainsthinspcasthinsplethinspsyllogismethinspnethinspsrsquoensuitthinsppasthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspneacutecessairethinspthinspdansthinspdrsquoautresthinspcasthinspenthinsprevanchethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspmecircmethinsppourthinspdesthinspchosesthinsppourthinsplesquellesthinspnousthinsppensonsthinspqursquoil nrsquoy en a pas des arguments agrave partir des sciences qursquoil y a des Ideacutees de tout ce dont il y a des sciencesthinspthinspltdesthinspargumentsgtthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspltqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesgtthinspmecircmethinspdethinspneacutegationsthinspthinspetthinspltdesthinspargumentsgt agrave partir de la penseacutee de quelque chose apregraves sa corruption ltqursquoil y a des Ideacuteesgt drsquoentiteacutes

Leone Gazziero

135

lethinsppremierthinspndashthinspsansthinspenthinspattribuerthinsplathinsppaterniteacutethinspagravethinsppersonnethinsp(pasthinspplusthinspagravethinspsesthinsppreacutedeacuteces-seursthinspouthinspagravethinspsesthinspcontemporainsthinspqursquoagravethinsplui-mecircme)thinspndashthinspathinspappeleacutethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo34 Cela pour au moins deux raisons En premier lieu il y a tout sujet de croirethinspqursquoAristotethinspdevaitthinsplethinsptenirthinsppourthinspunethinspobjectionthinspassezthinspformidablethinspagravethinsplrsquoencontrethinspdethinsplathinsppromotionthinspdesthinsppreacutedicatsthinspuniverselsthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancesthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinspvuthinsplethinsptraitthinspquithinspndashthinsppourthinspAristotethinspndashthinspfaitthinsplathinspspeacutecificiteacutethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacutees)thinspCrsquoestthinspenthinsptoutthinspeacutetatthinspdethinspcausethinsplethinspspectrethinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspseulthinspqursquoAristotethinspagitethinsplorsqursquoilthinspeacutevoquethinspndashthinspenthinspblocthinspndashthinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdontthinspagravethinspsonthinspavisthinspsrsquoencombrethinsplrsquohypothegravese des Formes (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu la conviction que si les Ideacutees existent elles existent agrave la maniegravere desthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspnonthinspseulementthinspjouethinspunthinsprocirclethinspcapitalthinspdansthinsplrsquoeacuteconomiethinspdethinsplrsquoargument tel que nous pouvons le reconstruire agrave partir des diffeacuterentes sources qui nous lrsquoont transmis35 mais encore elle constitue la cleacute pour reacutesoudre un puzzle

quithinspontthinsppeacuterithinsp(puisqursquoilthinspenthinspexistethinspunethinspcertainethinspimage)]thinspraquo)thinspUnethinspbibliographiethinspdethinspquelquethinsptroisthinspcentsthinsptitresthinspspeacutecialement consacreacutee agrave la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees dans les lieux parallegraveles des livres A et M des Meacutetaphysiquesthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspdistribueacuteethinspetthinsp(dansthinspsathinspversionthinspalphabeacutetique)thinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspconsulteacuteethinsponlinethinspagravethinsplrsquoadressethinspthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir2808files201509BibliogrSept2015pdfthinsp34 Au sujet de lrsquohistoire de lrsquoargument qursquoil nous soit permis de renvoyer agrave L Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinsp(citeacutethinspnotethinsp14)thinsppourthinspsathinsppreacutehistoirethinspplatoniciennethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquothinspldquoκαὶthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςrdquothinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspProleacutegomegravenesthinspagravethinspunethinsphistoirethinspanciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspraquothinspRhizai 7 2010 p 181-220 pour son utilisationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquo ldquoEt quoniam est quis tertius homordquothinspArgumentthinspexeacutegegravesethinspcontresens dans la litteacuterature latine apparenteacutee aux Sophistici elenchithinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspArchives drsquohistoire doctrinale et litteacuteraire du Moyen Age 80 2013 p 7-48 pour ses transformations aux mains des commentateursthinspdethinsplanguethinspetthinspculturethinsplatinethinspPourthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspdesthinspcommentateursthinspdethinsplrsquoAntiquiteacutethinsptardivethinspcfthinspD huntthinsplaquothinspPlotinusthinspMeetsthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspJ CLearythinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Perennial Tradition of NeoplatonismthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinsp1997thinsppthinsp119-132thinspthinspJ oPSoMerthinsplaquothinspSyrianusthinsponthinspHomonymythinspandthinspFormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspvan rieL C MaCeacute et L van CaMPethinsp(eacuted)thinspPlatonic Ideas and Concept Formation in Ancient and Medieval ThoughtthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinspLouvainthinsp2004thinsppthinsp31-50thinspetthinspLthinspP GerSon laquothinspProclusthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspEacutetudes platoniciennesthinsp8thinsp(2011)thinsppthinsp105-11835thinspthinspCommethinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinsplonguementthinspexpliqueacutethinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinsplathinspseacuteancethinspduthinsp16thinspmarsthinsp2015thinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspestthinspunthinspexcellentthinspcasthinspdrsquoeacutetudethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoonthinspsethinsptournethinspversthinspdesthinspsourcesthinspsemi-canoniquesthinspafinthinspdethinspreconstituerthinspdesthinspfaitsthinspdethinspdiscoursthinspplusthinspouthinspmoinsthinspradicalementthinspindisponiblesthinspdansthinspleurthinspversionthinsporiginalethinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspmecircmethinspsithinspsonthinspcasthinspparaicirctthinspndashthinspagravethinsppremiegraverethinspvuethinspndashthinspmoinsthinspdeacutesespeacutereacutethinspquethinspceluithinspdrsquoautresthinsppiegravecesthinspdethinsplrsquoAristotethinspperduthinspetthinspmecircmethinspsithinspndashthinspagravethinspcoupthinspsucircrthinspndashthinspsathinspsituationthinspphilologiquethinspsrsquoestthinspconsideacuterablementthinspameacutelioreacutee depuis quelques anneacutees (parmi les progregraves il faut au moins signaler la nouvelle eacutedition critiquethinspdesthinspquelquesthinsppagesthinspdrsquointeacuterecirctthinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauxthinspMeacutetaphysiques drsquoAristotethinspquethinspD harLFinGerthinspnousthinspathinspoffertethinspenthinsp1975thinspthinsponthinspsignalerathinspeacutegalementthinspquethinsplathinspquestionthinspdesthinspdeuxthinsp recensionsthinspdansthinsp lesquellesthinspcesthinspmecircmesthinsppagesthinspnousthinspseraientthinspparvenuesthinspndashthinsp toutthinsp reacutecemmentthinspndashthinspathinspbeacuteneacuteficieacutethinspdesthinsplumiegraveresthinspdethinspP GoLitSiS laquo La recensio altera du Commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave la Meacutetaphysique drsquoAristotethinspetthinsplethinspteacutemoignagethinspdesthinspmanuscritsthinspbyzantinsthinspLaurentianus plut 8712 et Ambrosianus F113thinspsupthinspraquothinspdansthinspJ SiGneS Codontildeer et I Peacuterez Martinthinsp(eacuted)thinspTextual Transmission in Byzantium Between Textual Criticism and Quellenforschung Brepols Turnhout 2014 p 199-230 ainsi que de celles de L CaLvieacutethinsp laquothinspAgravethinsp proposthinsp dethinsp lrsquoeacuteditionthinspHayduckthinsp duthinspCommentairethinsp drsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodise agrave la MeacutetaphysiquethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspouthinspconsulterthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir565files201409Article-LCalvieacute-2e-edpdf)thinspIlthinspnrsquoenthinsprestethinsppasthinspmoinsthinspquethinsptoutthinspeffortthinspdethinsprestitutionthinspduthinsptraiteacutethinspperduthinspdrsquoAristotethinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspougravethinsponthinsppeutthinsplirethinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspdethinsplointhinsplethinspplusthinspinformatifthinspndashthinspdoitthinspsethinspconfronterthinspagravethinspunethinspeacutequationthinspagravethinspplusieursthinspvariablesthinspLethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspestthinspunthinsptextethinspqui ne nous est parvenu qursquoagrave travers la tradition indirecte et dont la vocation ndash pour autant qursquoelle se

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

136

exeacutegeacutetique agrave la fois ancien et tenace agrave savoir pour autant que lrsquoon a affaire agrave un seul etthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinspnousthinsppouvonsthinspremonterthinspdansthinsplethinsptempsthinspne fait pas lrsquounanimiteacute ndash comment se fait-il qursquoAristote tantocirct lrsquoutilise pour reacutefuter les philosophes des Ideacutees tantocirct le rejette sous preacutetexte qursquoil srsquoagit drsquoun argument fallacieux36thinspthinspLethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspdansthinsplequelthinspnousthinspavonsthinspidentifieacutethinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspmotifsthinsppro-fonds de lrsquoantiplatonisme drsquoAristote ndash agrave savoir la particularisation existentielle des universauxthinspndashthinsppermetthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquithinspentraicircnethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspetthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinsplrsquoeacuteviterthinspMecircmethinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvirtuellementthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspcomprendrethinsplethinspfonctionnementthinspexactthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspsesthinspraresthinspoccurrencesthinspdansthinsp

laissethinspentrevoirthinspndashthinspeacutetaitthinspdethinsptraiterthinspdrsquounethinspdoctrinethinspcellethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspcœurthinspdrsquounthinspdeacutebatthinspquithinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplethinsppreacutecegravedethinspetthinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspaffecteacutethinspAucunethinspdethinspcesthinspvariablethinspnethinspsethinsplaissethinsptraiterthinspcommethinspunethinspsimplethinspvariablethinspdrsquoajustement et elles sont qui plus est lieacutees entre elles Si on distingue donc ndash avec les speacutecialistes de lrsquoecdotique (on se reacutefeacuterera en particulier agrave un texte de J iriGointhinspthinsplaquothinspLathinspcritiquethinspdesthinsptextesthinspdoitthinspecirctrethinsphistoriquethinspraquothinspdansthinspE FLoreSthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa critica testuale greco-latina oggi Metodi e problemi Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 29-31 ottobre 1979)thinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1981thinsppthinsp27-43)thinspndashthinsptrois eacutetapes fondamentales dans la reconstitution drsquoun texte la recensio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la collecte de toutesthinsp lesthinspsourcesthinspmanuscritesthinspdisponiblesthinsp(etthinspeacuteventuellementthinspdesthinspsourcesthinsp imprimeacutees)thinspdirectesthinspetthinspindirectes)thinsp lathinspcollatio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la comparaison des reacutesultats de la recensiothinsp afinthinspdrsquoobtenirthinspunethinspimagethinspaussithinspfidegravelethinspquethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspenthinspremontantthinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinsppossiblethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacuteterminationthinspdesthinspfamillesthinspdethinspmanuscritsthinspetthinspdethinspleurthinspplusthinspprochethinspancecirctresthinspcommuns)thinspetthinsplathinspdivinatio (lrsquoeacutetablissementthinspduthinsptextethinsplethinspplusthinspprochethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplrsquooriginal)thinsponthinspconviendrathinspquethinspcettethinspderniegraverethinspportethinspparticuliegraverementthinspbienthinspsonthinspnomthinsppuisquethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsplathinsprestitutionthinspdethinsptoutthinspunthinsppanthinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspnethinspnousthinsppermetthinsppasthinspdethinspreacuteglerthinspndashthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspndashthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdethinspsavoirthinspauthinspjustethinspquithinspa eacutecrit quoi Il faut se reacutesigner agrave une eacutevidence pour autant que le traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote est concerneacute mecircmethinsplethinspmeilleurthinsptextethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdemeurethinsprelativementthinspopaquethinspaussithinsplongtempsthinspduthinspmoinsthinspquethinsplrsquoon nrsquoa pas deacutetermineacute de quelle maniegravere il a travailleacute la matiegravere aristoteacutelicienne dont il srsquoest inspireacute et qursquoil a importeacutee dans son commentaire Autrement dit la question se pose de savoir si nous avons affairethinspagravethinspunethinspcollectionthinspdethinspfragmentsthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspdesthinspempruntsthinspponctuelsthinspouthinspdesthinspcitations)thinspouthinspbienthinspsithinspAlexandre a proceacutedeacute agrave une reformulation paraphrastique (en gros une transposition plus ou moins fidegravelethinspdethinspcethinspqursquoilthinsplisaitthinspdansthinsplethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspsonthinspdernierthinsplecteurthinspdethinsppremiegraverethinspmain)thinspOrthinspdeuxthinspdifficulteacutesthinspmajeuresthinspfontthinspobstaclethinspagravethinspcettethinspentreprisethinspLathinsppremiegraverethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspqursquoAlexandrethinspsethinsptrouve en situation de teacutemoin unique ce que nous connaissons du traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote sur les Ideacutees nous le tenons pour lrsquoessentiel drsquoAlexandre dans la mesure ougrave les quelques mentions eacuteparses dans la litteacuterature posteacuterieure deacutependent de son commentaire au livre Alpha meizocircn des Meacutetaphysiques Son maniementthinspappellethinspdoncthinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinsppreacutecautionsthinspthinspcethinspquethinspnousthinsplisonsthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspsinonthinspremanieacutethinspduthinspmoins reacuteorganiseacute dans une mesure et selon des modaliteacutes qui eacutetaient agrave la seule discreacutetion drsquoAlexandre etthinspquethinspnousthinspnethinsppouvonsthinsppasthinspappreacutecierthinspindeacutependammentthinspdethinspsonthinsptravailthinspLathinspdeuxiegravemethinspdifficulteacutethinsptientthinspauthinspfait que la langue drsquoAlexandre ne preacutesente pas de ceacutesures stylistiques ou de solutions de continuiteacute lexicales qui permettraient de deacuteterminer ougrave il ferait œuvre de compilateur et ougrave au contraire il fait œuvrethinspdrsquointerpregravetethinspDethinspfaitthinspagravethinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinsp(maisthinspaussithinspagravethinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspouthinspagravethinspunethinsptroisiegraveme)thinsponthinspsethinsprendrathinspagravethinspunethinspautrethinspeacutevidencethinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppartoutthinsplathinspprosethinspetthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspmecircmethinsplagravethinspougravethinspndashthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspaveuthinsp(commethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsppreacuteciseacutement)thinspndashthinsponthinsppeutthinspsrsquoattendrethinspagravethinspqursquoil suive de plus pregraves sa source 36thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy p 290 formule ce dilemme agrave peu pregraves dansthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinsptermesthinspUnthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquointerpregravetesthinspythinspontthinspvuthinsplrsquoindicethinspdrsquounethinspambivalencethinspdrsquoAristotethinspagrave son eacutegard (cf L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspVrin-PressesthinspdethinsplrsquoUniversiteacutethinspLavalthinspParis-Montreacutealthinsp1995thinsppthinsp360)thinspthinspdrsquoautresthinsplrsquoontthinsppristhinspassezthinspauthinspseacuterieuxthinsppourthinspexclurethinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspsrsquoagirthinspeffectivementthinspduthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspdontthinspAristotethinspferaitthinspunthinspusagethinspopportunistethinsp(cfthinspEthinspVthinspdi LaSCio laquo Third Man The Logic of the Sophism at Arist SEthinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinspraquothinspTopoithinsp23thinsp[2004]thinsppthinsp41)thinsp

Leone Gazziero

137

le corpus aristoteacutelicien37thinspcelathinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspeacutetablithinspsansthinspavoirthinsprecoursthinspauxthinspsourcesthinsppos-teacuterieuresthinspauxquellesthinsponthinspestthinspobligeacutethinspdrsquoemprunterthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspcanonique38 Crsquoest ce qui ressort de deux lieux du corpus aristoteacutelicien agrave savoir le chapitre 13 du livre ZecirctathinspdesthinspMeacutetaphysiques et le chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiques auxquels nous avons consacreacute deux lectures micrologiques dont nous ne reportons de suite que les conclusions39

37 Aristote nrsquoen donne nulle part un exposeacute un tant soit peu deacutetailleacute se contentant plutocirct de lrsquoeacutevoquer sousthinsplrsquointituleacutethinspquithinsplethinsprendrathinspceacutelegravebrethinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp15-17thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1039athinsp2-3thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp12-13)thinspouthinspbienthinspdrsquoenthinsprappelerthinsplathinspconclusionthinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36)thinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdrsquounethinsppassethinspargumentativethinspbienthinspconnuethinsp(cethinspquithinspdevaitthinspdrsquoailleursthinspecirctrethinsplethinspcas)thinsp38thinspthinspCetthinspexposeacutethinspsethinsplitthinspdansthinsplathinsppagethinspceacutelegravebrethinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauthinsppremierthinsplivrethinspdes MeacutetaphysiquesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspagravethinsplaquellethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspfairethinspallusionthinspthinsplaquothinspδείκνυταιthinspκαὶthinspοὕτωςthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινωνthinspπλειόνωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκαὶthinspἔστινthinspἄλλοthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspαὐτῶνthinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspἡγοῦνταιthinspδεικνύναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιmiddotthinspδιὰthinspτοῦτοthinspγάρthinspἐστίthinspτιthinspαὐτοάνθρωποςthinsp κατrsquothinsp αὐτούςthinsp ὅτιthinsp ὁthinsp ἄνθρωποςthinsp κατὰthinsp τῶνthinsp καθrsquothinsp ἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspπλειόνωνthinsp ὄντωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspἄλλοςthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspἐστίν)thinspndashthinspἀλλrsquothinspεἰthinspτοῦτοthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοςthinspὁthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspκατrsquothinspἰδίανthinspὑφεστώςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspδὲthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspπαράthinspτεthinspτὸνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspτὴνthinspἰδέανthinspοὕτωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspτέταρτοςthinspὁthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτούτουthinspκαὶthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὁμοίωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspπέμπτοςthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspἐπrsquothinspἄπειρονthinsp[onthinspprouvethinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspaussi de cette maniegravere si ce qui se preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute de plusieurs est aussi autre que ceux dont il se preacutedique seacutepareacute de ceux-ci (voilagrave ce que pensent prouver ceux qui posent les Ideacutees la raison pourthinsp laquellethinspenthinspeffetthinsp ilthinspythinspathinsppourthinspeuxthinspquelquethinspchosethinspquithinspestthinsp lrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspcrsquoestthinspquethinsp lrsquohommethinspse preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute des hommes particuliers qui sont plusieurs et il est autre que les hommes particuliers)thinspndashthinspmaisthinspsrsquoilthinspenthinspestthinspainsithinspilthinspythinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspSithinspenthinspeffetthinsplrsquohommethinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsppreacutediquethinspestthinspautrethinspquethinspceuxthinspdontthinspilthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspsubsistethinspenthinspproprethinspsithinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspilthinspythinspathinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspagravethinsppartthinspduthinspparticulier et de lrsquoIdeacutee Ainsi qursquoil y en aura un quatriegraveme qui se preacutedique de celui-ci de lrsquoIdeacutee et des particuliersthinspthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquounthinspcinquiegravemethinspetthinspcelathinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis de ideis fragmentathinsp(=thinspAlexandri in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria)thinsp8421thinsp-thinsp853)thinspLethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspillustrethinspagravethinsplathinspperfectionthinspla situation hermeacuteneutique que nous venons drsquoeacutevoquer ougrave le recours agrave la tradition indirecte est agrave la foisthinspineacutevitablethinspetthinsppassablementthinspdeacutelicatthinspDrsquounethinsppartthinspAlexandrethinspsignalethinspexplicitementthinspqursquoilthinspreportethinsplathinspversionthinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinsptellethinspqursquoAristotethinspsrsquoenthinspestthinspservithinspdansthinsplethinsppremierthinsplivrethinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsp(8511-12thinspthinsplaquothinspτῇthinspδὲthinspτελευταίᾳthinspαὐτὸςthinspἔνthinspτεthinspτῷthinspπρώτῳthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspraquo)thinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspilthinspestthinsphautementthinspimprobablethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspenthinsptrainthinspdethinsptranscrirethinspunthinspsegmentthinspduthinsptextethinspdrsquoAristotethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdethinsplethinspparaphraserthinspCethinspquethinsptrahitthinsplrsquoutilisationthinspdethinspcertainsthinsptermesthinsptelsthinspὑπόστασιςthinspetthinspὑφίστημιthinspNousthinspavonsthinspobserveacutethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoacceptionthinspdrsquoexistencethinspetthinspdrsquoexisterthinsprequisethinspparthinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspnithinsplrsquounthinsp(ὑπόστασις)thinspnithinsplrsquoautrethinsp(ὑφίστημι)thinspnethinspsontthinspattesteacutesthinspchezthinspAristotethinspquithinsplesthinsputilisethinspplutocirctthinspdansthinspunthinspsensthinsplocalthinsp(ὑφίστημιthinspindiquethinsple fait de se tenir au-dessous comme dans Aristotelis de caelo P Morauxthinsp(eacuted)thinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1965thinspIthinsp3thinsp269bthinsp24-25)thinspouthinspphysiologiquethinsp(ὑπόστασιςthinspsignifiethinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspreacutesiduthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspseacutedimentthinspraquothinspcomme dans Aristotelis de generatione animaliumthinspHthinspJ droSSaart LuLoFS (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1965thinspIthinsp18thinsp726athinsp21thinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspstationthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspposturethinspraquothinspcommethinspdansthinspAristotelis de partibus animaliumthinsp1956thinspIthinsp2thinsp647bthinsp28)39 Les deux lectures (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp23thinspetthinspAristotelis Sophistici elenchi 22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspontthinspeacuteteacutethinsppreacuteceacutedeacuteesthinspparthinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspeacutetudethinsplexicographiquethinsp(nousthinspavonsthinspeacutevoqueacutethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspplusthinsphautthinspcfthinspnotethinsp3)thinspconsacreacuteethinspauthinspvocabulairethinspquethinspcesthinsptextesthinsppartagentthinsp(etthinspauxthinspquelquesthinsposcillationsthinspqursquoilthinsppreacutesente)thinspEnthinspplusthinspdrsquoexpressionsthinspplusthinspprobleacutematiquesthinsp(commethinsplethinspτόδεthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinsppeutthinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspdeacutesignerthinspunethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle)thinspnousthinspavonsthinspsurtoutthinspexploreacutethinsplrsquooppositionthinspentrethinspcethinspqursquoAristotethinspappellethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(outhinspποιόνthinspτι)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspnousthinspontthinspsurtoutthinspaideacutesthinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinspnotrethinspreconnaissance J kunGthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspThisesthinspSuchesthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspArgumentthinspraquothinspPhronesis 26 (1981)thinsppthinsp207-247thinspetthinspS ebbeSen laquo Hoc aliquid - Quale quidthinspandthinspthethinspSignificationthinspofthinspAppellativesthinspraquothinsp

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Qursquoest-cethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspauthinspjustethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAuthinspboutthinspdrsquounthinspassezthinsplongthinspraisonnement40thinsplathinspconclusionthinspqursquoAristotethinsptirethinspestthinspcateacutegoriquethinsp(φανερὸνthinspὅτιthinspκτλ)thinspSeacuteparer lrsquouniversel crsquoest-agrave-dire le traiter comme quelque chose qui existe de plein exercicethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstarthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspparticuliegraveresthinsprevientthinspagravethinspsrsquoembarrasserthinspdethinsptoutesthinspsortesthinsp drsquoinconveacutenientsthinspthinsp laquothinspφανερὸνthinspὅτιthinsp οὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinspκαὶthinspὅτιthinspοὐδὲνthinspσημαίνειthinspτῶνthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορουμένωνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspἀλλὰthinspτοιόνδεthinspεἰthinspδὲthinspμήthinspἄλλαthinspτεthinspπολλὰthinspσυμβαίνειthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsp[ilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoaucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspnethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspmaisthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinsptelthinspouthinsptelthinspDansthinsplethinspcasthinspcontrairethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspbeaucoupthinspltdrsquoinconveacutenientsgtthinspnotammentthinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis meta-physicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)41 Quelle que soit la force que lrsquoon accorde agrave lrsquoargumentthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspreposethinspultimementthinspsurthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspjuxtaposerthinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspauthinspseinthinspdrsquounethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspmultipliciteacutethinspdontthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspviendraitthinspconstituerthinsplrsquouniteacutethinspauthinspmecircmethinsptitrethinspquethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdrsquohomme constituait lrsquouniteacute de la multipliciteacute des hommes particuliers Autrement ditthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsprequiertthinspquethinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinsp

Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

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[Categoriae]thinsp5thinsp3bthinsp10-21thinspthinsplaquothinspπᾶσαthinspδὲthinspοὐσίαthinspδοκεῖthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspἐπὶthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτῶνthinspπρώτωνthinspοὐσιῶνthinspἀναμφισβήτητονthinspκαὶthinspἀληθέςthinspἐστινthinspὅτιthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειmiddotthinspἄτομονthinspγὰρthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspἀριθμῷthinspτὸthinspδηλούμενόνthinspἐστινthinspἐπὶthinspδὲthinspτῶνthinspδευτέρωνthinspοὐσιῶνthinspφαίνεταιthinspμὲνthinspὁμοίωςthinspτῷthinspσχήματιthinspτῆςthinspπροσηγορίαςthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspὅτανthinspεἴπῃthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἢthinspζῷονmiddotthinspοὐthinspμὴνthinspἀληθέςthinspγεthinspἀλλὰthinspμᾶλλονthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspndashthinspοὐthinspγὰρthinspἕνthinspἐστιthinspτὸthinspὑποκείμενονthinspὥσπερthinspἡthinspπρώτηthinspοὐσίαthinspἀλλὰthinspκατὰthinspπολλῶνthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspλέγεταιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspοὐχthinspἁπλῶςthinspδὲthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὥσπερthinspτὸthinspλευκόνmiddotthinspοὐδὲνthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοthinspσημαίνειthinspτὸthinspλευκὸνthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιόνthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspεἶδοςthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspγένοςthinspπερὶthinspοὐσίανthinspτὸthinspποιὸνthinspἀφορίζειthinspndashthinspποιὰνthinspγάρthinspτιναthinspοὐσίανthinspσημαίνειthinsp[ilthinspsemblethinspquethinsptoutethinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspCethinspquithinspestthinspincontestablementthinspvraithinspdesthinspsubstancesthinsppremiegraveresthinsppuisqursquoellesthinspsignifientthinspunthinspcertainthinspcecithinspCethinspquithinspestthinspdeacutesigneacutethinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspindividuelthinspetthinspnumeacuteriquementthinspunthinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspenthinsprevanchethinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspsecondesthinspilthinspsembleraitthinspqursquoellesthinspsignifientthinspeacutegalementthinspunthinspcertainthinspcecithinspduthinspfaitthinspdethinspleurthinspformethinspdethinspdeacutenominationthinspcommethinsplorsqursquoonthinspditthinspldquohommerdquothinspouthinspldquoanimalrdquothinspOrthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspvraithinsppuisqursquoellesthinspsignifientthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspcertainthinspqualifieacutethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinsplethinspsujetthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspunthinspcommethinsplathinspsubstancethinsppremiegraverethinspmaisthinspltplusieursthinsppuisquegtthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinspdisentthinspdethinspplusieursthinspIlsthinspnethinspsignifientthinsppasthinsppourthinspautantthinspunthinspcertainthinspqualifieacutethinsptoutthinspcourtthinspltcommethinsplethinspfaitgtthinsplethinspblancthinspEnthinspeffetthinsplethinspblancthinspnethinspsignifiethinsprienthinspdrsquoautrethinspqursquounthinspqualifieacutethinsplrsquoespegravecethinspetthinsplethinspgenrethinspenthinsprevanchethinspdeacuteterminentthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancethinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspthinspilsthinspsignifientthinspenthinspeffetthinspquellethinspestthinspunethinspcertainethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp46 Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman 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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

Cettethinspconclusionthinspestthinspembleacutematiquethinspetthinspouvrethinsplrsquoalternativethinspquithinspserathinspreprisethinspsansthinspcesse par la suite ndash que ce soit pour opposer Aristote et Platon ou pour les harmo-niserthinspndashthinspentrethinspunthinspuniverselthinspquithinspestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspunthinspuniverselthinspquithinspnrsquoenthinspestthinsppasthinspunethinspeacutetantthinspbienthinspentenduthinspquethinspquellethinspquethinspsoitthinsplathinspsignificationthinsppreacutecisethinspdethinsplrsquolaquothinspuniverselthinspraquothinspdontthinspilthinspestthinsptourthinspagravethinsptourthinspquestionthinsplaquothinspsubstancethinspraquothinspveutthinspdirethinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle Crsquoest un parti pris dont on peut certes discuter le meacuterite mais dont lrsquoenjeuthinsppoleacutemiquethinspjustifiethinspamplementthinsplrsquointeacuterecirctthinsparcheacuteologiquethinspavecthinsplequelthinspndashthinspapregravesthinsptantthinspdrsquoautresthinspndashthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprenouerthinspdansthinsplathinspmecircmethinspEacutecolethinspougravethinspnosthinspMaicirctresthinspndashthinspAlainthinspdethinspLiberathinspetthinspPhilippethinspHoffmannthinspndashthinspnousthinspythinspontthinspintroduitthinsppourthinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfoisthinsp

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de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 Ithinsp9thinsp103bthinsp29-35thinsplethinspverbethinspἐκτίθημιthinspnethinspchangethinsppointthinspdethinspsignificationthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdethinsplrsquoobjetthinspquithinspreacutesultethinspdethinspsonthinspopeacuterationthinsplequelthinspestthinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspsrsquoexposethinspauthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo)thinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspluithinspeacutechappe)thinsp(4)thinspCommentthinspcomprendrethinsplrsquoοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσειthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspthinspQursquoest-cethinspquithinspnethinspfaitthinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspquoithinspthinspEst-cethinspquethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspestthinspsupposeacutethinspsrsquoensuivrethinspagravethinsptousthinsplesthinspcoupsthinsp(aussithinspbienthinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspougravethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspsethinspsoldethinspparthinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspquethinspdansthinspceluithinspougravethinspcrsquoestthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppart)thinspouthinspbienthinspcrsquoestthinspparthinsprapportthinspauthinspreacutesultatthinspdethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspelle-mecircmethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspaurathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspqursquoonthinspobtiendrathinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinspunthinspἕνthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλοὺςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspCommethinsplethinspmontrentthinsplesthinsprecommandationsthinspdrsquoAristotethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspfaitthinspunethinspsacreacuteethinspdiffeacuterencethinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsp(lequelthinspsrsquoensuitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspquethinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppartthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinspilthinspsethinspditthinspenthinspcommunthinspὅπερthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspὅπερthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspEnthinsprevanchethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspentrethinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspLrsquounthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspmoinsthinspdistinctthinspquethinsplrsquoautrethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspdontthinsponthinsplethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspParthinspconseacutequentthinspsithinsponthinspaffirmethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspestthinspunethinspqualiteacutethinspetthinspnonthinspunethinspsubstancethinspcelathinspnethinspfaitthinspaucunethinspdiffeacuterencethinsp(οὐδὲνthinspδιοίσει)thinspduthinspmoinsthinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinspsathinsppositionthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspplusieursthinspcarthinspilthinspythinspaurathinsptoutthinspdethinspmecircmethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinsp(ἕνthinspτι)thinspetthinspdethinspdiffeacuterentthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(παρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλούς)thinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinsplaquothinsphommethinspraquothinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsp(οἷονthinspτὸthinspἄνθρωπος)thinsp

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ne lui reconnaissait pas une existence indeacutependante de ce dont il se preacutedique en commun11 Ce qui sera plutocirct le cas des platoniciens qui apregraves les avoir seacutepareacutes (Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp31thinspthinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp10)thinspappellerontthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp31-32)thinsplesthinspuni-versaux que la sagaciteacute de Socrate avait permis drsquoatteindre dans un domaine au moinsthinspceluithinspdethinsplrsquoeacutethiquethinsp(Athinsp6thinsp987bthinsp1-4thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp17-19)12 Or qursquoest-ce qui a bienthinspputhinsppousserthinspPlatonthinspetthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspagravethinsppostulerthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspontologiquementthinsp

11thinspthinspCommethinspilthinspressortirathinspparthinsplathinspsuitethinspnousthinspconsideacuteronsthinspicithinspquethinsplathinspnotionthinspdethinspχωρισμόςthinspcoiumlncidethinsppourthinspautant qursquoelle intervient dans la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees avec le fait de posseacuteder une existencethinspcomparablethinspagravethinspcellethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinsp(cetthinsphomme-cithinspouthinspcetthinsphomme-lagrave)thinspEllethinspdemeurethinspenthinspreacutealiteacutethinspndashthinspcommethinspbienthinspdrsquoautresthinspnotionsthinspchezthinspAristotethinspndashthinspunthinspπολλαχῶςthinspλεγόμενονthinspCethinspquithinspexpliquethinspdu moins en partie la grande dispariteacutes de vues que lrsquoon rencontre chez les interpregravetes Encore que relativementthinspancienthinsplrsquoarticlethinspdethinspJthinspD MabbottthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinspandthinspthethinspXΩΡΙΣΜΟΣthinspofthinspPlatothinspraquothinspThe Classical Quarterlythinsp20thinsp(1926)thinsppthinsp72-79thinspdemeurethinspunthinspexcellentthinsppointthinspdethinspdeacutepartthinsppourthinspeacutetudierthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspthinsptoutthinspcommethinsplathinspmonographiethinspdethinspCthinspH Chen Das Chorismos-Problem bei AristotelesthinspLimbachthinspBerlinthinsp1940 (une deuxiegraveme monographie plus reacutecente eacutetant celle de L SPeLLMan Substance and Separation in AristotlethinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp1995)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspagravethinsppeuthinsppregravesthinspcontemporainsthinspdethinspM-D PhiLiPPethinspgardentthinspeuxthinspaussithinsptoutthinspleurthinspinteacuterecirctthinsplethinsppremierthinspsurtoutthinspthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspM-D PhiLiPPe laquothinsprsquoΑφαίρεσιςthinsp πρόσθεσιςthinsp χωρίζεινthinsp dansthinsp lathinsp philosophiethinsp drsquoAristotethinspraquothinspRevue thomistethinsp 48thinsp (1948)thinsppthinsp461-479thinspetthinsplaquothinspLathinspparticipationthinspdansthinsplathinspphilosophiethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspRevue thomistethinsp492thinsp(1949)thinsppthinsp254-277thinspLe lecteur francophone pourra eacutegalement consulter E de Strycker laquo La notion aristoteacutelicienne de seacuteparationthinspraquothinspdansthinspAAVV Autour drsquoAristote recueil drsquoeacutetudes de philosophie ancienne et meacutedieacutevale offert agrave Monseigneur A MansionthinspPublicationsthinspuniversitairesthinspdethinspLouvainthinspLouvainthinsp1955thinsppthinsp119-139thinspet R duFourthinsplaquothinspLathinspseacuteparationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp1thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp47-66thinspAgrave cocircteacute drsquoautres eacutetudes speacutecialement consacreacutees agrave la notion (cf eg M Gianni laquo Aristotele e la nozione di separazionethinspraquothinspAnnali del Dipartimento di filosofia dellrsquoUniversitagrave di Firenzethinsp3thinsp[1987]thinsppthinsp229-251thinspou encore G abbatethinsplaquothinspLathinspproblematicathinspdellathinspseparazionethinspnellathinspmetafisicathinspdithinspAristotelethinspraquothinspAnnali della Facoltagrave di Lettere e Filosofia dellrsquoUniversitagrave degli studi di Maceratathinsp32thinsp[1999]thinsppthinsp9-38)thinsponthinspmentionnera surtout la controverse entre G FinethinspetthinspDthinspR MorriSon dans les premiegraveres livraisons des Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy G Finethinsp laquothinspSeparationthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp2thinsp(1984)thinsppthinsp31-87thinspthinspDthinspR MorriSon laquo Separation in Aristotlersquos MetaphysicsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp3thinsp(1985)thinsppthinsp125-157thinspetthinsplaquothinspχωριστόςthinspinthinspAristotlethinspraquothinspHarvard Studies in Classical Philologythinsp89thinsp(1985)thinsppthinsp89-105thinspthinspG FinethinsplaquothinspSeparationthinspthinspAthinspReplythinsptothinspMorrisonthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp 3thinsp (1985)thinsp pthinsp 159-165thinspthinspDthinspR MorriSon laquo Separation a Reply to FinethinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp3thinsp(1985)thinsppthinsp167-173thinspParmithinsplesthinspchapitresthinspdrsquoouvragesthinsprappelonsthinspauthinspmoinsthinsplaquothinspSeparationthinspraquothinspdansthinspEthinspG katayaMa Aristotle on Artifacts A Metaphysical PuzzlethinspStatethinspUniversitythinspofthinspNewthinspYorkthinspPressthinspAlbanythinsp1999thinsppthinsp29-40thinsp12thinspthinspProbleacutematiquethinspouthinsppasthinsplrsquoidentificationthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspuniversauxthinspsemblethinspallerthinspdethinspsoithinsppourthinspAristotethinspthinsplaquothinspἀλλrsquothinspὁthinspμὲνthinspΣωκράτηςthinspτὰthinspκαθόλουthinspοὐthinspχωριστὰthinspἐποίειthinspοὐδὲthinspτοὺςthinspὁρισμούςmiddotthinspοἱthinspδrsquothinspἐχώρισανthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσανthinspὥστεthinspσυνέβαινενthinspαὐτοῖςthinspσχεδὸνthinspτῷthinspαὐτῷthinspλόγῳthinspπάντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[orthinspSocratethinspnethinspfaisaitthinspnithinspdesthinspuniverselsthinspnithinspdesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspalorsthinspqursquoilsthinspltlesgtthinspseacuteparaientthinspetthinspdonnaientthinspagravethinspdethinsptellesthinspentiteacutesthinsplethinspnomthinspdrsquoIdeacuteesthinspthinspaussithinspilsthinspenthinspsontthinspvenusthinspagravethinspposerthinspparthinsplethinspmecircmethinspraisonnementthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdrsquoagravethinsppeuthinsppregravesthinsptoutthinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspdrsquouniversel]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp30-34)thinspLathinspparenteacutethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspuniverselsthinspestthinspeacutegalementthinspeacutevoqueacuteethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinsplivrethinspEtathinspthinsplaquothinspτῷthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspγένειthinspκαὶthinspαἱthinspἰδέαιthinspσυνάπτουσινthinsp(κατὰthinspτὸνthinspαὐτὸνthinspγὰρthinspλόγονthinspοὐσίαιthinspδοκοῦσινthinspεἶναι)thinsp[P-M MoreL Aristote Metaphysique EtathinspVrinthinspParisthinsp2015thinsppthinsp63thinspthinsporthinspagravethinsplrsquouniverselthinspetthinspauthinspgenrethinspsethinsprattachentthinspaussithinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(crsquoestthinspenthinspvertuthinspduthinspmecircmethinspraisonnementthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspreacuteputeacuteesthinspecirctrethinspsubstances]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspHthinsp1thinsp1042athinsp15-16)thinspCommethinsplethinspreacutesumethinspdethinspfaccedilonthinsptregravesthinspperspicacethinspA Code laquo Philosophical Method in Aristotlersquos On IdeasthinspraquothinspInternationale Zeitschrift fuumlr Philosophiethinsp2thinsp(1998)thinsppthinsp198thinspthinsplaquothinspwhatthinspisthinspunderthinspdisputethinspisthinspnotthinspwhetherthinsptherethinsparethinspuniversalsthinspbutthinspwhetherthinspthesethinspuniversalsthinsparethinspideasthinsp[cethinspquithinspestthinspcontroverseacutethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsplathinspquestionthinspdethinspsavoirthinspsrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspuniversauxthinspmaisthinspcellethinspdethinspsavoirthinspsithinspcesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspdesthinspIdeacutees]thinspraquothinsp

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plusthinsprobustesthinspquethinsplesthinspuniversauxthinsprechercheacutesthinspparthinspSocratethinspthinspCrsquoestthinsplagravethinspqursquointervientthinsplathinspdeuxiegravemethinspfiliationthinspquethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdrsquoeacutevoquerthinspthinsppersuadeacutesthinspdethinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspdesthinspthegravesesthinspdrsquoHeacuteraclitethinspndashthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspquethinsp lesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsensiblesthinspsontthinspemporteacuteesthinspdansthinspunthinspfluxthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsrsquoeacutecoulentthinspsansthinspcessethinspcethinspquithinsprendthinspleurthinspconnaissancethinspimpossiblethinsp(Athinsp6thinsp987athinsp32thinsp-thinsp987b1thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp12-16)thinspndashthinspPlatonthinspetthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspontthinspeuthinsprecoursthinspagravethinspdrsquoautresthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspquithinspexisteraientthinspenthinspplusthinspetthinspagravethinspcocircteacutethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspsensiblesthinsp(Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp15-16)thinsp

Il ne fait pas de doute qursquoAristote prend parti en lrsquooccurrence pour Socrate dontthinspilthinspathinspsalueacutethinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplrsquointeacuterecirctthinspfondateurthinsppourthinsplrsquouniverselthinspetthinsploueacutethinsplathinspsobrieacuteteacutethinspouthinsplathinspparcimonie ontologique13 Il deacutenonce en revanche le tournant ideacutealiste de ceux qui au lieu de se contenter de diffeacuterencier lrsquouniversel des particuliers comme lrsquoavaitthinspfaitthinspSocratethinspenthinspontthinspfaitthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspthinsplaquothinspτοῦτοthinspδέthinsp[hellip]thinspἐκίνησεthinspμὲνthinspΣωκράτηςthinspδιὰthinspτοὺςthinspὁρισμούςthinspοὐthinspμὴνthinspἐχώρισέthinspγεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονmiddotthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspὀρθῶςthinspἐνόησενthinspοὐthinspχωρίσαςthinspδηλοῖthinspδὲthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἔργωνmiddotthinspἄνευthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspτοῦthinspκαθόλουthinspοὐκthinspἔστινthinspἐπιστήμηνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspχωρίζεινthinspαἴτιονthinspτῶνthinspσυμβαινόντωνthinspδυσχερῶνthinspπερὶthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspἐστίνthinsp[Socratethinspathinspmisthinsplttoutgtthinspcelathinspenthinspbranlethinspparthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinspthinspilthinspnethinspltlesgt seacuteparait cependant pas des particuliers et il avait raison de penser ltqursquoelles ne sontgt pas seacutepareacutees Ce qui ressort clairement ltde la consideacuterationgt des reacutesultats drsquounethinsppartthinspsansthinsplrsquouniverselthinspilthinspestthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspparvenirthinspagravethinsplathinspsciencethinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplathinspseacuteparationthinspestthinsplathinspcausethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquithinspsurviennentthinspavecthinsplesthinspIdeacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Mthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp2-7)thinspOnthinsppeutthinspdoncthinspconclurethinspquethinspdrsquoapregravesthinspAristotethinspduthinspmoinsthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdes Ideacutees nrsquoeacutetaient pas les premiers agrave consideacuterer lrsquouniversel agrave part de la multipli-citeacute Il leur reviendrait en revanche drsquoavoir fait de la seacuteparation la maniegravere dont lrsquouniversel existe en dehors de la pluraliteacute dont il constitue lrsquouniteacute

Surthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspcettethinsppremiegraverethinspreconnaissancethinspagravethinspmecircmethinsplesthinsp textesthinspnousthinspnousthinspsommesthinspefforceacutesthinspdethinspreacutepondrethinspagravethinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinspquestionsthinspLesthinspdeuxthinspprincipalesthinspeacutetantthinspthinsppremiegraverementthinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvraithinspquethinsplethinspχωρισμόςthinspconstituethinsplathinspseulethinspalternativethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstabiliteacutethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspenthinspdevenir14thinspagravethinspquelthinsptypethinspdrsquoentiteacutesthinspcettethinspseacuteparationthinspaboutit-t-ellethinspthinspDeuxiegravemementthinspqursquoestthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdethinspbienthinspmalencontreuxthinspdansthinspcettethinspseacuteparationthinsppour qursquoAristote en fasse la racine de tous les inconveacutenients dont souffrirait la doctrine des Ideacutees15

13 On se souviendra que lrsquoune des attaques les plus seacutevegraveres qursquoAristote adresse aux partisans des Ideacuteesthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspredoublentthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspabsurdethinsplethinspnombrethinspdesthinspeacutetantsthinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica A 9 992a 26-27thinspthinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12)thinspCethinspquithinspestthinsplethinsprefletthinspdrsquounethinspcomptabiliteacutethinspaberrantethinspquithinspmultipliethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspeacutetaitthinspplusthinspaiseacutethinspdethinsplesthinspcompterthinsplorsqursquoilsthinspsontthinspplusthinspnombreuxthinspquethinsplorsqursquoilsthinspsontthinspmoinsthinspnombreuxthinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8)thinspLrsquoobjectionthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspeacutetudieacuteethinspaussithinspenthinspdeacutetailthinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplethinspsouhaiterthinspdansthinspD LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave Meacutetaphysique A 9 990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspSurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp(2008)thinsppthinsp305-32214thinspthinspLrsquoaffirmationthinsppeutthinspparaicirctrethinspndashthinspdethinspprimethinspabordthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppeuthinsppeacuteremptoirethinspmaisthinspellethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdeacutepourvuethinspde fondement Cf notamment Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp7-9thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδrsquothinspὡςthinspἀναγκαῖονthinspεἴπερthinspἔσονταίthinspτινεςthinspοὐσίαιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspαἰσθητὰςthinspκαὶthinspῥεούσαςthinspχωριστὰςthinspεἶναιthinsp[srsquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinspunthinspfluxthinspilthinspestthinspneacutecessairethinsppourthinspeuxthinspqursquoellesthinspsoientthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp15thinspthinspCettethinspaffirmationthinspaussithinsppeutthinspparaicirctrethinspquelquethinsppeuthinspexcessivethinspmaisthinspellethinspnonthinspplusthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspsansthinspfondement dans les textes Agrave cocircteacute drsquoAristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp2-7thinspquethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspciterthinspetthinspquithinspestthinspassezthinspexplicitethinspenthinspcethinspsensthinsponthinspeacutevoquerathinspeacutegalementthinspMthinsp9thinsp1085athinsp23-29thinspougravethinspAristotethinsprevientthinspsurthinsplathinspracinethinspcommunethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdansthinsplesquellesthinspversentthinsplesthinspdoctrinesthinspacadeacutemiciennesthinspdesthinspnombresthinspetthinspdesthinspgrandeursthinsp(πάντωνthinspδὲthinspκοινὸνthinspτούτων)thinspetthinspquithinspestthinspanaloguethinspagravethinspcellethinspquithinspconsistethinspagravethinsptraiterthinsplesthinspgenresthinsp

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Aristote ndash tout comme Platon drsquoailleurs ndash nrsquoa pas poseacute explicitement les deux questions Il y a toutefois non seulement de quoi les formuler mais aussi de quoi leurthinspapporterthinspunethinspreacuteponsethinspenthinspsrsquoautorisantthinspsansthinsptropthinsplesthinsptiraillerthinspdrsquounthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspde textes tireacutes du corpus de lrsquoun et de lrsquoautre

EnthinspdeacutepitthinspduthinspfaitthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdeacutenonccedilaitthinspndashthinspencorethinspquethinspdethinspmaniegraverethinsppassablementthinspdeacutetourneacutee et non sans ironie16 ndash lrsquoamalgame des Ideacutees et des particuliers Aristote semblethinsplrsquoavoirthinspfondamentalementthinsprepristhinspagravethinspsonthinspcomptethinspthinspilthinspenthinspathinspmecircmethinspfaitthinsplathinspchevillethinspouvriegravere de son rejet des Formes seacutepareacutees Aussi si lrsquoon pose la question de savoir cethinspqursquoontthinspenthinspcommunthinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspprecirctaitthinspauthinsppersonnagethinspeacuteponymethinspdans la premiegravere partie du Parmeacutenide17 drsquoune part et drsquoautre part les critiques

commethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(ὅπερthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspτῶνthinspὡςthinspγένουςthinspσυμβαίνειthinspδιαπορεῖν)thinspDethinspfaitthinsp lorsqursquoonthinspnethinspseacuteparethinsppasthinsplrsquouniverselthinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspproblegravemethinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspμὴthinspχωριστοῦthinspμὲνthinspὄντοςthinspοὐδεμίανthinspποιήσειthinspἀπορίαν)thinspalorsthinspquethinspndashthinsplorsqursquoonthinsplethinspseacuteparethinspcommethinsplethinspfontthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspndashthinsponthinspsethinsprendthinsplathinspviethinspdifficilethinspsithinspcethinspnrsquoestthinspimpossiblethinsp(χωριστοῦthinspδέthinspὥσπερthinspοἱthinspταῦταthinspλέγοντέςthinspφασιthinspτοῦthinspἑνὸςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀριθμῶνthinspοὐthinspῥᾴδιονthinspλῦσαιthinspεἰthinspμὴthinspῥᾴδιονthinspδεῖthinspλέγεινthinspτὸthinspἀδύνατον)thinsp16thinspthinspMecircmethinspsithinsponthinsplaissethinspdethinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinspquestionsthinsptregravesthinspdeacutebattuesthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspduthinspdialoguethinspainsithinspquethinspetthinspsurtoutthinspdethinspsathinspfinaliteacutethinsp(questionsthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspabordeacuteesthinspenthinspquelquethinspdeacutetailthinspagravethinsppartirthinspdesthinspmateacuteriauxthinsprassembleacutesthinspenthinspvuethinspdrsquounethinsppublicationthinspreacutecentethinspagravethinspsavoirthinspL Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspRevue de Philosophie Anciennethinsp32thinsp(2014)thinsppthinsp35-85thinspthinspquestionsthinspauthinspsujetthinspdesquellesthinspvautthinspencorethinspetthinsptoujoursthinspcethinspque R kLibanSkythinspeacutecrivaitthinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspsoixantethinspansthinspauthinsptoutthinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspsonthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspParmenides in thethinspMiddlethinspAgesthinspandthinspthethinspRenaissancethinspraquothinspMediaeval and Renaissance Studiesthinsp1thinsp(1943)thinsppthinsp281thinspthinsplaquothinspNothinspother Platonic dialogue perhaps no other philosophical work has undergone such strange vicissitudes as the ParmenidesthinspConsideredthinspbythinsponethinspgroupthinspofthinspexegetesthinspasthinspathinspmerethinspexercisethinspinthinspdialecticthinspregardedthinspbythinspanotherthinspasthinspanthinspimportantthinspcontributionthinsptothinspthethinsptheorythinspofthinspideasthinsprejectedthinspbythinspsomethinspasthinspspuriousthinspviewedthinspbythinspathinspfewthinspasthinspathinsphumorousthinspparodythinspandthinspextolledthinspbythinspmanythinspasthinspthethinspsupremethinspexpressionthinspofthinspPlatonicthinsptheologythinspitsthinspcharacterthinspwasthinspnothinsplessthinspdisputedthinspinthinspthethinspschoolsthinspofthinspAntiquitythinspthanthinspamongthinspmodernthinspinterpretersthinspraquo)thinsponthinspconviendra aiseacutement que plus drsquoun aspect de la mise en scegravene du Parmeacutenide peut laisser le lecteur perplexethinspthinsp depuisthinsp lrsquoimprobablethinsp datethinsp dramatiquethinsp jusqursquoauthinsp choixthinsp desthinsp personnagesthinsp ndashthinsp quithinsp nethinsp brillentthinsppasthinsppourthinsp leurthinspcreacutedibiliteacutethinspphilosophiquethinspndashthinspquithinspsethinspseraientthinsp relayeacutesthinsp lethinspreacutecitthinspdrsquounthinspentretienthinspndashthinspqursquoonthinsp litthinspde troisiegraveme main ndash qui aurait eu lieu entre un Parmeacutenide deacutesormais vieillissant et un Socrate plus preacutecoce dans son attachement aux Ideacutees qursquoon aurait pu le croire moins inspireacute cependant dans son rocircle tout aussi atypique de reacutepondant plutocirct que de questionneur 17thinspthinspNousthinsp avonsthinsp consacreacutethinsp lesthinsp seacuteancesthinsp duthinsp 2thinsp etthinsp 9thinspmarsthinsp 2015thinsp agravethinsp unethinsp lecturethinsp commenteacuteethinsp dethinspPlatonis Parmenides eacuted C MoreSChinithinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1966thinsp127athinsp7thinsp(ἔφηthinspδὲthinspδὴthinspὁthinsprsquoΑντιφῶνthinspλέγεινthinspτὸνthinspΠυθόδωρονthinspὅτιthinspκτλthinspougravethinspdeacutebutethinsplethinspreacutecitthinspduthinsppremierthinspeacutechangethinspentrethinspSocratethinspetthinspZeacutenonthinsppreacuteludethinspdethinspceluithinspavecthinspParmeacutenide)thinsp-thinsp135ethinsp4thinsp(οὗτοςthinspεἶπενthinspὅνπερthinspἤκουσαςthinspΖήνωνοςthinspκτλthinspougravethinspsrsquoachegravevethinsplethinspreacutequisitoirethinspde Parmeacutenide contre les Formes avec la revendication ndash agrave premiegravere vue paradoxale ndash de lrsquoexigence dethinsppostulerthinspleurthinspexistence)thinspAgravethinsppartirthinspdethinsplathinspconsideacuterationthinspdrsquounthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquoindicesthinspinternesthinspetthinspexternes nous avons repris la suggestion selon laquelle lrsquoarsenal deacuteployeacute contre lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees ne sanctionnethinsppasthinspsonthinspnaufragethinsp(auxthinspnombreusesthinspnuancesthinsppregravesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdethinsplathinsplignethinspinterpreacutetativethinspinaugureacuteethinsppar J wahL Eacutetude sur le Parmeacutenide de Platon F riederthinspParisthinsp1926thinsppthinsp31thinspetthinsp35thinspthinspFthinspM CornFord Plato and Parmenides Parmenidesrsquo laquo Way of truth raquo and Platorsquos Parmenides London Kegan Paul TrenchthinspTrubnerthinsp1939thinsppthinsp86-87thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy J hoPkinS PressthinspBaltimorethinsp1944thinsppthinsp292-298thinspetthinsp536thinspthinspD roSS Platorsquos Theory of Ideas Clarendon Press Oxford 1951thinsppthinsp87-89)thinspSithinsplesthinspFormesthinspnethinspsortentthinsppasthinsprenforceacuteesthinspdethinspcettethinspordaliethinsponthinspauraitthinsptoutefoisthinsptortthinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinspcroyancethinspdansthinspleurthinspexistencethinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspeacutebranleacuteethinspParmithinsplesthinspindicesthinspexternesthinspmilitantthinspenthinspfaveurthinspdrsquounthinspbilanthinspcritiquethinspplutocirctthinspmitigeacutethinspduthinspreacutequisitoirethinspparmeacutenideacuteenthinspmentionnonsthinspauthinspmoinsthinsplesthinspdeux qui paraissent eacutevoquer la passe drsquoarmes du Parmeacutenide En premier lieu Platonis Timaeus eacuted A rivaudthinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1925thinsp51bthinsp7thinsp-thinsp51dthinsp2thinspougravethinsptoutthinspenthinspreconnaissantthinsplathinspleacutegitimiteacutethinspdrsquounethinsp

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qursquoAristote adresse aux partisans des Ideacutees on ne srsquoeacuteloignera pas de la veacuteriteacute en reacutepondant que crsquoest justement le fait de consideacuterer drsquoun seul tenant les particuliers sensiblesthinspetthinspleursthinspcontrepartiesthinspintelligiblesthinsp

LethinsprappelthinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinspdialoguethinspplatonicien18 permet agrave Socrate de deacutejouer ndash pour un temps au moins ndash les arguments de Zeacutenon contre la multipliciteacutethinspenthinsplesthinspreleacuteguantthinspdansthinspunethinspreacutegionthinspdethinsplrsquoecirctrethinspcellethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspenthinspdevenirthinspqui ndash preacuteciseacutement ndash nrsquoest pas celle des Formes lesquelles se trouveraient par lagrave-mecircmethinspsoustraitesthinspauxthinspparadoxesthinspquithinspaffectentthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspLesthinspIdeacuteesthinsppermettentthinspdonc de relativiser ou de reacutegionaliser les paradoxes souleveacutes par Zeacutenon les choses drsquoici-basthinsppeuventthinsppreacutesenterthinspdesthinspcaractegraveresthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspcontradictoires19 Il nrsquoy a lagrave

mise agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees le personnage eacuteponyme lui accorde cependant une place assezthinspmodestethinspdansthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspvoirethinspmecircmethinspaccessoirethinsp (ilthinsp srsquoagitthinspcommethinspilthinspestthinspditthinspenthinsp51cthinsp7thinspdrsquounthinspsimplethinspπάρεργον)thinspthinspaucunethinspdesthinsppreuvesthinspagravethinspchargethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspnrsquoestthinspreprisethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspunethinspinstructionthinspsubsidiairethinspouthinspdethinspsubstitutionthinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspclasserthinspsansthinspsuitethinsplesthinspsoupccedilonsthinspagravethinspsonthinspencontrethinspenthinspmobilisantthinsplathinspdistinctionthinspentrethinspsensiblethinspetthinspintelligiblethinspquithinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcellethinspinvoqueacuteethinspparthinsplethinspjeunethinspSocratethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinspParmeacutenidethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoilthinspintroduitthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspafinthinspdethinspcontournerthinsplesthinspparadoxes zeacutenoniens de la multipliciteacute En second lieu Platonis Philebus eacuted A diegraveS Les Belles LettresthinspParisthinsp1941thinsp14cthinsp7thinsp-thinsp15cthinsp3thinspougravethinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspagravethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspetthinspagravethinsplathinspmultipliciteacutethinspdansthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdansthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspaporiesthinspeacutevoqueacuteesthinspdansthinspdesthinsptermesthinsptregravesthinspprochesthinspdethinspceuxthinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplirethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspnotrethinspdialoguethinspndashthinspnethinspsontthinsppasthinspmoinsthinsppreacutesenteacuteesthinspcommethinspunethinspcausethinspdrsquoembarrasthinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspἁπάσηςthinspἀπορίαςthinspαἴτια)thinspquethinspcommethinspunethinspressourcethinsppreacutecieusethinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspεὐπορίαςthinspltαἴτιαgt)thinspagravethinspconditionthinspndashthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspdethinsplesthinspneacutegocierthinspcorrectementthinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspκαλῶςthinspὁμολογηθέντα)thinspParmithinsplesthinspindicesthinspinternesthinsprappelonsthinsples deux principaux En premier lieu les critiques que le personnage eacuteponyme adresse agrave son jeune partenairethinspdethinspdiscussionthinsptoutthinspnombreusesthinspetthinspvarieacuteesthinspqursquoellesthinspsoientthinspparthinspailleursthinspnrsquoaboutissentthinsppasthinspau rejet de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees Bien au contraire sa valeur eacutepisteacutemologique voire la neacutecessiteacute de cettethinsphypothegravesethinspestthinsprevendiqueacuteethinspparthinspParmeacutenidethinsplui-mecircmethinspthinspsethinspdeacutetournerthinspdesthinspFormesthinsprevientthinspagravethinsppriverthinsplathinsppenseacuteethinspdethinsptoutethinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspsethinspdonnerthinspunthinspobjetthinspainsithinspqursquoagravethinspdeacutetruirethinsplethinspfondementthinspdethinsplathinspdialectiquethinspetthinspdethinspsathinsppratiquethinspautantthinspdirethinspdethinsplathinspphilosophiethinspelle-mecircmethinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp135bthinsp5thinsp-thinsp135cthinsp6)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu non seulement Parmeacutenide rappelle que lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees constitue la condition sine qua nonthinspdethinsplathinsppenseacuteethinspetthinspduthinspdiscoursthinspmaisthinspencorethinspilthinspaidethinspSocratethinspagravethinspidentifierthinsplrsquooriginethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdansthinsplesquellesthinspilthinsplrsquoathinspplongeacutethinspEtthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspavisthinspcesthinspaporiesthinspembarrassentthinsplethinspjeunethinspSocratethinspmoinsthinspparcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspinheacuterentesthinspagravethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdoncthinspincontournablesthinspvoirethinspinsurmontablesthinspque parce qursquoil nrsquoest pas assez expeacuterimenteacute pour les deacutejouer ou qursquoil srsquoy est pris trop tocirct pour le faire CesthinspdifficulteacutesthinsptiennentthinspdoncthinspmoinsthinspauthinspfaitthinspquethinsplesthinspFormesthinspposentthinspdavantagethinspdethinspproblegravemesthinspqursquoellethinspnethinsppermettentthinspdrsquoenthinspreacutesoudrethinspqursquoauthinspfaitthinspquethinspSocratethinspsrsquoestthinspattaqueacutethinspagravethinspcesthinspproblegravemesthinsptropthinspjeunethinspetthinspsansthinsplethinspbagagethinspouthinsplrsquoentraicircnementthinspneacutecessairesthinspagravethinsplesthinspreacutesoudrethinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp130ethinsp1-4thinspetthinsp135cthinsp8thinsp-thinsp135d)thinsp18 Platonis Parmenidesthinsp128ethinsp5thinsp-thinsp129athinsp3thinspthinsplaquothinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspοὐthinspνομίζειςthinspεἶναιthinspαὐτὸthinspκαθrsquothinsp[129a]thinspαὑτὸthinspεἶδόςthinsp τιthinsp ὁμοιότητοςthinsp καὶthinsp τῷthinsp τοιούτῳthinsp αὖthinsp ἄλλοthinsp τιthinsp ἐναντίονthinsp ὃthinsp ἔστινthinsp ἀνόμοιονmiddotthinsp τούτοινthinsp δὲthinsp δυοῖνthinspὄντοινthinspκαὶthinspἐμὲthinspκαὶthinspσὲthinspκαὶthinspτἆλλαthinspἃthinspδὴthinspπολλὰthinspκαλοῦμενthinspμεταλαμβάνεινthinspthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτῆςthinspὁμοιότητοςthinspμεταλαμβάνονταthinspὅμοιαthinspγίγνεσθαιthinsp ταύτῃthinspτεthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτοσοῦτονthinspὅσονthinspἂνthinspμεταλαμβάνῃthinsp τὰthinspδὲthinspτῆςthinspἀνομοιότητοςthinspἀνόμοιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspἀμφοτέρωνthinspἀμφότεραthinspthinsp[L briSSon Platon Parmeacutenide Flammarion Paris 1999 p 90 laquo ltSocrate gt ne partages-tu pas ces convictions il y a une Forme en soi de la RessemblancethinspthinspunethinsptellethinspFormethinspathinsppourthinspcontrairethinspcethinspqursquoestthinsplathinspDissemblancethinspthinsplesthinspchosesthinspdontthinspnousthinspdisonsthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspmultiplesthinspmoithinsptoithinspouthinspautrethinspchosethinspparticipentthinspagravethinspcesthinspdeuxthinspFormesthinspquithinspsontthinspveacuteritablementthinspthinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspparcethinspqursquoellesthinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspRessemblancethinspetthinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspellesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspquethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspRessemblancethinspsontthinspsemblablesthinsptandisthinspquethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspDissemblancethinspsontthinspdissemblablesthinspetthinspquethinspcellesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspauxthinspdeuxthinspFormesthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspsontthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspsemblablesthinspetthinspdissemblables]thinspraquothinsp19 Cf Platonis Parmenidesthinsp129athinsp6thinsp-thinsp129dthinsp6thinspougravethinspSocratethinspfaitthinspremarquerthinspquethinsplethinspmecircmethinsphommethinsptoutthinspuniquethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspdrsquoautresthinspecirctresthinsphumainsthinspapparaicirctthinspmultiplethinsplorsqursquoonthinspconsidegraverethinspqursquoilthinspathinsp

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rienthinspdethinspbienthinspeacutetonnantthinspCethinspquithinspeacutetonneraitthinspSocratethinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspdethinspfaitthinspvathinsplrsquoeacutetonnerthinspdansthinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinspdialoguethinspndashthinspcethinspseraitthinspplutocirctthinspdethinspretrouverthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinspcontradictions que tout un chacun peut constater au niveau du monde de lrsquoexpeacuterience Crsquoestthinsplethinspsensthinspduthinspdeacutefithinspqursquoilthinsplancethinspndashthinspenthinsp129ethinsp3thinsp-130athinsp2thinspndashthinspavantthinspdethinspceacutederthinsplathinspparolethinspauthinsppersonnagethinspquithinspdonnethinspauthinspdialoguethinspsonthinsptitrethinspthinsplaquothinspταῦταthinspδὲthinspἀνδρείωςthinspμὲνthinspπάνυthinspἡγοῦμαιthinspπεπραγματεῦσθαιmiddotthinspπολὺthinspμεντἂνthinspὧδεthinspμᾶλλονthinspὡςthinspλέγωthinspἀγασθείηνthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἔχοιthinspτὴνthinspαὐτὴνthinspταύτηνthinspἀπορίανthinspἐνthinspαὐτοῖςthinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσιthinsp[130a]thinspπαντοδαπῶςthinspπλεκομένηνthinspὥσπερthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspὁρωμένοιςthinspδιήλθετεthinspοὕτωςthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspλογισμῷthinspλαμβανομένοιςthinspἐπιδεῖξαιthinsp[L Brisson Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ton argumentation tu la conduis avec unethinspbellethinspetthinspmacirclethinspvigueurthinspmaisthinspavecthinspcombienthinspplusthinspdethinspplaisirthinspencorethinspjethinsplethinspreacutepegravetethinspjrsquoapplaudiraisthinspceluithinspquithinspsauraitthinspmontrerthinspcommentthinspcettethinspmecircmethinspdifficulteacutethinspsethinspretrouvethinspentrelaceacuteethinspdethinsptoutethinspsortethinspdethinspfaccedilonsthinspauthinspniveauthinspmecircmethinspdesthinspFormesthinspetthinspquithinspdeacutemontreraitthinspquethinspcettethinspdifficulteacutethinspquethinspvousthinspParmeacutenidethinspetthinsptoithinspZeacutenonthinspavezthinspdeacutecritethinspenthinspdeacutetailthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspvisiblesthinspsethinspmanifestethinspaussithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspquethinspsaisitthinsplathinspraison]thinspraquothinspOrthinspParmeacutenidethinsprelegravevethinsplethinspdeacutefithinspdethinspSocratethinspetthinspfaitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspce que celui-ci sommait Zeacutenon drsquoaccomplir agrave savoir faire remonter au niveau des Ideacutees les paradoxes qursquoil pensait avoir circonscrits au domaine des particuliers sensibles20thinspCelathinspsethinsptraduitthinspparthinspunethinspbatteriethinspdethinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinspParmeacutenidethinspsoulegravevethinspetthinspquithinsppartagentthinspunthinspmecircmethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspDethinspfaitthinspcethinspquithinspconfegraverethinspagravethinspcesthinspaporiesthinspleurthinspallurethinspcontraignantethinspetthinspplusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquithinspleurthinspassurethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspformuleacuteesthinspdansthinspdesthinsptermesthinspquithinsprendentthinspleurthinspsolutionthinspimpossiblethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspquethinsptoutthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspqursquoelles soient des individus mateacuteriels les Formes sont traiteacutees agrave leur tour comme desthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspphysiquesthinspToutthinspcommethinspcelles-cithinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspnithinspecirctrethinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdrsquoelles-mecircmesthinspnithinspsethinsptrouverthinspenthinspmecircmethinsptempsthinspenthinspplusieursthinspendroitsthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquoellesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspecirctrethinspcommunesthinspauxthinspplusieursthinspsinonthinspagravethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdrsquounthinsptoutthinspcorporelthinspdontthinspchacunthinsppossegravederaitthinspalternativementthinsplrsquointeacutegraliteacutethinspouthinspunethinsppartiethinspthinspellesthinsppeuventthinspenthinsprevanchethinspecirctrethinspcompteacuteesthinspenthinspplusthinspetthinspagravethinspcocircteacutethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspleurthinspressemblerthinspetthinspsethinspressemblerthinspentrethinspellesthinspetcthinsp

plusieursthinspmembresthinsptoutthinspcommethinspilthinspapparaicirctthinspdiffeacuterentthinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspobservethinspquethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspdroitthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspgauchethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsplethinspmecircmethinspsithinsponthinsplethinspregardethinspdethinspfrontthinspouthinspdethinspdosthinspetcthinsp20 Le point de deacutepart de ce tour de force dialectique est un deuxiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacuteesthinspdontthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspestthinsptregravesthinspsignificatifthinspenthinspcethinspqursquoilthinspintroduitthinsplethinspregistrethinspdethinsplathinspseacuteparationthinsp(Formesthinspetthinspparticuliersthinspsontthinspχωρίςthinspagravethinsppartthinsplesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautres)thinspthinsplaquothinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspκαίthinspμοιthinspεἰπέthinspαὐτὸςthinspσὺthinspοὕτωthinspδιῄρησαιthinspὡςthinspλέγειςthinspχωρὶςthinspμὲνthinspεἴδηthinspαὐτὰthinspἄτταthinspχωρὶςthinspδὲthinspτὰthinspτούτωνthinspαὖthinspμετέχονταthinspthinspκαίthinspτίthinspσοιthinspδοκεῖthinspεἶναιthinspαὐτὴthinspὁμοιότηςthinspχωρὶςthinspἧςthinspἡμεῖςthinspὁμοιότητοςthinspἔχομενthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspδὴthinspκαὶthinspπολλὰthinspκαὶthinspπάνταthinspὅσαthinspνυνδὴthinspΖήνωνοςthinspἤκουεςthinspthinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspἔμοιγεthinspφάναιthinspτὸνthinspΣωκράτηthinsp[L briSSon Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspetthinspdis-moithinspas-tuthinspfaitthinsptoi-mecircmethinsplathinspdistinctionthinspdontthinsptuthinspparlesthinspmettantthinspdrsquounthinspcocircteacutethinspcethinspquethinsptuthinspappellesthinsplesthinspFormesthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinspdrsquounthinspautrethinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspenthinspparticipentthinspthinspEtthinsptethinspsemble-t-ilthinspqursquoilthinspythinspaitthinspunethinspRessemblancethinspenthinspsoithinspdistinctethinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspenthinspnousthinspetthinspqursquoilthinspenthinspvathinspdethinspmecircmethinsppourthinsplrsquoUniteacutethinsppourthinsplathinspPluraliteacutethinspetthinsppourthinsptoutesthinsplesthinspchosesthinspquethinspZeacutenonthinspvientthinspdrsquoeacutevoquerthinspthinspltSocratethinspgtthinspenthinspcethinspquithinspmethinspconcernethinsp jethinsp lethinsp reconnaisthinsp reacuteponditthinspSocrate]thinspraquothinsp (Platonis Parmenidesthinsp 130bthinsp1-6)thinspAuthinspsujetthinspdethinsplathinsplaquothinspseacuteparationthinspraquothinsptellethinspqursquoellethinspestthinsppreacutefigureacuteethinspchezthinspPlatonthinspcfthinspG vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspldquoSeparationrdquothinspinthinspPlatothinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp5thinsp(1987)thinsppthinsp186-197thinspetthinspDthinspT devereux laquo Separation and ImmanencethinspinthinspPlatorsquosthinspTheorythinspofthinspFormsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp12thinsp(1994)thinsppthinsp63-90thinsp

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Ce preacutesupposeacute est clairement agrave lrsquoœuvre dans les apories meacutereacuteologiques qui ouvrent le reacutequisitoire contre les Formes21 La participation des particuliers aux Formes ne diffegravere en rien de la participation des particuliers entre eux seul un corpsthinspmateacuterielthinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspdonneacutethinspenthinsppartagethinspouthinspbienthinsptoutthinspentierthinspouthinspbienthinspenthinspplusieursthinspmorceaux seuls des individus mateacuteriels et leurs parties peuvent avoir une taille et ecirctrethinspplusthinspgrandsthinspouthinspplusthinsppetitsthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspetcthinspSithinspbienthinspquethinsplrsquoalternativethinspbinairethinspsur laquelle repose le dilemme de la participation22thinspagravethinspsavoirthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspparticiperthinspqursquoagravethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinsplrsquounethinspdethinspsesthinsppartiesthinspnrsquoathinspdethinspsensthinspquethinspsithinsplathinspFormethinspestthinsptraiteacuteethinspcommethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquoaussithinspconcretthinspquethinsplesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspvisiblesthinspetthinsptangiblesthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinsp

Ce preacutesupposeacute est formuleacute en toutes lettres dans lrsquoun des arguments avanceacutes par Parmeacutenide23thinspmecircmethinspsithinspcelathinspestthinsptropthinspsouventthinsppasseacutethinspsousthinspsilencethinspdansthinsplathinsplitteacutera-ture secondaire24thinspDethinspfaitthinsplathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspparthinsplaquellethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsp(enthinsp

21 La seacutequence est ouverte par un troisiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees et notamment de lrsquoeacuteponymie qui les lie aux reacutealiteacutes qui en participent (cf Platonis Parmenides 130e 4 et sq)thinsp22thinspthinspCrsquoestthinspSocratethinsplui-mecircmethinspquithinspestthinspameneacutethinspagravethinspreconnaicirctrethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdrsquoautresthinsppossibiliteacutesthinspthinsplaquothinspκαὶthinspπῶςthinspἄνthinspthinspraquothinspreacutepond-ilthinspenthinspeffetthinspagravethinspParmeacutenidethinspquithinspluithinspdemandethinspsithinspunethinsplaquothinspautrethinspparticipationthinspraquothinspndashthinspenthinspplusthinspdethinspcellethinspprisethinspdansthinsplrsquoalternativethinspduthinsptoutthinspetthinspdesthinsppartiesthinspndashthinspest-ellethinsppossiblethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐκοῦνthinspἤτοιthinspὅλουthinspτοῦthinspεἴδουςthinspἢthinspμέρουςthinspἕκαστονthinspτὸthinspμεταλαμβάνονthinspμεταλαμβάνειthinspthinspἢthinspἄλληthinspτιςthinspἂνthinspμετάληψιςthinspχωρὶςthinspτούτωνthinspγένοιτοthinspthinspraquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp131athinsp4-6)thinsp23 Cf Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp1thinspthinsplaquothinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspοἶμαίthinspσεthinspἐκthinspτοῦthinspτοιοῦδεthinspἓνthinspἕκαστονthinspεἶδοςthinspοἴεσθαιthinspεἶναιmiddotthinspὅτανthinspπόλλrsquothinspἄτταthinspμεγάλαthinspδόξῃthinspσοιthinspεἶναιthinspμίαthinspτιςthinspἴσωςthinspδοκεῖthinspἰδέαthinspἡthinspαὐτὴthinspεἶναιthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἰδόντιthinspὅθενthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspμέγαthinspἡγῇthinspεἶναιthinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspἀληθῆthinspλέγειςthinspφάναιthinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspτίthinspδrsquothinspαὐτὸthinspτὸthinspμέγαthinspκαὶthinspτἆλλαthinspτὰthinspμεγάλαthinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinspοὐχὶthinspἕνthinspτιthinspαὖthinspμέγαthinspφανεῖταιthinspᾧthinsp ταῦταthinsp πάνταthinsp ἀνάγκηthinsp μεγάλαthinsp φαίνεσθαιthinspthinsp ltΣωκράτηςgtthinsp ἔοικενthinsp ltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinsp ἄλλοthinsp ἄραthinsp εἶδοςthinspμεγέθουςthinspἀναφανήσεταιthinspπαρrsquothinspαὐτόthinspτεthinspτὸthinspμέγεθοςthinspγεγονὸςthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspμετέχονταthinspαὐτοῦmiddotthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτούτοιςthinspαὖthinspπᾶσινthinsp[132bthinsp1]thinspἕτερονthinspᾧthinspταῦταthinspπάνταthinspμεγάλαthinspἔσταιmiddotthinspκαὶthinspοὐκέτιthinspδὴthinspἓνthinspἕκαστόνthinspσοιthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἔσταιthinspἀλλὰthinspἄπειραthinspτὸthinspπλῆθοςthinsp[ltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquojethinsppensethinspquethinsptuthinsppensesthinspquethinspchaquethinspFormethinspestthinspunethinspagravethinsppartirthinspdethinspcelathinspthinspchaquethinspfoisthinspqursquoilthinsptethinspsemblethinspquethinspplusieursthinspchosesthinspsontthinspgrandesthinspilthinsptethinspsemblethinspeacutegalementthinspndashthinspagravethinsptoithinspquithinsplesthinspembrassesthinsptoutesthinspduthinspregardthinspndashthinspqursquounthinspcertainthinspaspectthinspuniquethinspestthinsplethinspmecircmethinspAgrave partir de lagrave tu estimesthinspquethinsplethinspGrandthinspestthinspunrdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquotuthinspdisthinspvrairdquothinspreacutepondit-ilthinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquoorthinspqursquoenthinspest-ilthinspduthinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinspdesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesthinspsithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptousthinspparthinsptonthinspacircmethinspthinspnrsquoest-ce pas qursquoagrave nouveau quelque chose drsquounique apparaicirctra grand en vertu duquel il est neacutecessaire quethinsptoutesthinspcesthinspchosesthinspapparaissentthinspgrandesthinsprdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquosemble-t-ilrdquothinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquounethinspautrethinspForme de grandeur fera donc son apparition surgissant agrave part de la grandeur en soi et des choses qui participent de la grandeur en soi ainsi qursquoune autre ltFormegt agrave nouveau en plus de toutes celles-lagrave par laquelle toutes ces choses seront grandes Aussi chacune de tes Formes ne sera pas unique mais plusieursthinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinirdquo]thinspraquothinsp24thinspthinspIlthinspestthinsppeut-ecirctrethinspindeacutelicatthinspdethinsppointerthinspduthinspdoigtthinspquelqursquounthinspenthinspparticulierthinspmaisthinspndashthinspsrsquoilthinspfallaitthinspagravethinsptoutthinspprixthinspdeacuteterminerthinspquellethinspestthinsplathinsppartthinspdethinspresponsabiliteacutethinspdethinspchacunthinspdansthinspcettethinspaffairethinspndashthinsprappelonsthinspquethinspauthinspnomthinspdrsquounthinsppartithinsppristhinspdeacuteductivistethinspquithinsplrsquoathinspameneacutethinspagravethinspinfligerthinspagravethinsplrsquoargumentthinspunethinspstructurethinspinfeacuterentiellethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspreacutecursivethinspGthinspVlastosthinspnrsquoathinsppasthinspfaitthinspgrandthinspcasthinspdansthinspsathinspreconstructionthinspdethinsplathinspclausethinspquethinspnousthinspallonsthinspeacutevoquerthinspdethinspsuitethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplrsquolaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqursquoonthinsplitthinspenthinsp132athinsp5-6thinspPirethinsplethinspὡσαύτωςthinspserathinspamputeacutethinspagravethinsptermethinspdethinspsathinsptraductionthinspAussithinspdansthinsplathinspcontributionthinspquithinspsethinspveutthinsppourtantthinsplathinspplus respectueuse de la lettre du texte (G vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspldquoThirdthinspManrdquothinspArgumentthinsp(Parmenides 132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspTextthinspandthinspLogicthinspraquothinspThe Philosophical Quarterlythinsp19thinsp[1969]thinsppthinsp291)thinsplrsquoadverbethinspathinsptoutthinspsimplementthinspdisparuthinspCethinspquithinspnonthinspseulementthinspcomprometthinsplrsquointelligibiliteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspmaisthinspencorethinspetthinspsurtout occulte le preacutesupposeacute (la confusion entre les Formes et les particuliers qui participent des Formes)thinspsurthinsplequelthinspcethinspdernierthinspreposethinspenthinspdernierthinspressort

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lrsquooccurrencethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspGrandeur)thinspsethinsptrouvethinspcompromisethinspreposethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspsurthinsplathinspclausethinsplaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardes tous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqui se porte garante de lrsquoenchaicircnement des diffeacuterentes eacutetapes de lrsquoargument lequel consistethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspagravethinspreacutepeacuteterthinsplathinspmecircmethinspopeacuterationthinspparthinsplaquellethinsponthinsprassemblethinspdansthinspunethinspvuethinspdrsquoensemblethinspunethinsppluraliteacutethinspdethinspchosesthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdrsquounethinspdeacuteterminationthinspcommunethinspAuthinspdemeurantthinspsithinsponthinspnethinspregardaitthinsppasthinsplathinspFormethinspetthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinsp(ὡσαύτως)thinspcommentthinspdeacuteclencherthinsplathinspdeacuterivethinspinflationnistethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspreacutecursivementthinspla position drsquoune deuxiegraveme Ideacutee puis drsquoune nouvelle puis drsquoune autre encore et ainsi dethinspsuitethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspthinspCettethinspsuggestionthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppernicieusethinspqursquoellethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleursthinspndash porte tout le poids de lrsquoargument dans la mesure ougrave elle est appeleacutee agrave assurer lathinspcontinuiteacutethinspentrethinspcethinspquithinspsrsquoestthinspmanifesteacutethinspauthinspniveauthinspdethinsplrsquoinspectionthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspet ce qui va se manifester en eacutelargissant cette opeacuteration synoptique aux Formes elles-mecircmesthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspregardethinsplesthinspunsthinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinspthinsp

Or il y a au moins un platonicien qui a vu les Ideacutees de cette faccedilon agrave savoir comme des reacutealiteacutes qui si tant est qursquoelles existent existent agrave la faccedilon des par-ticuliersthinsp sensiblesthinspCethinsp platonicienthinsp estthinsp naturellementthinspAristotethinsp chezthinsp quithinsp lrsquoassi-milationthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspconstituethinsplethinsplevierthinspdesthinspreprochesthinspreacutecurrents qursquoil a formuleacutes agrave lrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Formes Plus preacuteciseacute-ment si lrsquoon distingue ndash non sans fondement quoique de maniegravere un peu scheacute-matiquethinspndashthinspdeuxthinspgrandesthinspfamillesthinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspdansthinsplathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdes Ideacutees agrave savoir ndash drsquoune part ndash les apories lieacutees agrave leur existence (lesquelles visent agrave saper le fondement de la doctrine qui srsquoavegravere degraves lors tout simplement incapablethinspdethinspdeacutemontrerthinspqursquoellethinspathinspunthinspobjet)thinspetthinspndashthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspndashthinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspmoinsthinspagravethinsplrsquoexistencethinspelle-mecircmethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspqursquoagravethinspleurthinsprelationthinspavecthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinsp(lesquellesthinspvisentthinspagravethinspabolirthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspfairethinspappelthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinsppourthinspexpliquerthinspquoi que ce soit en termes de participation preacutesence ou encore imitation des unesthinspparthinsprapportthinspauxthinspautres)25thinspilthinspestthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspplausiblethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfamille fait intervenir ndash agrave tous les coups ndash cette assimilation des Formes et des substancesthinspmateacuteriellesthinspIlthinspsrsquoagitthinspndashthinspautrementthinspditthinspndashthinspdethinsplathinspconditionthinspsuffisantethinsp(soitthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspsoitthinspsurthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspconsideacuterationsthinspquithinsp luithinspsontthinspsolidaires)thinsppourthinspfairethinspdeacuteraillerthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspAristotethinsppeutthinspdifficilementthinspecirctrethinspaccuseacutethinspdrsquoavoirthinspmacirccheacutethinspsesthinspmotsthinspthinspconcisthinspouithinspagravethinspsonthinspordinairethinspndashthinspobscurthinspnonthinsp

25thinspthinspOnthinspreacutesumerathinspcettethinspdistinctionthinspenthinspdeacutetournantthinspunthinspceacutelegravebrethinsptraitthinsppascalienthinsp(Penseacutees eacuted P SeLLier MercurethinspdethinspFrancethinspParisthinsp1976thinsppthinsp445thinsp[887])thinspthinsplaquothinspPlatonthinspincertainthinspetthinspinutilethinspraquothinsplaquothinspIncertainthinspraquothinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspilthinsppostulethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdontthinspilthinspnethinspparvientthinsppasthinspagravethinspprouverthinspqursquoellesthinspexistentthinspthinsplaquothinspinutilethinspraquothinsppuisquethinspmecircmethinspsithinspdethinsptellesthinspentiteacutesthinspexistentthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditthinspellesthinspnethinspcontribueraientthinsppasthinspgrand-chosethinspagravethinspnotrethinspgouvernethinspouthinspagravethinspnotrethinspconnaissancethinspduthinspmondethinspdrsquoici-basthinspPuisqursquoilsthinspeacutepousentthinspbienthinspauthinspniveauthinspde la division du travail exeacutegeacutetique cette dualiteacute rappelons deux textes de F Fronterotta qursquoon peut prendre comme points de repegravere macroscopiques au sein de la tregraves vaste litteacuterature secondaire (au sujet dethinsplaquellethinspcfthinsplesthinspindicationsthinspfourniesthinspplusthinspbasthinspnotethinsp32)thinspthinspF Fronterotta laquo ldquoLes Formes nrsquoexistent pasthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditrdquothinspLathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspF Pradeauthinsp(eacuted)thinspPlaton Les formes intelligiblesthinspPUFthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp129-154thinspetthinsplaquothinspLathinspcriticathinsparistotelicathinspallathinspfunzionethinspcausalethinspdelle Idee platoniche MetafisicathinspAthinsp9thinsp991athinsp8thinsp-thinsp991bthinsp9thinspraquothinspdansthinspF Fronterottathinsp(eacuted)thinspLa scienza e le cause a partire dalla Metafisica di Aristotele BibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp2010thinsppthinsp93-119thinsp

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Selon un paradoxe qui nrsquoen est un qursquoen apparence ce qursquoAristote sanctionne chezthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsplethinspvicethinspreacutedhibitoirethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspagravethinspluithinsptoutthinspseulthinsplethinsprejetthinspdethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspenthinspquestionthinspndashthinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcethinspqursquoilthinspestthinspprecirctthinspagravethinspleurthinspaccorderthinspAutant dire le dilemme des partisans des Ideacutees est qursquoils ont tort et raison agrave la foisthinspetthinspndashthinspsurtoutthinspndashthinspqursquoilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspontthinspraisonthinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspλέγοντεςthinspτῇthinspμὲνthinspὀρθῶςthinspλέγουσιthinspχωρίζοντεςthinspαὐτάthinspεἴπερthinspοὐσίαιthinspεἰσίthinspτῇthinspδrsquothinspοὐκthinspὀρθῶςthinspὅτιthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspεἶδοςthinspλέγουσινthinsp[ceuxthinspquithinspdisentthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspontthinspraisonthinspet tort agrave la fois Ils ont raison de dire qursquoelles sont seacutepareacutees puisqursquoelles sont des substancesthinspthinspmaisthinspilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinspmultipli-citeacute]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp16thinsp1040bthinsp27-30)thinspOrthinspqursquoest-cethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspdire pourquoi au juste les partisans des Ideacutees ont drsquoun cocircteacute tort et de lrsquoautre raison Reacuteponse la conviction que poser lrsquoexistence de quelque chose ou ndash ce quithinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinsprevientthinspauthinspmecircmethinspndashthinspfairethinspdethinspquelquethinspchosesthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutequivautthinspagravethinspenthinspfairethinspunthinspparticulierthinspsensiblethinsp(peuthinspimportethinspalorsthinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspeacuteternelthinspou pas26)thinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinspauthinsp tourthinspdrsquoincantationthinsppregravesthinspndashthinspcrsquoestthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspfontthinspcommethinsplrsquoindiquethinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinsppassagethinspthinsplaquothinspαἴτιονthinspδrsquothinspὅτιthinspοὐκthinspἔχουσινthinspἀποδοῦναιthinspτίνεςthinspαἱthinspτοιαῦταιthinspοὐσίαιthinspαἱthinspἄφθαρτοιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspαἰσθητάςmiddotthinspποιοῦσινthinspοὖνthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspτῷthinspεἴδειthinspτοῖςthinspφθαρτοῖςthinsp(ταύταςthinspγὰρthinspἴσμεν)thinspαὐτοάνθρωπονthinspκαὶthinspαὐτόϊππονthinspπροστιθέντεςthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspτὸthinspῥῆμαthinspτὸthinspldquoαὐτόrdquothinsp[lathinspcausethinspltdethinspleurthinsperreurgtthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspsontthinspincapablesthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquethinspsontthinspdethinsptellesthinspsubstancesthinspincorruptiblesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspIlsthinspenthinspfontthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspspeacutecifiquementthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspcorruptiblesthinsp(celles-cithinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspsavonsthinspltcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontgt)thinspunthinspHommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspChevalthinspenthinspsoithinspenthinspajoutantthinspauxthinspltnomsthinspdesgtthinspchosesthinspsensiblesthinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquoenthinspsoirdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica Z

26 Aristotelis ethica nicomacheathinsp Ithinsp 6thinsp 1096athinsp 34thinsp -thinsp 1096bthinsp 5thinspthinsp laquothinspἀπορήσειεthinsp δrsquothinsp ἄνthinsp τιςthinsp τίthinsp ποτεthinsp καὶthinspβούλονταιthinspλέγεινthinspαὐτοέκαστονthinspεἴπερthinspἔνthinspτεthinspαὐτοανθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspεἷςthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspαὐτὸςthinspλόγοςthinspἐστὶνthinspὁthinspτοῦthinspἀνθρώπουthinspᾗthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωποςthinspοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσουσινmiddotthinspεἰthinspδrsquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὐδrsquothinspᾗthinspἀγαθόνthinspἀλλὰthinspμὴνthinspοὐδὲthinspτῷthinspἀίδιονthinspεἶναιthinspμᾶλλονthinspἀγαθὸνthinspἔσταιthinspεἴπερthinspμηδὲthinspλευκότερονthinspτὸthinspπολυχρόνιονthinspτοῦthinspἐφημέρουthinsp[R bodeacuteuumlS Aristote Eacutethique agrave Nicomaque Flammarion Paris 2004 p 61 on peut drsquoautre part se demander ce quethinsppeutthinspbienthinspvouloirthinspdirethinspenthinspdeacutefinitivethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquochosethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplrsquoldquohommethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspetthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinspdeacutefinissentthinspparthinspunethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspformulethinspcellethinspdethinsplrsquohommethinspCarthinspsithinsplrsquoonthinspconsidegraverethinsplathinspchose en tant qursquohomme cela ne fait aucune diffeacuterence Et dans ces conditions il nrsquoy a pas non plus agrave fairethinsplathinspdiffeacuterencethinspagravethinspproposthinspduthinspbienthinspsithinsponthinsplethinspconsidegraverethinspenthinsptantthinspquethinsptelthinspMaisthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspnonthinspplusthinspparcethinspqursquoilthinspseraitthinspeacuteternelthinspqursquounthinspbienthinspseraitthinspdavantagethinspunthinspbienthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspquithinspdurethinsplongtempsthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdavantagethinspcethinspqursquoellethinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspeacutepheacutemegravere]thinspraquothinsp

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16thinsp1040bthinsp30-34)27thinspCethinspquithinspndashthinsptoutthinsparbitrairethinspetthinspgratuitthinspquethinspcethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleurs28 ndash est ineacutevitablethinsppourthinsppeuthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspveuillethinsppreacuteserverthinsplathinspnotionthinspelle-mecircmethinspdethinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspγάρthinspτιςthinspμὴthinspθήσειthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspεἶναιthinspκεχωρισμέναςthinspκαὶthinspτὸνthinspτρόπονthinspτοῦτονthinspὡςthinspλέγεταιthinspτὰthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἀναιρήσειthinspτὴνthinspοὐσίανthinspὡςthinspβουλόμεθαthinspλέγεινthinsp[sithinsponthinspnethinspposethinsppasthinspquethinsplesthinspsubstancesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinsponthinspditthinspquethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspparticuliersthinsplethinspsontthinsponthinspdeacutetruitthinsplathinspsubstancethinspauthinspsensthinspougravethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendons]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp10thinsp1086bthinsp16-19)29

SurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspcethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspAristotethinspdeacuteveloppethinsptoutethinspunethinspseacuteriethinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspagravethinsplrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Ideacutees allant de lrsquoaccusation de verser dans une erreur aussi grossiegravere que lrsquoanthropomorphisme religieux30thinspagravethinspcellethinspdethinspredoublerthinspsansthinspraisonthinsp

27thinspthinspAristotethinspstigmatisethinspvolontiersthinsplesthinspliberteacutesthinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspprennentthinspavecthinsplethinsplangagethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinsptournerthinsplathinspplupartthinspduthinsptempsthinspagravethinspvidethinspAussithinsplorsqursquoilthinspnethinspbalaiethinspleurthinspproposthinspcommethinspduthinspsimplethinspverbiagethinsp(cf Aristotelis ethica eudemia R R waLzer J M MinGaythinsp(eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1991thinspIthinsp8thinsp1217bthinsp19-21thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspδὲthinspδεῖthinspσυντόμωςthinspεἰπεῖνthinspπερὶthinspαὐτῶνthinspλέγομενthinspὅτιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspτὸthinspεἶναιthinspἰδέανthinspμὴthinspμόνονthinspἀγαθοῦthinspἀλλὰthinspκαὶthinspἄλλουthinspὁτουοῦνthinspλέγεταιthinspλογικῶςthinspκαὶthinspκενῶςthinsp[srsquoilthinspnousthinspestthinsppermisthinspdrsquoexprimerthinspicithinsptregravesthinspbriegravevementthinspnotrethinsppenseacuteethinspnousthinspdironsthinspqursquoaffirmerthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspunethinspIdeacuteethinspnonthinspseulementthinspduthinspbienthinspmaisthinspdethinsptoutthinspautrethinspchosethinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspparlerthinspetthinsptenirthinspdesthinspproposthinspvides]thinspraquo)thinspilthinsplesthinspaccusethinspdethinspsethinspcontenterthinspde meacutetaphores poeacutetiques (cf Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp991athinsp20-22thinsp[=thinspMthinsp5thinsp1079bthinsp24-27]thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspλέγεινthinspπαραδείγματαthinspαὐτὰthinsplt scilicetthinspτὰthinspεἴδηgtthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspμετέχεινthinspαὐτῶνthinspτἆλλαthinspκενολογεῖνthinspἐστὶthinspκαὶthinspμεταφορὰςthinspλέγεινthinspποιητικάςthinsp[direthinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspsontthinspdesthinspparadigmesthinspetthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspnethinsprienthinspdirethinspetthinspsethinsppayerthinspdethinspmeacutetaphoresthinsppoeacutetiques]thinspraquo)thinspthinsp ilthinsp leurthinspreprochethinspeacutegalement de srsquoamuser agrave changer de nom aux choses sans se preacuteoccuper de nous dire ce qursquoelles sont au juste (cf Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987bthinsp7-14thinspthinsplaquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὖνthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσεthinspτὰthinspδrsquothinspαἰσϑητὰthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspταῦταthinspλέγεσϑαιthinspπάνταthinspκατὰthinspμέϑεξινthinspγὰρthinspεἶναιthinspτὰthinspπολλὰthinspτῶνthinspσυνωνύμωνthinsp[ὁμώνυμα]thinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσινthinspτὴνthinspδὲthinspμέϑεξινthinspτοὔνομαthinspμόνονthinspμετέβαλενmiddotthinspοἱthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspΠυϑαγόρειοιthinspμιμήσειthinspτὰthinspὄνταthinspφασὶνthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspἀριϑμῶνthinspΠλάτωνthinspδὲthinspμεϑέξειthinspτοὔνομαthinspμεταβαλώνthinspτὴνthinspμέντοιthinspγεthinspμέϑεξινthinspἢthinspτὴνthinspμίμησινthinspἥτιςthinspἂνthinspεἴηthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἀφεῖσανthinspἐνthinspκοινῷthinspζητεῖνthinsp[aussithinspilthinspathinspappeleacutethinspldquoIdeacuteesrdquothinspdethinsptellesthinspchosesthinspetthinspilthinspathinspaffirmeacutethinspquethinsptousthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspenthinspsontthinspseacutepareacutesthinspetthinspqursquoilsthinspreccediloiventthinspdrsquoellesthinspleur nom En effet crsquoest en raison de leur participation aux Ideacutees que les plusieurs sont synonymes avec les Ideacutees Pour ce qui est de la participation Platon nrsquoa fait que changer le nom en effet les PythagoriciensthinspaffirmaientthinspquethinsplesthinspeacutetantsthinspsontthinspparthinspimitationthinspdesthinspnombresthinspPlatonthinspparthinspparticipationthinspenthinspchangeantthinsplethinspnomthinspCethinspquethinsplathinspparticipationthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinspouthinsplrsquoimitationthinsppeutthinspbienthinspecirctrethinspilsthinspontthinspenthinspcommunthinspdrsquoavoirthinspneacutegligeacutethinspdethinsplethinspchercher]thinspraquo)thinsp28thinspthinspPourthinspAristotethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspplusthinspdethinspraisonthinspdethinspseacuteparerthinsplesthinspuniversauxthinspquethinsplesthinspaccidentsthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐδεμίαthinspἀνάγκηthinspὑπολαμβάνεινthinspτιthinspεἶναιthinspτοῦτοthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspὅτιthinspἓνthinspδηλοῖthinspοὐδὲνthinspμᾶλλονthinspἢthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspἄλλωνthinspὅσαthinspμὴthinspτὶthinspσημαίνειthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιὸνthinspἢthinspπρόςthinspτιthinspἢthinspποιεῖνthinsp[ilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspplusthinspneacutecessairethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplrsquouniversel est quelque chose agrave part des choses individuelles car il indique quelque chose drsquounique que de le penser des autres choses qui ne sont pas quelque chose mais une qualiteacute une relation ou encorethinspunethinspaction]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis analytica posteriorathinspIthinsp24thinsp85bthinsp18-21)thinsp29 Cf Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp12thinsp1037bthinsp27thinspougravethinspilthinspestthinspquestionthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspὡςthinspφαμένthinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplaquothinspἡthinspοὐσίαthinspἕνthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὡςthinspφαμένthinsp[lathinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspcommethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinspetthinspdethinspconcret]thinspraquothinsp30 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12thinspthinsplaquothinspπολλαχῇthinspδὲthinspἐχόντωνthinspδυσκολίανthinspοὐθενὸςthinspἧττονthinspἄτοπονthinspτὸthinspφάναιthinspμὲνthinspεἶναίthinspτιναςthinspφύσειςthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspοὐρανῷthinspταύταςthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspφάναιthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspπλὴνthinspὅτιthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspἀΐδιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspφθαρτάthinspαὐτὸthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωπόνthinspφασινthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspἵππονthinspκαὶthinspὑγίειανthinspἄλλοthinspδrsquothinspοὐδένthinspπαραπλήσιονthinspποιοῦντεςthinspτοῖςthinspθεοὺςthinspμὲνthinspεἶναιthinspφάσκουσινthinspἀνθρωποειδεῖςthinspδέmiddotthinspοὔτεthinspγὰρthinspἐκεῖνοιthinspοὐδὲνthinspἄλλοthinspἐποίουνthinspἢthinspἀνθρώπουςthinspἀϊδίουςthinspοὔθrsquothinspοὗτοιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἄλλrsquothinspἢthinspαἰσθητὰthinspἀΐδιαthinsp(D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp[2008]thinsppthinsp308thinspthinspmecircmethinspsrsquoilsthinspltlesthinspplatoniciensgtthinspsontthinspdethinspplusieursthinspfaccedilonsthinspenthinspdifficulteacutethinsprienthinspdethinspplusthinspabsurdethinspquethinspdethinspdirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspcertainesthinspnaturesthinspenthinspplusthinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

134

lethinspmobilierthinspontologiquethinspduthinspmonde31 en passant par des travers meacutereacuteologiques qui rappellent drsquoassez pregraves ceux que lrsquoon rencontre deacutejagrave chez Platon32

Si nous avons passeacute en revue chacun de ces inconveacutenients33 nous nous sommes cependantthinsparrecircteacutesthinsptoutthinspspeacutecialementthinspsurthinsplrsquounthinspdrsquoentrethinspeuxthinsplrsquoargumentthinspqursquoAristotethinsp

dethinspcellesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinsplrsquouniversthinspmaisthinspenthinspdisantthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspsensiblesthinspsaufthinspquethinsplesthinspunesthinspsontthinspeacuteternellesthinsplesthinspautresthinspcorruptiblesthinspIlsthinspdisentthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspunthinsphommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspchevalthinsplten soigt une santeacute lten soigt sans rien dire drsquoautre en faisant agrave peu pregraves comme ceux qui disent qursquoil existe des dieux mais de forme humaine Ceux-ci ne faisaient rien drsquoautre que des hommes eacuteternels etthinsppourthinspceux-lagravethinsplesthinspformesthinspnethinspsontthinspquethinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspeacuteternels)thinspraquothinsp31 Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8thinsp(cfthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp34thinsp-thinsp1079athinsp4)thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτωνδὶthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἕτεραthinspτούτωνthinspἴσαthinspτὸνthinspἀριθμὸνthinspἐκόμισανthinspὥσπερthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἀριθμῆσαιthinspβουλόμενοςthinspἐλαττόνωνthinspμὲνthinspὄντωνthinspοἴοιτοthinspμὴthinspδυνήσεσθαιthinspπλείωthinspδὲthinspποιήσαςthinspἀριθμοίηthinspσχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspἴσαthinspἢthinspοὐκthinspἐλάττωthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἐστὶthinspτούτοιςthinspπερὶthinspὧνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἐκthinspτούτωνthinspἐπrsquothinspἐκεῖναthinspπροῆλθονthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspγὰρthinspὁμώνυμόνthinspτιthinspἐστιthinspκαὶthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspτῶνthinspτεthinspἄλλωνthinspἐστὶνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspἕνthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖσδεthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖςthinspἀιδίοιςthinsp[D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinsppthinsp306-307thinspthinspquantthinspagravethinspceuxthinspquithinspposentthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspcommethinspdesthinspcausesthinspdrsquoabordthinspenthinspcherchantthinspagravethinspsaisirthinsplesthinspcausesthinspdesthinspecirctresthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinspilsthinspenthinspontthinspintroduitthinspdrsquoautresthinspenthinspnombrethinspeacutegauxthinspagravethinspeuxthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspquethinspquelqursquounthinspqui voudrait compter des choses mais croirait ne pas pouvoir le faire parce qursquoil y en a peu et pour lesthinspcompterthinsplesthinsprendraitthinspplusthinspnombreusesthinspLesthinspFormesthinspenthinspeffetthinspsontthinspenthinspnombrethinsppresquethinspeacutegalesthinspouthinsppas infeacuterieures aux choses loin desquelles dans leur recherche des causes ils ont eacuteteacute jusque vers ellesthinspcarthinsppourthinspchaquethinspchosethinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquohomonymethinspmecircmethinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspetthinspdesthinspautres choses dont il y a uniteacute drsquoune multipliciteacute agrave la fois pour les choses qui nous entourent et pour cellesthinspquithinspsontthinspeacuteternelles]thinspraquothinsp32 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1039athinsp26thinsp-thinsp1039bthinsp2thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἵππῳthinspἤτοιthinspἓνthinspκαὶthinspταὐτὸνthinspτῷthinspἀριθμῷthinspἐστὶνthinspἢthinspἕτερονmiddotthinspτῷthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspλόγῳthinspδῆλονthinspὅτιthinspἕνmiddotthinspτὸνthinspγὰρthinspαὐτὸνthinspδιέξεισιthinspλόγονthinspὁthinspλέγωνthinspἐνthinspἑκατέρῳthinspεἰthinspοὖνthinspἐστίthinspτιςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspαὐτὸςthinspκαθrsquothinspαὑτὸνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspἀνάγκηthinspκαὶthinspἐξthinspὧνthinspοἷονthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspδίπουνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspκαὶthinspεἶναιthinspχωριστὰthinspκαὶthinspοὐσίαςmiddotthinspὥστεthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτὸthinspαὐτὸthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἵππῳthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspὥσπερthinspσὺthinspσαυτῷthinspπῶςthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspοὖσιthinspχωρὶςthinspἓνthinspἔσταιthinspκαὶthinspδιὰthinspτίthinspοὐthinspκαὶthinspχωρὶςthinspαὑτοῦthinspἔσταιthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspτοῦτοthinspthinsp[sithinsplesthinspFormesthinspexistentthinspetthinspquethinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspouthinspbienthinspilthinspserathinspnumeacuteri-quementthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspouthinspbienthinspdiffeacuterentthinspParthinsplrsquoargumentthinspquethinspvoicithinspilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspuniquethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinsponthinsplethinspdeacutefinitthinspauthinspmoyenthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspdeacutefinitionthinspSrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdoncthinspunthinsphommethinspquithinspestthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinsppourthinsplui-mecircmethinspunthinspcecithinspetthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspneacutecessairementthinspquethinspcethinspquithinsplethinspconstituethinsplrsquoanimalthinspetthinsplethinspbipegravedethinspparthinspexemplethinspsoientthinspaussithinspunthinspcecithinspqursquoilsthinspsoientthinspdesthinspchosesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspOrthinspsithinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspetthinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspestthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspcommethinsptuthinsplrsquoesthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinsptoi-mecircmethinspcommentthinsppourra-t-ilthinspdemeurerthinspuniquethinspdansthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspquithinspsontthinspagravethinsppartthinspltlesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautresgtthinspetthinsppourquoithinspcetthinspanimalthinspnethinspsera-t-ilthinsppasthinspseacutepareacutethinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsp]thinspraquo33thinspthinspDethinspmecircmethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspeacutetudieacutethinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspplusthinspponctuellesthinspqursquoAristotethinspassociethinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfamilles drsquoarguments en faveur de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees dans le reacutequisitoire qursquoon peut lire ndash agrave quelques variations mineures pregraves ndash dans les livres A et M des MeacutetaphysiquesthinspenthinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp8-15thinspetthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp4-9thinsprespectivementthinsp(laquothinspἔτιthinspδὲthinspκαϑrsquothinspοὓςthinspτρόπουςthinspδείκνυμενthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκατrsquoοὐϑέναthinspφαίνεταιthinspτούτωνmiddotthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspοὐκthinspἀνάγκηthinspγίγνεσϑαιthinspσυλλογισμόνthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspοὐχthinspὧνthinspοἰόμεϑαthinspτούτωνthinspεἴδηthinspγίγνεταιthinspκατάthinspτεthinspγὰρthinspτοὺςthinspλόγουςthinspτοὺςthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἐπιστημῶνthinspεἴδηthinspἔσταιthinspπάντωνthinspὅσωνthinspἐπιστῆμαιthinspεἰσίthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀποφάσεωνthinspκατὰthinspδὲthinspτὸthinspνοεῖνthinspτιthinspφϑαρέντοςthinspτῶνthinspφϑαρτῶνmiddotthinspφάντασμαthinspγάρthinspτιthinspτούτωνthinspἔστινthinsp[dethinspplusthinspdrsquoaucunethinspdesthinspmaniegraveresthinspdontthinspnousthinspentreprenonsthinspdethinsplethinspprouverthinspnethinspreacutesultethinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinspeffetthinspdansthinspcertainsthinspcasthinsplethinspsyllogismethinspnethinspsrsquoensuitthinsppasthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspneacutecessairethinspthinspdansthinspdrsquoautresthinspcasthinspenthinsprevanchethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspmecircmethinsppourthinspdesthinspchosesthinsppourthinsplesquellesthinspnousthinsppensonsthinspqursquoil nrsquoy en a pas des arguments agrave partir des sciences qursquoil y a des Ideacutees de tout ce dont il y a des sciencesthinspthinspltdesthinspargumentsgtthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspltqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesgtthinspmecircmethinspdethinspneacutegationsthinspthinspetthinspltdesthinspargumentsgt agrave partir de la penseacutee de quelque chose apregraves sa corruption ltqursquoil y a des Ideacuteesgt drsquoentiteacutes

Leone Gazziero

135

lethinsppremierthinspndashthinspsansthinspenthinspattribuerthinsplathinsppaterniteacutethinspagravethinsppersonnethinsp(pasthinspplusthinspagravethinspsesthinsppreacutedeacuteces-seursthinspouthinspagravethinspsesthinspcontemporainsthinspqursquoagravethinsplui-mecircme)thinspndashthinspathinspappeleacutethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo34 Cela pour au moins deux raisons En premier lieu il y a tout sujet de croirethinspqursquoAristotethinspdevaitthinsplethinsptenirthinsppourthinspunethinspobjectionthinspassezthinspformidablethinspagravethinsplrsquoencontrethinspdethinsplathinsppromotionthinspdesthinsppreacutedicatsthinspuniverselsthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancesthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinspvuthinsplethinsptraitthinspquithinspndashthinsppourthinspAristotethinspndashthinspfaitthinsplathinspspeacutecificiteacutethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacutees)thinspCrsquoestthinspenthinsptoutthinspeacutetatthinspdethinspcausethinsplethinspspectrethinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspseulthinspqursquoAristotethinspagitethinsplorsqursquoilthinspeacutevoquethinspndashthinspenthinspblocthinspndashthinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdontthinspagravethinspsonthinspavisthinspsrsquoencombrethinsplrsquohypothegravese des Formes (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu la conviction que si les Ideacutees existent elles existent agrave la maniegravere desthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspnonthinspseulementthinspjouethinspunthinsprocirclethinspcapitalthinspdansthinsplrsquoeacuteconomiethinspdethinsplrsquoargument tel que nous pouvons le reconstruire agrave partir des diffeacuterentes sources qui nous lrsquoont transmis35 mais encore elle constitue la cleacute pour reacutesoudre un puzzle

quithinspontthinsppeacuterithinsp(puisqursquoilthinspenthinspexistethinspunethinspcertainethinspimage)]thinspraquo)thinspUnethinspbibliographiethinspdethinspquelquethinsptroisthinspcentsthinsptitresthinspspeacutecialement consacreacutee agrave la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees dans les lieux parallegraveles des livres A et M des Meacutetaphysiquesthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspdistribueacuteethinspetthinsp(dansthinspsathinspversionthinspalphabeacutetique)thinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspconsulteacuteethinsponlinethinspagravethinsplrsquoadressethinspthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir2808files201509BibliogrSept2015pdfthinsp34 Au sujet de lrsquohistoire de lrsquoargument qursquoil nous soit permis de renvoyer agrave L Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinsp(citeacutethinspnotethinsp14)thinsppourthinspsathinsppreacutehistoirethinspplatoniciennethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquothinspldquoκαὶthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςrdquothinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspProleacutegomegravenesthinspagravethinspunethinsphistoirethinspanciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspraquothinspRhizai 7 2010 p 181-220 pour son utilisationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquo ldquoEt quoniam est quis tertius homordquothinspArgumentthinspexeacutegegravesethinspcontresens dans la litteacuterature latine apparenteacutee aux Sophistici elenchithinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspArchives drsquohistoire doctrinale et litteacuteraire du Moyen Age 80 2013 p 7-48 pour ses transformations aux mains des commentateursthinspdethinsplanguethinspetthinspculturethinsplatinethinspPourthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspdesthinspcommentateursthinspdethinsplrsquoAntiquiteacutethinsptardivethinspcfthinspD huntthinsplaquothinspPlotinusthinspMeetsthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspJ CLearythinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Perennial Tradition of NeoplatonismthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinsp1997thinsppthinsp119-132thinspthinspJ oPSoMerthinsplaquothinspSyrianusthinsponthinspHomonymythinspandthinspFormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspvan rieL C MaCeacute et L van CaMPethinsp(eacuted)thinspPlatonic Ideas and Concept Formation in Ancient and Medieval ThoughtthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinspLouvainthinsp2004thinsppthinsp31-50thinspetthinspLthinspP GerSon laquothinspProclusthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspEacutetudes platoniciennesthinsp8thinsp(2011)thinsppthinsp105-11835thinspthinspCommethinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinsplonguementthinspexpliqueacutethinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinsplathinspseacuteancethinspduthinsp16thinspmarsthinsp2015thinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspestthinspunthinspexcellentthinspcasthinspdrsquoeacutetudethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoonthinspsethinsptournethinspversthinspdesthinspsourcesthinspsemi-canoniquesthinspafinthinspdethinspreconstituerthinspdesthinspfaitsthinspdethinspdiscoursthinspplusthinspouthinspmoinsthinspradicalementthinspindisponiblesthinspdansthinspleurthinspversionthinsporiginalethinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspmecircmethinspsithinspsonthinspcasthinspparaicirctthinspndashthinspagravethinsppremiegraverethinspvuethinspndashthinspmoinsthinspdeacutesespeacutereacutethinspquethinspceluithinspdrsquoautresthinsppiegravecesthinspdethinsplrsquoAristotethinspperduthinspetthinspmecircmethinspsithinspndashthinspagravethinspcoupthinspsucircrthinspndashthinspsathinspsituationthinspphilologiquethinspsrsquoestthinspconsideacuterablementthinspameacutelioreacutee depuis quelques anneacutees (parmi les progregraves il faut au moins signaler la nouvelle eacutedition critiquethinspdesthinspquelquesthinsppagesthinspdrsquointeacuterecirctthinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauxthinspMeacutetaphysiques drsquoAristotethinspquethinspD harLFinGerthinspnousthinspathinspoffertethinspenthinsp1975thinspthinsponthinspsignalerathinspeacutegalementthinspquethinsplathinspquestionthinspdesthinspdeuxthinsp recensionsthinspdansthinsp lesquellesthinspcesthinspmecircmesthinsppagesthinspnousthinspseraientthinspparvenuesthinspndashthinsp toutthinsp reacutecemmentthinspndashthinspathinspbeacuteneacuteficieacutethinspdesthinsplumiegraveresthinspdethinspP GoLitSiS laquo La recensio altera du Commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave la Meacutetaphysique drsquoAristotethinspetthinsplethinspteacutemoignagethinspdesthinspmanuscritsthinspbyzantinsthinspLaurentianus plut 8712 et Ambrosianus F113thinspsupthinspraquothinspdansthinspJ SiGneS Codontildeer et I Peacuterez Martinthinsp(eacuted)thinspTextual Transmission in Byzantium Between Textual Criticism and Quellenforschung Brepols Turnhout 2014 p 199-230 ainsi que de celles de L CaLvieacutethinsp laquothinspAgravethinsp proposthinsp dethinsp lrsquoeacuteditionthinspHayduckthinsp duthinspCommentairethinsp drsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodise agrave la MeacutetaphysiquethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspouthinspconsulterthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir565files201409Article-LCalvieacute-2e-edpdf)thinspIlthinspnrsquoenthinsprestethinsppasthinspmoinsthinspquethinsptoutthinspeffortthinspdethinsprestitutionthinspduthinsptraiteacutethinspperduthinspdrsquoAristotethinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspougravethinsponthinsppeutthinsplirethinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspdethinsplointhinsplethinspplusthinspinformatifthinspndashthinspdoitthinspsethinspconfronterthinspagravethinspunethinspeacutequationthinspagravethinspplusieursthinspvariablesthinspLethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspestthinspunthinsptextethinspqui ne nous est parvenu qursquoagrave travers la tradition indirecte et dont la vocation ndash pour autant qursquoelle se

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

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exeacutegeacutetique agrave la fois ancien et tenace agrave savoir pour autant que lrsquoon a affaire agrave un seul etthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinspnousthinsppouvonsthinspremonterthinspdansthinsplethinsptempsthinspne fait pas lrsquounanimiteacute ndash comment se fait-il qursquoAristote tantocirct lrsquoutilise pour reacutefuter les philosophes des Ideacutees tantocirct le rejette sous preacutetexte qursquoil srsquoagit drsquoun argument fallacieux36thinspthinspLethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspdansthinsplequelthinspnousthinspavonsthinspidentifieacutethinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspmotifsthinsppro-fonds de lrsquoantiplatonisme drsquoAristote ndash agrave savoir la particularisation existentielle des universauxthinspndashthinsppermetthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquithinspentraicircnethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspetthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinsplrsquoeacuteviterthinspMecircmethinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvirtuellementthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspcomprendrethinsplethinspfonctionnementthinspexactthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspsesthinspraresthinspoccurrencesthinspdansthinsp

laissethinspentrevoirthinspndashthinspeacutetaitthinspdethinsptraiterthinspdrsquounethinspdoctrinethinspcellethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspcœurthinspdrsquounthinspdeacutebatthinspquithinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplethinsppreacutecegravedethinspetthinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspaffecteacutethinspAucunethinspdethinspcesthinspvariablethinspnethinspsethinsplaissethinsptraiterthinspcommethinspunethinspsimplethinspvariablethinspdrsquoajustement et elles sont qui plus est lieacutees entre elles Si on distingue donc ndash avec les speacutecialistes de lrsquoecdotique (on se reacutefeacuterera en particulier agrave un texte de J iriGointhinspthinsplaquothinspLathinspcritiquethinspdesthinsptextesthinspdoitthinspecirctrethinsphistoriquethinspraquothinspdansthinspE FLoreSthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa critica testuale greco-latina oggi Metodi e problemi Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 29-31 ottobre 1979)thinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1981thinsppthinsp27-43)thinspndashthinsptrois eacutetapes fondamentales dans la reconstitution drsquoun texte la recensio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la collecte de toutesthinsp lesthinspsourcesthinspmanuscritesthinspdisponiblesthinsp(etthinspeacuteventuellementthinspdesthinspsourcesthinsp imprimeacutees)thinspdirectesthinspetthinspindirectes)thinsp lathinspcollatio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la comparaison des reacutesultats de la recensiothinsp afinthinspdrsquoobtenirthinspunethinspimagethinspaussithinspfidegravelethinspquethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspenthinspremontantthinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinsppossiblethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacuteterminationthinspdesthinspfamillesthinspdethinspmanuscritsthinspetthinspdethinspleurthinspplusthinspprochethinspancecirctresthinspcommuns)thinspetthinsplathinspdivinatio (lrsquoeacutetablissementthinspduthinsptextethinsplethinspplusthinspprochethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplrsquooriginal)thinsponthinspconviendrathinspquethinspcettethinspderniegraverethinspportethinspparticuliegraverementthinspbienthinspsonthinspnomthinsppuisquethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsplathinsprestitutionthinspdethinsptoutthinspunthinsppanthinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspnethinspnousthinsppermetthinsppasthinspdethinspreacuteglerthinspndashthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspndashthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdethinspsavoirthinspauthinspjustethinspquithinspa eacutecrit quoi Il faut se reacutesigner agrave une eacutevidence pour autant que le traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote est concerneacute mecircmethinsplethinspmeilleurthinsptextethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdemeurethinsprelativementthinspopaquethinspaussithinsplongtempsthinspduthinspmoinsthinspquethinsplrsquoon nrsquoa pas deacutetermineacute de quelle maniegravere il a travailleacute la matiegravere aristoteacutelicienne dont il srsquoest inspireacute et qursquoil a importeacutee dans son commentaire Autrement dit la question se pose de savoir si nous avons affairethinspagravethinspunethinspcollectionthinspdethinspfragmentsthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspdesthinspempruntsthinspponctuelsthinspouthinspdesthinspcitations)thinspouthinspbienthinspsithinspAlexandre a proceacutedeacute agrave une reformulation paraphrastique (en gros une transposition plus ou moins fidegravelethinspdethinspcethinspqursquoilthinsplisaitthinspdansthinsplethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspsonthinspdernierthinsplecteurthinspdethinsppremiegraverethinspmain)thinspOrthinspdeuxthinspdifficulteacutesthinspmajeuresthinspfontthinspobstaclethinspagravethinspcettethinspentreprisethinspLathinsppremiegraverethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspqursquoAlexandrethinspsethinsptrouve en situation de teacutemoin unique ce que nous connaissons du traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote sur les Ideacutees nous le tenons pour lrsquoessentiel drsquoAlexandre dans la mesure ougrave les quelques mentions eacuteparses dans la litteacuterature posteacuterieure deacutependent de son commentaire au livre Alpha meizocircn des Meacutetaphysiques Son maniementthinspappellethinspdoncthinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinsppreacutecautionsthinspthinspcethinspquethinspnousthinsplisonsthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspsinonthinspremanieacutethinspduthinspmoins reacuteorganiseacute dans une mesure et selon des modaliteacutes qui eacutetaient agrave la seule discreacutetion drsquoAlexandre etthinspquethinspnousthinspnethinsppouvonsthinsppasthinspappreacutecierthinspindeacutependammentthinspdethinspsonthinsptravailthinspLathinspdeuxiegravemethinspdifficulteacutethinsptientthinspauthinspfait que la langue drsquoAlexandre ne preacutesente pas de ceacutesures stylistiques ou de solutions de continuiteacute lexicales qui permettraient de deacuteterminer ougrave il ferait œuvre de compilateur et ougrave au contraire il fait œuvrethinspdrsquointerpregravetethinspDethinspfaitthinspagravethinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinsp(maisthinspaussithinspagravethinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspouthinspagravethinspunethinsptroisiegraveme)thinsponthinspsethinsprendrathinspagravethinspunethinspautrethinspeacutevidencethinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppartoutthinsplathinspprosethinspetthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspmecircmethinsplagravethinspougravethinspndashthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspaveuthinsp(commethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsppreacuteciseacutement)thinspndashthinsponthinsppeutthinspsrsquoattendrethinspagravethinspqursquoil suive de plus pregraves sa source 36thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy p 290 formule ce dilemme agrave peu pregraves dansthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinsptermesthinspUnthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquointerpregravetesthinspythinspontthinspvuthinsplrsquoindicethinspdrsquounethinspambivalencethinspdrsquoAristotethinspagrave son eacutegard (cf L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspVrin-PressesthinspdethinsplrsquoUniversiteacutethinspLavalthinspParis-Montreacutealthinsp1995thinsppthinsp360)thinspthinspdrsquoautresthinsplrsquoontthinsppristhinspassezthinspauthinspseacuterieuxthinsppourthinspexclurethinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspsrsquoagirthinspeffectivementthinspduthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspdontthinspAristotethinspferaitthinspunthinspusagethinspopportunistethinsp(cfthinspEthinspVthinspdi LaSCio laquo Third Man The Logic of the Sophism at Arist SEthinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinspraquothinspTopoithinsp23thinsp[2004]thinsppthinsp41)thinsp

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137

le corpus aristoteacutelicien37thinspcelathinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspeacutetablithinspsansthinspavoirthinsprecoursthinspauxthinspsourcesthinsppos-teacuterieuresthinspauxquellesthinsponthinspestthinspobligeacutethinspdrsquoemprunterthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspcanonique38 Crsquoest ce qui ressort de deux lieux du corpus aristoteacutelicien agrave savoir le chapitre 13 du livre ZecirctathinspdesthinspMeacutetaphysiques et le chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiques auxquels nous avons consacreacute deux lectures micrologiques dont nous ne reportons de suite que les conclusions39

37 Aristote nrsquoen donne nulle part un exposeacute un tant soit peu deacutetailleacute se contentant plutocirct de lrsquoeacutevoquer sousthinsplrsquointituleacutethinspquithinsplethinsprendrathinspceacutelegravebrethinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp15-17thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1039athinsp2-3thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp12-13)thinspouthinspbienthinspdrsquoenthinsprappelerthinsplathinspconclusionthinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36)thinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdrsquounethinsppassethinspargumentativethinspbienthinspconnuethinsp(cethinspquithinspdevaitthinspdrsquoailleursthinspecirctrethinsplethinspcas)thinsp38thinspthinspCetthinspexposeacutethinspsethinsplitthinspdansthinsplathinsppagethinspceacutelegravebrethinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauthinsppremierthinsplivrethinspdes MeacutetaphysiquesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspagravethinsplaquellethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspfairethinspallusionthinspthinsplaquothinspδείκνυταιthinspκαὶthinspοὕτωςthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινωνthinspπλειόνωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκαὶthinspἔστινthinspἄλλοthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspαὐτῶνthinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspἡγοῦνταιthinspδεικνύναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιmiddotthinspδιὰthinspτοῦτοthinspγάρthinspἐστίthinspτιthinspαὐτοάνθρωποςthinsp κατrsquothinsp αὐτούςthinsp ὅτιthinsp ὁthinsp ἄνθρωποςthinsp κατὰthinsp τῶνthinsp καθrsquothinsp ἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspπλειόνωνthinsp ὄντωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspἄλλοςthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspἐστίν)thinspndashthinspἀλλrsquothinspεἰthinspτοῦτοthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοςthinspὁthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspκατrsquothinspἰδίανthinspὑφεστώςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspδὲthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspπαράthinspτεthinspτὸνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspτὴνthinspἰδέανthinspοὕτωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspτέταρτοςthinspὁthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτούτουthinspκαὶthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὁμοίωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspπέμπτοςthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspἐπrsquothinspἄπειρονthinsp[onthinspprouvethinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspaussi de cette maniegravere si ce qui se preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute de plusieurs est aussi autre que ceux dont il se preacutedique seacutepareacute de ceux-ci (voilagrave ce que pensent prouver ceux qui posent les Ideacutees la raison pourthinsp laquellethinspenthinspeffetthinsp ilthinspythinspathinsppourthinspeuxthinspquelquethinspchosethinspquithinspestthinsp lrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspcrsquoestthinspquethinsp lrsquohommethinspse preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute des hommes particuliers qui sont plusieurs et il est autre que les hommes particuliers)thinspndashthinspmaisthinspsrsquoilthinspenthinspestthinspainsithinspilthinspythinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspSithinspenthinspeffetthinsplrsquohommethinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsppreacutediquethinspestthinspautrethinspquethinspceuxthinspdontthinspilthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspsubsistethinspenthinspproprethinspsithinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspilthinspythinspathinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspagravethinsppartthinspduthinspparticulier et de lrsquoIdeacutee Ainsi qursquoil y en aura un quatriegraveme qui se preacutedique de celui-ci de lrsquoIdeacutee et des particuliersthinspthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquounthinspcinquiegravemethinspetthinspcelathinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis de ideis fragmentathinsp(=thinspAlexandri in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria)thinsp8421thinsp-thinsp853)thinspLethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspillustrethinspagravethinsplathinspperfectionthinspla situation hermeacuteneutique que nous venons drsquoeacutevoquer ougrave le recours agrave la tradition indirecte est agrave la foisthinspineacutevitablethinspetthinsppassablementthinspdeacutelicatthinspDrsquounethinsppartthinspAlexandrethinspsignalethinspexplicitementthinspqursquoilthinspreportethinsplathinspversionthinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinsptellethinspqursquoAristotethinspsrsquoenthinspestthinspservithinspdansthinsplethinsppremierthinsplivrethinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsp(8511-12thinspthinsplaquothinspτῇthinspδὲthinspτελευταίᾳthinspαὐτὸςthinspἔνthinspτεthinspτῷthinspπρώτῳthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspraquo)thinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspilthinspestthinsphautementthinspimprobablethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspenthinsptrainthinspdethinsptranscrirethinspunthinspsegmentthinspduthinsptextethinspdrsquoAristotethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdethinsplethinspparaphraserthinspCethinspquethinsptrahitthinsplrsquoutilisationthinspdethinspcertainsthinsptermesthinsptelsthinspὑπόστασιςthinspetthinspὑφίστημιthinspNousthinspavonsthinspobserveacutethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoacceptionthinspdrsquoexistencethinspetthinspdrsquoexisterthinsprequisethinspparthinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspnithinsplrsquounthinsp(ὑπόστασις)thinspnithinsplrsquoautrethinsp(ὑφίστημι)thinspnethinspsontthinspattesteacutesthinspchezthinspAristotethinspquithinsplesthinsputilisethinspplutocirctthinspdansthinspunthinspsensthinsplocalthinsp(ὑφίστημιthinspindiquethinsple fait de se tenir au-dessous comme dans Aristotelis de caelo P Morauxthinsp(eacuted)thinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1965thinspIthinsp3thinsp269bthinsp24-25)thinspouthinspphysiologiquethinsp(ὑπόστασιςthinspsignifiethinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspreacutesiduthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspseacutedimentthinspraquothinspcomme dans Aristotelis de generatione animaliumthinspHthinspJ droSSaart LuLoFS (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1965thinspIthinsp18thinsp726athinsp21thinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspstationthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspposturethinspraquothinspcommethinspdansthinspAristotelis de partibus animaliumthinsp1956thinspIthinsp2thinsp647bthinsp28)39 Les deux lectures (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp23thinspetthinspAristotelis Sophistici elenchi 22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspontthinspeacuteteacutethinsppreacuteceacutedeacuteesthinspparthinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspeacutetudethinsplexicographiquethinsp(nousthinspavonsthinspeacutevoqueacutethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspplusthinsphautthinspcfthinspnotethinsp3)thinspconsacreacuteethinspauthinspvocabulairethinspquethinspcesthinsptextesthinsppartagentthinsp(etthinspauxthinspquelquesthinsposcillationsthinspqursquoilthinsppreacutesente)thinspEnthinspplusthinspdrsquoexpressionsthinspplusthinspprobleacutematiquesthinsp(commethinsplethinspτόδεthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinsppeutthinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspdeacutesignerthinspunethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle)thinspnousthinspavonsthinspsurtoutthinspexploreacutethinsplrsquooppositionthinspentrethinspcethinspqursquoAristotethinspappellethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(outhinspποιόνthinspτι)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspnousthinspontthinspsurtoutthinspaideacutesthinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinspnotrethinspreconnaissance J kunGthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspThisesthinspSuchesthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspArgumentthinspraquothinspPhronesis 26 (1981)thinsppthinsp207-247thinspetthinspS ebbeSen laquo Hoc aliquid - Quale quidthinspandthinspthethinspSignificationthinspofthinspAppellativesthinspraquothinsp

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Qursquoest-cethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspauthinspjustethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAuthinspboutthinspdrsquounthinspassezthinsplongthinspraisonnement40thinsplathinspconclusionthinspqursquoAristotethinsptirethinspestthinspcateacutegoriquethinsp(φανερὸνthinspὅτιthinspκτλ)thinspSeacuteparer lrsquouniversel crsquoest-agrave-dire le traiter comme quelque chose qui existe de plein exercicethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstarthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspparticuliegraveresthinsprevientthinspagravethinspsrsquoembarrasserthinspdethinsptoutesthinspsortesthinsp drsquoinconveacutenientsthinspthinsp laquothinspφανερὸνthinspὅτιthinsp οὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinspκαὶthinspὅτιthinspοὐδὲνthinspσημαίνειthinspτῶνthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορουμένωνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspἀλλὰthinspτοιόνδεthinspεἰthinspδὲthinspμήthinspἄλλαthinspτεthinspπολλὰthinspσυμβαίνειthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsp[ilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoaucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspnethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspmaisthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinsptelthinspouthinsptelthinspDansthinsplethinspcasthinspcontrairethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspbeaucoupthinspltdrsquoinconveacutenientsgtthinspnotammentthinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis meta-physicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)41 Quelle que soit la force que lrsquoon accorde agrave lrsquoargumentthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspreposethinspultimementthinspsurthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspjuxtaposerthinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspauthinspseinthinspdrsquounethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspmultipliciteacutethinspdontthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspviendraitthinspconstituerthinsplrsquouniteacutethinspauthinspmecircmethinsptitrethinspquethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdrsquohomme constituait lrsquouniteacute de la multipliciteacute des hommes particuliers Autrement ditthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsprequiertthinspquethinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinsp

Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

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Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman 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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

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lirethinspen179athinsp1-2thinsplathinspsyntaxethinsplaquothinspτὸthinspμένthinsphellipthinspτὸthinspδέhellipthinspraquothinspopposethinspΚορίσκοςthinspagravethinspμουσικόςthinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinspΚορίσκοςthinspμουσικόςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspμένthinsphellipthinspτὸthinspδέhellipthinspraquothinsprenvoiethinsprespectivementthinspagravethinspΚορίσκοςthinsp(τὸthinspμέν)thinspetthinspagravethinspμουσικόςthinsp(τὸthinspδέ)thinspsousthinsppeinethinspdrsquointroduirethinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspseraitthinspunthinspautrethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspqursquounthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspavecthinsppourthinspconseacutequencethinspdethinspcompromettrethinsplrsquoanalogiethinspdethinspcomportementthinspentrethinsppreacutedicatsthinsp(enthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspἄνθρωποςthinspetthinspμουσικός)thinsp(3)thinspEst-cethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκθέσθαιthinspetthinsplrsquoἐκτίθεσθαιthinspenthinsp179athinsp3thinspainsithinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspsontthinspsynonymesthinspentrethinspeuxthinspetthinspaboutissentthinspdansthinsptousthinsplesthinspcasthinspagravethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspouthinspalternativementthinspagravethinspcellethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspouthinspbienthinsptantocirctthinspagravethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsptantocirctthinspagravethinspcellethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspAgravethinsplrsquoinstar de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 Ithinsp9thinsp103bthinsp29-35thinsplethinspverbethinspἐκτίθημιthinspnethinspchangethinsppointthinspdethinspsignificationthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdethinsplrsquoobjetthinspquithinspreacutesultethinspdethinspsonthinspopeacuterationthinsplequelthinspestthinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspsrsquoexposethinspauthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo)thinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspluithinspeacutechappe)thinsp(4)thinspCommentthinspcomprendrethinsplrsquoοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσειthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspthinspQursquoest-cethinspquithinspnethinspfaitthinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspquoithinspthinspEst-cethinspquethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspestthinspsupposeacutethinspsrsquoensuivrethinspagravethinsptousthinsplesthinspcoupsthinsp(aussithinspbienthinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspougravethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspsethinspsoldethinspparthinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspquethinspdansthinspceluithinspougravethinspcrsquoestthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppart)thinspouthinspbienthinspcrsquoestthinspparthinsprapportthinspauthinspreacutesultatthinspdethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspelle-mecircmethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspaurathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspqursquoonthinspobtiendrathinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinspunthinspἕνthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλοὺςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspCommethinsplethinspmontrentthinsplesthinsprecommandationsthinspdrsquoAristotethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspfaitthinspunethinspsacreacuteethinspdiffeacuterencethinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsp(lequelthinspsrsquoensuitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspquethinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppartthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinspilthinspsethinspditthinspenthinspcommunthinspὅπερthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspὅπερthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspEnthinsprevanchethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspentrethinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspLrsquounthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspmoinsthinspdistinctthinspquethinsplrsquoautrethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspdontthinsponthinsplethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspParthinspconseacutequentthinspsithinsponthinspaffirmethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspestthinspunethinspqualiteacutethinspetthinspnonthinspunethinspsubstancethinspcelathinspnethinspfaitthinspaucunethinspdiffeacuterencethinsp(οὐδὲνthinspδιοίσει)thinspduthinspmoinsthinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinspsathinsppositionthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspplusieursthinspcarthinspilthinspythinspaurathinsptoutthinspdethinspmecircmethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinsp(ἕνthinspτι)thinspetthinspdethinspdiffeacuterentthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(παρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλούς)thinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinsplaquothinsphommethinspraquothinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsp(οἷονthinspτὸthinspἄνθρωπος)thinsp

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plusthinsprobustesthinspquethinsplesthinspuniversauxthinsprechercheacutesthinspparthinspSocratethinspthinspCrsquoestthinsplagravethinspqursquointervientthinsplathinspdeuxiegravemethinspfiliationthinspquethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdrsquoeacutevoquerthinspthinsppersuadeacutesthinspdethinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspdesthinspthegravesesthinspdrsquoHeacuteraclitethinspndashthinspagravethinspsavoirthinspquethinsp lesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsensiblesthinspsontthinspemporteacuteesthinspdansthinspunthinspfluxthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsrsquoeacutecoulentthinspsansthinspcessethinspcethinspquithinsprendthinspleurthinspconnaissancethinspimpossiblethinsp(Athinsp6thinsp987athinsp32thinsp-thinsp987b1thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp12-16)thinspndashthinspPlatonthinspetthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspontthinspeuthinsprecoursthinspagravethinspdrsquoautresthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspquithinspexisteraientthinspenthinspplusthinspetthinspagravethinspcocircteacutethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspsensiblesthinsp(Mthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp15-16)thinsp

Il ne fait pas de doute qursquoAristote prend parti en lrsquooccurrence pour Socrate dontthinspilthinspathinspsalueacutethinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplrsquointeacuterecirctthinspfondateurthinsppourthinsplrsquouniverselthinspetthinsploueacutethinsplathinspsobrieacuteteacutethinspouthinsplathinspparcimonie ontologique13 Il deacutenonce en revanche le tournant ideacutealiste de ceux qui au lieu de se contenter de diffeacuterencier lrsquouniversel des particuliers comme lrsquoavaitthinspfaitthinspSocratethinspenthinspontthinspfaitthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspthinsplaquothinspτοῦτοthinspδέthinsp[hellip]thinspἐκίνησεthinspμὲνthinspΣωκράτηςthinspδιὰthinspτοὺςthinspὁρισμούςthinspοὐthinspμὴνthinspἐχώρισέthinspγεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονmiddotthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspὀρθῶςthinspἐνόησενthinspοὐthinspχωρίσαςthinspδηλοῖthinspδὲthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἔργωνmiddotthinspἄνευthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspτοῦthinspκαθόλουthinspοὐκthinspἔστινthinspἐπιστήμηνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspχωρίζεινthinspαἴτιονthinspτῶνthinspσυμβαινόντωνthinspδυσχερῶνthinspπερὶthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspἐστίνthinsp[Socratethinspathinspmisthinsplttoutgtthinspcelathinspenthinspbranlethinspparthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinspthinspilthinspnethinspltlesgt seacuteparait cependant pas des particuliers et il avait raison de penser ltqursquoelles ne sontgt pas seacutepareacutees Ce qui ressort clairement ltde la consideacuterationgt des reacutesultats drsquounethinsppartthinspsansthinsplrsquouniverselthinspilthinspestthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspparvenirthinspagravethinsplathinspsciencethinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplathinspseacuteparationthinspestthinsplathinspcausethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquithinspsurviennentthinspavecthinsplesthinspIdeacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Mthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp2-7)thinspOnthinsppeutthinspdoncthinspconclurethinspquethinspdrsquoapregravesthinspAristotethinspduthinspmoinsthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdes Ideacutees nrsquoeacutetaient pas les premiers agrave consideacuterer lrsquouniversel agrave part de la multipli-citeacute Il leur reviendrait en revanche drsquoavoir fait de la seacuteparation la maniegravere dont lrsquouniversel existe en dehors de la pluraliteacute dont il constitue lrsquouniteacute

Surthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspcettethinsppremiegraverethinspreconnaissancethinspagravethinspmecircmethinsplesthinsp textesthinspnousthinspnousthinspsommesthinspefforceacutesthinspdethinspreacutepondrethinspagravethinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinspquestionsthinspLesthinspdeuxthinspprincipalesthinspeacutetantthinspthinsppremiegraverementthinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvraithinspquethinsplethinspχωρισμόςthinspconstituethinsplathinspseulethinspalternativethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstabiliteacutethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspenthinspdevenir14thinspagravethinspquelthinsptypethinspdrsquoentiteacutesthinspcettethinspseacuteparationthinspaboutit-t-ellethinspthinspDeuxiegravemementthinspqursquoestthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdethinspbienthinspmalencontreuxthinspdansthinspcettethinspseacuteparationthinsppour qursquoAristote en fasse la racine de tous les inconveacutenients dont souffrirait la doctrine des Ideacutees15

13 On se souviendra que lrsquoune des attaques les plus seacutevegraveres qursquoAristote adresse aux partisans des Ideacuteesthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspredoublentthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspabsurdethinsplethinspnombrethinspdesthinspeacutetantsthinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica A 9 992a 26-27thinspthinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12)thinspCethinspquithinspestthinsplethinsprefletthinspdrsquounethinspcomptabiliteacutethinspaberrantethinspquithinspmultipliethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspeacutetaitthinspplusthinspaiseacutethinspdethinsplesthinspcompterthinsplorsqursquoilsthinspsontthinspplusthinspnombreuxthinspquethinsplorsqursquoilsthinspsontthinspmoinsthinspnombreuxthinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8)thinspLrsquoobjectionthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspeacutetudieacuteethinspaussithinspenthinspdeacutetailthinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplethinspsouhaiterthinspdansthinspD LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave Meacutetaphysique A 9 990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspSurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp(2008)thinsppthinsp305-32214thinspthinspLrsquoaffirmationthinsppeutthinspparaicirctrethinspndashthinspdethinspprimethinspabordthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppeuthinsppeacuteremptoirethinspmaisthinspellethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdeacutepourvuethinspde fondement Cf notamment Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp7-9thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδrsquothinspὡςthinspἀναγκαῖονthinspεἴπερthinspἔσονταίthinspτινεςthinspοὐσίαιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspαἰσθητὰςthinspκαὶthinspῥεούσαςthinspχωριστὰςthinspεἶναιthinsp[srsquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinspunthinspfluxthinspilthinspestthinspneacutecessairethinsppourthinspeuxthinspqursquoellesthinspsoientthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp15thinspthinspCettethinspaffirmationthinspaussithinsppeutthinspparaicirctrethinspquelquethinsppeuthinspexcessivethinspmaisthinspellethinspnonthinspplusthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspsansthinspfondement dans les textes Agrave cocircteacute drsquoAristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp9thinsp1086bthinsp2-7thinspquethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspciterthinspetthinspquithinspestthinspassezthinspexplicitethinspenthinspcethinspsensthinsponthinspeacutevoquerathinspeacutegalementthinspMthinsp9thinsp1085athinsp23-29thinspougravethinspAristotethinsprevientthinspsurthinsplathinspracinethinspcommunethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdansthinsplesquellesthinspversentthinsplesthinspdoctrinesthinspacadeacutemiciennesthinspdesthinspnombresthinspetthinspdesthinspgrandeursthinsp(πάντωνthinspδὲthinspκοινὸνthinspτούτων)thinspetthinspquithinspestthinspanaloguethinspagravethinspcellethinspquithinspconsistethinspagravethinsptraiterthinsplesthinspgenresthinsp

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Aristote ndash tout comme Platon drsquoailleurs ndash nrsquoa pas poseacute explicitement les deux questions Il y a toutefois non seulement de quoi les formuler mais aussi de quoi leurthinspapporterthinspunethinspreacuteponsethinspenthinspsrsquoautorisantthinspsansthinsptropthinsplesthinsptiraillerthinspdrsquounthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspde textes tireacutes du corpus de lrsquoun et de lrsquoautre

EnthinspdeacutepitthinspduthinspfaitthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdeacutenonccedilaitthinspndashthinspencorethinspquethinspdethinspmaniegraverethinsppassablementthinspdeacutetourneacutee et non sans ironie16 ndash lrsquoamalgame des Ideacutees et des particuliers Aristote semblethinsplrsquoavoirthinspfondamentalementthinsprepristhinspagravethinspsonthinspcomptethinspthinspilthinspenthinspathinspmecircmethinspfaitthinsplathinspchevillethinspouvriegravere de son rejet des Formes seacutepareacutees Aussi si lrsquoon pose la question de savoir cethinspqursquoontthinspenthinspcommunthinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspprecirctaitthinspauthinsppersonnagethinspeacuteponymethinspdans la premiegravere partie du Parmeacutenide17 drsquoune part et drsquoautre part les critiques

commethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsp(ὅπερthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspτῶνthinspὡςthinspγένουςthinspσυμβαίνειthinspδιαπορεῖν)thinspDethinspfaitthinsp lorsqursquoonthinspnethinspseacuteparethinsppasthinsplrsquouniverselthinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspproblegravemethinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspμὴthinspχωριστοῦthinspμὲνthinspὄντοςthinspοὐδεμίανthinspποιήσειthinspἀπορίαν)thinspalorsthinspquethinspndashthinsplorsqursquoonthinsplethinspseacuteparethinspcommethinsplethinspfontthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspndashthinsponthinspsethinsprendthinsplathinspviethinspdifficilethinspsithinspcethinspnrsquoestthinspimpossiblethinsp(χωριστοῦthinspδέthinspὥσπερthinspοἱthinspταῦταthinspλέγοντέςthinspφασιthinspτοῦthinspἑνὸςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀριθμῶνthinspοὐthinspῥᾴδιονthinspλῦσαιthinspεἰthinspμὴthinspῥᾴδιονthinspδεῖthinspλέγεινthinspτὸthinspἀδύνατον)thinsp16thinspthinspMecircmethinspsithinsponthinsplaissethinspdethinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinspquestionsthinsptregravesthinspdeacutebattuesthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspduthinspdialoguethinspainsithinspquethinspetthinspsurtoutthinspdethinspsathinspfinaliteacutethinsp(questionsthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspabordeacuteesthinspenthinspquelquethinspdeacutetailthinspagravethinsppartirthinspdesthinspmateacuteriauxthinsprassembleacutesthinspenthinspvuethinspdrsquounethinsppublicationthinspreacutecentethinspagravethinspsavoirthinspL Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspRevue de Philosophie Anciennethinsp32thinsp(2014)thinsppthinsp35-85thinspthinspquestionsthinspauthinspsujetthinspdesquellesthinspvautthinspencorethinspetthinsptoujoursthinspcethinspque R kLibanSkythinspeacutecrivaitthinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspsoixantethinspansthinspauthinsptoutthinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspsonthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspParmenides in thethinspMiddlethinspAgesthinspandthinspthethinspRenaissancethinspraquothinspMediaeval and Renaissance Studiesthinsp1thinsp(1943)thinsppthinsp281thinspthinsplaquothinspNothinspother Platonic dialogue perhaps no other philosophical work has undergone such strange vicissitudes as the ParmenidesthinspConsideredthinspbythinsponethinspgroupthinspofthinspexegetesthinspasthinspathinspmerethinspexercisethinspinthinspdialecticthinspregardedthinspbythinspanotherthinspasthinspanthinspimportantthinspcontributionthinsptothinspthethinsptheorythinspofthinspideasthinsprejectedthinspbythinspsomethinspasthinspspuriousthinspviewedthinspbythinspathinspfewthinspasthinspathinsphumorousthinspparodythinspandthinspextolledthinspbythinspmanythinspasthinspthethinspsupremethinspexpressionthinspofthinspPlatonicthinsptheologythinspitsthinspcharacterthinspwasthinspnothinsplessthinspdisputedthinspinthinspthethinspschoolsthinspofthinspAntiquitythinspthanthinspamongthinspmodernthinspinterpretersthinspraquo)thinsponthinspconviendra aiseacutement que plus drsquoun aspect de la mise en scegravene du Parmeacutenide peut laisser le lecteur perplexethinspthinsp depuisthinsp lrsquoimprobablethinsp datethinsp dramatiquethinsp jusqursquoauthinsp choixthinsp desthinsp personnagesthinsp ndashthinsp quithinsp nethinsp brillentthinsppasthinsppourthinsp leurthinspcreacutedibiliteacutethinspphilosophiquethinspndashthinspquithinspsethinspseraientthinsp relayeacutesthinsp lethinspreacutecitthinspdrsquounthinspentretienthinspndashthinspqursquoonthinsp litthinspde troisiegraveme main ndash qui aurait eu lieu entre un Parmeacutenide deacutesormais vieillissant et un Socrate plus preacutecoce dans son attachement aux Ideacutees qursquoon aurait pu le croire moins inspireacute cependant dans son rocircle tout aussi atypique de reacutepondant plutocirct que de questionneur 17thinspthinspNousthinsp avonsthinsp consacreacutethinsp lesthinsp seacuteancesthinsp duthinsp 2thinsp etthinsp 9thinspmarsthinsp 2015thinsp agravethinsp unethinsp lecturethinsp commenteacuteethinsp dethinspPlatonis Parmenides eacuted C MoreSChinithinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1966thinsp127athinsp7thinsp(ἔφηthinspδὲthinspδὴthinspὁthinsprsquoΑντιφῶνthinspλέγεινthinspτὸνthinspΠυθόδωρονthinspὅτιthinspκτλthinspougravethinspdeacutebutethinsplethinspreacutecitthinspduthinsppremierthinspeacutechangethinspentrethinspSocratethinspetthinspZeacutenonthinsppreacuteludethinspdethinspceluithinspavecthinspParmeacutenide)thinsp-thinsp135ethinsp4thinsp(οὗτοςthinspεἶπενthinspὅνπερthinspἤκουσαςthinspΖήνωνοςthinspκτλthinspougravethinspsrsquoachegravevethinsplethinspreacutequisitoirethinspde Parmeacutenide contre les Formes avec la revendication ndash agrave premiegravere vue paradoxale ndash de lrsquoexigence dethinsppostulerthinspleurthinspexistence)thinspAgravethinsppartirthinspdethinsplathinspconsideacuterationthinspdrsquounthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquoindicesthinspinternesthinspetthinspexternes nous avons repris la suggestion selon laquelle lrsquoarsenal deacuteployeacute contre lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees ne sanctionnethinsppasthinspsonthinspnaufragethinsp(auxthinspnombreusesthinspnuancesthinsppregravesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdethinsplathinsplignethinspinterpreacutetativethinspinaugureacuteethinsppar J wahL Eacutetude sur le Parmeacutenide de Platon F riederthinspParisthinsp1926thinsppthinsp31thinspetthinsp35thinspthinspFthinspM CornFord Plato and Parmenides Parmenidesrsquo laquo Way of truth raquo and Platorsquos Parmenides London Kegan Paul TrenchthinspTrubnerthinsp1939thinsppthinsp86-87thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy J hoPkinS PressthinspBaltimorethinsp1944thinsppthinsp292-298thinspetthinsp536thinspthinspD roSS Platorsquos Theory of Ideas Clarendon Press Oxford 1951thinsppthinsp87-89)thinspSithinsplesthinspFormesthinspnethinspsortentthinsppasthinsprenforceacuteesthinspdethinspcettethinspordaliethinsponthinspauraitthinsptoutefoisthinsptortthinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinspcroyancethinspdansthinspleurthinspexistencethinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspeacutebranleacuteethinspParmithinsplesthinspindicesthinspexternesthinspmilitantthinspenthinspfaveurthinspdrsquounthinspbilanthinspcritiquethinspplutocirctthinspmitigeacutethinspduthinspreacutequisitoirethinspparmeacutenideacuteenthinspmentionnonsthinspauthinspmoinsthinsplesthinspdeux qui paraissent eacutevoquer la passe drsquoarmes du Parmeacutenide En premier lieu Platonis Timaeus eacuted A rivaudthinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1925thinsp51bthinsp7thinsp-thinsp51dthinsp2thinspougravethinsptoutthinspenthinspreconnaissantthinsplathinspleacutegitimiteacutethinspdrsquounethinsp

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qursquoAristote adresse aux partisans des Ideacutees on ne srsquoeacuteloignera pas de la veacuteriteacute en reacutepondant que crsquoest justement le fait de consideacuterer drsquoun seul tenant les particuliers sensiblesthinspetthinspleursthinspcontrepartiesthinspintelligiblesthinsp

LethinsprappelthinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinspdialoguethinspplatonicien18 permet agrave Socrate de deacutejouer ndash pour un temps au moins ndash les arguments de Zeacutenon contre la multipliciteacutethinspenthinsplesthinspreleacuteguantthinspdansthinspunethinspreacutegionthinspdethinsplrsquoecirctrethinspcellethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspenthinspdevenirthinspqui ndash preacuteciseacutement ndash nrsquoest pas celle des Formes lesquelles se trouveraient par lagrave-mecircmethinspsoustraitesthinspauxthinspparadoxesthinspquithinspaffectentthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspLesthinspIdeacuteesthinsppermettentthinspdonc de relativiser ou de reacutegionaliser les paradoxes souleveacutes par Zeacutenon les choses drsquoici-basthinsppeuventthinsppreacutesenterthinspdesthinspcaractegraveresthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspcontradictoires19 Il nrsquoy a lagrave

mise agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees le personnage eacuteponyme lui accorde cependant une place assezthinspmodestethinspdansthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspvoirethinspmecircmethinspaccessoirethinsp (ilthinsp srsquoagitthinspcommethinspilthinspestthinspditthinspenthinsp51cthinsp7thinspdrsquounthinspsimplethinspπάρεργον)thinspthinspaucunethinspdesthinsppreuvesthinspagravethinspchargethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspnrsquoestthinspreprisethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspunethinspinstructionthinspsubsidiairethinspouthinspdethinspsubstitutionthinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspclasserthinspsansthinspsuitethinsplesthinspsoupccedilonsthinspagravethinspsonthinspencontrethinspenthinspmobilisantthinsplathinspdistinctionthinspentrethinspsensiblethinspetthinspintelligiblethinspquithinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcellethinspinvoqueacuteethinspparthinsplethinspjeunethinspSocratethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinspParmeacutenidethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoilthinspintroduitthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspafinthinspdethinspcontournerthinsplesthinspparadoxes zeacutenoniens de la multipliciteacute En second lieu Platonis Philebus eacuted A diegraveS Les Belles LettresthinspParisthinsp1941thinsp14cthinsp7thinsp-thinsp15cthinsp3thinspougravethinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspagravethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspetthinspagravethinsplathinspmultipliciteacutethinspdansthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdansthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspaporiesthinspeacutevoqueacuteesthinspdansthinspdesthinsptermesthinsptregravesthinspprochesthinspdethinspceuxthinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplirethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspnotrethinspdialoguethinspndashthinspnethinspsontthinsppasthinspmoinsthinsppreacutesenteacuteesthinspcommethinspunethinspcausethinspdrsquoembarrasthinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspἁπάσηςthinspἀπορίαςthinspαἴτια)thinspquethinspcommethinspunethinspressourcethinsppreacutecieusethinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspεὐπορίαςthinspltαἴτιαgt)thinspagravethinspconditionthinspndashthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspdethinsplesthinspneacutegocierthinspcorrectementthinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspκαλῶςthinspὁμολογηθέντα)thinspParmithinsplesthinspindicesthinspinternesthinsprappelonsthinsples deux principaux En premier lieu les critiques que le personnage eacuteponyme adresse agrave son jeune partenairethinspdethinspdiscussionthinsptoutthinspnombreusesthinspetthinspvarieacuteesthinspqursquoellesthinspsoientthinspparthinspailleursthinspnrsquoaboutissentthinsppasthinspau rejet de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees Bien au contraire sa valeur eacutepisteacutemologique voire la neacutecessiteacute de cettethinsphypothegravesethinspestthinsprevendiqueacuteethinspparthinspParmeacutenidethinsplui-mecircmethinspthinspsethinspdeacutetournerthinspdesthinspFormesthinsprevientthinspagravethinsppriverthinsplathinsppenseacuteethinspdethinsptoutethinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspsethinspdonnerthinspunthinspobjetthinspainsithinspqursquoagravethinspdeacutetruirethinsplethinspfondementthinspdethinsplathinspdialectiquethinspetthinspdethinspsathinsppratiquethinspautantthinspdirethinspdethinsplathinspphilosophiethinspelle-mecircmethinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp135bthinsp5thinsp-thinsp135cthinsp6)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu non seulement Parmeacutenide rappelle que lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees constitue la condition sine qua nonthinspdethinsplathinsppenseacuteethinspetthinspduthinspdiscoursthinspmaisthinspencorethinspilthinspaidethinspSocratethinspagravethinspidentifierthinsplrsquooriginethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdansthinsplesquellesthinspilthinsplrsquoathinspplongeacutethinspEtthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspavisthinspcesthinspaporiesthinspembarrassentthinsplethinspjeunethinspSocratethinspmoinsthinspparcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspinheacuterentesthinspagravethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdoncthinspincontournablesthinspvoirethinspinsurmontablesthinspque parce qursquoil nrsquoest pas assez expeacuterimenteacute pour les deacutejouer ou qursquoil srsquoy est pris trop tocirct pour le faire CesthinspdifficulteacutesthinsptiennentthinspdoncthinspmoinsthinspauthinspfaitthinspquethinsplesthinspFormesthinspposentthinspdavantagethinspdethinspproblegravemesthinspqursquoellethinspnethinsppermettentthinspdrsquoenthinspreacutesoudrethinspqursquoauthinspfaitthinspquethinspSocratethinspsrsquoestthinspattaqueacutethinspagravethinspcesthinspproblegravemesthinsptropthinspjeunethinspetthinspsansthinsplethinspbagagethinspouthinsplrsquoentraicircnementthinspneacutecessairesthinspagravethinsplesthinspreacutesoudrethinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp130ethinsp1-4thinspetthinsp135cthinsp8thinsp-thinsp135d)thinsp18 Platonis Parmenidesthinsp128ethinsp5thinsp-thinsp129athinsp3thinspthinsplaquothinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspοὐthinspνομίζειςthinspεἶναιthinspαὐτὸthinspκαθrsquothinsp[129a]thinspαὑτὸthinspεἶδόςthinsp τιthinsp ὁμοιότητοςthinsp καὶthinsp τῷthinsp τοιούτῳthinsp αὖthinsp ἄλλοthinsp τιthinsp ἐναντίονthinsp ὃthinsp ἔστινthinsp ἀνόμοιονmiddotthinsp τούτοινthinsp δὲthinsp δυοῖνthinspὄντοινthinspκαὶthinspἐμὲthinspκαὶthinspσὲthinspκαὶthinspτἆλλαthinspἃthinspδὴthinspπολλὰthinspκαλοῦμενthinspμεταλαμβάνεινthinspthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτῆςthinspὁμοιότητοςthinspμεταλαμβάνονταthinspὅμοιαthinspγίγνεσθαιthinsp ταύτῃthinspτεthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτοσοῦτονthinspὅσονthinspἂνthinspμεταλαμβάνῃthinsp τὰthinspδὲthinspτῆςthinspἀνομοιότητοςthinspἀνόμοιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspἀμφοτέρωνthinspἀμφότεραthinspthinsp[L briSSon Platon Parmeacutenide Flammarion Paris 1999 p 90 laquo ltSocrate gt ne partages-tu pas ces convictions il y a une Forme en soi de la RessemblancethinspthinspunethinsptellethinspFormethinspathinsppourthinspcontrairethinspcethinspqursquoestthinsplathinspDissemblancethinspthinsplesthinspchosesthinspdontthinspnousthinspdisonsthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspmultiplesthinspmoithinsptoithinspouthinspautrethinspchosethinspparticipentthinspagravethinspcesthinspdeuxthinspFormesthinspquithinspsontthinspveacuteritablementthinspthinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspparcethinspqursquoellesthinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspRessemblancethinspetthinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspellesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspquethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspRessemblancethinspsontthinspsemblablesthinsptandisthinspquethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspDissemblancethinspsontthinspdissemblablesthinspetthinspquethinspcellesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspauxthinspdeuxthinspFormesthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspsontthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspsemblablesthinspetthinspdissemblables]thinspraquothinsp19 Cf Platonis Parmenidesthinsp129athinsp6thinsp-thinsp129dthinsp6thinspougravethinspSocratethinspfaitthinspremarquerthinspquethinsplethinspmecircmethinsphommethinsptoutthinspuniquethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspdrsquoautresthinspecirctresthinsphumainsthinspapparaicirctthinspmultiplethinsplorsqursquoonthinspconsidegraverethinspqursquoilthinspathinsp

Leone Gazziero

129

rienthinspdethinspbienthinspeacutetonnantthinspCethinspquithinspeacutetonneraitthinspSocratethinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspdethinspfaitthinspvathinsplrsquoeacutetonnerthinspdansthinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinspdialoguethinspndashthinspcethinspseraitthinspplutocirctthinspdethinspretrouverthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinspcontradictions que tout un chacun peut constater au niveau du monde de lrsquoexpeacuterience Crsquoestthinsplethinspsensthinspduthinspdeacutefithinspqursquoilthinsplancethinspndashthinspenthinsp129ethinsp3thinsp-130athinsp2thinspndashthinspavantthinspdethinspceacutederthinsplathinspparolethinspauthinsppersonnagethinspquithinspdonnethinspauthinspdialoguethinspsonthinsptitrethinspthinsplaquothinspταῦταthinspδὲthinspἀνδρείωςthinspμὲνthinspπάνυthinspἡγοῦμαιthinspπεπραγματεῦσθαιmiddotthinspπολὺthinspμεντἂνthinspὧδεthinspμᾶλλονthinspὡςthinspλέγωthinspἀγασθείηνthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἔχοιthinspτὴνthinspαὐτὴνthinspταύτηνthinspἀπορίανthinspἐνthinspαὐτοῖςthinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσιthinsp[130a]thinspπαντοδαπῶςthinspπλεκομένηνthinspὥσπερthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspὁρωμένοιςthinspδιήλθετεthinspοὕτωςthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspλογισμῷthinspλαμβανομένοιςthinspἐπιδεῖξαιthinsp[L Brisson Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ton argumentation tu la conduis avec unethinspbellethinspetthinspmacirclethinspvigueurthinspmaisthinspavecthinspcombienthinspplusthinspdethinspplaisirthinspencorethinspjethinsplethinspreacutepegravetethinspjrsquoapplaudiraisthinspceluithinspquithinspsauraitthinspmontrerthinspcommentthinspcettethinspmecircmethinspdifficulteacutethinspsethinspretrouvethinspentrelaceacuteethinspdethinsptoutethinspsortethinspdethinspfaccedilonsthinspauthinspniveauthinspmecircmethinspdesthinspFormesthinspetthinspquithinspdeacutemontreraitthinspquethinspcettethinspdifficulteacutethinspquethinspvousthinspParmeacutenidethinspetthinsptoithinspZeacutenonthinspavezthinspdeacutecritethinspenthinspdeacutetailthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspvisiblesthinspsethinspmanifestethinspaussithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspquethinspsaisitthinsplathinspraison]thinspraquothinspOrthinspParmeacutenidethinsprelegravevethinsplethinspdeacutefithinspdethinspSocratethinspetthinspfaitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspce que celui-ci sommait Zeacutenon drsquoaccomplir agrave savoir faire remonter au niveau des Ideacutees les paradoxes qursquoil pensait avoir circonscrits au domaine des particuliers sensibles20thinspCelathinspsethinsptraduitthinspparthinspunethinspbatteriethinspdethinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinspParmeacutenidethinspsoulegravevethinspetthinspquithinsppartagentthinspunthinspmecircmethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspDethinspfaitthinspcethinspquithinspconfegraverethinspagravethinspcesthinspaporiesthinspleurthinspallurethinspcontraignantethinspetthinspplusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquithinspleurthinspassurethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspformuleacuteesthinspdansthinspdesthinsptermesthinspquithinsprendentthinspleurthinspsolutionthinspimpossiblethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspquethinsptoutthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspqursquoelles soient des individus mateacuteriels les Formes sont traiteacutees agrave leur tour comme desthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspphysiquesthinspToutthinspcommethinspcelles-cithinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspnithinspecirctrethinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdrsquoelles-mecircmesthinspnithinspsethinsptrouverthinspenthinspmecircmethinsptempsthinspenthinspplusieursthinspendroitsthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquoellesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspecirctrethinspcommunesthinspauxthinspplusieursthinspsinonthinspagravethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdrsquounthinsptoutthinspcorporelthinspdontthinspchacunthinsppossegravederaitthinspalternativementthinsplrsquointeacutegraliteacutethinspouthinspunethinsppartiethinspthinspellesthinsppeuventthinspenthinsprevanchethinspecirctrethinspcompteacuteesthinspenthinspplusthinspetthinspagravethinspcocircteacutethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspleurthinspressemblerthinspetthinspsethinspressemblerthinspentrethinspellesthinspetcthinsp

plusieursthinspmembresthinsptoutthinspcommethinspilthinspapparaicirctthinspdiffeacuterentthinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspobservethinspquethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspdroitthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspgauchethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsplethinspmecircmethinspsithinsponthinsplethinspregardethinspdethinspfrontthinspouthinspdethinspdosthinspetcthinsp20 Le point de deacutepart de ce tour de force dialectique est un deuxiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacuteesthinspdontthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspestthinsptregravesthinspsignificatifthinspenthinspcethinspqursquoilthinspintroduitthinsplethinspregistrethinspdethinsplathinspseacuteparationthinsp(Formesthinspetthinspparticuliersthinspsontthinspχωρίςthinspagravethinsppartthinsplesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautres)thinspthinsplaquothinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspκαίthinspμοιthinspεἰπέthinspαὐτὸςthinspσὺthinspοὕτωthinspδιῄρησαιthinspὡςthinspλέγειςthinspχωρὶςthinspμὲνthinspεἴδηthinspαὐτὰthinspἄτταthinspχωρὶςthinspδὲthinspτὰthinspτούτωνthinspαὖthinspμετέχονταthinspthinspκαίthinspτίthinspσοιthinspδοκεῖthinspεἶναιthinspαὐτὴthinspὁμοιότηςthinspχωρὶςthinspἧςthinspἡμεῖςthinspὁμοιότητοςthinspἔχομενthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspδὴthinspκαὶthinspπολλὰthinspκαὶthinspπάνταthinspὅσαthinspνυνδὴthinspΖήνωνοςthinspἤκουεςthinspthinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspἔμοιγεthinspφάναιthinspτὸνthinspΣωκράτηthinsp[L briSSon Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspetthinspdis-moithinspas-tuthinspfaitthinsptoi-mecircmethinsplathinspdistinctionthinspdontthinsptuthinspparlesthinspmettantthinspdrsquounthinspcocircteacutethinspcethinspquethinsptuthinspappellesthinsplesthinspFormesthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinspdrsquounthinspautrethinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspenthinspparticipentthinspthinspEtthinsptethinspsemble-t-ilthinspqursquoilthinspythinspaitthinspunethinspRessemblancethinspenthinspsoithinspdistinctethinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspenthinspnousthinspetthinspqursquoilthinspenthinspvathinspdethinspmecircmethinsppourthinsplrsquoUniteacutethinsppourthinsplathinspPluraliteacutethinspetthinsppourthinsptoutesthinsplesthinspchosesthinspquethinspZeacutenonthinspvientthinspdrsquoeacutevoquerthinspthinspltSocratethinspgtthinspenthinspcethinspquithinspmethinspconcernethinsp jethinsp lethinsp reconnaisthinsp reacuteponditthinspSocrate]thinspraquothinsp (Platonis Parmenidesthinsp 130bthinsp1-6)thinspAuthinspsujetthinspdethinsplathinsplaquothinspseacuteparationthinspraquothinsptellethinspqursquoellethinspestthinsppreacutefigureacuteethinspchezthinspPlatonthinspcfthinspG vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspldquoSeparationrdquothinspinthinspPlatothinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp5thinsp(1987)thinsppthinsp186-197thinspetthinspDthinspT devereux laquo Separation and ImmanencethinspinthinspPlatorsquosthinspTheorythinspofthinspFormsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp12thinsp(1994)thinsppthinsp63-90thinsp

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Ce preacutesupposeacute est clairement agrave lrsquoœuvre dans les apories meacutereacuteologiques qui ouvrent le reacutequisitoire contre les Formes21 La participation des particuliers aux Formes ne diffegravere en rien de la participation des particuliers entre eux seul un corpsthinspmateacuterielthinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspdonneacutethinspenthinsppartagethinspouthinspbienthinsptoutthinspentierthinspouthinspbienthinspenthinspplusieursthinspmorceaux seuls des individus mateacuteriels et leurs parties peuvent avoir une taille et ecirctrethinspplusthinspgrandsthinspouthinspplusthinsppetitsthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspetcthinspSithinspbienthinspquethinsplrsquoalternativethinspbinairethinspsur laquelle repose le dilemme de la participation22thinspagravethinspsavoirthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspparticiperthinspqursquoagravethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinsplrsquounethinspdethinspsesthinsppartiesthinspnrsquoathinspdethinspsensthinspquethinspsithinsplathinspFormethinspestthinsptraiteacuteethinspcommethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquoaussithinspconcretthinspquethinsplesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspvisiblesthinspetthinsptangiblesthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinsp

Ce preacutesupposeacute est formuleacute en toutes lettres dans lrsquoun des arguments avanceacutes par Parmeacutenide23thinspmecircmethinspsithinspcelathinspestthinsptropthinspsouventthinsppasseacutethinspsousthinspsilencethinspdansthinsplathinsplitteacutera-ture secondaire24thinspDethinspfaitthinsplathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspparthinsplaquellethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsp(enthinsp

21 La seacutequence est ouverte par un troisiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees et notamment de lrsquoeacuteponymie qui les lie aux reacutealiteacutes qui en participent (cf Platonis Parmenides 130e 4 et sq)thinsp22thinspthinspCrsquoestthinspSocratethinsplui-mecircmethinspquithinspestthinspameneacutethinspagravethinspreconnaicirctrethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdrsquoautresthinsppossibiliteacutesthinspthinsplaquothinspκαὶthinspπῶςthinspἄνthinspthinspraquothinspreacutepond-ilthinspenthinspeffetthinspagravethinspParmeacutenidethinspquithinspluithinspdemandethinspsithinspunethinsplaquothinspautrethinspparticipationthinspraquothinspndashthinspenthinspplusthinspdethinspcellethinspprisethinspdansthinsplrsquoalternativethinspduthinsptoutthinspetthinspdesthinsppartiesthinspndashthinspest-ellethinsppossiblethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐκοῦνthinspἤτοιthinspὅλουthinspτοῦthinspεἴδουςthinspἢthinspμέρουςthinspἕκαστονthinspτὸthinspμεταλαμβάνονthinspμεταλαμβάνειthinspthinspἢthinspἄλληthinspτιςthinspἂνthinspμετάληψιςthinspχωρὶςthinspτούτωνthinspγένοιτοthinspthinspraquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp131athinsp4-6)thinsp23 Cf Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp1thinspthinsplaquothinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspοἶμαίthinspσεthinspἐκthinspτοῦthinspτοιοῦδεthinspἓνthinspἕκαστονthinspεἶδοςthinspοἴεσθαιthinspεἶναιmiddotthinspὅτανthinspπόλλrsquothinspἄτταthinspμεγάλαthinspδόξῃthinspσοιthinspεἶναιthinspμίαthinspτιςthinspἴσωςthinspδοκεῖthinspἰδέαthinspἡthinspαὐτὴthinspεἶναιthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἰδόντιthinspὅθενthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspμέγαthinspἡγῇthinspεἶναιthinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspἀληθῆthinspλέγειςthinspφάναιthinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspτίthinspδrsquothinspαὐτὸthinspτὸthinspμέγαthinspκαὶthinspτἆλλαthinspτὰthinspμεγάλαthinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinspοὐχὶthinspἕνthinspτιthinspαὖthinspμέγαthinspφανεῖταιthinspᾧthinsp ταῦταthinsp πάνταthinsp ἀνάγκηthinsp μεγάλαthinsp φαίνεσθαιthinspthinsp ltΣωκράτηςgtthinsp ἔοικενthinsp ltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinsp ἄλλοthinsp ἄραthinsp εἶδοςthinspμεγέθουςthinspἀναφανήσεταιthinspπαρrsquothinspαὐτόthinspτεthinspτὸthinspμέγεθοςthinspγεγονὸςthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspμετέχονταthinspαὐτοῦmiddotthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτούτοιςthinspαὖthinspπᾶσινthinsp[132bthinsp1]thinspἕτερονthinspᾧthinspταῦταthinspπάνταthinspμεγάλαthinspἔσταιmiddotthinspκαὶthinspοὐκέτιthinspδὴthinspἓνthinspἕκαστόνthinspσοιthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἔσταιthinspἀλλὰthinspἄπειραthinspτὸthinspπλῆθοςthinsp[ltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquojethinsppensethinspquethinsptuthinsppensesthinspquethinspchaquethinspFormethinspestthinspunethinspagravethinsppartirthinspdethinspcelathinspthinspchaquethinspfoisthinspqursquoilthinsptethinspsemblethinspquethinspplusieursthinspchosesthinspsontthinspgrandesthinspilthinsptethinspsemblethinspeacutegalementthinspndashthinspagravethinsptoithinspquithinsplesthinspembrassesthinsptoutesthinspduthinspregardthinspndashthinspqursquounthinspcertainthinspaspectthinspuniquethinspestthinsplethinspmecircmethinspAgrave partir de lagrave tu estimesthinspquethinsplethinspGrandthinspestthinspunrdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquotuthinspdisthinspvrairdquothinspreacutepondit-ilthinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquoorthinspqursquoenthinspest-ilthinspduthinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinspdesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesthinspsithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptousthinspparthinsptonthinspacircmethinspthinspnrsquoest-ce pas qursquoagrave nouveau quelque chose drsquounique apparaicirctra grand en vertu duquel il est neacutecessaire quethinsptoutesthinspcesthinspchosesthinspapparaissentthinspgrandesthinsprdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquosemble-t-ilrdquothinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquounethinspautrethinspForme de grandeur fera donc son apparition surgissant agrave part de la grandeur en soi et des choses qui participent de la grandeur en soi ainsi qursquoune autre ltFormegt agrave nouveau en plus de toutes celles-lagrave par laquelle toutes ces choses seront grandes Aussi chacune de tes Formes ne sera pas unique mais plusieursthinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinirdquo]thinspraquothinsp24thinspthinspIlthinspestthinsppeut-ecirctrethinspindeacutelicatthinspdethinsppointerthinspduthinspdoigtthinspquelqursquounthinspenthinspparticulierthinspmaisthinspndashthinspsrsquoilthinspfallaitthinspagravethinsptoutthinspprixthinspdeacuteterminerthinspquellethinspestthinsplathinsppartthinspdethinspresponsabiliteacutethinspdethinspchacunthinspdansthinspcettethinspaffairethinspndashthinsprappelonsthinspquethinspauthinspnomthinspdrsquounthinsppartithinsppristhinspdeacuteductivistethinspquithinsplrsquoathinspameneacutethinspagravethinspinfligerthinspagravethinsplrsquoargumentthinspunethinspstructurethinspinfeacuterentiellethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspreacutecursivethinspGthinspVlastosthinspnrsquoathinsppasthinspfaitthinspgrandthinspcasthinspdansthinspsathinspreconstructionthinspdethinsplathinspclausethinspquethinspnousthinspallonsthinspeacutevoquerthinspdethinspsuitethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplrsquolaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqursquoonthinsplitthinspenthinsp132athinsp5-6thinspPirethinsplethinspὡσαύτωςthinspserathinspamputeacutethinspagravethinsptermethinspdethinspsathinsptraductionthinspAussithinspdansthinsplathinspcontributionthinspquithinspsethinspveutthinsppourtantthinsplathinspplus respectueuse de la lettre du texte (G vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspldquoThirdthinspManrdquothinspArgumentthinsp(Parmenides 132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspTextthinspandthinspLogicthinspraquothinspThe Philosophical Quarterlythinsp19thinsp[1969]thinsppthinsp291)thinsplrsquoadverbethinspathinsptoutthinspsimplementthinspdisparuthinspCethinspquithinspnonthinspseulementthinspcomprometthinsplrsquointelligibiliteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspmaisthinspencorethinspetthinspsurtout occulte le preacutesupposeacute (la confusion entre les Formes et les particuliers qui participent des Formes)thinspsurthinsplequelthinspcethinspdernierthinspreposethinspenthinspdernierthinspressort

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lrsquooccurrencethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspGrandeur)thinspsethinsptrouvethinspcompromisethinspreposethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspsurthinsplathinspclausethinsplaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardes tous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqui se porte garante de lrsquoenchaicircnement des diffeacuterentes eacutetapes de lrsquoargument lequel consistethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspagravethinspreacutepeacuteterthinsplathinspmecircmethinspopeacuterationthinspparthinsplaquellethinsponthinsprassemblethinspdansthinspunethinspvuethinspdrsquoensemblethinspunethinsppluraliteacutethinspdethinspchosesthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdrsquounethinspdeacuteterminationthinspcommunethinspAuthinspdemeurantthinspsithinsponthinspnethinspregardaitthinsppasthinsplathinspFormethinspetthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinsp(ὡσαύτως)thinspcommentthinspdeacuteclencherthinsplathinspdeacuterivethinspinflationnistethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspreacutecursivementthinspla position drsquoune deuxiegraveme Ideacutee puis drsquoune nouvelle puis drsquoune autre encore et ainsi dethinspsuitethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspthinspCettethinspsuggestionthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppernicieusethinspqursquoellethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleursthinspndash porte tout le poids de lrsquoargument dans la mesure ougrave elle est appeleacutee agrave assurer lathinspcontinuiteacutethinspentrethinspcethinspquithinspsrsquoestthinspmanifesteacutethinspauthinspniveauthinspdethinsplrsquoinspectionthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspet ce qui va se manifester en eacutelargissant cette opeacuteration synoptique aux Formes elles-mecircmesthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspregardethinsplesthinspunsthinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinspthinsp

Or il y a au moins un platonicien qui a vu les Ideacutees de cette faccedilon agrave savoir comme des reacutealiteacutes qui si tant est qursquoelles existent existent agrave la faccedilon des par-ticuliersthinsp sensiblesthinspCethinsp platonicienthinsp estthinsp naturellementthinspAristotethinsp chezthinsp quithinsp lrsquoassi-milationthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspconstituethinsplethinsplevierthinspdesthinspreprochesthinspreacutecurrents qursquoil a formuleacutes agrave lrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Formes Plus preacuteciseacute-ment si lrsquoon distingue ndash non sans fondement quoique de maniegravere un peu scheacute-matiquethinspndashthinspdeuxthinspgrandesthinspfamillesthinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspdansthinsplathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdes Ideacutees agrave savoir ndash drsquoune part ndash les apories lieacutees agrave leur existence (lesquelles visent agrave saper le fondement de la doctrine qui srsquoavegravere degraves lors tout simplement incapablethinspdethinspdeacutemontrerthinspqursquoellethinspathinspunthinspobjet)thinspetthinspndashthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspndashthinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspmoinsthinspagravethinsplrsquoexistencethinspelle-mecircmethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspqursquoagravethinspleurthinsprelationthinspavecthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinsp(lesquellesthinspvisentthinspagravethinspabolirthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspfairethinspappelthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinsppourthinspexpliquerthinspquoi que ce soit en termes de participation preacutesence ou encore imitation des unesthinspparthinsprapportthinspauxthinspautres)25thinspilthinspestthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspplausiblethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfamille fait intervenir ndash agrave tous les coups ndash cette assimilation des Formes et des substancesthinspmateacuteriellesthinspIlthinspsrsquoagitthinspndashthinspautrementthinspditthinspndashthinspdethinsplathinspconditionthinspsuffisantethinsp(soitthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspsoitthinspsurthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspconsideacuterationsthinspquithinsp luithinspsontthinspsolidaires)thinsppourthinspfairethinspdeacuteraillerthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspAristotethinsppeutthinspdifficilementthinspecirctrethinspaccuseacutethinspdrsquoavoirthinspmacirccheacutethinspsesthinspmotsthinspthinspconcisthinspouithinspagravethinspsonthinspordinairethinspndashthinspobscurthinspnonthinsp

25thinspthinspOnthinspreacutesumerathinspcettethinspdistinctionthinspenthinspdeacutetournantthinspunthinspceacutelegravebrethinsptraitthinsppascalienthinsp(Penseacutees eacuted P SeLLier MercurethinspdethinspFrancethinspParisthinsp1976thinsppthinsp445thinsp[887])thinspthinsplaquothinspPlatonthinspincertainthinspetthinspinutilethinspraquothinsplaquothinspIncertainthinspraquothinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspilthinsppostulethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdontthinspilthinspnethinspparvientthinsppasthinspagravethinspprouverthinspqursquoellesthinspexistentthinspthinsplaquothinspinutilethinspraquothinsppuisquethinspmecircmethinspsithinspdethinsptellesthinspentiteacutesthinspexistentthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditthinspellesthinspnethinspcontribueraientthinsppasthinspgrand-chosethinspagravethinspnotrethinspgouvernethinspouthinspagravethinspnotrethinspconnaissancethinspduthinspmondethinspdrsquoici-basthinspPuisqursquoilsthinspeacutepousentthinspbienthinspauthinspniveauthinspde la division du travail exeacutegeacutetique cette dualiteacute rappelons deux textes de F Fronterotta qursquoon peut prendre comme points de repegravere macroscopiques au sein de la tregraves vaste litteacuterature secondaire (au sujet dethinsplaquellethinspcfthinsplesthinspindicationsthinspfourniesthinspplusthinspbasthinspnotethinsp32)thinspthinspF Fronterotta laquo ldquoLes Formes nrsquoexistent pasthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditrdquothinspLathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspF Pradeauthinsp(eacuted)thinspPlaton Les formes intelligiblesthinspPUFthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp129-154thinspetthinsplaquothinspLathinspcriticathinsparistotelicathinspallathinspfunzionethinspcausalethinspdelle Idee platoniche MetafisicathinspAthinsp9thinsp991athinsp8thinsp-thinsp991bthinsp9thinspraquothinspdansthinspF Fronterottathinsp(eacuted)thinspLa scienza e le cause a partire dalla Metafisica di Aristotele BibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp2010thinsppthinsp93-119thinsp

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Selon un paradoxe qui nrsquoen est un qursquoen apparence ce qursquoAristote sanctionne chezthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsplethinspvicethinspreacutedhibitoirethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspagravethinspluithinsptoutthinspseulthinsplethinsprejetthinspdethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspenthinspquestionthinspndashthinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcethinspqursquoilthinspestthinspprecirctthinspagravethinspleurthinspaccorderthinspAutant dire le dilemme des partisans des Ideacutees est qursquoils ont tort et raison agrave la foisthinspetthinspndashthinspsurtoutthinspndashthinspqursquoilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspontthinspraisonthinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspλέγοντεςthinspτῇthinspμὲνthinspὀρθῶςthinspλέγουσιthinspχωρίζοντεςthinspαὐτάthinspεἴπερthinspοὐσίαιthinspεἰσίthinspτῇthinspδrsquothinspοὐκthinspὀρθῶςthinspὅτιthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspεἶδοςthinspλέγουσινthinsp[ceuxthinspquithinspdisentthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspontthinspraisonthinspet tort agrave la fois Ils ont raison de dire qursquoelles sont seacutepareacutees puisqursquoelles sont des substancesthinspthinspmaisthinspilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinspmultipli-citeacute]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp16thinsp1040bthinsp27-30)thinspOrthinspqursquoest-cethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspdire pourquoi au juste les partisans des Ideacutees ont drsquoun cocircteacute tort et de lrsquoautre raison Reacuteponse la conviction que poser lrsquoexistence de quelque chose ou ndash ce quithinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinsprevientthinspauthinspmecircmethinspndashthinspfairethinspdethinspquelquethinspchosesthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutequivautthinspagravethinspenthinspfairethinspunthinspparticulierthinspsensiblethinsp(peuthinspimportethinspalorsthinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspeacuteternelthinspou pas26)thinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinspauthinsp tourthinspdrsquoincantationthinsppregravesthinspndashthinspcrsquoestthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspfontthinspcommethinsplrsquoindiquethinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinsppassagethinspthinsplaquothinspαἴτιονthinspδrsquothinspὅτιthinspοὐκthinspἔχουσινthinspἀποδοῦναιthinspτίνεςthinspαἱthinspτοιαῦταιthinspοὐσίαιthinspαἱthinspἄφθαρτοιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspαἰσθητάςmiddotthinspποιοῦσινthinspοὖνthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspτῷthinspεἴδειthinspτοῖςthinspφθαρτοῖςthinsp(ταύταςthinspγὰρthinspἴσμεν)thinspαὐτοάνθρωπονthinspκαὶthinspαὐτόϊππονthinspπροστιθέντεςthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspτὸthinspῥῆμαthinspτὸthinspldquoαὐτόrdquothinsp[lathinspcausethinspltdethinspleurthinsperreurgtthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspsontthinspincapablesthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquethinspsontthinspdethinsptellesthinspsubstancesthinspincorruptiblesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspIlsthinspenthinspfontthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspspeacutecifiquementthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspcorruptiblesthinsp(celles-cithinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspsavonsthinspltcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontgt)thinspunthinspHommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspChevalthinspenthinspsoithinspenthinspajoutantthinspauxthinspltnomsthinspdesgtthinspchosesthinspsensiblesthinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquoenthinspsoirdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica Z

26 Aristotelis ethica nicomacheathinsp Ithinsp 6thinsp 1096athinsp 34thinsp -thinsp 1096bthinsp 5thinspthinsp laquothinspἀπορήσειεthinsp δrsquothinsp ἄνthinsp τιςthinsp τίthinsp ποτεthinsp καὶthinspβούλονταιthinspλέγεινthinspαὐτοέκαστονthinspεἴπερthinspἔνthinspτεthinspαὐτοανθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspεἷςthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspαὐτὸςthinspλόγοςthinspἐστὶνthinspὁthinspτοῦthinspἀνθρώπουthinspᾗthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωποςthinspοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσουσινmiddotthinspεἰthinspδrsquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὐδrsquothinspᾗthinspἀγαθόνthinspἀλλὰthinspμὴνthinspοὐδὲthinspτῷthinspἀίδιονthinspεἶναιthinspμᾶλλονthinspἀγαθὸνthinspἔσταιthinspεἴπερthinspμηδὲthinspλευκότερονthinspτὸthinspπολυχρόνιονthinspτοῦthinspἐφημέρουthinsp[R bodeacuteuumlS Aristote Eacutethique agrave Nicomaque Flammarion Paris 2004 p 61 on peut drsquoautre part se demander ce quethinsppeutthinspbienthinspvouloirthinspdirethinspenthinspdeacutefinitivethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquochosethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplrsquoldquohommethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspetthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinspdeacutefinissentthinspparthinspunethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspformulethinspcellethinspdethinsplrsquohommethinspCarthinspsithinsplrsquoonthinspconsidegraverethinsplathinspchose en tant qursquohomme cela ne fait aucune diffeacuterence Et dans ces conditions il nrsquoy a pas non plus agrave fairethinsplathinspdiffeacuterencethinspagravethinspproposthinspduthinspbienthinspsithinsponthinsplethinspconsidegraverethinspenthinsptantthinspquethinsptelthinspMaisthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspnonthinspplusthinspparcethinspqursquoilthinspseraitthinspeacuteternelthinspqursquounthinspbienthinspseraitthinspdavantagethinspunthinspbienthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspquithinspdurethinsplongtempsthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdavantagethinspcethinspqursquoellethinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspeacutepheacutemegravere]thinspraquothinsp

Leone Gazziero

133

16thinsp1040bthinsp30-34)27thinspCethinspquithinspndashthinsptoutthinsparbitrairethinspetthinspgratuitthinspquethinspcethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleurs28 ndash est ineacutevitablethinsppourthinsppeuthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspveuillethinsppreacuteserverthinsplathinspnotionthinspelle-mecircmethinspdethinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspγάρthinspτιςthinspμὴthinspθήσειthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspεἶναιthinspκεχωρισμέναςthinspκαὶthinspτὸνthinspτρόπονthinspτοῦτονthinspὡςthinspλέγεταιthinspτὰthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἀναιρήσειthinspτὴνthinspοὐσίανthinspὡςthinspβουλόμεθαthinspλέγεινthinsp[sithinsponthinspnethinspposethinsppasthinspquethinsplesthinspsubstancesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinsponthinspditthinspquethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspparticuliersthinsplethinspsontthinsponthinspdeacutetruitthinsplathinspsubstancethinspauthinspsensthinspougravethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendons]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp10thinsp1086bthinsp16-19)29

SurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspcethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspAristotethinspdeacuteveloppethinsptoutethinspunethinspseacuteriethinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspagravethinsplrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Ideacutees allant de lrsquoaccusation de verser dans une erreur aussi grossiegravere que lrsquoanthropomorphisme religieux30thinspagravethinspcellethinspdethinspredoublerthinspsansthinspraisonthinsp

27thinspthinspAristotethinspstigmatisethinspvolontiersthinsplesthinspliberteacutesthinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspprennentthinspavecthinsplethinsplangagethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinsptournerthinsplathinspplupartthinspduthinsptempsthinspagravethinspvidethinspAussithinsplorsqursquoilthinspnethinspbalaiethinspleurthinspproposthinspcommethinspduthinspsimplethinspverbiagethinsp(cf Aristotelis ethica eudemia R R waLzer J M MinGaythinsp(eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1991thinspIthinsp8thinsp1217bthinsp19-21thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspδὲthinspδεῖthinspσυντόμωςthinspεἰπεῖνthinspπερὶthinspαὐτῶνthinspλέγομενthinspὅτιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspτὸthinspεἶναιthinspἰδέανthinspμὴthinspμόνονthinspἀγαθοῦthinspἀλλὰthinspκαὶthinspἄλλουthinspὁτουοῦνthinspλέγεταιthinspλογικῶςthinspκαὶthinspκενῶςthinsp[srsquoilthinspnousthinspestthinsppermisthinspdrsquoexprimerthinspicithinsptregravesthinspbriegravevementthinspnotrethinsppenseacuteethinspnousthinspdironsthinspqursquoaffirmerthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspunethinspIdeacuteethinspnonthinspseulementthinspduthinspbienthinspmaisthinspdethinsptoutthinspautrethinspchosethinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspparlerthinspetthinsptenirthinspdesthinspproposthinspvides]thinspraquo)thinspilthinsplesthinspaccusethinspdethinspsethinspcontenterthinspde meacutetaphores poeacutetiques (cf Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp991athinsp20-22thinsp[=thinspMthinsp5thinsp1079bthinsp24-27]thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspλέγεινthinspπαραδείγματαthinspαὐτὰthinsplt scilicetthinspτὰthinspεἴδηgtthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspμετέχεινthinspαὐτῶνthinspτἆλλαthinspκενολογεῖνthinspἐστὶthinspκαὶthinspμεταφορὰςthinspλέγεινthinspποιητικάςthinsp[direthinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspsontthinspdesthinspparadigmesthinspetthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspnethinsprienthinspdirethinspetthinspsethinsppayerthinspdethinspmeacutetaphoresthinsppoeacutetiques]thinspraquo)thinspthinsp ilthinsp leurthinspreprochethinspeacutegalement de srsquoamuser agrave changer de nom aux choses sans se preacuteoccuper de nous dire ce qursquoelles sont au juste (cf Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987bthinsp7-14thinspthinsplaquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὖνthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσεthinspτὰthinspδrsquothinspαἰσϑητὰthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspταῦταthinspλέγεσϑαιthinspπάνταthinspκατὰthinspμέϑεξινthinspγὰρthinspεἶναιthinspτὰthinspπολλὰthinspτῶνthinspσυνωνύμωνthinsp[ὁμώνυμα]thinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσινthinspτὴνthinspδὲthinspμέϑεξινthinspτοὔνομαthinspμόνονthinspμετέβαλενmiddotthinspοἱthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspΠυϑαγόρειοιthinspμιμήσειthinspτὰthinspὄνταthinspφασὶνthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspἀριϑμῶνthinspΠλάτωνthinspδὲthinspμεϑέξειthinspτοὔνομαthinspμεταβαλώνthinspτὴνthinspμέντοιthinspγεthinspμέϑεξινthinspἢthinspτὴνthinspμίμησινthinspἥτιςthinspἂνthinspεἴηthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἀφεῖσανthinspἐνthinspκοινῷthinspζητεῖνthinsp[aussithinspilthinspathinspappeleacutethinspldquoIdeacuteesrdquothinspdethinsptellesthinspchosesthinspetthinspilthinspathinspaffirmeacutethinspquethinsptousthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspenthinspsontthinspseacutepareacutesthinspetthinspqursquoilsthinspreccediloiventthinspdrsquoellesthinspleur nom En effet crsquoest en raison de leur participation aux Ideacutees que les plusieurs sont synonymes avec les Ideacutees Pour ce qui est de la participation Platon nrsquoa fait que changer le nom en effet les PythagoriciensthinspaffirmaientthinspquethinsplesthinspeacutetantsthinspsontthinspparthinspimitationthinspdesthinspnombresthinspPlatonthinspparthinspparticipationthinspenthinspchangeantthinsplethinspnomthinspCethinspquethinsplathinspparticipationthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinspouthinsplrsquoimitationthinsppeutthinspbienthinspecirctrethinspilsthinspontthinspenthinspcommunthinspdrsquoavoirthinspneacutegligeacutethinspdethinsplethinspchercher]thinspraquo)thinsp28thinspthinspPourthinspAristotethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspplusthinspdethinspraisonthinspdethinspseacuteparerthinsplesthinspuniversauxthinspquethinsplesthinspaccidentsthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐδεμίαthinspἀνάγκηthinspὑπολαμβάνεινthinspτιthinspεἶναιthinspτοῦτοthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspὅτιthinspἓνthinspδηλοῖthinspοὐδὲνthinspμᾶλλονthinspἢthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspἄλλωνthinspὅσαthinspμὴthinspτὶthinspσημαίνειthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιὸνthinspἢthinspπρόςthinspτιthinspἢthinspποιεῖνthinsp[ilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspplusthinspneacutecessairethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplrsquouniversel est quelque chose agrave part des choses individuelles car il indique quelque chose drsquounique que de le penser des autres choses qui ne sont pas quelque chose mais une qualiteacute une relation ou encorethinspunethinspaction]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis analytica posteriorathinspIthinsp24thinsp85bthinsp18-21)thinsp29 Cf Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp12thinsp1037bthinsp27thinspougravethinspilthinspestthinspquestionthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspὡςthinspφαμένthinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplaquothinspἡthinspοὐσίαthinspἕνthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὡςthinspφαμένthinsp[lathinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspcommethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinspetthinspdethinspconcret]thinspraquothinsp30 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12thinspthinsplaquothinspπολλαχῇthinspδὲthinspἐχόντωνthinspδυσκολίανthinspοὐθενὸςthinspἧττονthinspἄτοπονthinspτὸthinspφάναιthinspμὲνthinspεἶναίthinspτιναςthinspφύσειςthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspοὐρανῷthinspταύταςthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspφάναιthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspπλὴνthinspὅτιthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspἀΐδιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspφθαρτάthinspαὐτὸthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωπόνthinspφασινthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspἵππονthinspκαὶthinspὑγίειανthinspἄλλοthinspδrsquothinspοὐδένthinspπαραπλήσιονthinspποιοῦντεςthinspτοῖςthinspθεοὺςthinspμὲνthinspεἶναιthinspφάσκουσινthinspἀνθρωποειδεῖςthinspδέmiddotthinspοὔτεthinspγὰρthinspἐκεῖνοιthinspοὐδὲνthinspἄλλοthinspἐποίουνthinspἢthinspἀνθρώπουςthinspἀϊδίουςthinspοὔθrsquothinspοὗτοιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἄλλrsquothinspἢthinspαἰσθητὰthinspἀΐδιαthinsp(D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp[2008]thinsppthinsp308thinspthinspmecircmethinspsrsquoilsthinspltlesthinspplatoniciensgtthinspsontthinspdethinspplusieursthinspfaccedilonsthinspenthinspdifficulteacutethinsprienthinspdethinspplusthinspabsurdethinspquethinspdethinspdirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspcertainesthinspnaturesthinspenthinspplusthinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

134

lethinspmobilierthinspontologiquethinspduthinspmonde31 en passant par des travers meacutereacuteologiques qui rappellent drsquoassez pregraves ceux que lrsquoon rencontre deacutejagrave chez Platon32

Si nous avons passeacute en revue chacun de ces inconveacutenients33 nous nous sommes cependantthinsparrecircteacutesthinsptoutthinspspeacutecialementthinspsurthinsplrsquounthinspdrsquoentrethinspeuxthinsplrsquoargumentthinspqursquoAristotethinsp

dethinspcellesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinsplrsquouniversthinspmaisthinspenthinspdisantthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspsensiblesthinspsaufthinspquethinsplesthinspunesthinspsontthinspeacuteternellesthinsplesthinspautresthinspcorruptiblesthinspIlsthinspdisentthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspunthinsphommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspchevalthinsplten soigt une santeacute lten soigt sans rien dire drsquoautre en faisant agrave peu pregraves comme ceux qui disent qursquoil existe des dieux mais de forme humaine Ceux-ci ne faisaient rien drsquoautre que des hommes eacuteternels etthinsppourthinspceux-lagravethinsplesthinspformesthinspnethinspsontthinspquethinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspeacuteternels)thinspraquothinsp31 Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8thinsp(cfthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp34thinsp-thinsp1079athinsp4)thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτωνδὶthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἕτεραthinspτούτωνthinspἴσαthinspτὸνthinspἀριθμὸνthinspἐκόμισανthinspὥσπερthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἀριθμῆσαιthinspβουλόμενοςthinspἐλαττόνωνthinspμὲνthinspὄντωνthinspοἴοιτοthinspμὴthinspδυνήσεσθαιthinspπλείωthinspδὲthinspποιήσαςthinspἀριθμοίηthinspσχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspἴσαthinspἢthinspοὐκthinspἐλάττωthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἐστὶthinspτούτοιςthinspπερὶthinspὧνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἐκthinspτούτωνthinspἐπrsquothinspἐκεῖναthinspπροῆλθονthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspγὰρthinspὁμώνυμόνthinspτιthinspἐστιthinspκαὶthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspτῶνthinspτεthinspἄλλωνthinspἐστὶνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspἕνthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖσδεthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖςthinspἀιδίοιςthinsp[D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinsppthinsp306-307thinspthinspquantthinspagravethinspceuxthinspquithinspposentthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspcommethinspdesthinspcausesthinspdrsquoabordthinspenthinspcherchantthinspagravethinspsaisirthinsplesthinspcausesthinspdesthinspecirctresthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinspilsthinspenthinspontthinspintroduitthinspdrsquoautresthinspenthinspnombrethinspeacutegauxthinspagravethinspeuxthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspquethinspquelqursquounthinspqui voudrait compter des choses mais croirait ne pas pouvoir le faire parce qursquoil y en a peu et pour lesthinspcompterthinsplesthinsprendraitthinspplusthinspnombreusesthinspLesthinspFormesthinspenthinspeffetthinspsontthinspenthinspnombrethinsppresquethinspeacutegalesthinspouthinsppas 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nrsquoy en a pas des arguments agrave partir des sciences qursquoil y a des Ideacutees de tout ce dont il y a des sciencesthinspthinspltdesthinspargumentsgtthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspltqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesgtthinspmecircmethinspdethinspneacutegationsthinspthinspetthinspltdesthinspargumentsgt agrave partir de la penseacutee de quelque chose apregraves sa corruption ltqursquoil y a des Ideacuteesgt drsquoentiteacutes

Leone Gazziero

135

lethinsppremierthinspndashthinspsansthinspenthinspattribuerthinsplathinsppaterniteacutethinspagravethinsppersonnethinsp(pasthinspplusthinspagravethinspsesthinsppreacutedeacuteces-seursthinspouthinspagravethinspsesthinspcontemporainsthinspqursquoagravethinsplui-mecircme)thinspndashthinspathinspappeleacutethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo34 Cela pour au moins deux raisons En premier lieu il y a tout sujet de croirethinspqursquoAristotethinspdevaitthinsplethinsptenirthinsppourthinspunethinspobjectionthinspassezthinspformidablethinspagravethinsplrsquoencontrethinspdethinsplathinsppromotionthinspdesthinsppreacutedicatsthinspuniverselsthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancesthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinspvuthinsplethinsptraitthinspquithinspndashthinsppourthinspAristotethinspndashthinspfaitthinsplathinspspeacutecificiteacutethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacutees)thinspCrsquoestthinspenthinsptoutthinspeacutetatthinspdethinspcausethinsplethinspspectrethinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspseulthinspqursquoAristotethinspagitethinsplorsqursquoilthinspeacutevoquethinspndashthinspenthinspblocthinspndashthinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdontthinspagravethinspsonthinspavisthinspsrsquoencombrethinsplrsquohypothegravese des Formes (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu la conviction que si les Ideacutees existent elles existent agrave la maniegravere desthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspnonthinspseulementthinspjouethinspunthinsprocirclethinspcapitalthinspdansthinsplrsquoeacuteconomiethinspdethinsplrsquoargument tel que nous pouvons le reconstruire agrave partir des diffeacuterentes sources qui nous lrsquoont transmis35 mais encore elle constitue la cleacute pour reacutesoudre un puzzle

quithinspontthinsppeacuterithinsp(puisqursquoilthinspenthinspexistethinspunethinspcertainethinspimage)]thinspraquo)thinspUnethinspbibliographiethinspdethinspquelquethinsptroisthinspcentsthinsptitresthinspspeacutecialement consacreacutee agrave la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees dans les lieux parallegraveles des livres A et M des Meacutetaphysiquesthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspdistribueacuteethinspetthinsp(dansthinspsathinspversionthinspalphabeacutetique)thinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspconsulteacuteethinsponlinethinspagravethinsplrsquoadressethinspthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir2808files201509BibliogrSept2015pdfthinsp34 Au sujet de lrsquohistoire de lrsquoargument qursquoil nous soit permis de renvoyer agrave L Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinsp(citeacutethinspnotethinsp14)thinsppourthinspsathinsppreacutehistoirethinspplatoniciennethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquothinspldquoκαὶthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςrdquothinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspProleacutegomegravenesthinspagravethinspunethinsphistoirethinspanciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspraquothinspRhizai 7 2010 p 181-220 pour son utilisationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquo ldquoEt quoniam est quis tertius homordquothinspArgumentthinspexeacutegegravesethinspcontresens dans la litteacuterature latine apparenteacutee aux Sophistici elenchithinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspArchives drsquohistoire doctrinale et litteacuteraire du Moyen Age 80 2013 p 7-48 pour ses transformations aux mains des commentateursthinspdethinsplanguethinspetthinspculturethinsplatinethinspPourthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspdesthinspcommentateursthinspdethinsplrsquoAntiquiteacutethinsptardivethinspcfthinspD huntthinsplaquothinspPlotinusthinspMeetsthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspJ CLearythinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Perennial Tradition of NeoplatonismthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinsp1997thinsppthinsp119-132thinspthinspJ oPSoMerthinsplaquothinspSyrianusthinsponthinspHomonymythinspandthinspFormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspvan rieL C MaCeacute et L van CaMPethinsp(eacuted)thinspPlatonic Ideas and Concept Formation in Ancient and Medieval ThoughtthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinspLouvainthinsp2004thinsppthinsp31-50thinspetthinspLthinspP GerSon laquothinspProclusthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspEacutetudes platoniciennesthinsp8thinsp(2011)thinsppthinsp105-11835thinspthinspCommethinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinsplonguementthinspexpliqueacutethinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinsplathinspseacuteancethinspduthinsp16thinspmarsthinsp2015thinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspestthinspunthinspexcellentthinspcasthinspdrsquoeacutetudethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoonthinspsethinsptournethinspversthinspdesthinspsourcesthinspsemi-canoniquesthinspafinthinspdethinspreconstituerthinspdesthinspfaitsthinspdethinspdiscoursthinspplusthinspouthinspmoinsthinspradicalementthinspindisponiblesthinspdansthinspleurthinspversionthinsporiginalethinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspmecircmethinspsithinspsonthinspcasthinspparaicirctthinspndashthinspagravethinsppremiegraverethinspvuethinspndashthinspmoinsthinspdeacutesespeacutereacutethinspquethinspceluithinspdrsquoautresthinsppiegravecesthinspdethinsplrsquoAristotethinspperduthinspetthinspmecircmethinspsithinspndashthinspagravethinspcoupthinspsucircrthinspndashthinspsathinspsituationthinspphilologiquethinspsrsquoestthinspconsideacuterablementthinspameacutelioreacutee depuis quelques anneacutees (parmi les progregraves il faut au moins signaler la nouvelle eacutedition critiquethinspdesthinspquelquesthinsppagesthinspdrsquointeacuterecirctthinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauxthinspMeacutetaphysiques drsquoAristotethinspquethinspD harLFinGerthinspnousthinspathinspoffertethinspenthinsp1975thinspthinsponthinspsignalerathinspeacutegalementthinspquethinsplathinspquestionthinspdesthinspdeuxthinsp recensionsthinspdansthinsp lesquellesthinspcesthinspmecircmesthinsppagesthinspnousthinspseraientthinspparvenuesthinspndashthinsp toutthinsp reacutecemmentthinspndashthinspathinspbeacuteneacuteficieacutethinspdesthinsplumiegraveresthinspdethinspP GoLitSiS laquo La recensio altera du Commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave la Meacutetaphysique drsquoAristotethinspetthinsplethinspteacutemoignagethinspdesthinspmanuscritsthinspbyzantinsthinspLaurentianus plut 8712 et Ambrosianus F113thinspsupthinspraquothinspdansthinspJ SiGneS Codontildeer et I Peacuterez Martinthinsp(eacuted)thinspTextual Transmission in Byzantium Between Textual Criticism and Quellenforschung Brepols Turnhout 2014 p 199-230 ainsi que de celles de L CaLvieacutethinsp laquothinspAgravethinsp proposthinsp dethinsp lrsquoeacuteditionthinspHayduckthinsp duthinspCommentairethinsp drsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodise agrave la MeacutetaphysiquethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspouthinspconsulterthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir565files201409Article-LCalvieacute-2e-edpdf)thinspIlthinspnrsquoenthinsprestethinsppasthinspmoinsthinspquethinsptoutthinspeffortthinspdethinsprestitutionthinspduthinsptraiteacutethinspperduthinspdrsquoAristotethinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspougravethinsponthinsppeutthinsplirethinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspdethinsplointhinsplethinspplusthinspinformatifthinspndashthinspdoitthinspsethinspconfronterthinspagravethinspunethinspeacutequationthinspagravethinspplusieursthinspvariablesthinspLethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspestthinspunthinsptextethinspqui ne nous est parvenu qursquoagrave travers la tradition indirecte et dont la vocation ndash pour autant qursquoelle se

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

136

exeacutegeacutetique agrave la fois ancien et tenace agrave savoir pour autant que lrsquoon a affaire agrave un seul etthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinspnousthinsppouvonsthinspremonterthinspdansthinsplethinsptempsthinspne fait pas lrsquounanimiteacute ndash comment se fait-il qursquoAristote tantocirct lrsquoutilise pour reacutefuter les philosophes des Ideacutees tantocirct le rejette sous preacutetexte qursquoil srsquoagit drsquoun argument fallacieux36thinspthinspLethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspdansthinsplequelthinspnousthinspavonsthinspidentifieacutethinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspmotifsthinsppro-fonds de lrsquoantiplatonisme drsquoAristote ndash agrave savoir la particularisation existentielle des universauxthinspndashthinsppermetthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquithinspentraicircnethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspetthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinsplrsquoeacuteviterthinspMecircmethinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvirtuellementthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspcomprendrethinsplethinspfonctionnementthinspexactthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspsesthinspraresthinspoccurrencesthinspdansthinsp

laissethinspentrevoirthinspndashthinspeacutetaitthinspdethinsptraiterthinspdrsquounethinspdoctrinethinspcellethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspcœurthinspdrsquounthinspdeacutebatthinspquithinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplethinsppreacutecegravedethinspetthinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspaffecteacutethinspAucunethinspdethinspcesthinspvariablethinspnethinspsethinsplaissethinsptraiterthinspcommethinspunethinspsimplethinspvariablethinspdrsquoajustement et elles sont qui plus est lieacutees entre elles Si on distingue donc ndash avec les speacutecialistes de lrsquoecdotique (on se reacutefeacuterera en particulier agrave un texte de J iriGointhinspthinsplaquothinspLathinspcritiquethinspdesthinsptextesthinspdoitthinspecirctrethinsphistoriquethinspraquothinspdansthinspE FLoreSthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa critica testuale greco-latina oggi Metodi e problemi Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 29-31 ottobre 1979)thinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1981thinsppthinsp27-43)thinspndashthinsptrois eacutetapes fondamentales dans la reconstitution drsquoun texte la recensio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la collecte de toutesthinsp lesthinspsourcesthinspmanuscritesthinspdisponiblesthinsp(etthinspeacuteventuellementthinspdesthinspsourcesthinsp imprimeacutees)thinspdirectesthinspetthinspindirectes)thinsp lathinspcollatio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la comparaison des reacutesultats de la recensiothinsp afinthinspdrsquoobtenirthinspunethinspimagethinspaussithinspfidegravelethinspquethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspenthinspremontantthinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinsppossiblethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacuteterminationthinspdesthinspfamillesthinspdethinspmanuscritsthinspetthinspdethinspleurthinspplusthinspprochethinspancecirctresthinspcommuns)thinspetthinsplathinspdivinatio (lrsquoeacutetablissementthinspduthinsptextethinsplethinspplusthinspprochethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplrsquooriginal)thinsponthinspconviendrathinspquethinspcettethinspderniegraverethinspportethinspparticuliegraverementthinspbienthinspsonthinspnomthinsppuisquethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsplathinsprestitutionthinspdethinsptoutthinspunthinsppanthinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspnethinspnousthinsppermetthinsppasthinspdethinspreacuteglerthinspndashthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspndashthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdethinspsavoirthinspauthinspjustethinspquithinspa eacutecrit quoi Il faut se reacutesigner agrave une eacutevidence pour autant que le traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote est concerneacute mecircmethinsplethinspmeilleurthinsptextethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdemeurethinsprelativementthinspopaquethinspaussithinsplongtempsthinspduthinspmoinsthinspquethinsplrsquoon nrsquoa pas deacutetermineacute de quelle maniegravere il a travailleacute la matiegravere aristoteacutelicienne dont il srsquoest inspireacute et qursquoil a importeacutee dans son commentaire Autrement dit la question se pose de savoir si nous avons affairethinspagravethinspunethinspcollectionthinspdethinspfragmentsthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspdesthinspempruntsthinspponctuelsthinspouthinspdesthinspcitations)thinspouthinspbienthinspsithinspAlexandre a proceacutedeacute agrave une reformulation paraphrastique (en gros une transposition plus ou moins fidegravelethinspdethinspcethinspqursquoilthinsplisaitthinspdansthinsplethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspsonthinspdernierthinsplecteurthinspdethinsppremiegraverethinspmain)thinspOrthinspdeuxthinspdifficulteacutesthinspmajeuresthinspfontthinspobstaclethinspagravethinspcettethinspentreprisethinspLathinsppremiegraverethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspqursquoAlexandrethinspsethinsptrouve en situation de teacutemoin unique ce que nous connaissons du traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote sur les Ideacutees nous le tenons pour lrsquoessentiel drsquoAlexandre dans la mesure ougrave les quelques mentions eacuteparses dans la litteacuterature posteacuterieure deacutependent de son commentaire au livre Alpha meizocircn des Meacutetaphysiques Son maniementthinspappellethinspdoncthinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinsppreacutecautionsthinspthinspcethinspquethinspnousthinsplisonsthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspsinonthinspremanieacutethinspduthinspmoins reacuteorganiseacute dans une mesure et selon des modaliteacutes qui eacutetaient agrave la seule discreacutetion drsquoAlexandre etthinspquethinspnousthinspnethinsppouvonsthinsppasthinspappreacutecierthinspindeacutependammentthinspdethinspsonthinsptravailthinspLathinspdeuxiegravemethinspdifficulteacutethinsptientthinspauthinspfait que la langue drsquoAlexandre ne preacutesente pas de ceacutesures stylistiques ou de solutions de continuiteacute lexicales qui permettraient de deacuteterminer ougrave il ferait œuvre de compilateur et ougrave au contraire il fait œuvrethinspdrsquointerpregravetethinspDethinspfaitthinspagravethinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinsp(maisthinspaussithinspagravethinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspouthinspagravethinspunethinsptroisiegraveme)thinsponthinspsethinsprendrathinspagravethinspunethinspautrethinspeacutevidencethinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppartoutthinsplathinspprosethinspetthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspmecircmethinsplagravethinspougravethinspndashthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspaveuthinsp(commethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsppreacuteciseacutement)thinspndashthinsponthinsppeutthinspsrsquoattendrethinspagravethinspqursquoil suive de plus pregraves sa source 36thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy p 290 formule ce dilemme agrave peu pregraves dansthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinsptermesthinspUnthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquointerpregravetesthinspythinspontthinspvuthinsplrsquoindicethinspdrsquounethinspambivalencethinspdrsquoAristotethinspagrave son eacutegard (cf L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspVrin-PressesthinspdethinsplrsquoUniversiteacutethinspLavalthinspParis-Montreacutealthinsp1995thinsppthinsp360)thinspthinspdrsquoautresthinsplrsquoontthinsppristhinspassezthinspauthinspseacuterieuxthinsppourthinspexclurethinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspsrsquoagirthinspeffectivementthinspduthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspdontthinspAristotethinspferaitthinspunthinspusagethinspopportunistethinsp(cfthinspEthinspVthinspdi LaSCio laquo Third Man The Logic of the Sophism at Arist SEthinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinspraquothinspTopoithinsp23thinsp[2004]thinsppthinsp41)thinsp

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137

le corpus aristoteacutelicien37thinspcelathinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspeacutetablithinspsansthinspavoirthinsprecoursthinspauxthinspsourcesthinsppos-teacuterieuresthinspauxquellesthinsponthinspestthinspobligeacutethinspdrsquoemprunterthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspcanonique38 Crsquoest ce qui ressort de deux lieux du corpus aristoteacutelicien agrave savoir le chapitre 13 du livre ZecirctathinspdesthinspMeacutetaphysiques et le chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiques auxquels nous avons consacreacute deux lectures micrologiques dont nous ne reportons de suite que les conclusions39

37 Aristote nrsquoen donne nulle part un exposeacute un tant soit peu deacutetailleacute se contentant plutocirct de lrsquoeacutevoquer sousthinsplrsquointituleacutethinspquithinsplethinsprendrathinspceacutelegravebrethinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp15-17thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1039athinsp2-3thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp12-13)thinspouthinspbienthinspdrsquoenthinsprappelerthinsplathinspconclusionthinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36)thinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdrsquounethinsppassethinspargumentativethinspbienthinspconnuethinsp(cethinspquithinspdevaitthinspdrsquoailleursthinspecirctrethinsplethinspcas)thinsp38thinspthinspCetthinspexposeacutethinspsethinsplitthinspdansthinsplathinsppagethinspceacutelegravebrethinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauthinsppremierthinsplivrethinspdes MeacutetaphysiquesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspagravethinsplaquellethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspfairethinspallusionthinspthinsplaquothinspδείκνυταιthinspκαὶthinspοὕτωςthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινωνthinspπλειόνωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκαὶthinspἔστινthinspἄλλοthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspαὐτῶνthinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspἡγοῦνταιthinspδεικνύναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιmiddotthinspδιὰthinspτοῦτοthinspγάρthinspἐστίthinspτιthinspαὐτοάνθρωποςthinsp κατrsquothinsp αὐτούςthinsp ὅτιthinsp ὁthinsp ἄνθρωποςthinsp κατὰthinsp τῶνthinsp καθrsquothinsp ἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspπλειόνωνthinsp ὄντωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspἄλλοςthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspἐστίν)thinspndashthinspἀλλrsquothinspεἰthinspτοῦτοthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοςthinspὁthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspκατrsquothinspἰδίανthinspὑφεστώςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspδὲthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspπαράthinspτεthinspτὸνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspτὴνthinspἰδέανthinspοὕτωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspτέταρτοςthinspὁthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτούτουthinspκαὶthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὁμοίωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspπέμπτοςthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspἐπrsquothinspἄπειρονthinsp[onthinspprouvethinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspaussi de cette maniegravere si ce qui se preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute de plusieurs est aussi autre que ceux dont il se preacutedique seacutepareacute de ceux-ci (voilagrave ce que pensent prouver ceux qui posent les Ideacutees la raison pourthinsp laquellethinspenthinspeffetthinsp ilthinspythinspathinsppourthinspeuxthinspquelquethinspchosethinspquithinspestthinsp lrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspcrsquoestthinspquethinsp lrsquohommethinspse preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute des hommes particuliers qui sont plusieurs et il est autre que les hommes particuliers)thinspndashthinspmaisthinspsrsquoilthinspenthinspestthinspainsithinspilthinspythinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspSithinspenthinspeffetthinsplrsquohommethinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsppreacutediquethinspestthinspautrethinspquethinspceuxthinspdontthinspilthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspsubsistethinspenthinspproprethinspsithinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspilthinspythinspathinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspagravethinsppartthinspduthinspparticulier et de lrsquoIdeacutee Ainsi qursquoil y en aura un quatriegraveme qui se preacutedique de celui-ci de lrsquoIdeacutee et des particuliersthinspthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquounthinspcinquiegravemethinspetthinspcelathinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis de ideis fragmentathinsp(=thinspAlexandri in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria)thinsp8421thinsp-thinsp853)thinspLethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspillustrethinspagravethinsplathinspperfectionthinspla situation hermeacuteneutique que nous venons drsquoeacutevoquer ougrave le recours agrave la tradition indirecte est agrave la foisthinspineacutevitablethinspetthinsppassablementthinspdeacutelicatthinspDrsquounethinsppartthinspAlexandrethinspsignalethinspexplicitementthinspqursquoilthinspreportethinsplathinspversionthinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinsptellethinspqursquoAristotethinspsrsquoenthinspestthinspservithinspdansthinsplethinsppremierthinsplivrethinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsp(8511-12thinspthinsplaquothinspτῇthinspδὲthinspτελευταίᾳthinspαὐτὸςthinspἔνthinspτεthinspτῷthinspπρώτῳthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspraquo)thinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspilthinspestthinsphautementthinspimprobablethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspenthinsptrainthinspdethinsptranscrirethinspunthinspsegmentthinspduthinsptextethinspdrsquoAristotethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdethinsplethinspparaphraserthinspCethinspquethinsptrahitthinsplrsquoutilisationthinspdethinspcertainsthinsptermesthinsptelsthinspὑπόστασιςthinspetthinspὑφίστημιthinspNousthinspavonsthinspobserveacutethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoacceptionthinspdrsquoexistencethinspetthinspdrsquoexisterthinsprequisethinspparthinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspnithinsplrsquounthinsp(ὑπόστασις)thinspnithinsplrsquoautrethinsp(ὑφίστημι)thinspnethinspsontthinspattesteacutesthinspchezthinspAristotethinspquithinsplesthinsputilisethinspplutocirctthinspdansthinspunthinspsensthinsplocalthinsp(ὑφίστημιthinspindiquethinsple fait de se tenir au-dessous comme dans Aristotelis de caelo P Morauxthinsp(eacuted)thinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1965thinspIthinsp3thinsp269bthinsp24-25)thinspouthinspphysiologiquethinsp(ὑπόστασιςthinspsignifiethinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspreacutesiduthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspseacutedimentthinspraquothinspcomme dans Aristotelis de generatione animaliumthinspHthinspJ droSSaart LuLoFS (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1965thinspIthinsp18thinsp726athinsp21thinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspstationthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspposturethinspraquothinspcommethinspdansthinspAristotelis de partibus animaliumthinsp1956thinspIthinsp2thinsp647bthinsp28)39 Les deux lectures (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp23thinspetthinspAristotelis Sophistici elenchi 22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspontthinspeacuteteacutethinsppreacuteceacutedeacuteesthinspparthinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspeacutetudethinsplexicographiquethinsp(nousthinspavonsthinspeacutevoqueacutethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspplusthinsphautthinspcfthinspnotethinsp3)thinspconsacreacuteethinspauthinspvocabulairethinspquethinspcesthinsptextesthinsppartagentthinsp(etthinspauxthinspquelquesthinsposcillationsthinspqursquoilthinsppreacutesente)thinspEnthinspplusthinspdrsquoexpressionsthinspplusthinspprobleacutematiquesthinsp(commethinsplethinspτόδεthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinsppeutthinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspdeacutesignerthinspunethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle)thinspnousthinspavonsthinspsurtoutthinspexploreacutethinsplrsquooppositionthinspentrethinspcethinspqursquoAristotethinspappellethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(outhinspποιόνthinspτι)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspnousthinspontthinspsurtoutthinspaideacutesthinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinspnotrethinspreconnaissance J kunGthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspThisesthinspSuchesthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspArgumentthinspraquothinspPhronesis 26 (1981)thinsppthinsp207-247thinspetthinspS ebbeSen laquo Hoc aliquid - Quale quidthinspandthinspthethinspSignificationthinspofthinspAppellativesthinspraquothinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

138

Qursquoest-cethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspauthinspjustethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAuthinspboutthinspdrsquounthinspassezthinsplongthinspraisonnement40thinsplathinspconclusionthinspqursquoAristotethinsptirethinspestthinspcateacutegoriquethinsp(φανερὸνthinspὅτιthinspκτλ)thinspSeacuteparer lrsquouniversel crsquoest-agrave-dire le traiter comme quelque chose qui existe de plein exercicethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstarthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspparticuliegraveresthinsprevientthinspagravethinspsrsquoembarrasserthinspdethinsptoutesthinspsortesthinsp drsquoinconveacutenientsthinspthinsp laquothinspφανερὸνthinspὅτιthinsp οὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinspκαὶthinspὅτιthinspοὐδὲνthinspσημαίνειthinspτῶνthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορουμένωνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspἀλλὰthinspτοιόνδεthinspεἰthinspδὲthinspμήthinspἄλλαthinspτεthinspπολλὰthinspσυμβαίνειthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsp[ilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoaucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspnethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspmaisthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinsptelthinspouthinsptelthinspDansthinsplethinspcasthinspcontrairethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspbeaucoupthinspltdrsquoinconveacutenientsgtthinspnotammentthinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis meta-physicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)41 Quelle que soit la force que lrsquoon accorde agrave lrsquoargumentthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspreposethinspultimementthinspsurthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspjuxtaposerthinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspauthinspseinthinspdrsquounethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspmultipliciteacutethinspdontthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspviendraitthinspconstituerthinsplrsquouniteacutethinspauthinspmecircmethinsptitrethinspquethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdrsquohomme constituait lrsquouniteacute de la multipliciteacute des hommes particuliers Autrement ditthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsprequiertthinspquethinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinsp

Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

peut lire dans Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp3thinsp1029athinsp27-28thinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplaquothinspκαὶthinspγὰρthinspτὸthinspχωριστὸνthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspὑπάρχεινthinspδοκεῖthinspμάλισταthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinsp[enthinspeffetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinspseacutepareacutethinspetthinspdrsquoecirctrethinspunthinspcecithinspappartientthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquo45thinspthinspAristotelis 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Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman 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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

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de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 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Aristote ndash tout comme Platon drsquoailleurs ndash nrsquoa pas poseacute explicitement les deux questions Il y a toutefois non seulement de quoi les formuler mais aussi de quoi leurthinspapporterthinspunethinspreacuteponsethinspenthinspsrsquoautorisantthinspsansthinsptropthinsplesthinsptiraillerthinspdrsquounthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspde textes tireacutes du corpus de lrsquoun et de lrsquoautre

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lorsqursquoonthinspnethinspseacuteparethinsppasthinsplrsquouniverselthinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspproblegravemethinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspμὴthinspχωριστοῦthinspμὲνthinspὄντοςthinspοὐδεμίανthinspποιήσειthinspἀπορίαν)thinspalorsthinspquethinspndashthinsplorsqursquoonthinsplethinspseacuteparethinspcommethinsplethinspfontthinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspndashthinsponthinspsethinsprendthinsplathinspviethinspdifficilethinspsithinspcethinspnrsquoestthinspimpossiblethinsp(χωριστοῦthinspδέthinspὥσπερthinspοἱthinspταῦταthinspλέγοντέςthinspφασιthinspτοῦthinspἑνὸςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀριθμῶνthinspοὐthinspῥᾴδιονthinspλῦσαιthinspεἰthinspμὴthinspῥᾴδιονthinspδεῖthinspλέγεινthinspτὸthinspἀδύνατον)thinsp16thinspthinspMecircmethinspsithinsponthinsplaissethinspdethinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinspquestionsthinsptregravesthinspdeacutebattuesthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspduthinspdialoguethinspainsithinspquethinspetthinspsurtoutthinspdethinspsathinspfinaliteacutethinsp(questionsthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspabordeacuteesthinspenthinspquelquethinspdeacutetailthinspagravethinsppartirthinspdesthinspmateacuteriauxthinsprassembleacutesthinspenthinspvuethinspdrsquounethinsppublicationthinspreacutecentethinspagravethinspsavoirthinspL Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspRevue de Philosophie Anciennethinsp32thinsp(2014)thinsppthinsp35-85thinspthinspquestionsthinspauthinspsujetthinspdesquellesthinspvautthinspencorethinspetthinsptoujoursthinspcethinspque R kLibanSkythinspeacutecrivaitthinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspsoixantethinspansthinspauthinsptoutthinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspsonthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspParmenides in thethinspMiddlethinspAgesthinspandthinspthethinspRenaissancethinspraquothinspMediaeval and Renaissance Studiesthinsp1thinsp(1943)thinsppthinsp281thinspthinsplaquothinspNothinspother Platonic dialogue perhaps no other philosophical work has undergone such strange vicissitudes as the ParmenidesthinspConsideredthinspbythinsponethinspgroupthinspofthinspexegetesthinspasthinspathinspmerethinspexercisethinspinthinspdialecticthinspregardedthinspbythinspanotherthinspasthinspanthinspimportantthinspcontributionthinsptothinspthethinsptheorythinspofthinspideasthinsprejectedthinspbythinspsomethinspasthinspspuriousthinspviewedthinspbythinspathinspfewthinspasthinspathinsphumorousthinspparodythinspandthinspextolledthinspbythinspmanythinspasthinspthethinspsupremethinspexpressionthinspofthinspPlatonicthinsptheologythinspitsthinspcharacterthinspwasthinspnothinsplessthinspdisputedthinspinthinspthethinspschoolsthinspofthinspAntiquitythinspthanthinspamongthinspmodernthinspinterpretersthinspraquo)thinsponthinspconviendra aiseacutement que plus drsquoun aspect de la mise en scegravene du Parmeacutenide peut laisser le lecteur perplexethinspthinsp depuisthinsp lrsquoimprobablethinsp datethinsp dramatiquethinsp jusqursquoauthinsp choixthinsp desthinsp personnagesthinsp ndashthinsp quithinsp nethinsp brillentthinsppasthinsppourthinsp leurthinspcreacutedibiliteacutethinspphilosophiquethinspndashthinspquithinspsethinspseraientthinsp relayeacutesthinsp lethinspreacutecitthinspdrsquounthinspentretienthinspndashthinspqursquoonthinsp litthinspde troisiegraveme main ndash qui aurait eu lieu entre un Parmeacutenide deacutesormais vieillissant et un Socrate plus preacutecoce dans son attachement aux Ideacutees qursquoon aurait pu le croire moins inspireacute cependant dans son rocircle tout aussi atypique de reacutepondant plutocirct que de questionneur 17thinspthinspNousthinsp avonsthinsp consacreacutethinsp lesthinsp seacuteancesthinsp duthinsp 2thinsp etthinsp 9thinspmarsthinsp 2015thinsp agravethinsp unethinsp lecturethinsp commenteacuteethinsp dethinspPlatonis Parmenides eacuted C MoreSChinithinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1966thinsp127athinsp7thinsp(ἔφηthinspδὲthinspδὴthinspὁthinsprsquoΑντιφῶνthinspλέγεινthinspτὸνthinspΠυθόδωρονthinspὅτιthinspκτλthinspougravethinspdeacutebutethinsplethinspreacutecitthinspduthinsppremierthinspeacutechangethinspentrethinspSocratethinspetthinspZeacutenonthinsppreacuteludethinspdethinspceluithinspavecthinspParmeacutenide)thinsp-thinsp135ethinsp4thinsp(οὗτοςthinspεἶπενthinspὅνπερthinspἤκουσαςthinspΖήνωνοςthinspκτλthinspougravethinspsrsquoachegravevethinsplethinspreacutequisitoirethinspde Parmeacutenide contre les Formes avec la revendication ndash agrave premiegravere vue paradoxale ndash de lrsquoexigence dethinsppostulerthinspleurthinspexistence)thinspAgravethinsppartirthinspdethinsplathinspconsideacuterationthinspdrsquounthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquoindicesthinspinternesthinspetthinspexternes nous avons repris la suggestion selon laquelle lrsquoarsenal deacuteployeacute contre lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees ne sanctionnethinsppasthinspsonthinspnaufragethinsp(auxthinspnombreusesthinspnuancesthinsppregravesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdethinsplathinsplignethinspinterpreacutetativethinspinaugureacuteethinsppar J wahL Eacutetude sur le Parmeacutenide de Platon F riederthinspParisthinsp1926thinsppthinsp31thinspetthinsp35thinspthinspFthinspM CornFord Plato and Parmenides Parmenidesrsquo laquo Way of truth raquo and Platorsquos Parmenides London Kegan Paul TrenchthinspTrubnerthinsp1939thinsppthinsp86-87thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy J hoPkinS PressthinspBaltimorethinsp1944thinsppthinsp292-298thinspetthinsp536thinspthinspD roSS Platorsquos Theory of Ideas Clarendon Press Oxford 1951thinsppthinsp87-89)thinspSithinsplesthinspFormesthinspnethinspsortentthinsppasthinsprenforceacuteesthinspdethinspcettethinspordaliethinsponthinspauraitthinsptoutefoisthinsptortthinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinspcroyancethinspdansthinspleurthinspexistencethinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspeacutebranleacuteethinspParmithinsplesthinspindicesthinspexternesthinspmilitantthinspenthinspfaveurthinspdrsquounthinspbilanthinspcritiquethinspplutocirctthinspmitigeacutethinspduthinspreacutequisitoirethinspparmeacutenideacuteenthinspmentionnonsthinspauthinspmoinsthinsplesthinspdeux qui paraissent eacutevoquer la passe drsquoarmes du Parmeacutenide En premier lieu Platonis Timaeus eacuted A rivaudthinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1925thinsp51bthinsp7thinsp-thinsp51dthinsp2thinspougravethinsptoutthinspenthinspreconnaissantthinsplathinspleacutegitimiteacutethinspdrsquounethinsp

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qursquoAristote adresse aux partisans des Ideacutees on ne srsquoeacuteloignera pas de la veacuteriteacute en reacutepondant que crsquoest justement le fait de consideacuterer drsquoun seul tenant les particuliers sensiblesthinspetthinspleursthinspcontrepartiesthinspintelligiblesthinsp

LethinsprappelthinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinspdialoguethinspplatonicien18 permet agrave Socrate de deacutejouer ndash pour un temps au moins ndash les arguments de Zeacutenon contre la multipliciteacutethinspenthinsplesthinspreleacuteguantthinspdansthinspunethinspreacutegionthinspdethinsplrsquoecirctrethinspcellethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspenthinspdevenirthinspqui ndash preacuteciseacutement ndash nrsquoest pas celle des Formes lesquelles se trouveraient par lagrave-mecircmethinspsoustraitesthinspauxthinspparadoxesthinspquithinspaffectentthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspLesthinspIdeacuteesthinsppermettentthinspdonc de relativiser ou de reacutegionaliser les paradoxes souleveacutes par Zeacutenon les choses drsquoici-basthinsppeuventthinsppreacutesenterthinspdesthinspcaractegraveresthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspcontradictoires19 Il nrsquoy a lagrave

mise agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees le personnage eacuteponyme lui accorde cependant une place assezthinspmodestethinspdansthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspvoirethinspmecircmethinspaccessoirethinsp (ilthinsp srsquoagitthinspcommethinspilthinspestthinspditthinspenthinsp51cthinsp7thinspdrsquounthinspsimplethinspπάρεργον)thinspthinspaucunethinspdesthinsppreuvesthinspagravethinspchargethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspnrsquoestthinspreprisethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspunethinspinstructionthinspsubsidiairethinspouthinspdethinspsubstitutionthinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspclasserthinspsansthinspsuitethinsplesthinspsoupccedilonsthinspagravethinspsonthinspencontrethinspenthinspmobilisantthinsplathinspdistinctionthinspentrethinspsensiblethinspetthinspintelligiblethinspquithinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcellethinspinvoqueacuteethinspparthinsplethinspjeunethinspSocratethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspduthinspParmeacutenidethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoilthinspintroduitthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspafinthinspdethinspcontournerthinsplesthinspparadoxes zeacutenoniens de la multipliciteacute En second lieu Platonis Philebus eacuted A diegraveS Les Belles LettresthinspParisthinsp1941thinsp14cthinsp7thinsp-thinsp15cthinsp3thinspougravethinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspagravethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspetthinspagravethinsplathinspmultipliciteacutethinspdansthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdansthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspaporiesthinspeacutevoqueacuteesthinspdansthinspdesthinsptermesthinsptregravesthinspprochesthinspdethinspceuxthinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsplirethinspauthinspdeacutebutthinspdethinspnotrethinspdialoguethinspndashthinspnethinspsontthinsppasthinspmoinsthinsppreacutesenteacuteesthinspcommethinspunethinspcausethinspdrsquoembarrasthinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspἁπάσηςthinspἀπορίαςthinspαἴτια)thinspquethinspcommethinspunethinspressourcethinsppreacutecieusethinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspεὐπορίαςthinspltαἴτιαgt)thinspagravethinspconditionthinspndashthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspdethinsplesthinspneacutegocierthinspcorrectementthinsp(15cthinsp2thinspthinspκαλῶςthinspὁμολογηθέντα)thinspParmithinsplesthinspindicesthinspinternesthinsprappelonsthinsples deux principaux En premier lieu les critiques que le personnage eacuteponyme adresse agrave son jeune partenairethinspdethinspdiscussionthinsptoutthinspnombreusesthinspetthinspvarieacuteesthinspqursquoellesthinspsoientthinspparthinspailleursthinspnrsquoaboutissentthinsppasthinspau rejet de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees Bien au contraire sa valeur eacutepisteacutemologique voire la neacutecessiteacute de cettethinsphypothegravesethinspestthinsprevendiqueacuteethinspparthinspParmeacutenidethinsplui-mecircmethinspthinspsethinspdeacutetournerthinspdesthinspFormesthinsprevientthinspagravethinsppriverthinsplathinsppenseacuteethinspdethinsptoutethinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspsethinspdonnerthinspunthinspobjetthinspainsithinspqursquoagravethinspdeacutetruirethinsplethinspfondementthinspdethinsplathinspdialectiquethinspetthinspdethinspsathinsppratiquethinspautantthinspdirethinspdethinsplathinspphilosophiethinspelle-mecircmethinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp135bthinsp5thinsp-thinsp135cthinsp6)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu non seulement Parmeacutenide rappelle que lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees constitue la condition sine qua nonthinspdethinsplathinsppenseacuteethinspetthinspduthinspdiscoursthinspmaisthinspencorethinspilthinspaidethinspSocratethinspagravethinspidentifierthinsplrsquooriginethinspdesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdansthinsplesquellesthinspilthinsplrsquoathinspplongeacutethinspEtthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspavisthinspcesthinspaporiesthinspembarrassentthinsplethinspjeunethinspSocratethinspmoinsthinspparcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspinheacuterentesthinspagravethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdoncthinspincontournablesthinspvoirethinspinsurmontablesthinspque parce qursquoil nrsquoest pas assez expeacuterimenteacute pour les deacutejouer ou qursquoil srsquoy est pris trop tocirct pour le faire CesthinspdifficulteacutesthinsptiennentthinspdoncthinspmoinsthinspauthinspfaitthinspquethinsplesthinspFormesthinspposentthinspdavantagethinspdethinspproblegravemesthinspqursquoellethinspnethinsppermettentthinspdrsquoenthinspreacutesoudrethinspqursquoauthinspfaitthinspquethinspSocratethinspsrsquoestthinspattaqueacutethinspagravethinspcesthinspproblegravemesthinsptropthinspjeunethinspetthinspsansthinsplethinspbagagethinspouthinsplrsquoentraicircnementthinspneacutecessairesthinspagravethinsplesthinspreacutesoudrethinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp130ethinsp1-4thinspetthinsp135cthinsp8thinsp-thinsp135d)thinsp18 Platonis Parmenidesthinsp128ethinsp5thinsp-thinsp129athinsp3thinspthinsplaquothinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspοὐthinspνομίζειςthinspεἶναιthinspαὐτὸthinspκαθrsquothinsp[129a]thinspαὑτὸthinspεἶδόςthinsp τιthinsp ὁμοιότητοςthinsp καὶthinsp τῷthinsp τοιούτῳthinsp αὖthinsp ἄλλοthinsp τιthinsp ἐναντίονthinsp ὃthinsp ἔστινthinsp ἀνόμοιονmiddotthinsp τούτοινthinsp δὲthinsp δυοῖνthinspὄντοινthinspκαὶthinspἐμὲthinspκαὶthinspσὲthinspκαὶthinspτἆλλαthinspἃthinspδὴthinspπολλὰthinspκαλοῦμενthinspμεταλαμβάνεινthinspthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτῆςthinspὁμοιότητοςthinspμεταλαμβάνονταthinspὅμοιαthinspγίγνεσθαιthinsp ταύτῃthinspτεthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτοσοῦτονthinspὅσονthinspἂνthinspμεταλαμβάνῃthinsp τὰthinspδὲthinspτῆςthinspἀνομοιότητοςthinspἀνόμοιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspἀμφοτέρωνthinspἀμφότεραthinspthinsp[L briSSon Platon Parmeacutenide Flammarion Paris 1999 p 90 laquo ltSocrate gt ne partages-tu pas ces convictions il y a une Forme en soi de la RessemblancethinspthinspunethinsptellethinspFormethinspathinsppourthinspcontrairethinspcethinspqursquoestthinsplathinspDissemblancethinspthinsplesthinspchosesthinspdontthinspnousthinspdisonsthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspmultiplesthinspmoithinsptoithinspouthinspautrethinspchosethinspparticipentthinspagravethinspcesthinspdeuxthinspFormesthinspquithinspsontthinspveacuteritablementthinspthinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspparcethinspqursquoellesthinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspRessemblancethinspetthinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspellesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspquethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspRessemblancethinspsontthinspsemblablesthinsptandisthinspquethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspagravethinsplathinspDissemblancethinspsontthinspdissemblablesthinspetthinspquethinspcellesthinspquithinspparticipentthinspauxthinspdeuxthinspFormesthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspsontthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspsemblablesthinspetthinspdissemblables]thinspraquothinsp19 Cf Platonis Parmenidesthinsp129athinsp6thinsp-thinsp129dthinsp6thinspougravethinspSocratethinspfaitthinspremarquerthinspquethinsplethinspmecircmethinsphommethinsptoutthinspuniquethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspdrsquoautresthinspecirctresthinsphumainsthinspapparaicirctthinspmultiplethinsplorsqursquoonthinspconsidegraverethinspqursquoilthinspathinsp

Leone Gazziero

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rienthinspdethinspbienthinspeacutetonnantthinspCethinspquithinspeacutetonneraitthinspSocratethinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspdethinspfaitthinspvathinsplrsquoeacutetonnerthinspdansthinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinspdialoguethinspndashthinspcethinspseraitthinspplutocirctthinspdethinspretrouverthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinspcontradictions que tout un chacun peut constater au niveau du monde de lrsquoexpeacuterience Crsquoestthinsplethinspsensthinspduthinspdeacutefithinspqursquoilthinsplancethinspndashthinspenthinsp129ethinsp3thinsp-130athinsp2thinspndashthinspavantthinspdethinspceacutederthinsplathinspparolethinspauthinsppersonnagethinspquithinspdonnethinspauthinspdialoguethinspsonthinsptitrethinspthinsplaquothinspταῦταthinspδὲthinspἀνδρείωςthinspμὲνthinspπάνυthinspἡγοῦμαιthinspπεπραγματεῦσθαιmiddotthinspπολὺthinspμεντἂνthinspὧδεthinspμᾶλλονthinspὡςthinspλέγωthinspἀγασθείηνthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἔχοιthinspτὴνthinspαὐτὴνthinspταύτηνthinspἀπορίανthinspἐνthinspαὐτοῖςthinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσιthinsp[130a]thinspπαντοδαπῶςthinspπλεκομένηνthinspὥσπερthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspὁρωμένοιςthinspδιήλθετεthinspοὕτωςthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspλογισμῷthinspλαμβανομένοιςthinspἐπιδεῖξαιthinsp[L Brisson Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ton argumentation tu la conduis avec unethinspbellethinspetthinspmacirclethinspvigueurthinspmaisthinspavecthinspcombienthinspplusthinspdethinspplaisirthinspencorethinspjethinsplethinspreacutepegravetethinspjrsquoapplaudiraisthinspceluithinspquithinspsauraitthinspmontrerthinspcommentthinspcettethinspmecircmethinspdifficulteacutethinspsethinspretrouvethinspentrelaceacuteethinspdethinsptoutethinspsortethinspdethinspfaccedilonsthinspauthinspniveauthinspmecircmethinspdesthinspFormesthinspetthinspquithinspdeacutemontreraitthinspquethinspcettethinspdifficulteacutethinspquethinspvousthinspParmeacutenidethinspetthinsptoithinspZeacutenonthinspavezthinspdeacutecritethinspenthinspdeacutetailthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspvisiblesthinspsethinspmanifestethinspaussithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspquethinspsaisitthinsplathinspraison]thinspraquothinspOrthinspParmeacutenidethinsprelegravevethinsplethinspdeacutefithinspdethinspSocratethinspetthinspfaitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspce que celui-ci sommait Zeacutenon drsquoaccomplir agrave savoir faire remonter au niveau des Ideacutees les paradoxes qursquoil pensait avoir circonscrits au domaine des particuliers sensibles20thinspCelathinspsethinsptraduitthinspparthinspunethinspbatteriethinspdethinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinspParmeacutenidethinspsoulegravevethinspetthinspquithinsppartagentthinspunthinspmecircmethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspDethinspfaitthinspcethinspquithinspconfegraverethinspagravethinspcesthinspaporiesthinspleurthinspallurethinspcontraignantethinspetthinspplusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquithinspleurthinspassurethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspformuleacuteesthinspdansthinspdesthinsptermesthinspquithinsprendentthinspleurthinspsolutionthinspimpossiblethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspquethinsptoutthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspqursquoelles soient des individus mateacuteriels les Formes sont traiteacutees agrave leur tour comme desthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspphysiquesthinspToutthinspcommethinspcelles-cithinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspnithinspecirctrethinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdrsquoelles-mecircmesthinspnithinspsethinsptrouverthinspenthinspmecircmethinsptempsthinspenthinspplusieursthinspendroitsthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquoellesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspecirctrethinspcommunesthinspauxthinspplusieursthinspsinonthinspagravethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdrsquounthinsptoutthinspcorporelthinspdontthinspchacunthinsppossegravederaitthinspalternativementthinsplrsquointeacutegraliteacutethinspouthinspunethinsppartiethinspthinspellesthinsppeuventthinspenthinsprevanchethinspecirctrethinspcompteacuteesthinspenthinspplusthinspetthinspagravethinspcocircteacutethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspleurthinspressemblerthinspetthinspsethinspressemblerthinspentrethinspellesthinspetcthinsp

plusieursthinspmembresthinsptoutthinspcommethinspilthinspapparaicirctthinspdiffeacuterentthinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspobservethinspquethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspdroitthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspgauchethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsplethinspmecircmethinspsithinsponthinsplethinspregardethinspdethinspfrontthinspouthinspdethinspdosthinspetcthinsp20 Le point de deacutepart de ce tour de force dialectique est un deuxiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacuteesthinspdontthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspestthinsptregravesthinspsignificatifthinspenthinspcethinspqursquoilthinspintroduitthinsplethinspregistrethinspdethinsplathinspseacuteparationthinsp(Formesthinspetthinspparticuliersthinspsontthinspχωρίςthinspagravethinsppartthinsplesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautres)thinspthinsplaquothinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspκαίthinspμοιthinspεἰπέthinspαὐτὸςthinspσὺthinspοὕτωthinspδιῄρησαιthinspὡςthinspλέγειςthinspχωρὶςthinspμὲνthinspεἴδηthinspαὐτὰthinspἄτταthinspχωρὶςthinspδὲthinspτὰthinspτούτωνthinspαὖthinspμετέχονταthinspthinspκαίthinspτίthinspσοιthinspδοκεῖthinspεἶναιthinspαὐτὴthinspὁμοιότηςthinspχωρὶςthinspἧςthinspἡμεῖςthinspὁμοιότητοςthinspἔχομενthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspδὴthinspκαὶthinspπολλὰthinspκαὶthinspπάνταthinspὅσαthinspνυνδὴthinspΖήνωνοςthinspἤκουεςthinspthinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspἔμοιγεthinspφάναιthinspτὸνthinspΣωκράτηthinsp[L briSSon Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspetthinspdis-moithinspas-tuthinspfaitthinsptoi-mecircmethinsplathinspdistinctionthinspdontthinsptuthinspparlesthinspmettantthinspdrsquounthinspcocircteacutethinspcethinspquethinsptuthinspappellesthinsplesthinspFormesthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinspdrsquounthinspautrethinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspenthinspparticipentthinspthinspEtthinsptethinspsemble-t-ilthinspqursquoilthinspythinspaitthinspunethinspRessemblancethinspenthinspsoithinspdistinctethinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspenthinspnousthinspetthinspqursquoilthinspenthinspvathinspdethinspmecircmethinsppourthinsplrsquoUniteacutethinsppourthinsplathinspPluraliteacutethinspetthinsppourthinsptoutesthinsplesthinspchosesthinspquethinspZeacutenonthinspvientthinspdrsquoeacutevoquerthinspthinspltSocratethinspgtthinspenthinspcethinspquithinspmethinspconcernethinsp jethinsp lethinsp reconnaisthinsp reacuteponditthinspSocrate]thinspraquothinsp (Platonis Parmenidesthinsp 130bthinsp1-6)thinspAuthinspsujetthinspdethinsplathinsplaquothinspseacuteparationthinspraquothinsptellethinspqursquoellethinspestthinsppreacutefigureacuteethinspchezthinspPlatonthinspcfthinspG vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspldquoSeparationrdquothinspinthinspPlatothinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp5thinsp(1987)thinsppthinsp186-197thinspetthinspDthinspT devereux laquo Separation and ImmanencethinspinthinspPlatorsquosthinspTheorythinspofthinspFormsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp12thinsp(1994)thinsppthinsp63-90thinsp

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Ce preacutesupposeacute est clairement agrave lrsquoœuvre dans les apories meacutereacuteologiques qui ouvrent le reacutequisitoire contre les Formes21 La participation des particuliers aux Formes ne diffegravere en rien de la participation des particuliers entre eux seul un corpsthinspmateacuterielthinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspdonneacutethinspenthinsppartagethinspouthinspbienthinsptoutthinspentierthinspouthinspbienthinspenthinspplusieursthinspmorceaux seuls des individus mateacuteriels et leurs parties peuvent avoir une taille et ecirctrethinspplusthinspgrandsthinspouthinspplusthinsppetitsthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspetcthinspSithinspbienthinspquethinsplrsquoalternativethinspbinairethinspsur laquelle repose le dilemme de la participation22thinspagravethinspsavoirthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspparticiperthinspqursquoagravethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinsplrsquounethinspdethinspsesthinsppartiesthinspnrsquoathinspdethinspsensthinspquethinspsithinsplathinspFormethinspestthinsptraiteacuteethinspcommethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquoaussithinspconcretthinspquethinsplesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspvisiblesthinspetthinsptangiblesthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinsp

Ce preacutesupposeacute est formuleacute en toutes lettres dans lrsquoun des arguments avanceacutes par Parmeacutenide23thinspmecircmethinspsithinspcelathinspestthinsptropthinspsouventthinsppasseacutethinspsousthinspsilencethinspdansthinsplathinsplitteacutera-ture secondaire24thinspDethinspfaitthinsplathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspparthinsplaquellethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsp(enthinsp

21 La seacutequence est ouverte par un troisiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees et notamment de lrsquoeacuteponymie qui les lie aux reacutealiteacutes qui en participent (cf Platonis Parmenides 130e 4 et sq)thinsp22thinspthinspCrsquoestthinspSocratethinsplui-mecircmethinspquithinspestthinspameneacutethinspagravethinspreconnaicirctrethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdrsquoautresthinsppossibiliteacutesthinspthinsplaquothinspκαὶthinspπῶςthinspἄνthinspthinspraquothinspreacutepond-ilthinspenthinspeffetthinspagravethinspParmeacutenidethinspquithinspluithinspdemandethinspsithinspunethinsplaquothinspautrethinspparticipationthinspraquothinspndashthinspenthinspplusthinspdethinspcellethinspprisethinspdansthinsplrsquoalternativethinspduthinsptoutthinspetthinspdesthinsppartiesthinspndashthinspest-ellethinsppossiblethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐκοῦνthinspἤτοιthinspὅλουthinspτοῦthinspεἴδουςthinspἢthinspμέρουςthinspἕκαστονthinspτὸthinspμεταλαμβάνονthinspμεταλαμβάνειthinspthinspἢthinspἄλληthinspτιςthinspἂνthinspμετάληψιςthinspχωρὶςthinspτούτωνthinspγένοιτοthinspthinspraquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp131athinsp4-6)thinsp23 Cf Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp1thinspthinsplaquothinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspοἶμαίthinspσεthinspἐκthinspτοῦthinspτοιοῦδεthinspἓνthinspἕκαστονthinspεἶδοςthinspοἴεσθαιthinspεἶναιmiddotthinspὅτανthinspπόλλrsquothinspἄτταthinspμεγάλαthinspδόξῃthinspσοιthinspεἶναιthinspμίαthinspτιςthinspἴσωςthinspδοκεῖthinspἰδέαthinspἡthinspαὐτὴthinspεἶναιthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἰδόντιthinspὅθενthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspμέγαthinspἡγῇthinspεἶναιthinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspἀληθῆthinspλέγειςthinspφάναιthinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspτίthinspδrsquothinspαὐτὸthinspτὸthinspμέγαthinspκαὶthinspτἆλλαthinspτὰthinspμεγάλαthinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinspοὐχὶthinspἕνthinspτιthinspαὖthinspμέγαthinspφανεῖταιthinspᾧthinsp ταῦταthinsp πάνταthinsp ἀνάγκηthinsp μεγάλαthinsp φαίνεσθαιthinspthinsp ltΣωκράτηςgtthinsp ἔοικενthinsp ltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinsp ἄλλοthinsp ἄραthinsp εἶδοςthinspμεγέθουςthinspἀναφανήσεταιthinspπαρrsquothinspαὐτόthinspτεthinspτὸthinspμέγεθοςthinspγεγονὸςthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspμετέχονταthinspαὐτοῦmiddotthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτούτοιςthinspαὖthinspπᾶσινthinsp[132bthinsp1]thinspἕτερονthinspᾧthinspταῦταthinspπάνταthinspμεγάλαthinspἔσταιmiddotthinspκαὶthinspοὐκέτιthinspδὴthinspἓνthinspἕκαστόνthinspσοιthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἔσταιthinspἀλλὰthinspἄπειραthinspτὸthinspπλῆθοςthinsp[ltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquojethinsppensethinspquethinsptuthinsppensesthinspquethinspchaquethinspFormethinspestthinspunethinspagravethinsppartirthinspdethinspcelathinspthinspchaquethinspfoisthinspqursquoilthinsptethinspsemblethinspquethinspplusieursthinspchosesthinspsontthinspgrandesthinspilthinsptethinspsemblethinspeacutegalementthinspndashthinspagravethinsptoithinspquithinsplesthinspembrassesthinsptoutesthinspduthinspregardthinspndashthinspqursquounthinspcertainthinspaspectthinspuniquethinspestthinsplethinspmecircmethinspAgrave partir de lagrave tu estimesthinspquethinsplethinspGrandthinspestthinspunrdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquotuthinspdisthinspvrairdquothinspreacutepondit-ilthinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquoorthinspqursquoenthinspest-ilthinspduthinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinspdesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesthinspsithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptousthinspparthinsptonthinspacircmethinspthinspnrsquoest-ce pas qursquoagrave nouveau quelque chose drsquounique apparaicirctra grand en vertu duquel il est neacutecessaire quethinsptoutesthinspcesthinspchosesthinspapparaissentthinspgrandesthinsprdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquosemble-t-ilrdquothinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquounethinspautrethinspForme de grandeur fera donc son apparition surgissant agrave part de la grandeur en soi et des choses qui participent de la grandeur en soi ainsi qursquoune autre ltFormegt agrave nouveau en plus de toutes celles-lagrave par laquelle toutes ces choses seront grandes Aussi chacune de tes Formes ne sera pas unique mais plusieursthinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinirdquo]thinspraquothinsp24thinspthinspIlthinspestthinsppeut-ecirctrethinspindeacutelicatthinspdethinsppointerthinspduthinspdoigtthinspquelqursquounthinspenthinspparticulierthinspmaisthinspndashthinspsrsquoilthinspfallaitthinspagravethinsptoutthinspprixthinspdeacuteterminerthinspquellethinspestthinsplathinsppartthinspdethinspresponsabiliteacutethinspdethinspchacunthinspdansthinspcettethinspaffairethinspndashthinsprappelonsthinspquethinspauthinspnomthinspdrsquounthinsppartithinsppristhinspdeacuteductivistethinspquithinsplrsquoathinspameneacutethinspagravethinspinfligerthinspagravethinsplrsquoargumentthinspunethinspstructurethinspinfeacuterentiellethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspreacutecursivethinspGthinspVlastosthinspnrsquoathinsppasthinspfaitthinspgrandthinspcasthinspdansthinspsathinspreconstructionthinspdethinsplathinspclausethinspquethinspnousthinspallonsthinspeacutevoquerthinspdethinspsuitethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplrsquolaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqursquoonthinsplitthinspenthinsp132athinsp5-6thinspPirethinsplethinspὡσαύτωςthinspserathinspamputeacutethinspagravethinsptermethinspdethinspsathinsptraductionthinspAussithinspdansthinsplathinspcontributionthinspquithinspsethinspveutthinsppourtantthinsplathinspplus respectueuse de la lettre du texte (G vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspldquoThirdthinspManrdquothinspArgumentthinsp(Parmenides 132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspTextthinspandthinspLogicthinspraquothinspThe Philosophical Quarterlythinsp19thinsp[1969]thinsppthinsp291)thinsplrsquoadverbethinspathinsptoutthinspsimplementthinspdisparuthinspCethinspquithinspnonthinspseulementthinspcomprometthinsplrsquointelligibiliteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspmaisthinspencorethinspetthinspsurtout occulte le preacutesupposeacute (la confusion entre les Formes et les particuliers qui participent des Formes)thinspsurthinsplequelthinspcethinspdernierthinspreposethinspenthinspdernierthinspressort

Leone Gazziero

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lrsquooccurrencethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspGrandeur)thinspsethinsptrouvethinspcompromisethinspreposethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspsurthinsplathinspclausethinsplaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardes tous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqui se porte garante de lrsquoenchaicircnement des diffeacuterentes eacutetapes de lrsquoargument lequel consistethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspagravethinspreacutepeacuteterthinsplathinspmecircmethinspopeacuterationthinspparthinsplaquellethinsponthinsprassemblethinspdansthinspunethinspvuethinspdrsquoensemblethinspunethinsppluraliteacutethinspdethinspchosesthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdrsquounethinspdeacuteterminationthinspcommunethinspAuthinspdemeurantthinspsithinsponthinspnethinspregardaitthinsppasthinsplathinspFormethinspetthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinsp(ὡσαύτως)thinspcommentthinspdeacuteclencherthinsplathinspdeacuterivethinspinflationnistethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspreacutecursivementthinspla position drsquoune deuxiegraveme Ideacutee puis drsquoune nouvelle puis drsquoune autre encore et ainsi dethinspsuitethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspthinspCettethinspsuggestionthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppernicieusethinspqursquoellethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleursthinspndash porte tout le poids de lrsquoargument dans la mesure ougrave elle est appeleacutee agrave assurer lathinspcontinuiteacutethinspentrethinspcethinspquithinspsrsquoestthinspmanifesteacutethinspauthinspniveauthinspdethinsplrsquoinspectionthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspet ce qui va se manifester en eacutelargissant cette opeacuteration synoptique aux Formes elles-mecircmesthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspregardethinsplesthinspunsthinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinspthinsp

Or il y a au moins un platonicien qui a vu les Ideacutees de cette faccedilon agrave savoir comme des reacutealiteacutes qui si tant est qursquoelles existent existent agrave la faccedilon des par-ticuliersthinsp sensiblesthinspCethinsp platonicienthinsp estthinsp naturellementthinspAristotethinsp chezthinsp quithinsp lrsquoassi-milationthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspconstituethinsplethinsplevierthinspdesthinspreprochesthinspreacutecurrents qursquoil a formuleacutes agrave lrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Formes Plus preacuteciseacute-ment si lrsquoon distingue ndash non sans fondement quoique de maniegravere un peu scheacute-matiquethinspndashthinspdeuxthinspgrandesthinspfamillesthinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspdansthinsplathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdes Ideacutees agrave savoir ndash drsquoune part ndash les apories lieacutees agrave leur existence (lesquelles visent agrave saper le fondement de la doctrine qui srsquoavegravere degraves lors tout simplement incapablethinspdethinspdeacutemontrerthinspqursquoellethinspathinspunthinspobjet)thinspetthinspndashthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspndashthinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspmoinsthinspagravethinsplrsquoexistencethinspelle-mecircmethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspqursquoagravethinspleurthinsprelationthinspavecthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinsp(lesquellesthinspvisentthinspagravethinspabolirthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspfairethinspappelthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinsppourthinspexpliquerthinspquoi que ce soit en termes de participation preacutesence ou encore imitation des unesthinspparthinsprapportthinspauxthinspautres)25thinspilthinspestthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspplausiblethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfamille fait intervenir ndash agrave tous les coups ndash cette assimilation des Formes et des substancesthinspmateacuteriellesthinspIlthinspsrsquoagitthinspndashthinspautrementthinspditthinspndashthinspdethinsplathinspconditionthinspsuffisantethinsp(soitthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspsoitthinspsurthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspconsideacuterationsthinspquithinsp luithinspsontthinspsolidaires)thinsppourthinspfairethinspdeacuteraillerthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspAristotethinsppeutthinspdifficilementthinspecirctrethinspaccuseacutethinspdrsquoavoirthinspmacirccheacutethinspsesthinspmotsthinspthinspconcisthinspouithinspagravethinspsonthinspordinairethinspndashthinspobscurthinspnonthinsp

25thinspthinspOnthinspreacutesumerathinspcettethinspdistinctionthinspenthinspdeacutetournantthinspunthinspceacutelegravebrethinsptraitthinsppascalienthinsp(Penseacutees eacuted P SeLLier MercurethinspdethinspFrancethinspParisthinsp1976thinsppthinsp445thinsp[887])thinspthinsplaquothinspPlatonthinspincertainthinspetthinspinutilethinspraquothinsplaquothinspIncertainthinspraquothinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspilthinsppostulethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdontthinspilthinspnethinspparvientthinsppasthinspagravethinspprouverthinspqursquoellesthinspexistentthinspthinsplaquothinspinutilethinspraquothinsppuisquethinspmecircmethinspsithinspdethinsptellesthinspentiteacutesthinspexistentthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditthinspellesthinspnethinspcontribueraientthinsppasthinspgrand-chosethinspagravethinspnotrethinspgouvernethinspouthinspagravethinspnotrethinspconnaissancethinspduthinspmondethinspdrsquoici-basthinspPuisqursquoilsthinspeacutepousentthinspbienthinspauthinspniveauthinspde la division du travail exeacutegeacutetique cette dualiteacute rappelons deux textes de F Fronterotta qursquoon peut prendre comme points de repegravere macroscopiques au sein de la tregraves vaste litteacuterature secondaire (au sujet dethinsplaquellethinspcfthinsplesthinspindicationsthinspfourniesthinspplusthinspbasthinspnotethinsp32)thinspthinspF Fronterotta laquo ldquoLes Formes nrsquoexistent pasthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditrdquothinspLathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspF Pradeauthinsp(eacuted)thinspPlaton Les formes intelligiblesthinspPUFthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp129-154thinspetthinsplaquothinspLathinspcriticathinsparistotelicathinspallathinspfunzionethinspcausalethinspdelle Idee platoniche MetafisicathinspAthinsp9thinsp991athinsp8thinsp-thinsp991bthinsp9thinspraquothinspdansthinspF Fronterottathinsp(eacuted)thinspLa scienza e le cause a partire dalla Metafisica di Aristotele BibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp2010thinsppthinsp93-119thinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

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Selon un paradoxe qui nrsquoen est un qursquoen apparence ce qursquoAristote sanctionne chezthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsplethinspvicethinspreacutedhibitoirethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspagravethinspluithinsptoutthinspseulthinsplethinsprejetthinspdethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspenthinspquestionthinspndashthinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcethinspqursquoilthinspestthinspprecirctthinspagravethinspleurthinspaccorderthinspAutant dire le dilemme des partisans des Ideacutees est qursquoils ont tort et raison agrave la foisthinspetthinspndashthinspsurtoutthinspndashthinspqursquoilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspontthinspraisonthinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspλέγοντεςthinspτῇthinspμὲνthinspὀρθῶςthinspλέγουσιthinspχωρίζοντεςthinspαὐτάthinspεἴπερthinspοὐσίαιthinspεἰσίthinspτῇthinspδrsquothinspοὐκthinspὀρθῶςthinspὅτιthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspεἶδοςthinspλέγουσινthinsp[ceuxthinspquithinspdisentthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspontthinspraisonthinspet tort agrave la fois Ils ont raison de dire qursquoelles sont seacutepareacutees puisqursquoelles sont des substancesthinspthinspmaisthinspilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinspmultipli-citeacute]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp16thinsp1040bthinsp27-30)thinspOrthinspqursquoest-cethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspdire pourquoi au juste les partisans des Ideacutees ont drsquoun cocircteacute tort et de lrsquoautre raison Reacuteponse la conviction que poser lrsquoexistence de quelque chose ou ndash ce quithinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinsprevientthinspauthinspmecircmethinspndashthinspfairethinspdethinspquelquethinspchosesthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutequivautthinspagravethinspenthinspfairethinspunthinspparticulierthinspsensiblethinsp(peuthinspimportethinspalorsthinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspeacuteternelthinspou pas26)thinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinspauthinsp tourthinspdrsquoincantationthinsppregravesthinspndashthinspcrsquoestthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspfontthinspcommethinsplrsquoindiquethinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinsppassagethinspthinsplaquothinspαἴτιονthinspδrsquothinspὅτιthinspοὐκthinspἔχουσινthinspἀποδοῦναιthinspτίνεςthinspαἱthinspτοιαῦταιthinspοὐσίαιthinspαἱthinspἄφθαρτοιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspαἰσθητάςmiddotthinspποιοῦσινthinspοὖνthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspτῷthinspεἴδειthinspτοῖςthinspφθαρτοῖςthinsp(ταύταςthinspγὰρthinspἴσμεν)thinspαὐτοάνθρωπονthinspκαὶthinspαὐτόϊππονthinspπροστιθέντεςthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspτὸthinspῥῆμαthinspτὸthinspldquoαὐτόrdquothinsp[lathinspcausethinspltdethinspleurthinsperreurgtthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspsontthinspincapablesthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquethinspsontthinspdethinsptellesthinspsubstancesthinspincorruptiblesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspIlsthinspenthinspfontthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspspeacutecifiquementthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspcorruptiblesthinsp(celles-cithinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspsavonsthinspltcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontgt)thinspunthinspHommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspChevalthinspenthinspsoithinspenthinspajoutantthinspauxthinspltnomsthinspdesgtthinspchosesthinspsensiblesthinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquoenthinspsoirdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica Z

26 Aristotelis ethica nicomacheathinsp Ithinsp 6thinsp 1096athinsp 34thinsp -thinsp 1096bthinsp 5thinspthinsp laquothinspἀπορήσειεthinsp δrsquothinsp ἄνthinsp τιςthinsp τίthinsp ποτεthinsp καὶthinspβούλονταιthinspλέγεινthinspαὐτοέκαστονthinspεἴπερthinspἔνthinspτεthinspαὐτοανθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspεἷςthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspαὐτὸςthinspλόγοςthinspἐστὶνthinspὁthinspτοῦthinspἀνθρώπουthinspᾗthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωποςthinspοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσουσινmiddotthinspεἰthinspδrsquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὐδrsquothinspᾗthinspἀγαθόνthinspἀλλὰthinspμὴνthinspοὐδὲthinspτῷthinspἀίδιονthinspεἶναιthinspμᾶλλονthinspἀγαθὸνthinspἔσταιthinspεἴπερthinspμηδὲthinspλευκότερονthinspτὸthinspπολυχρόνιονthinspτοῦthinspἐφημέρουthinsp[R bodeacuteuumlS Aristote Eacutethique agrave Nicomaque Flammarion Paris 2004 p 61 on peut drsquoautre part se demander ce quethinsppeutthinspbienthinspvouloirthinspdirethinspenthinspdeacutefinitivethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquochosethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplrsquoldquohommethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspetthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinspdeacutefinissentthinspparthinspunethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspformulethinspcellethinspdethinsplrsquohommethinspCarthinspsithinsplrsquoonthinspconsidegraverethinsplathinspchose en tant qursquohomme cela ne fait aucune diffeacuterence Et dans ces conditions il nrsquoy a pas non plus agrave fairethinsplathinspdiffeacuterencethinspagravethinspproposthinspduthinspbienthinspsithinsponthinsplethinspconsidegraverethinspenthinsptantthinspquethinsptelthinspMaisthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspnonthinspplusthinspparcethinspqursquoilthinspseraitthinspeacuteternelthinspqursquounthinspbienthinspseraitthinspdavantagethinspunthinspbienthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspquithinspdurethinsplongtempsthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdavantagethinspcethinspqursquoellethinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspeacutepheacutemegravere]thinspraquothinsp

Leone Gazziero

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16thinsp1040bthinsp30-34)27thinspCethinspquithinspndashthinsptoutthinsparbitrairethinspetthinspgratuitthinspquethinspcethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleurs28 ndash est ineacutevitablethinsppourthinsppeuthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspveuillethinsppreacuteserverthinsplathinspnotionthinspelle-mecircmethinspdethinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspγάρthinspτιςthinspμὴthinspθήσειthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspεἶναιthinspκεχωρισμέναςthinspκαὶthinspτὸνthinspτρόπονthinspτοῦτονthinspὡςthinspλέγεταιthinspτὰthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἀναιρήσειthinspτὴνthinspοὐσίανthinspὡςthinspβουλόμεθαthinspλέγεινthinsp[sithinsponthinspnethinspposethinsppasthinspquethinsplesthinspsubstancesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinsponthinspditthinspquethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspparticuliersthinsplethinspsontthinsponthinspdeacutetruitthinsplathinspsubstancethinspauthinspsensthinspougravethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendons]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp10thinsp1086bthinsp16-19)29

SurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspcethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspAristotethinspdeacuteveloppethinsptoutethinspunethinspseacuteriethinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspagravethinsplrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Ideacutees allant de lrsquoaccusation de verser dans une erreur aussi grossiegravere que lrsquoanthropomorphisme religieux30thinspagravethinspcellethinspdethinspredoublerthinspsansthinspraisonthinsp

27thinspthinspAristotethinspstigmatisethinspvolontiersthinsplesthinspliberteacutesthinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspprennentthinspavecthinsplethinsplangagethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinsptournerthinsplathinspplupartthinspduthinsptempsthinspagravethinspvidethinspAussithinsplorsqursquoilthinspnethinspbalaiethinspleurthinspproposthinspcommethinspduthinspsimplethinspverbiagethinsp(cf Aristotelis ethica eudemia R R waLzer J M MinGaythinsp(eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1991thinspIthinsp8thinsp1217bthinsp19-21thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspδὲthinspδεῖthinspσυντόμωςthinspεἰπεῖνthinspπερὶthinspαὐτῶνthinspλέγομενthinspὅτιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspτὸthinspεἶναιthinspἰδέανthinspμὴthinspμόνονthinspἀγαθοῦthinspἀλλὰthinspκαὶthinspἄλλουthinspὁτουοῦνthinspλέγεταιthinspλογικῶςthinspκαὶthinspκενῶςthinsp[srsquoilthinspnousthinspestthinsppermisthinspdrsquoexprimerthinspicithinsptregravesthinspbriegravevementthinspnotrethinsppenseacuteethinspnousthinspdironsthinspqursquoaffirmerthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspunethinspIdeacuteethinspnonthinspseulementthinspduthinspbienthinspmaisthinspdethinsptoutthinspautrethinspchosethinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspparlerthinspetthinsptenirthinspdesthinspproposthinspvides]thinspraquo)thinspilthinsplesthinspaccusethinspdethinspsethinspcontenterthinspde meacutetaphores poeacutetiques (cf Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp991athinsp20-22thinsp[=thinspMthinsp5thinsp1079bthinsp24-27]thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspλέγεινthinspπαραδείγματαthinspαὐτὰthinsplt scilicetthinspτὰthinspεἴδηgtthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspμετέχεινthinspαὐτῶνthinspτἆλλαthinspκενολογεῖνthinspἐστὶthinspκαὶthinspμεταφορὰςthinspλέγεινthinspποιητικάςthinsp[direthinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspsontthinspdesthinspparadigmesthinspetthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspnethinsprienthinspdirethinspetthinspsethinsppayerthinspdethinspmeacutetaphoresthinsppoeacutetiques]thinspraquo)thinspthinsp ilthinsp leurthinspreprochethinspeacutegalement de srsquoamuser agrave changer de nom aux choses sans se preacuteoccuper de nous dire ce qursquoelles sont au juste (cf Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987bthinsp7-14thinspthinsplaquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὖνthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσεthinspτὰthinspδrsquothinspαἰσϑητὰthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspταῦταthinspλέγεσϑαιthinspπάνταthinspκατὰthinspμέϑεξινthinspγὰρthinspεἶναιthinspτὰthinspπολλὰthinspτῶνthinspσυνωνύμωνthinsp[ὁμώνυμα]thinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσινthinspτὴνthinspδὲthinspμέϑεξινthinspτοὔνομαthinspμόνονthinspμετέβαλενmiddotthinspοἱthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspΠυϑαγόρειοιthinspμιμήσειthinspτὰthinspὄνταthinspφασὶνthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspἀριϑμῶνthinspΠλάτωνthinspδὲthinspμεϑέξειthinspτοὔνομαthinspμεταβαλώνthinspτὴνthinspμέντοιthinspγεthinspμέϑεξινthinspἢthinspτὴνthinspμίμησινthinspἥτιςthinspἂνthinspεἴηthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἀφεῖσανthinspἐνthinspκοινῷthinspζητεῖνthinsp[aussithinspilthinspathinspappeleacutethinspldquoIdeacuteesrdquothinspdethinsptellesthinspchosesthinspetthinspilthinspathinspaffirmeacutethinspquethinsptousthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspenthinspsontthinspseacutepareacutesthinspetthinspqursquoilsthinspreccediloiventthinspdrsquoellesthinspleur nom En effet crsquoest en raison de leur participation aux Ideacutees que les plusieurs sont synonymes avec les Ideacutees Pour ce qui est de la participation Platon nrsquoa fait que changer le nom en effet les PythagoriciensthinspaffirmaientthinspquethinsplesthinspeacutetantsthinspsontthinspparthinspimitationthinspdesthinspnombresthinspPlatonthinspparthinspparticipationthinspenthinspchangeantthinsplethinspnomthinspCethinspquethinsplathinspparticipationthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinspouthinsplrsquoimitationthinsppeutthinspbienthinspecirctrethinspilsthinspontthinspenthinspcommunthinspdrsquoavoirthinspneacutegligeacutethinspdethinsplethinspchercher]thinspraquo)thinsp28thinspthinspPourthinspAristotethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspplusthinspdethinspraisonthinspdethinspseacuteparerthinsplesthinspuniversauxthinspquethinsplesthinspaccidentsthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐδεμίαthinspἀνάγκηthinspὑπολαμβάνεινthinspτιthinspεἶναιthinspτοῦτοthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspὅτιthinspἓνthinspδηλοῖthinspοὐδὲνthinspμᾶλλονthinspἢthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspἄλλωνthinspὅσαthinspμὴthinspτὶthinspσημαίνειthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιὸνthinspἢthinspπρόςthinspτιthinspἢthinspποιεῖνthinsp[ilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspplusthinspneacutecessairethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplrsquouniversel est quelque chose agrave part des choses individuelles car il indique quelque chose drsquounique que de le penser des autres choses qui ne sont pas quelque chose mais une qualiteacute une relation ou encorethinspunethinspaction]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis analytica posteriorathinspIthinsp24thinsp85bthinsp18-21)thinsp29 Cf Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp12thinsp1037bthinsp27thinspougravethinspilthinspestthinspquestionthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspὡςthinspφαμένthinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplaquothinspἡthinspοὐσίαthinspἕνthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὡςthinspφαμένthinsp[lathinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspcommethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinspetthinspdethinspconcret]thinspraquothinsp30 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12thinspthinsplaquothinspπολλαχῇthinspδὲthinspἐχόντωνthinspδυσκολίανthinspοὐθενὸςthinspἧττονthinspἄτοπονthinspτὸthinspφάναιthinspμὲνthinspεἶναίthinspτιναςthinspφύσειςthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspοὐρανῷthinspταύταςthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspφάναιthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspπλὴνthinspὅτιthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspἀΐδιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspφθαρτάthinspαὐτὸthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωπόνthinspφασινthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspἵππονthinspκαὶthinspὑγίειανthinspἄλλοthinspδrsquothinspοὐδένthinspπαραπλήσιονthinspποιοῦντεςthinspτοῖςthinspθεοὺςthinspμὲνthinspεἶναιthinspφάσκουσινthinspἀνθρωποειδεῖςthinspδέmiddotthinspοὔτεthinspγὰρthinspἐκεῖνοιthinspοὐδὲνthinspἄλλοthinspἐποίουνthinspἢthinspἀνθρώπουςthinspἀϊδίουςthinspοὔθrsquothinspοὗτοιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἄλλrsquothinspἢthinspαἰσθητὰthinspἀΐδιαthinsp(D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp[2008]thinsppthinsp308thinspthinspmecircmethinspsrsquoilsthinspltlesthinspplatoniciensgtthinspsontthinspdethinspplusieursthinspfaccedilonsthinspenthinspdifficulteacutethinsprienthinspdethinspplusthinspabsurdethinspquethinspdethinspdirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspcertainesthinspnaturesthinspenthinspplusthinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

134

lethinspmobilierthinspontologiquethinspduthinspmonde31 en passant par des travers meacutereacuteologiques qui rappellent drsquoassez pregraves ceux que lrsquoon rencontre deacutejagrave chez Platon32

Si nous avons passeacute en revue chacun de ces inconveacutenients33 nous nous sommes cependantthinsparrecircteacutesthinsptoutthinspspeacutecialementthinspsurthinsplrsquounthinspdrsquoentrethinspeuxthinsplrsquoargumentthinspqursquoAristotethinsp

dethinspcellesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinsplrsquouniversthinspmaisthinspenthinspdisantthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspsensiblesthinspsaufthinspquethinsplesthinspunesthinspsontthinspeacuteternellesthinsplesthinspautresthinspcorruptiblesthinspIlsthinspdisentthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspunthinsphommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspchevalthinsplten soigt une santeacute lten soigt sans rien dire drsquoautre en faisant agrave peu pregraves comme ceux qui disent qursquoil existe des dieux mais de forme humaine Ceux-ci ne faisaient rien drsquoautre que des hommes eacuteternels etthinsppourthinspceux-lagravethinsplesthinspformesthinspnethinspsontthinspquethinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspeacuteternels)thinspraquothinsp31 Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8thinsp(cfthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp34thinsp-thinsp1079athinsp4)thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτωνδὶthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἕτεραthinspτούτωνthinspἴσαthinspτὸνthinspἀριθμὸνthinspἐκόμισανthinspὥσπερthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἀριθμῆσαιthinspβουλόμενοςthinspἐλαττόνωνthinspμὲνthinspὄντωνthinspοἴοιτοthinspμὴthinspδυνήσεσθαιthinspπλείωthinspδὲthinspποιήσαςthinspἀριθμοίηthinspσχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspἴσαthinspἢthinspοὐκthinspἐλάττωthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἐστὶthinspτούτοιςthinspπερὶthinspὧνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἐκthinspτούτωνthinspἐπrsquothinspἐκεῖναthinspπροῆλθονthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspγὰρthinspὁμώνυμόνthinspτιthinspἐστιthinspκαὶthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspτῶνthinspτεthinspἄλλωνthinspἐστὶνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspἕνthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖσδεthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖςthinspἀιδίοιςthinsp[D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinsppthinsp306-307thinspthinspquantthinspagravethinspceuxthinspquithinspposentthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspcommethinspdesthinspcausesthinspdrsquoabordthinspenthinspcherchantthinspagravethinspsaisirthinsplesthinspcausesthinspdesthinspecirctresthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinspilsthinspenthinspontthinspintroduitthinspdrsquoautresthinspenthinspnombrethinspeacutegauxthinspagravethinspeuxthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspquethinspquelqursquounthinspqui voudrait compter des choses mais croirait ne pas pouvoir le faire parce qursquoil y en a peu et pour lesthinspcompterthinsplesthinsprendraitthinspplusthinspnombreusesthinspLesthinspFormesthinspenthinspeffetthinspsontthinspenthinspnombrethinsppresquethinspeacutegalesthinspouthinsppas infeacuterieures aux choses loin desquelles dans leur recherche des causes ils ont eacuteteacute jusque vers ellesthinspcarthinsppourthinspchaquethinspchosethinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquohomonymethinspmecircmethinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspetthinspdesthinspautres choses dont il y a uniteacute drsquoune multipliciteacute agrave la fois pour les choses qui nous entourent et pour cellesthinspquithinspsontthinspeacuteternelles]thinspraquothinsp32 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1039athinsp26thinsp-thinsp1039bthinsp2thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἵππῳthinspἤτοιthinspἓνthinspκαὶthinspταὐτὸνthinspτῷthinspἀριθμῷthinspἐστὶνthinspἢthinspἕτερονmiddotthinspτῷthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspλόγῳthinspδῆλονthinspὅτιthinspἕνmiddotthinspτὸνthinspγὰρthinspαὐτὸνthinspδιέξεισιthinspλόγονthinspὁthinspλέγωνthinspἐνthinspἑκατέρῳthinspεἰthinspοὖνthinspἐστίthinspτιςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspαὐτὸςthinspκαθrsquothinspαὑτὸνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspἀνάγκηthinspκαὶthinspἐξthinspὧνthinspοἷονthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspδίπουνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspκαὶthinspεἶναιthinspχωριστὰthinspκαὶthinspοὐσίαςmiddotthinspὥστεthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτὸthinspαὐτὸthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἵππῳthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspὥσπερthinspσὺthinspσαυτῷthinspπῶςthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspοὖσιthinspχωρὶςthinspἓνthinspἔσταιthinspκαὶthinspδιὰthinspτίthinspοὐthinspκαὶthinspχωρὶςthinspαὑτοῦthinspἔσταιthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspτοῦτοthinspthinsp[sithinsplesthinspFormesthinspexistentthinspetthinspquethinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspouthinspbienthinspilthinspserathinspnumeacuteri-quementthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspouthinspbienthinspdiffeacuterentthinspParthinsplrsquoargumentthinspquethinspvoicithinspilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspuniquethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinsponthinsplethinspdeacutefinitthinspauthinspmoyenthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspdeacutefinitionthinspSrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdoncthinspunthinsphommethinspquithinspestthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinsppourthinsplui-mecircmethinspunthinspcecithinspetthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspneacutecessairementthinspquethinspcethinspquithinsplethinspconstituethinsplrsquoanimalthinspetthinsplethinspbipegravedethinspparthinspexemplethinspsoientthinspaussithinspunthinspcecithinspqursquoilsthinspsoientthinspdesthinspchosesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspOrthinspsithinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspetthinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspestthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspcommethinsptuthinsplrsquoesthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinsptoi-mecircmethinspcommentthinsppourra-t-ilthinspdemeurerthinspuniquethinspdansthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspquithinspsontthinspagravethinsppartthinspltlesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautresgtthinspetthinsppourquoithinspcetthinspanimalthinspnethinspsera-t-ilthinsppasthinspseacutepareacutethinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsp]thinspraquo33thinspthinspDethinspmecircmethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspeacutetudieacutethinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspplusthinspponctuellesthinspqursquoAristotethinspassociethinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfamilles drsquoarguments en faveur de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees dans le reacutequisitoire qursquoon peut lire ndash agrave quelques variations mineures pregraves ndash dans les livres A et M des MeacutetaphysiquesthinspenthinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp8-15thinspetthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp4-9thinsprespectivementthinsp(laquothinspἔτιthinspδὲthinspκαϑrsquothinspοὓςthinspτρόπουςthinspδείκνυμενthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκατrsquoοὐϑέναthinspφαίνεταιthinspτούτωνmiddotthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspοὐκthinspἀνάγκηthinspγίγνεσϑαιthinspσυλλογισμόνthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspοὐχthinspὧνthinspοἰόμεϑαthinspτούτωνthinspεἴδηthinspγίγνεταιthinspκατάthinspτεthinspγὰρthinspτοὺςthinspλόγουςthinspτοὺςthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἐπιστημῶνthinspεἴδηthinspἔσταιthinspπάντωνthinspὅσωνthinspἐπιστῆμαιthinspεἰσίthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀποφάσεωνthinspκατὰthinspδὲthinspτὸthinspνοεῖνthinspτιthinspφϑαρέντοςthinspτῶνthinspφϑαρτῶνmiddotthinspφάντασμαthinspγάρthinspτιthinspτούτωνthinspἔστινthinsp[dethinspplusthinspdrsquoaucunethinspdesthinspmaniegraveresthinspdontthinspnousthinspentreprenonsthinspdethinsplethinspprouverthinspnethinspreacutesultethinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinspeffetthinspdansthinspcertainsthinspcasthinsplethinspsyllogismethinspnethinspsrsquoensuitthinsppasthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspneacutecessairethinspthinspdansthinspdrsquoautresthinspcasthinspenthinsprevanchethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspmecircmethinsppourthinspdesthinspchosesthinsppourthinsplesquellesthinspnousthinsppensonsthinspqursquoil nrsquoy en a pas des arguments agrave partir des sciences qursquoil y a des Ideacutees de tout ce dont il y a des sciencesthinspthinspltdesthinspargumentsgtthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspltqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesgtthinspmecircmethinspdethinspneacutegationsthinspthinspetthinspltdesthinspargumentsgt agrave partir de la penseacutee de quelque chose apregraves sa corruption ltqursquoil y a des Ideacuteesgt drsquoentiteacutes

Leone Gazziero

135

lethinsppremierthinspndashthinspsansthinspenthinspattribuerthinsplathinsppaterniteacutethinspagravethinsppersonnethinsp(pasthinspplusthinspagravethinspsesthinsppreacutedeacuteces-seursthinspouthinspagravethinspsesthinspcontemporainsthinspqursquoagravethinsplui-mecircme)thinspndashthinspathinspappeleacutethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo34 Cela pour au moins deux raisons En premier lieu il y a tout sujet de croirethinspqursquoAristotethinspdevaitthinsplethinsptenirthinsppourthinspunethinspobjectionthinspassezthinspformidablethinspagravethinsplrsquoencontrethinspdethinsplathinsppromotionthinspdesthinsppreacutedicatsthinspuniverselsthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancesthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinspvuthinsplethinsptraitthinspquithinspndashthinsppourthinspAristotethinspndashthinspfaitthinsplathinspspeacutecificiteacutethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacutees)thinspCrsquoestthinspenthinsptoutthinspeacutetatthinspdethinspcausethinsplethinspspectrethinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspseulthinspqursquoAristotethinspagitethinsplorsqursquoilthinspeacutevoquethinspndashthinspenthinspblocthinspndashthinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdontthinspagravethinspsonthinspavisthinspsrsquoencombrethinsplrsquohypothegravese des Formes (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu la conviction que si les Ideacutees existent elles existent agrave la maniegravere desthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspnonthinspseulementthinspjouethinspunthinsprocirclethinspcapitalthinspdansthinsplrsquoeacuteconomiethinspdethinsplrsquoargument tel que nous pouvons le reconstruire agrave partir des diffeacuterentes sources qui nous lrsquoont transmis35 mais encore elle constitue la cleacute pour reacutesoudre un puzzle

quithinspontthinsppeacuterithinsp(puisqursquoilthinspenthinspexistethinspunethinspcertainethinspimage)]thinspraquo)thinspUnethinspbibliographiethinspdethinspquelquethinsptroisthinspcentsthinsptitresthinspspeacutecialement consacreacutee agrave la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees dans les lieux parallegraveles des livres A et M des Meacutetaphysiquesthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspdistribueacuteethinspetthinsp(dansthinspsathinspversionthinspalphabeacutetique)thinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspconsulteacuteethinsponlinethinspagravethinsplrsquoadressethinspthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir2808files201509BibliogrSept2015pdfthinsp34 Au sujet de lrsquohistoire de lrsquoargument qursquoil nous soit permis de renvoyer agrave L Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinsp(citeacutethinspnotethinsp14)thinsppourthinspsathinsppreacutehistoirethinspplatoniciennethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquothinspldquoκαὶthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςrdquothinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspProleacutegomegravenesthinspagravethinspunethinsphistoirethinspanciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspraquothinspRhizai 7 2010 p 181-220 pour son utilisationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquo ldquoEt quoniam est quis tertius homordquothinspArgumentthinspexeacutegegravesethinspcontresens dans la litteacuterature latine apparenteacutee aux Sophistici elenchithinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspArchives drsquohistoire doctrinale et litteacuteraire du Moyen Age 80 2013 p 7-48 pour ses transformations aux mains des commentateursthinspdethinsplanguethinspetthinspculturethinsplatinethinspPourthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspdesthinspcommentateursthinspdethinsplrsquoAntiquiteacutethinsptardivethinspcfthinspD huntthinsplaquothinspPlotinusthinspMeetsthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspJ CLearythinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Perennial Tradition of NeoplatonismthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinsp1997thinsppthinsp119-132thinspthinspJ oPSoMerthinsplaquothinspSyrianusthinsponthinspHomonymythinspandthinspFormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspvan rieL C MaCeacute et L van CaMPethinsp(eacuted)thinspPlatonic Ideas and Concept Formation in Ancient and Medieval ThoughtthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinspLouvainthinsp2004thinsppthinsp31-50thinspetthinspLthinspP GerSon laquothinspProclusthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspEacutetudes platoniciennesthinsp8thinsp(2011)thinsppthinsp105-11835thinspthinspCommethinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinsplonguementthinspexpliqueacutethinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinsplathinspseacuteancethinspduthinsp16thinspmarsthinsp2015thinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspestthinspunthinspexcellentthinspcasthinspdrsquoeacutetudethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoonthinspsethinsptournethinspversthinspdesthinspsourcesthinspsemi-canoniquesthinspafinthinspdethinspreconstituerthinspdesthinspfaitsthinspdethinspdiscoursthinspplusthinspouthinspmoinsthinspradicalementthinspindisponiblesthinspdansthinspleurthinspversionthinsporiginalethinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspmecircmethinspsithinspsonthinspcasthinspparaicirctthinspndashthinspagravethinsppremiegraverethinspvuethinspndashthinspmoinsthinspdeacutesespeacutereacutethinspquethinspceluithinspdrsquoautresthinsppiegravecesthinspdethinsplrsquoAristotethinspperduthinspetthinspmecircmethinspsithinspndashthinspagravethinspcoupthinspsucircrthinspndashthinspsathinspsituationthinspphilologiquethinspsrsquoestthinspconsideacuterablementthinspameacutelioreacutee depuis quelques anneacutees (parmi les progregraves il faut au moins signaler la nouvelle eacutedition critiquethinspdesthinspquelquesthinsppagesthinspdrsquointeacuterecirctthinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauxthinspMeacutetaphysiques drsquoAristotethinspquethinspD harLFinGerthinspnousthinspathinspoffertethinspenthinsp1975thinspthinsponthinspsignalerathinspeacutegalementthinspquethinsplathinspquestionthinspdesthinspdeuxthinsp recensionsthinspdansthinsp lesquellesthinspcesthinspmecircmesthinsppagesthinspnousthinspseraientthinspparvenuesthinspndashthinsp toutthinsp reacutecemmentthinspndashthinspathinspbeacuteneacuteficieacutethinspdesthinsplumiegraveresthinspdethinspP GoLitSiS laquo La recensio altera du Commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave la Meacutetaphysique drsquoAristotethinspetthinsplethinspteacutemoignagethinspdesthinspmanuscritsthinspbyzantinsthinspLaurentianus plut 8712 et Ambrosianus F113thinspsupthinspraquothinspdansthinspJ SiGneS Codontildeer et I Peacuterez Martinthinsp(eacuted)thinspTextual Transmission in Byzantium Between Textual Criticism and Quellenforschung Brepols Turnhout 2014 p 199-230 ainsi que de celles de L CaLvieacutethinsp laquothinspAgravethinsp proposthinsp dethinsp lrsquoeacuteditionthinspHayduckthinsp duthinspCommentairethinsp drsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodise agrave la MeacutetaphysiquethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspouthinspconsulterthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir565files201409Article-LCalvieacute-2e-edpdf)thinspIlthinspnrsquoenthinsprestethinsppasthinspmoinsthinspquethinsptoutthinspeffortthinspdethinsprestitutionthinspduthinsptraiteacutethinspperduthinspdrsquoAristotethinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspougravethinsponthinsppeutthinsplirethinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspdethinsplointhinsplethinspplusthinspinformatifthinspndashthinspdoitthinspsethinspconfronterthinspagravethinspunethinspeacutequationthinspagravethinspplusieursthinspvariablesthinspLethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspestthinspunthinsptextethinspqui ne nous est parvenu qursquoagrave travers la tradition indirecte et dont la vocation ndash pour autant qursquoelle se

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

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exeacutegeacutetique agrave la fois ancien et tenace agrave savoir pour autant que lrsquoon a affaire agrave un seul etthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinspnousthinsppouvonsthinspremonterthinspdansthinsplethinsptempsthinspne fait pas lrsquounanimiteacute ndash comment se fait-il qursquoAristote tantocirct lrsquoutilise pour reacutefuter les philosophes des Ideacutees tantocirct le rejette sous preacutetexte qursquoil srsquoagit drsquoun argument fallacieux36thinspthinspLethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspdansthinsplequelthinspnousthinspavonsthinspidentifieacutethinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspmotifsthinsppro-fonds de lrsquoantiplatonisme drsquoAristote ndash agrave savoir la particularisation existentielle des universauxthinspndashthinsppermetthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquithinspentraicircnethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspetthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinsplrsquoeacuteviterthinspMecircmethinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvirtuellementthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspcomprendrethinsplethinspfonctionnementthinspexactthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspsesthinspraresthinspoccurrencesthinspdansthinsp

laissethinspentrevoirthinspndashthinspeacutetaitthinspdethinsptraiterthinspdrsquounethinspdoctrinethinspcellethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspcœurthinspdrsquounthinspdeacutebatthinspquithinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplethinsppreacutecegravedethinspetthinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspaffecteacutethinspAucunethinspdethinspcesthinspvariablethinspnethinspsethinsplaissethinsptraiterthinspcommethinspunethinspsimplethinspvariablethinspdrsquoajustement et elles sont qui plus est lieacutees entre elles Si on distingue donc ndash avec les speacutecialistes de lrsquoecdotique (on se reacutefeacuterera en particulier agrave un texte de J iriGointhinspthinsplaquothinspLathinspcritiquethinspdesthinsptextesthinspdoitthinspecirctrethinsphistoriquethinspraquothinspdansthinspE FLoreSthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa critica testuale greco-latina oggi Metodi e problemi Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 29-31 ottobre 1979)thinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1981thinsppthinsp27-43)thinspndashthinsptrois eacutetapes fondamentales dans la reconstitution drsquoun texte la recensio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la collecte de toutesthinsp lesthinspsourcesthinspmanuscritesthinspdisponiblesthinsp(etthinspeacuteventuellementthinspdesthinspsourcesthinsp imprimeacutees)thinspdirectesthinspetthinspindirectes)thinsp lathinspcollatio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la comparaison des reacutesultats de la recensiothinsp afinthinspdrsquoobtenirthinspunethinspimagethinspaussithinspfidegravelethinspquethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspenthinspremontantthinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinsppossiblethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacuteterminationthinspdesthinspfamillesthinspdethinspmanuscritsthinspetthinspdethinspleurthinspplusthinspprochethinspancecirctresthinspcommuns)thinspetthinsplathinspdivinatio (lrsquoeacutetablissementthinspduthinsptextethinsplethinspplusthinspprochethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplrsquooriginal)thinsponthinspconviendrathinspquethinspcettethinspderniegraverethinspportethinspparticuliegraverementthinspbienthinspsonthinspnomthinsppuisquethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsplathinsprestitutionthinspdethinsptoutthinspunthinsppanthinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspnethinspnousthinsppermetthinsppasthinspdethinspreacuteglerthinspndashthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspndashthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdethinspsavoirthinspauthinspjustethinspquithinspa eacutecrit quoi Il faut se reacutesigner agrave une eacutevidence pour autant que le traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote est concerneacute mecircmethinsplethinspmeilleurthinsptextethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdemeurethinsprelativementthinspopaquethinspaussithinsplongtempsthinspduthinspmoinsthinspquethinsplrsquoon nrsquoa pas deacutetermineacute de quelle maniegravere il a travailleacute la matiegravere aristoteacutelicienne dont il srsquoest inspireacute et qursquoil a importeacutee dans son commentaire Autrement dit la question se pose de savoir si nous avons affairethinspagravethinspunethinspcollectionthinspdethinspfragmentsthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspdesthinspempruntsthinspponctuelsthinspouthinspdesthinspcitations)thinspouthinspbienthinspsithinspAlexandre a proceacutedeacute agrave une reformulation paraphrastique (en gros une transposition plus ou moins fidegravelethinspdethinspcethinspqursquoilthinsplisaitthinspdansthinsplethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspsonthinspdernierthinsplecteurthinspdethinsppremiegraverethinspmain)thinspOrthinspdeuxthinspdifficulteacutesthinspmajeuresthinspfontthinspobstaclethinspagravethinspcettethinspentreprisethinspLathinsppremiegraverethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspqursquoAlexandrethinspsethinsptrouve en situation de teacutemoin unique ce que nous connaissons du traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote sur les Ideacutees nous le tenons pour lrsquoessentiel drsquoAlexandre dans la mesure ougrave les quelques mentions eacuteparses dans la litteacuterature posteacuterieure deacutependent de son commentaire au livre Alpha meizocircn des Meacutetaphysiques Son maniementthinspappellethinspdoncthinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinsppreacutecautionsthinspthinspcethinspquethinspnousthinsplisonsthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspsinonthinspremanieacutethinspduthinspmoins reacuteorganiseacute dans une mesure et selon des modaliteacutes qui eacutetaient agrave la seule discreacutetion drsquoAlexandre etthinspquethinspnousthinspnethinsppouvonsthinsppasthinspappreacutecierthinspindeacutependammentthinspdethinspsonthinsptravailthinspLathinspdeuxiegravemethinspdifficulteacutethinsptientthinspauthinspfait que la langue drsquoAlexandre ne preacutesente pas de ceacutesures stylistiques ou de solutions de continuiteacute lexicales qui permettraient de deacuteterminer ougrave il ferait œuvre de compilateur et ougrave au contraire il fait œuvrethinspdrsquointerpregravetethinspDethinspfaitthinspagravethinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinsp(maisthinspaussithinspagravethinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspouthinspagravethinspunethinsptroisiegraveme)thinsponthinspsethinsprendrathinspagravethinspunethinspautrethinspeacutevidencethinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppartoutthinsplathinspprosethinspetthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspmecircmethinsplagravethinspougravethinspndashthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspaveuthinsp(commethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsppreacuteciseacutement)thinspndashthinsponthinsppeutthinspsrsquoattendrethinspagravethinspqursquoil suive de plus pregraves sa source 36thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy p 290 formule ce dilemme agrave peu pregraves dansthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinsptermesthinspUnthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquointerpregravetesthinspythinspontthinspvuthinsplrsquoindicethinspdrsquounethinspambivalencethinspdrsquoAristotethinspagrave son eacutegard (cf L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspVrin-PressesthinspdethinsplrsquoUniversiteacutethinspLavalthinspParis-Montreacutealthinsp1995thinsppthinsp360)thinspthinspdrsquoautresthinsplrsquoontthinsppristhinspassezthinspauthinspseacuterieuxthinsppourthinspexclurethinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspsrsquoagirthinspeffectivementthinspduthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspdontthinspAristotethinspferaitthinspunthinspusagethinspopportunistethinsp(cfthinspEthinspVthinspdi LaSCio laquo Third Man The Logic of the Sophism at Arist SEthinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinspraquothinspTopoithinsp23thinsp[2004]thinsppthinsp41)thinsp

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137

le corpus aristoteacutelicien37thinspcelathinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspeacutetablithinspsansthinspavoirthinsprecoursthinspauxthinspsourcesthinsppos-teacuterieuresthinspauxquellesthinsponthinspestthinspobligeacutethinspdrsquoemprunterthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspcanonique38 Crsquoest ce qui ressort de deux lieux du corpus aristoteacutelicien agrave savoir le chapitre 13 du livre ZecirctathinspdesthinspMeacutetaphysiques et le chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiques auxquels nous avons consacreacute deux lectures micrologiques dont nous ne reportons de suite que les conclusions39

37 Aristote nrsquoen donne nulle part un exposeacute un tant soit peu deacutetailleacute se contentant plutocirct de lrsquoeacutevoquer sousthinsplrsquointituleacutethinspquithinsplethinsprendrathinspceacutelegravebrethinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp15-17thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1039athinsp2-3thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp12-13)thinspouthinspbienthinspdrsquoenthinsprappelerthinsplathinspconclusionthinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36)thinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdrsquounethinsppassethinspargumentativethinspbienthinspconnuethinsp(cethinspquithinspdevaitthinspdrsquoailleursthinspecirctrethinsplethinspcas)thinsp38thinspthinspCetthinspexposeacutethinspsethinsplitthinspdansthinsplathinsppagethinspceacutelegravebrethinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauthinsppremierthinsplivrethinspdes MeacutetaphysiquesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspagravethinsplaquellethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspfairethinspallusionthinspthinsplaquothinspδείκνυταιthinspκαὶthinspοὕτωςthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινωνthinspπλειόνωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκαὶthinspἔστινthinspἄλλοthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspαὐτῶνthinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspἡγοῦνταιthinspδεικνύναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιmiddotthinspδιὰthinspτοῦτοthinspγάρthinspἐστίthinspτιthinspαὐτοάνθρωποςthinsp κατrsquothinsp αὐτούςthinsp ὅτιthinsp ὁthinsp ἄνθρωποςthinsp κατὰthinsp τῶνthinsp καθrsquothinsp ἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspπλειόνωνthinsp ὄντωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspἄλλοςthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspἐστίν)thinspndashthinspἀλλrsquothinspεἰthinspτοῦτοthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοςthinspὁthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspκατrsquothinspἰδίανthinspὑφεστώςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspδὲthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspπαράthinspτεthinspτὸνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspτὴνthinspἰδέανthinspοὕτωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspτέταρτοςthinspὁthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτούτουthinspκαὶthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὁμοίωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspπέμπτοςthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspἐπrsquothinspἄπειρονthinsp[onthinspprouvethinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspaussi de cette maniegravere si ce qui se preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute de plusieurs est aussi autre que ceux dont il se preacutedique seacutepareacute de ceux-ci (voilagrave ce que pensent prouver ceux qui posent les Ideacutees la raison pourthinsp laquellethinspenthinspeffetthinsp ilthinspythinspathinsppourthinspeuxthinspquelquethinspchosethinspquithinspestthinsp lrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspcrsquoestthinspquethinsp lrsquohommethinspse preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute des hommes particuliers qui sont plusieurs et il est autre que les hommes particuliers)thinspndashthinspmaisthinspsrsquoilthinspenthinspestthinspainsithinspilthinspythinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspSithinspenthinspeffetthinsplrsquohommethinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsppreacutediquethinspestthinspautrethinspquethinspceuxthinspdontthinspilthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspsubsistethinspenthinspproprethinspsithinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspilthinspythinspathinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspagravethinsppartthinspduthinspparticulier et de lrsquoIdeacutee Ainsi qursquoil y en aura un quatriegraveme qui se preacutedique de celui-ci de lrsquoIdeacutee et des particuliersthinspthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquounthinspcinquiegravemethinspetthinspcelathinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis de ideis fragmentathinsp(=thinspAlexandri in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria)thinsp8421thinsp-thinsp853)thinspLethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspillustrethinspagravethinsplathinspperfectionthinspla situation hermeacuteneutique que nous venons drsquoeacutevoquer ougrave le recours agrave la tradition indirecte est agrave la foisthinspineacutevitablethinspetthinsppassablementthinspdeacutelicatthinspDrsquounethinsppartthinspAlexandrethinspsignalethinspexplicitementthinspqursquoilthinspreportethinsplathinspversionthinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinsptellethinspqursquoAristotethinspsrsquoenthinspestthinspservithinspdansthinsplethinsppremierthinsplivrethinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsp(8511-12thinspthinsplaquothinspτῇthinspδὲthinspτελευταίᾳthinspαὐτὸςthinspἔνthinspτεthinspτῷthinspπρώτῳthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspraquo)thinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspilthinspestthinsphautementthinspimprobablethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspenthinsptrainthinspdethinsptranscrirethinspunthinspsegmentthinspduthinsptextethinspdrsquoAristotethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdethinsplethinspparaphraserthinspCethinspquethinsptrahitthinsplrsquoutilisationthinspdethinspcertainsthinsptermesthinsptelsthinspὑπόστασιςthinspetthinspὑφίστημιthinspNousthinspavonsthinspobserveacutethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoacceptionthinspdrsquoexistencethinspetthinspdrsquoexisterthinsprequisethinspparthinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspnithinsplrsquounthinsp(ὑπόστασις)thinspnithinsplrsquoautrethinsp(ὑφίστημι)thinspnethinspsontthinspattesteacutesthinspchezthinspAristotethinspquithinsplesthinsputilisethinspplutocirctthinspdansthinspunthinspsensthinsplocalthinsp(ὑφίστημιthinspindiquethinsple fait de se tenir au-dessous comme dans Aristotelis de caelo P Morauxthinsp(eacuted)thinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1965thinspIthinsp3thinsp269bthinsp24-25)thinspouthinspphysiologiquethinsp(ὑπόστασιςthinspsignifiethinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspreacutesiduthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspseacutedimentthinspraquothinspcomme dans Aristotelis de generatione animaliumthinspHthinspJ droSSaart LuLoFS (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1965thinspIthinsp18thinsp726athinsp21thinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspstationthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspposturethinspraquothinspcommethinspdansthinspAristotelis de partibus animaliumthinsp1956thinspIthinsp2thinsp647bthinsp28)39 Les deux lectures (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp23thinspetthinspAristotelis Sophistici elenchi 22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspontthinspeacuteteacutethinsppreacuteceacutedeacuteesthinspparthinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspeacutetudethinsplexicographiquethinsp(nousthinspavonsthinspeacutevoqueacutethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspplusthinsphautthinspcfthinspnotethinsp3)thinspconsacreacuteethinspauthinspvocabulairethinspquethinspcesthinsptextesthinsppartagentthinsp(etthinspauxthinspquelquesthinsposcillationsthinspqursquoilthinsppreacutesente)thinspEnthinspplusthinspdrsquoexpressionsthinspplusthinspprobleacutematiquesthinsp(commethinsplethinspτόδεthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinsppeutthinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspdeacutesignerthinspunethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle)thinspnousthinspavonsthinspsurtoutthinspexploreacutethinsplrsquooppositionthinspentrethinspcethinspqursquoAristotethinspappellethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(outhinspποιόνthinspτι)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspnousthinspontthinspsurtoutthinspaideacutesthinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinspnotrethinspreconnaissance J kunGthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspThisesthinspSuchesthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspArgumentthinspraquothinspPhronesis 26 (1981)thinsppthinsp207-247thinspetthinspS ebbeSen laquo Hoc aliquid - Quale quidthinspandthinspthethinspSignificationthinspofthinspAppellativesthinspraquothinsp

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Qursquoest-cethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspauthinspjustethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAuthinspboutthinspdrsquounthinspassezthinsplongthinspraisonnement40thinsplathinspconclusionthinspqursquoAristotethinsptirethinspestthinspcateacutegoriquethinsp(φανερὸνthinspὅτιthinspκτλ)thinspSeacuteparer lrsquouniversel crsquoest-agrave-dire le traiter comme quelque chose qui existe de plein exercicethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstarthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspparticuliegraveresthinsprevientthinspagravethinspsrsquoembarrasserthinspdethinsptoutesthinspsortesthinsp drsquoinconveacutenientsthinspthinsp laquothinspφανερὸνthinspὅτιthinsp οὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinspκαὶthinspὅτιthinspοὐδὲνthinspσημαίνειthinspτῶνthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορουμένωνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspἀλλὰthinspτοιόνδεthinspεἰthinspδὲthinspμήthinspἄλλαthinspτεthinspπολλὰthinspσυμβαίνειthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsp[ilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoaucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspnethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspmaisthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinsptelthinspouthinsptelthinspDansthinsplethinspcasthinspcontrairethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspbeaucoupthinspltdrsquoinconveacutenientsgtthinspnotammentthinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis meta-physicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)41 Quelle que soit la force que lrsquoon accorde agrave lrsquoargumentthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspreposethinspultimementthinspsurthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspjuxtaposerthinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspauthinspseinthinspdrsquounethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspmultipliciteacutethinspdontthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspviendraitthinspconstituerthinsplrsquouniteacutethinspauthinspmecircmethinsptitrethinspquethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdrsquohomme constituait lrsquouniteacute de la multipliciteacute des hommes particuliers Autrement ditthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsprequiertthinspquethinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinsp

Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

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Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman 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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

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de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 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Leone Gazziero

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rienthinspdethinspbienthinspeacutetonnantthinspCethinspquithinspeacutetonneraitthinspSocratethinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspdethinspfaitthinspvathinsplrsquoeacutetonnerthinspdansthinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinspdialoguethinspndashthinspcethinspseraitthinspplutocirctthinspdethinspretrouverthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinspcontradictions que tout un chacun peut constater au niveau du monde de lrsquoexpeacuterience Crsquoestthinsplethinspsensthinspduthinspdeacutefithinspqursquoilthinsplancethinspndashthinspenthinsp129ethinsp3thinsp-130athinsp2thinspndashthinspavantthinspdethinspceacutederthinsplathinspparolethinspauthinsppersonnagethinspquithinspdonnethinspauthinspdialoguethinspsonthinsptitrethinspthinsplaquothinspταῦταthinspδὲthinspἀνδρείωςthinspμὲνthinspπάνυthinspἡγοῦμαιthinspπεπραγματεῦσθαιmiddotthinspπολὺthinspμεντἂνthinspὧδεthinspμᾶλλονthinspὡςthinspλέγωthinspἀγασθείηνthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἔχοιthinspτὴνthinspαὐτὴνthinspταύτηνthinspἀπορίανthinspἐνthinspαὐτοῖςthinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσιthinsp[130a]thinspπαντοδαπῶςthinspπλεκομένηνthinspὥσπερthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspὁρωμένοιςthinspδιήλθετεthinspοὕτωςthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspλογισμῷthinspλαμβανομένοιςthinspἐπιδεῖξαιthinsp[L Brisson Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ton argumentation tu la conduis avec unethinspbellethinspetthinspmacirclethinspvigueurthinspmaisthinspavecthinspcombienthinspplusthinspdethinspplaisirthinspencorethinspjethinsplethinspreacutepegravetethinspjrsquoapplaudiraisthinspceluithinspquithinspsauraitthinspmontrerthinspcommentthinspcettethinspmecircmethinspdifficulteacutethinspsethinspretrouvethinspentrelaceacuteethinspdethinsptoutethinspsortethinspdethinspfaccedilonsthinspauthinspniveauthinspmecircmethinspdesthinspFormesthinspetthinspquithinspdeacutemontreraitthinspquethinspcettethinspdifficulteacutethinspquethinspvousthinspParmeacutenidethinspetthinsptoithinspZeacutenonthinspavezthinspdeacutecritethinspenthinspdeacutetailthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspvisiblesthinspsethinspmanifestethinspaussithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspquethinspsaisitthinsplathinspraison]thinspraquothinspOrthinspParmeacutenidethinsprelegravevethinsplethinspdeacutefithinspdethinspSocratethinspetthinspfaitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspce que celui-ci sommait Zeacutenon drsquoaccomplir agrave savoir faire remonter au niveau des Ideacutees les paradoxes qursquoil pensait avoir circonscrits au domaine des particuliers sensibles20thinspCelathinspsethinsptraduitthinspparthinspunethinspbatteriethinspdethinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinspParmeacutenidethinspsoulegravevethinspetthinspquithinsppartagentthinspunthinspmecircmethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspDethinspfaitthinspcethinspquithinspconfegraverethinspagravethinspcesthinspaporiesthinspleurthinspallurethinspcontraignantethinspetthinspplusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquithinspleurthinspassurethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspformuleacuteesthinspdansthinspdesthinsptermesthinspquithinsprendentthinspleurthinspsolutionthinspimpossiblethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspquethinsptoutthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspqursquoelles soient des individus mateacuteriels les Formes sont traiteacutees agrave leur tour comme desthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspphysiquesthinspToutthinspcommethinspcelles-cithinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspnithinspecirctrethinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdrsquoelles-mecircmesthinspnithinspsethinsptrouverthinspenthinspmecircmethinsptempsthinspenthinspplusieursthinspendroitsthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquoellesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspecirctrethinspcommunesthinspauxthinspplusieursthinspsinonthinspagravethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdrsquounthinsptoutthinspcorporelthinspdontthinspchacunthinsppossegravederaitthinspalternativementthinsplrsquointeacutegraliteacutethinspouthinspunethinsppartiethinspthinspellesthinsppeuventthinspenthinsprevanchethinspecirctrethinspcompteacuteesthinspenthinspplusthinspetthinspagravethinspcocircteacutethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspleurthinspressemblerthinspetthinspsethinspressemblerthinspentrethinspellesthinspetcthinsp

plusieursthinspmembresthinsptoutthinspcommethinspilthinspapparaicirctthinspdiffeacuterentthinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspobservethinspquethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspdroitthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspgauchethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsplethinspmecircmethinspsithinsponthinsplethinspregardethinspdethinspfrontthinspouthinspdethinspdosthinspetcthinsp20 Le point de deacutepart de ce tour de force dialectique est un deuxiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacuteesthinspdontthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspestthinsptregravesthinspsignificatifthinspenthinspcethinspqursquoilthinspintroduitthinsplethinspregistrethinspdethinsplathinspseacuteparationthinsp(Formesthinspetthinspparticuliersthinspsontthinspχωρίςthinspagravethinsppartthinsplesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautres)thinspthinsplaquothinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspκαίthinspμοιthinspεἰπέthinspαὐτὸςthinspσὺthinspοὕτωthinspδιῄρησαιthinspὡςthinspλέγειςthinspχωρὶςthinspμὲνthinspεἴδηthinspαὐτὰthinspἄτταthinspχωρὶςthinspδὲthinspτὰthinspτούτωνthinspαὖthinspμετέχονταthinspthinspκαίthinspτίthinspσοιthinspδοκεῖthinspεἶναιthinspαὐτὴthinspὁμοιότηςthinspχωρὶςthinspἧςthinspἡμεῖςthinspὁμοιότητοςthinspἔχομενthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspδὴthinspκαὶthinspπολλὰthinspκαὶthinspπάνταthinspὅσαthinspνυνδὴthinspΖήνωνοςthinspἤκουεςthinspthinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspἔμοιγεthinspφάναιthinspτὸνthinspΣωκράτηthinsp[L briSSon Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspetthinspdis-moithinspas-tuthinspfaitthinsptoi-mecircmethinsplathinspdistinctionthinspdontthinsptuthinspparlesthinspmettantthinspdrsquounthinspcocircteacutethinspcethinspquethinsptuthinspappellesthinsplesthinspFormesthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinspdrsquounthinspautrethinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspenthinspparticipentthinspthinspEtthinsptethinspsemble-t-ilthinspqursquoilthinspythinspaitthinspunethinspRessemblancethinspenthinspsoithinspdistinctethinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspenthinspnousthinspetthinspqursquoilthinspenthinspvathinspdethinspmecircmethinsppourthinsplrsquoUniteacutethinsppourthinsplathinspPluraliteacutethinspetthinsppourthinsptoutesthinsplesthinspchosesthinspquethinspZeacutenonthinspvientthinspdrsquoeacutevoquerthinspthinspltSocratethinspgtthinspenthinspcethinspquithinspmethinspconcernethinsp jethinsp lethinsp reconnaisthinsp reacuteponditthinspSocrate]thinspraquothinsp (Platonis Parmenidesthinsp 130bthinsp1-6)thinspAuthinspsujetthinspdethinsplathinsplaquothinspseacuteparationthinspraquothinsptellethinspqursquoellethinspestthinsppreacutefigureacuteethinspchezthinspPlatonthinspcfthinspG vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspldquoSeparationrdquothinspinthinspPlatothinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp5thinsp(1987)thinsppthinsp186-197thinspetthinspDthinspT devereux laquo Separation and ImmanencethinspinthinspPlatorsquosthinspTheorythinspofthinspFormsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp12thinsp(1994)thinsppthinsp63-90thinsp

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Ce preacutesupposeacute est clairement agrave lrsquoœuvre dans les apories meacutereacuteologiques qui ouvrent le reacutequisitoire contre les Formes21 La participation des particuliers aux Formes ne diffegravere en rien de la participation des particuliers entre eux seul un corpsthinspmateacuterielthinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspdonneacutethinspenthinsppartagethinspouthinspbienthinsptoutthinspentierthinspouthinspbienthinspenthinspplusieursthinspmorceaux seuls des individus mateacuteriels et leurs parties peuvent avoir une taille et ecirctrethinspplusthinspgrandsthinspouthinspplusthinsppetitsthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspetcthinspSithinspbienthinspquethinsplrsquoalternativethinspbinairethinspsur laquelle repose le dilemme de la participation22thinspagravethinspsavoirthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspparticiperthinspqursquoagravethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinsplrsquounethinspdethinspsesthinsppartiesthinspnrsquoathinspdethinspsensthinspquethinspsithinsplathinspFormethinspestthinsptraiteacuteethinspcommethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquoaussithinspconcretthinspquethinsplesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspvisiblesthinspetthinsptangiblesthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinsp

Ce preacutesupposeacute est formuleacute en toutes lettres dans lrsquoun des arguments avanceacutes par Parmeacutenide23thinspmecircmethinspsithinspcelathinspestthinsptropthinspsouventthinsppasseacutethinspsousthinspsilencethinspdansthinsplathinsplitteacutera-ture secondaire24thinspDethinspfaitthinsplathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspparthinsplaquellethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsp(enthinsp

21 La seacutequence est ouverte par un troisiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees et notamment de lrsquoeacuteponymie qui les lie aux reacutealiteacutes qui en participent (cf Platonis Parmenides 130e 4 et sq)thinsp22thinspthinspCrsquoestthinspSocratethinsplui-mecircmethinspquithinspestthinspameneacutethinspagravethinspreconnaicirctrethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdrsquoautresthinsppossibiliteacutesthinspthinsplaquothinspκαὶthinspπῶςthinspἄνthinspthinspraquothinspreacutepond-ilthinspenthinspeffetthinspagravethinspParmeacutenidethinspquithinspluithinspdemandethinspsithinspunethinsplaquothinspautrethinspparticipationthinspraquothinspndashthinspenthinspplusthinspdethinspcellethinspprisethinspdansthinsplrsquoalternativethinspduthinsptoutthinspetthinspdesthinsppartiesthinspndashthinspest-ellethinsppossiblethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐκοῦνthinspἤτοιthinspὅλουthinspτοῦthinspεἴδουςthinspἢthinspμέρουςthinspἕκαστονthinspτὸthinspμεταλαμβάνονthinspμεταλαμβάνειthinspthinspἢthinspἄλληthinspτιςthinspἂνthinspμετάληψιςthinspχωρὶςthinspτούτωνthinspγένοιτοthinspthinspraquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp131athinsp4-6)thinsp23 Cf Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp1thinspthinsplaquothinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspοἶμαίthinspσεthinspἐκthinspτοῦthinspτοιοῦδεthinspἓνthinspἕκαστονthinspεἶδοςthinspοἴεσθαιthinspεἶναιmiddotthinspὅτανthinspπόλλrsquothinspἄτταthinspμεγάλαthinspδόξῃthinspσοιthinspεἶναιthinspμίαthinspτιςthinspἴσωςthinspδοκεῖthinspἰδέαthinspἡthinspαὐτὴthinspεἶναιthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἰδόντιthinspὅθενthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspμέγαthinspἡγῇthinspεἶναιthinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspἀληθῆthinspλέγειςthinspφάναιthinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspτίthinspδrsquothinspαὐτὸthinspτὸthinspμέγαthinspκαὶthinspτἆλλαthinspτὰthinspμεγάλαthinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinspοὐχὶthinspἕνthinspτιthinspαὖthinspμέγαthinspφανεῖταιthinspᾧthinsp ταῦταthinsp πάνταthinsp ἀνάγκηthinsp μεγάλαthinsp φαίνεσθαιthinspthinsp ltΣωκράτηςgtthinsp ἔοικενthinsp ltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinsp ἄλλοthinsp ἄραthinsp εἶδοςthinspμεγέθουςthinspἀναφανήσεταιthinspπαρrsquothinspαὐτόthinspτεthinspτὸthinspμέγεθοςthinspγεγονὸςthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspμετέχονταthinspαὐτοῦmiddotthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτούτοιςthinspαὖthinspπᾶσινthinsp[132bthinsp1]thinspἕτερονthinspᾧthinspταῦταthinspπάνταthinspμεγάλαthinspἔσταιmiddotthinspκαὶthinspοὐκέτιthinspδὴthinspἓνthinspἕκαστόνthinspσοιthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἔσταιthinspἀλλὰthinspἄπειραthinspτὸthinspπλῆθοςthinsp[ltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquojethinsppensethinspquethinsptuthinsppensesthinspquethinspchaquethinspFormethinspestthinspunethinspagravethinsppartirthinspdethinspcelathinspthinspchaquethinspfoisthinspqursquoilthinsptethinspsemblethinspquethinspplusieursthinspchosesthinspsontthinspgrandesthinspilthinsptethinspsemblethinspeacutegalementthinspndashthinspagravethinsptoithinspquithinsplesthinspembrassesthinsptoutesthinspduthinspregardthinspndashthinspqursquounthinspcertainthinspaspectthinspuniquethinspestthinsplethinspmecircmethinspAgrave partir de lagrave tu estimesthinspquethinsplethinspGrandthinspestthinspunrdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquotuthinspdisthinspvrairdquothinspreacutepondit-ilthinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquoorthinspqursquoenthinspest-ilthinspduthinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinspdesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesthinspsithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptousthinspparthinsptonthinspacircmethinspthinspnrsquoest-ce pas qursquoagrave nouveau quelque chose drsquounique apparaicirctra grand en vertu duquel il est neacutecessaire quethinsptoutesthinspcesthinspchosesthinspapparaissentthinspgrandesthinsprdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquosemble-t-ilrdquothinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquounethinspautrethinspForme de grandeur fera donc son apparition surgissant agrave part de la grandeur en soi et des choses qui participent de la grandeur en soi ainsi qursquoune autre ltFormegt agrave nouveau en plus de toutes celles-lagrave par laquelle toutes ces choses seront grandes Aussi chacune de tes Formes ne sera pas unique mais plusieursthinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinirdquo]thinspraquothinsp24thinspthinspIlthinspestthinsppeut-ecirctrethinspindeacutelicatthinspdethinsppointerthinspduthinspdoigtthinspquelqursquounthinspenthinspparticulierthinspmaisthinspndashthinspsrsquoilthinspfallaitthinspagravethinsptoutthinspprixthinspdeacuteterminerthinspquellethinspestthinsplathinsppartthinspdethinspresponsabiliteacutethinspdethinspchacunthinspdansthinspcettethinspaffairethinspndashthinsprappelonsthinspquethinspauthinspnomthinspdrsquounthinsppartithinsppristhinspdeacuteductivistethinspquithinsplrsquoathinspameneacutethinspagravethinspinfligerthinspagravethinsplrsquoargumentthinspunethinspstructurethinspinfeacuterentiellethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspreacutecursivethinspGthinspVlastosthinspnrsquoathinsppasthinspfaitthinspgrandthinspcasthinspdansthinspsathinspreconstructionthinspdethinsplathinspclausethinspquethinspnousthinspallonsthinspeacutevoquerthinspdethinspsuitethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplrsquolaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqursquoonthinsplitthinspenthinsp132athinsp5-6thinspPirethinsplethinspὡσαύτωςthinspserathinspamputeacutethinspagravethinsptermethinspdethinspsathinsptraductionthinspAussithinspdansthinsplathinspcontributionthinspquithinspsethinspveutthinsppourtantthinsplathinspplus respectueuse de la lettre du texte (G vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspldquoThirdthinspManrdquothinspArgumentthinsp(Parmenides 132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspTextthinspandthinspLogicthinspraquothinspThe Philosophical Quarterlythinsp19thinsp[1969]thinsppthinsp291)thinsplrsquoadverbethinspathinsptoutthinspsimplementthinspdisparuthinspCethinspquithinspnonthinspseulementthinspcomprometthinsplrsquointelligibiliteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspmaisthinspencorethinspetthinspsurtout occulte le preacutesupposeacute (la confusion entre les Formes et les particuliers qui participent des Formes)thinspsurthinsplequelthinspcethinspdernierthinspreposethinspenthinspdernierthinspressort

Leone Gazziero

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lrsquooccurrencethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspGrandeur)thinspsethinsptrouvethinspcompromisethinspreposethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspsurthinsplathinspclausethinsplaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardes tous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqui se porte garante de lrsquoenchaicircnement des diffeacuterentes eacutetapes de lrsquoargument lequel consistethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspagravethinspreacutepeacuteterthinsplathinspmecircmethinspopeacuterationthinspparthinsplaquellethinsponthinsprassemblethinspdansthinspunethinspvuethinspdrsquoensemblethinspunethinsppluraliteacutethinspdethinspchosesthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdrsquounethinspdeacuteterminationthinspcommunethinspAuthinspdemeurantthinspsithinsponthinspnethinspregardaitthinsppasthinsplathinspFormethinspetthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinsp(ὡσαύτως)thinspcommentthinspdeacuteclencherthinsplathinspdeacuterivethinspinflationnistethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspreacutecursivementthinspla position drsquoune deuxiegraveme Ideacutee puis drsquoune nouvelle puis drsquoune autre encore et ainsi dethinspsuitethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspthinspCettethinspsuggestionthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppernicieusethinspqursquoellethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleursthinspndash porte tout le poids de lrsquoargument dans la mesure ougrave elle est appeleacutee agrave assurer lathinspcontinuiteacutethinspentrethinspcethinspquithinspsrsquoestthinspmanifesteacutethinspauthinspniveauthinspdethinsplrsquoinspectionthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspet ce qui va se manifester en eacutelargissant cette opeacuteration synoptique aux Formes elles-mecircmesthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspregardethinsplesthinspunsthinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinspthinsp

Or il y a au moins un platonicien qui a vu les Ideacutees de cette faccedilon agrave savoir comme des reacutealiteacutes qui si tant est qursquoelles existent existent agrave la faccedilon des par-ticuliersthinsp sensiblesthinspCethinsp platonicienthinsp estthinsp naturellementthinspAristotethinsp chezthinsp quithinsp lrsquoassi-milationthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspconstituethinsplethinsplevierthinspdesthinspreprochesthinspreacutecurrents qursquoil a formuleacutes agrave lrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Formes Plus preacuteciseacute-ment si lrsquoon distingue ndash non sans fondement quoique de maniegravere un peu scheacute-matiquethinspndashthinspdeuxthinspgrandesthinspfamillesthinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspdansthinsplathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdes Ideacutees agrave savoir ndash drsquoune part ndash les apories lieacutees agrave leur existence (lesquelles visent agrave saper le fondement de la doctrine qui srsquoavegravere degraves lors tout simplement incapablethinspdethinspdeacutemontrerthinspqursquoellethinspathinspunthinspobjet)thinspetthinspndashthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspndashthinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspmoinsthinspagravethinsplrsquoexistencethinspelle-mecircmethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspqursquoagravethinspleurthinsprelationthinspavecthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinsp(lesquellesthinspvisentthinspagravethinspabolirthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspfairethinspappelthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinsppourthinspexpliquerthinspquoi que ce soit en termes de participation preacutesence ou encore imitation des unesthinspparthinsprapportthinspauxthinspautres)25thinspilthinspestthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspplausiblethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfamille fait intervenir ndash agrave tous les coups ndash cette assimilation des Formes et des substancesthinspmateacuteriellesthinspIlthinspsrsquoagitthinspndashthinspautrementthinspditthinspndashthinspdethinsplathinspconditionthinspsuffisantethinsp(soitthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspsoitthinspsurthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspconsideacuterationsthinspquithinsp luithinspsontthinspsolidaires)thinsppourthinspfairethinspdeacuteraillerthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspAristotethinsppeutthinspdifficilementthinspecirctrethinspaccuseacutethinspdrsquoavoirthinspmacirccheacutethinspsesthinspmotsthinspthinspconcisthinspouithinspagravethinspsonthinspordinairethinspndashthinspobscurthinspnonthinsp

25thinspthinspOnthinspreacutesumerathinspcettethinspdistinctionthinspenthinspdeacutetournantthinspunthinspceacutelegravebrethinsptraitthinsppascalienthinsp(Penseacutees eacuted P SeLLier MercurethinspdethinspFrancethinspParisthinsp1976thinsppthinsp445thinsp[887])thinspthinsplaquothinspPlatonthinspincertainthinspetthinspinutilethinspraquothinsplaquothinspIncertainthinspraquothinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspilthinsppostulethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdontthinspilthinspnethinspparvientthinsppasthinspagravethinspprouverthinspqursquoellesthinspexistentthinspthinsplaquothinspinutilethinspraquothinsppuisquethinspmecircmethinspsithinspdethinsptellesthinspentiteacutesthinspexistentthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditthinspellesthinspnethinspcontribueraientthinsppasthinspgrand-chosethinspagravethinspnotrethinspgouvernethinspouthinspagravethinspnotrethinspconnaissancethinspduthinspmondethinspdrsquoici-basthinspPuisqursquoilsthinspeacutepousentthinspbienthinspauthinspniveauthinspde la division du travail exeacutegeacutetique cette dualiteacute rappelons deux textes de F Fronterotta qursquoon peut prendre comme points de repegravere macroscopiques au sein de la tregraves vaste litteacuterature secondaire (au sujet dethinsplaquellethinspcfthinsplesthinspindicationsthinspfourniesthinspplusthinspbasthinspnotethinsp32)thinspthinspF Fronterotta laquo ldquoLes Formes nrsquoexistent pasthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditrdquothinspLathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspF Pradeauthinsp(eacuted)thinspPlaton Les formes intelligiblesthinspPUFthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp129-154thinspetthinsplaquothinspLathinspcriticathinsparistotelicathinspallathinspfunzionethinspcausalethinspdelle Idee platoniche MetafisicathinspAthinsp9thinsp991athinsp8thinsp-thinsp991bthinsp9thinspraquothinspdansthinspF Fronterottathinsp(eacuted)thinspLa scienza e le cause a partire dalla Metafisica di Aristotele BibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp2010thinsppthinsp93-119thinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

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Selon un paradoxe qui nrsquoen est un qursquoen apparence ce qursquoAristote sanctionne chezthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsplethinspvicethinspreacutedhibitoirethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspagravethinspluithinsptoutthinspseulthinsplethinsprejetthinspdethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspenthinspquestionthinspndashthinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcethinspqursquoilthinspestthinspprecirctthinspagravethinspleurthinspaccorderthinspAutant dire le dilemme des partisans des Ideacutees est qursquoils ont tort et raison agrave la foisthinspetthinspndashthinspsurtoutthinspndashthinspqursquoilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspontthinspraisonthinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspλέγοντεςthinspτῇthinspμὲνthinspὀρθῶςthinspλέγουσιthinspχωρίζοντεςthinspαὐτάthinspεἴπερthinspοὐσίαιthinspεἰσίthinspτῇthinspδrsquothinspοὐκthinspὀρθῶςthinspὅτιthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspεἶδοςthinspλέγουσινthinsp[ceuxthinspquithinspdisentthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspontthinspraisonthinspet tort agrave la fois Ils ont raison de dire qursquoelles sont seacutepareacutees puisqursquoelles sont des substancesthinspthinspmaisthinspilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinspmultipli-citeacute]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp16thinsp1040bthinsp27-30)thinspOrthinspqursquoest-cethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspdire pourquoi au juste les partisans des Ideacutees ont drsquoun cocircteacute tort et de lrsquoautre raison Reacuteponse la conviction que poser lrsquoexistence de quelque chose ou ndash ce quithinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinsprevientthinspauthinspmecircmethinspndashthinspfairethinspdethinspquelquethinspchosesthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutequivautthinspagravethinspenthinspfairethinspunthinspparticulierthinspsensiblethinsp(peuthinspimportethinspalorsthinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspeacuteternelthinspou pas26)thinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinspauthinsp tourthinspdrsquoincantationthinsppregravesthinspndashthinspcrsquoestthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspfontthinspcommethinsplrsquoindiquethinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinsppassagethinspthinsplaquothinspαἴτιονthinspδrsquothinspὅτιthinspοὐκthinspἔχουσινthinspἀποδοῦναιthinspτίνεςthinspαἱthinspτοιαῦταιthinspοὐσίαιthinspαἱthinspἄφθαρτοιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspαἰσθητάςmiddotthinspποιοῦσινthinspοὖνthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspτῷthinspεἴδειthinspτοῖςthinspφθαρτοῖςthinsp(ταύταςthinspγὰρthinspἴσμεν)thinspαὐτοάνθρωπονthinspκαὶthinspαὐτόϊππονthinspπροστιθέντεςthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspτὸthinspῥῆμαthinspτὸthinspldquoαὐτόrdquothinsp[lathinspcausethinspltdethinspleurthinsperreurgtthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspsontthinspincapablesthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquethinspsontthinspdethinsptellesthinspsubstancesthinspincorruptiblesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspIlsthinspenthinspfontthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspspeacutecifiquementthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspcorruptiblesthinsp(celles-cithinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspsavonsthinspltcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontgt)thinspunthinspHommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspChevalthinspenthinspsoithinspenthinspajoutantthinspauxthinspltnomsthinspdesgtthinspchosesthinspsensiblesthinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquoenthinspsoirdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica Z

26 Aristotelis ethica nicomacheathinsp Ithinsp 6thinsp 1096athinsp 34thinsp -thinsp 1096bthinsp 5thinspthinsp laquothinspἀπορήσειεthinsp δrsquothinsp ἄνthinsp τιςthinsp τίthinsp ποτεthinsp καὶthinspβούλονταιthinspλέγεινthinspαὐτοέκαστονthinspεἴπερthinspἔνthinspτεthinspαὐτοανθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspεἷςthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspαὐτὸςthinspλόγοςthinspἐστὶνthinspὁthinspτοῦthinspἀνθρώπουthinspᾗthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωποςthinspοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσουσινmiddotthinspεἰthinspδrsquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὐδrsquothinspᾗthinspἀγαθόνthinspἀλλὰthinspμὴνthinspοὐδὲthinspτῷthinspἀίδιονthinspεἶναιthinspμᾶλλονthinspἀγαθὸνthinspἔσταιthinspεἴπερthinspμηδὲthinspλευκότερονthinspτὸthinspπολυχρόνιονthinspτοῦthinspἐφημέρουthinsp[R bodeacuteuumlS Aristote Eacutethique agrave Nicomaque Flammarion Paris 2004 p 61 on peut drsquoautre part se demander ce quethinsppeutthinspbienthinspvouloirthinspdirethinspenthinspdeacutefinitivethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquochosethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplrsquoldquohommethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspetthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinspdeacutefinissentthinspparthinspunethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspformulethinspcellethinspdethinsplrsquohommethinspCarthinspsithinsplrsquoonthinspconsidegraverethinsplathinspchose en tant qursquohomme cela ne fait aucune diffeacuterence Et dans ces conditions il nrsquoy a pas non plus agrave fairethinsplathinspdiffeacuterencethinspagravethinspproposthinspduthinspbienthinspsithinsponthinsplethinspconsidegraverethinspenthinsptantthinspquethinsptelthinspMaisthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspnonthinspplusthinspparcethinspqursquoilthinspseraitthinspeacuteternelthinspqursquounthinspbienthinspseraitthinspdavantagethinspunthinspbienthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspquithinspdurethinsplongtempsthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdavantagethinspcethinspqursquoellethinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspeacutepheacutemegravere]thinspraquothinsp

Leone Gazziero

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16thinsp1040bthinsp30-34)27thinspCethinspquithinspndashthinsptoutthinsparbitrairethinspetthinspgratuitthinspquethinspcethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleurs28 ndash est ineacutevitablethinsppourthinsppeuthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspveuillethinsppreacuteserverthinsplathinspnotionthinspelle-mecircmethinspdethinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspγάρthinspτιςthinspμὴthinspθήσειthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspεἶναιthinspκεχωρισμέναςthinspκαὶthinspτὸνthinspτρόπονthinspτοῦτονthinspὡςthinspλέγεταιthinspτὰthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἀναιρήσειthinspτὴνthinspοὐσίανthinspὡςthinspβουλόμεθαthinspλέγεινthinsp[sithinsponthinspnethinspposethinsppasthinspquethinsplesthinspsubstancesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinsponthinspditthinspquethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspparticuliersthinsplethinspsontthinsponthinspdeacutetruitthinsplathinspsubstancethinspauthinspsensthinspougravethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendons]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp10thinsp1086bthinsp16-19)29

SurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspcethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspAristotethinspdeacuteveloppethinsptoutethinspunethinspseacuteriethinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspagravethinsplrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Ideacutees allant de lrsquoaccusation de verser dans une erreur aussi grossiegravere que lrsquoanthropomorphisme religieux30thinspagravethinspcellethinspdethinspredoublerthinspsansthinspraisonthinsp

27thinspthinspAristotethinspstigmatisethinspvolontiersthinsplesthinspliberteacutesthinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspprennentthinspavecthinsplethinsplangagethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinsptournerthinsplathinspplupartthinspduthinsptempsthinspagravethinspvidethinspAussithinsplorsqursquoilthinspnethinspbalaiethinspleurthinspproposthinspcommethinspduthinspsimplethinspverbiagethinsp(cf Aristotelis ethica eudemia R R waLzer J M MinGaythinsp(eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1991thinspIthinsp8thinsp1217bthinsp19-21thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspδὲthinspδεῖthinspσυντόμωςthinspεἰπεῖνthinspπερὶthinspαὐτῶνthinspλέγομενthinspὅτιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspτὸthinspεἶναιthinspἰδέανthinspμὴthinspμόνονthinspἀγαθοῦthinspἀλλὰthinspκαὶthinspἄλλουthinspὁτουοῦνthinspλέγεταιthinspλογικῶςthinspκαὶthinspκενῶςthinsp[srsquoilthinspnousthinspestthinsppermisthinspdrsquoexprimerthinspicithinsptregravesthinspbriegravevementthinspnotrethinsppenseacuteethinspnousthinspdironsthinspqursquoaffirmerthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspunethinspIdeacuteethinspnonthinspseulementthinspduthinspbienthinspmaisthinspdethinsptoutthinspautrethinspchosethinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspparlerthinspetthinsptenirthinspdesthinspproposthinspvides]thinspraquo)thinspilthinsplesthinspaccusethinspdethinspsethinspcontenterthinspde meacutetaphores poeacutetiques (cf Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp991athinsp20-22thinsp[=thinspMthinsp5thinsp1079bthinsp24-27]thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspλέγεινthinspπαραδείγματαthinspαὐτὰthinsplt scilicetthinspτὰthinspεἴδηgtthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspμετέχεινthinspαὐτῶνthinspτἆλλαthinspκενολογεῖνthinspἐστὶthinspκαὶthinspμεταφορὰςthinspλέγεινthinspποιητικάςthinsp[direthinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspsontthinspdesthinspparadigmesthinspetthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspnethinsprienthinspdirethinspetthinspsethinsppayerthinspdethinspmeacutetaphoresthinsppoeacutetiques]thinspraquo)thinspthinsp ilthinsp leurthinspreprochethinspeacutegalement de srsquoamuser agrave changer de nom aux choses sans se preacuteoccuper de nous dire ce qursquoelles sont au juste (cf Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987bthinsp7-14thinspthinsplaquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὖνthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσεthinspτὰthinspδrsquothinspαἰσϑητὰthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspταῦταthinspλέγεσϑαιthinspπάνταthinspκατὰthinspμέϑεξινthinspγὰρthinspεἶναιthinspτὰthinspπολλὰthinspτῶνthinspσυνωνύμωνthinsp[ὁμώνυμα]thinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσινthinspτὴνthinspδὲthinspμέϑεξινthinspτοὔνομαthinspμόνονthinspμετέβαλενmiddotthinspοἱthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspΠυϑαγόρειοιthinspμιμήσειthinspτὰthinspὄνταthinspφασὶνthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspἀριϑμῶνthinspΠλάτωνthinspδὲthinspμεϑέξειthinspτοὔνομαthinspμεταβαλώνthinspτὴνthinspμέντοιthinspγεthinspμέϑεξινthinspἢthinspτὴνthinspμίμησινthinspἥτιςthinspἂνthinspεἴηthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἀφεῖσανthinspἐνthinspκοινῷthinspζητεῖνthinsp[aussithinspilthinspathinspappeleacutethinspldquoIdeacuteesrdquothinspdethinsptellesthinspchosesthinspetthinspilthinspathinspaffirmeacutethinspquethinsptousthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspenthinspsontthinspseacutepareacutesthinspetthinspqursquoilsthinspreccediloiventthinspdrsquoellesthinspleur nom En effet crsquoest en raison de leur participation aux Ideacutees que les plusieurs sont synonymes avec les Ideacutees Pour ce qui est de la participation Platon nrsquoa fait que changer le nom en effet les PythagoriciensthinspaffirmaientthinspquethinsplesthinspeacutetantsthinspsontthinspparthinspimitationthinspdesthinspnombresthinspPlatonthinspparthinspparticipationthinspenthinspchangeantthinsplethinspnomthinspCethinspquethinsplathinspparticipationthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinspouthinsplrsquoimitationthinsppeutthinspbienthinspecirctrethinspilsthinspontthinspenthinspcommunthinspdrsquoavoirthinspneacutegligeacutethinspdethinsplethinspchercher]thinspraquo)thinsp28thinspthinspPourthinspAristotethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspplusthinspdethinspraisonthinspdethinspseacuteparerthinsplesthinspuniversauxthinspquethinsplesthinspaccidentsthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐδεμίαthinspἀνάγκηthinspὑπολαμβάνεινthinspτιthinspεἶναιthinspτοῦτοthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspὅτιthinspἓνthinspδηλοῖthinspοὐδὲνthinspμᾶλλονthinspἢthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspἄλλωνthinspὅσαthinspμὴthinspτὶthinspσημαίνειthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιὸνthinspἢthinspπρόςthinspτιthinspἢthinspποιεῖνthinsp[ilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspplusthinspneacutecessairethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplrsquouniversel est quelque chose agrave part des choses individuelles car il indique quelque chose drsquounique que de le penser des autres choses qui ne sont pas quelque chose mais une qualiteacute une relation ou encorethinspunethinspaction]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis analytica posteriorathinspIthinsp24thinsp85bthinsp18-21)thinsp29 Cf Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp12thinsp1037bthinsp27thinspougravethinspilthinspestthinspquestionthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspὡςthinspφαμένthinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplaquothinspἡthinspοὐσίαthinspἕνthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὡςthinspφαμένthinsp[lathinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspcommethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinspetthinspdethinspconcret]thinspraquothinsp30 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12thinspthinsplaquothinspπολλαχῇthinspδὲthinspἐχόντωνthinspδυσκολίανthinspοὐθενὸςthinspἧττονthinspἄτοπονthinspτὸthinspφάναιthinspμὲνthinspεἶναίthinspτιναςthinspφύσειςthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspοὐρανῷthinspταύταςthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspφάναιthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspπλὴνthinspὅτιthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspἀΐδιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspφθαρτάthinspαὐτὸthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωπόνthinspφασινthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspἵππονthinspκαὶthinspὑγίειανthinspἄλλοthinspδrsquothinspοὐδένthinspπαραπλήσιονthinspποιοῦντεςthinspτοῖςthinspθεοὺςthinspμὲνthinspεἶναιthinspφάσκουσινthinspἀνθρωποειδεῖςthinspδέmiddotthinspοὔτεthinspγὰρthinspἐκεῖνοιthinspοὐδὲνthinspἄλλοthinspἐποίουνthinspἢthinspἀνθρώπουςthinspἀϊδίουςthinspοὔθrsquothinspοὗτοιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἄλλrsquothinspἢthinspαἰσθητὰthinspἀΐδιαthinsp(D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp[2008]thinsppthinsp308thinspthinspmecircmethinspsrsquoilsthinspltlesthinspplatoniciensgtthinspsontthinspdethinspplusieursthinspfaccedilonsthinspenthinspdifficulteacutethinsprienthinspdethinspplusthinspabsurdethinspquethinspdethinspdirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspcertainesthinspnaturesthinspenthinspplusthinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

134

lethinspmobilierthinspontologiquethinspduthinspmonde31 en passant par des travers meacutereacuteologiques qui rappellent drsquoassez pregraves ceux que lrsquoon rencontre deacutejagrave chez Platon32

Si nous avons passeacute en revue chacun de ces inconveacutenients33 nous nous sommes cependantthinsparrecircteacutesthinsptoutthinspspeacutecialementthinspsurthinsplrsquounthinspdrsquoentrethinspeuxthinsplrsquoargumentthinspqursquoAristotethinsp

dethinspcellesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinsplrsquouniversthinspmaisthinspenthinspdisantthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspsensiblesthinspsaufthinspquethinsplesthinspunesthinspsontthinspeacuteternellesthinsplesthinspautresthinspcorruptiblesthinspIlsthinspdisentthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspunthinsphommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspchevalthinsplten soigt une santeacute lten soigt sans rien dire drsquoautre en faisant agrave peu pregraves comme ceux qui disent qursquoil existe des dieux mais de forme humaine Ceux-ci ne faisaient rien drsquoautre que des hommes eacuteternels etthinsppourthinspceux-lagravethinsplesthinspformesthinspnethinspsontthinspquethinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspeacuteternels)thinspraquothinsp31 Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8thinsp(cfthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp34thinsp-thinsp1079athinsp4)thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτωνδὶthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἕτεραthinspτούτωνthinspἴσαthinspτὸνthinspἀριθμὸνthinspἐκόμισανthinspὥσπερthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἀριθμῆσαιthinspβουλόμενοςthinspἐλαττόνωνthinspμὲνthinspὄντωνthinspοἴοιτοthinspμὴthinspδυνήσεσθαιthinspπλείωthinspδὲthinspποιήσαςthinspἀριθμοίηthinspσχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspἴσαthinspἢthinspοὐκthinspἐλάττωthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἐστὶthinspτούτοιςthinspπερὶthinspὧνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἐκthinspτούτωνthinspἐπrsquothinspἐκεῖναthinspπροῆλθονthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspγὰρthinspὁμώνυμόνthinspτιthinspἐστιthinspκαὶthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspτῶνthinspτεthinspἄλλωνthinspἐστὶνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspἕνthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖσδεthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖςthinspἀιδίοιςthinsp[D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinsppthinsp306-307thinspthinspquantthinspagravethinspceuxthinspquithinspposentthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspcommethinspdesthinspcausesthinspdrsquoabordthinspenthinspcherchantthinspagravethinspsaisirthinsplesthinspcausesthinspdesthinspecirctresthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinspilsthinspenthinspontthinspintroduitthinspdrsquoautresthinspenthinspnombrethinspeacutegauxthinspagravethinspeuxthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspquethinspquelqursquounthinspqui voudrait compter des choses mais croirait ne pas pouvoir le faire parce qursquoil y en a peu et pour lesthinspcompterthinsplesthinsprendraitthinspplusthinspnombreusesthinspLesthinspFormesthinspenthinspeffetthinspsontthinspenthinspnombrethinsppresquethinspeacutegalesthinspouthinsppas infeacuterieures aux choses loin desquelles dans leur recherche des causes ils ont eacuteteacute jusque vers ellesthinspcarthinsppourthinspchaquethinspchosethinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquohomonymethinspmecircmethinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspetthinspdesthinspautres choses dont il y a uniteacute drsquoune multipliciteacute agrave la fois pour les choses qui nous entourent et pour cellesthinspquithinspsontthinspeacuteternelles]thinspraquothinsp32 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1039athinsp26thinsp-thinsp1039bthinsp2thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἵππῳthinspἤτοιthinspἓνthinspκαὶthinspταὐτὸνthinspτῷthinspἀριθμῷthinspἐστὶνthinspἢthinspἕτερονmiddotthinspτῷthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspλόγῳthinspδῆλονthinspὅτιthinspἕνmiddotthinspτὸνthinspγὰρthinspαὐτὸνthinspδιέξεισιthinspλόγονthinspὁthinspλέγωνthinspἐνthinspἑκατέρῳthinspεἰthinspοὖνthinspἐστίthinspτιςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspαὐτὸςthinspκαθrsquothinspαὑτὸνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspἀνάγκηthinspκαὶthinspἐξthinspὧνthinspοἷονthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspδίπουνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspκαὶthinspεἶναιthinspχωριστὰthinspκαὶthinspοὐσίαςmiddotthinspὥστεthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτὸthinspαὐτὸthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἵππῳthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspὥσπερthinspσὺthinspσαυτῷthinspπῶςthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspοὖσιthinspχωρὶςthinspἓνthinspἔσταιthinspκαὶthinspδιὰthinspτίthinspοὐthinspκαὶthinspχωρὶςthinspαὑτοῦthinspἔσταιthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspτοῦτοthinspthinsp[sithinsplesthinspFormesthinspexistentthinspetthinspquethinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspouthinspbienthinspilthinspserathinspnumeacuteri-quementthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspouthinspbienthinspdiffeacuterentthinspParthinsplrsquoargumentthinspquethinspvoicithinspilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspuniquethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinsponthinsplethinspdeacutefinitthinspauthinspmoyenthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspdeacutefinitionthinspSrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdoncthinspunthinsphommethinspquithinspestthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinsppourthinsplui-mecircmethinspunthinspcecithinspetthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspneacutecessairementthinspquethinspcethinspquithinsplethinspconstituethinsplrsquoanimalthinspetthinsplethinspbipegravedethinspparthinspexemplethinspsoientthinspaussithinspunthinspcecithinspqursquoilsthinspsoientthinspdesthinspchosesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspOrthinspsithinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspetthinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspestthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspcommethinsptuthinsplrsquoesthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinsptoi-mecircmethinspcommentthinsppourra-t-ilthinspdemeurerthinspuniquethinspdansthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspquithinspsontthinspagravethinsppartthinspltlesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautresgtthinspetthinsppourquoithinspcetthinspanimalthinspnethinspsera-t-ilthinsppasthinspseacutepareacutethinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsp]thinspraquo33thinspthinspDethinspmecircmethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspeacutetudieacutethinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspplusthinspponctuellesthinspqursquoAristotethinspassociethinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfamilles drsquoarguments en faveur de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees dans le reacutequisitoire qursquoon peut lire ndash agrave quelques variations mineures pregraves ndash dans les livres A et M des MeacutetaphysiquesthinspenthinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp8-15thinspetthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp4-9thinsprespectivementthinsp(laquothinspἔτιthinspδὲthinspκαϑrsquothinspοὓςthinspτρόπουςthinspδείκνυμενthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκατrsquoοὐϑέναthinspφαίνεταιthinspτούτωνmiddotthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspοὐκthinspἀνάγκηthinspγίγνεσϑαιthinspσυλλογισμόνthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspοὐχthinspὧνthinspοἰόμεϑαthinspτούτωνthinspεἴδηthinspγίγνεταιthinspκατάthinspτεthinspγὰρthinspτοὺςthinspλόγουςthinspτοὺςthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἐπιστημῶνthinspεἴδηthinspἔσταιthinspπάντωνthinspὅσωνthinspἐπιστῆμαιthinspεἰσίthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀποφάσεωνthinspκατὰthinspδὲthinspτὸthinspνοεῖνthinspτιthinspφϑαρέντοςthinspτῶνthinspφϑαρτῶνmiddotthinspφάντασμαthinspγάρthinspτιthinspτούτωνthinspἔστινthinsp[dethinspplusthinspdrsquoaucunethinspdesthinspmaniegraveresthinspdontthinspnousthinspentreprenonsthinspdethinsplethinspprouverthinspnethinspreacutesultethinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinspeffetthinspdansthinspcertainsthinspcasthinsplethinspsyllogismethinspnethinspsrsquoensuitthinsppasthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspneacutecessairethinspthinspdansthinspdrsquoautresthinspcasthinspenthinsprevanchethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspmecircmethinsppourthinspdesthinspchosesthinsppourthinsplesquellesthinspnousthinsppensonsthinspqursquoil nrsquoy en a pas des arguments agrave partir des sciences qursquoil y a des Ideacutees de tout ce dont il y a des sciencesthinspthinspltdesthinspargumentsgtthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspltqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesgtthinspmecircmethinspdethinspneacutegationsthinspthinspetthinspltdesthinspargumentsgt agrave partir de la penseacutee de quelque chose apregraves sa corruption ltqursquoil y a des Ideacuteesgt drsquoentiteacutes

Leone Gazziero

135

lethinsppremierthinspndashthinspsansthinspenthinspattribuerthinsplathinsppaterniteacutethinspagravethinsppersonnethinsp(pasthinspplusthinspagravethinspsesthinsppreacutedeacuteces-seursthinspouthinspagravethinspsesthinspcontemporainsthinspqursquoagravethinsplui-mecircme)thinspndashthinspathinspappeleacutethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo34 Cela pour au moins deux raisons En premier lieu il y a tout sujet de croirethinspqursquoAristotethinspdevaitthinsplethinsptenirthinsppourthinspunethinspobjectionthinspassezthinspformidablethinspagravethinsplrsquoencontrethinspdethinsplathinsppromotionthinspdesthinsppreacutedicatsthinspuniverselsthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancesthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinspvuthinsplethinsptraitthinspquithinspndashthinsppourthinspAristotethinspndashthinspfaitthinsplathinspspeacutecificiteacutethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacutees)thinspCrsquoestthinspenthinsptoutthinspeacutetatthinspdethinspcausethinsplethinspspectrethinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspseulthinspqursquoAristotethinspagitethinsplorsqursquoilthinspeacutevoquethinspndashthinspenthinspblocthinspndashthinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdontthinspagravethinspsonthinspavisthinspsrsquoencombrethinsplrsquohypothegravese des Formes (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu la conviction que si les Ideacutees existent elles existent agrave la maniegravere desthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspnonthinspseulementthinspjouethinspunthinsprocirclethinspcapitalthinspdansthinsplrsquoeacuteconomiethinspdethinsplrsquoargument tel que nous pouvons le reconstruire agrave partir des diffeacuterentes sources qui nous lrsquoont transmis35 mais encore elle constitue la cleacute pour reacutesoudre un puzzle

quithinspontthinsppeacuterithinsp(puisqursquoilthinspenthinspexistethinspunethinspcertainethinspimage)]thinspraquo)thinspUnethinspbibliographiethinspdethinspquelquethinsptroisthinspcentsthinsptitresthinspspeacutecialement consacreacutee agrave la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees dans les lieux parallegraveles des livres A et M des Meacutetaphysiquesthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspdistribueacuteethinspetthinsp(dansthinspsathinspversionthinspalphabeacutetique)thinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspconsulteacuteethinsponlinethinspagravethinsplrsquoadressethinspthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir2808files201509BibliogrSept2015pdfthinsp34 Au sujet de lrsquohistoire de lrsquoargument qursquoil nous soit permis de renvoyer agrave L Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinsp(citeacutethinspnotethinsp14)thinsppourthinspsathinsppreacutehistoirethinspplatoniciennethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquothinspldquoκαὶthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςrdquothinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspProleacutegomegravenesthinspagravethinspunethinsphistoirethinspanciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspraquothinspRhizai 7 2010 p 181-220 pour son utilisationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquo ldquoEt quoniam est quis tertius homordquothinspArgumentthinspexeacutegegravesethinspcontresens dans la litteacuterature latine apparenteacutee aux Sophistici elenchithinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspArchives drsquohistoire doctrinale et litteacuteraire du Moyen Age 80 2013 p 7-48 pour ses transformations aux mains des commentateursthinspdethinsplanguethinspetthinspculturethinsplatinethinspPourthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspdesthinspcommentateursthinspdethinsplrsquoAntiquiteacutethinsptardivethinspcfthinspD huntthinsplaquothinspPlotinusthinspMeetsthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspJ CLearythinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Perennial Tradition of NeoplatonismthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinsp1997thinsppthinsp119-132thinspthinspJ oPSoMerthinsplaquothinspSyrianusthinsponthinspHomonymythinspandthinspFormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspvan rieL C MaCeacute et L van CaMPethinsp(eacuted)thinspPlatonic Ideas and Concept Formation in Ancient and Medieval ThoughtthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinspLouvainthinsp2004thinsppthinsp31-50thinspetthinspLthinspP GerSon laquothinspProclusthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspEacutetudes platoniciennesthinsp8thinsp(2011)thinsppthinsp105-11835thinspthinspCommethinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinsplonguementthinspexpliqueacutethinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinsplathinspseacuteancethinspduthinsp16thinspmarsthinsp2015thinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspestthinspunthinspexcellentthinspcasthinspdrsquoeacutetudethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoonthinspsethinsptournethinspversthinspdesthinspsourcesthinspsemi-canoniquesthinspafinthinspdethinspreconstituerthinspdesthinspfaitsthinspdethinspdiscoursthinspplusthinspouthinspmoinsthinspradicalementthinspindisponiblesthinspdansthinspleurthinspversionthinsporiginalethinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspmecircmethinspsithinspsonthinspcasthinspparaicirctthinspndashthinspagravethinsppremiegraverethinspvuethinspndashthinspmoinsthinspdeacutesespeacutereacutethinspquethinspceluithinspdrsquoautresthinsppiegravecesthinspdethinsplrsquoAristotethinspperduthinspetthinspmecircmethinspsithinspndashthinspagravethinspcoupthinspsucircrthinspndashthinspsathinspsituationthinspphilologiquethinspsrsquoestthinspconsideacuterablementthinspameacutelioreacutee depuis quelques anneacutees (parmi les progregraves il faut au moins signaler la nouvelle eacutedition critiquethinspdesthinspquelquesthinsppagesthinspdrsquointeacuterecirctthinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauxthinspMeacutetaphysiques drsquoAristotethinspquethinspD harLFinGerthinspnousthinspathinspoffertethinspenthinsp1975thinspthinsponthinspsignalerathinspeacutegalementthinspquethinsplathinspquestionthinspdesthinspdeuxthinsp recensionsthinspdansthinsp lesquellesthinspcesthinspmecircmesthinsppagesthinspnousthinspseraientthinspparvenuesthinspndashthinsp toutthinsp reacutecemmentthinspndashthinspathinspbeacuteneacuteficieacutethinspdesthinsplumiegraveresthinspdethinspP GoLitSiS laquo La recensio altera du Commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave la Meacutetaphysique drsquoAristotethinspetthinsplethinspteacutemoignagethinspdesthinspmanuscritsthinspbyzantinsthinspLaurentianus plut 8712 et Ambrosianus F113thinspsupthinspraquothinspdansthinspJ SiGneS Codontildeer et I Peacuterez Martinthinsp(eacuted)thinspTextual Transmission in Byzantium Between Textual Criticism and Quellenforschung Brepols Turnhout 2014 p 199-230 ainsi que de celles de L CaLvieacutethinsp laquothinspAgravethinsp proposthinsp dethinsp lrsquoeacuteditionthinspHayduckthinsp duthinspCommentairethinsp drsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodise agrave la MeacutetaphysiquethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspouthinspconsulterthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir565files201409Article-LCalvieacute-2e-edpdf)thinspIlthinspnrsquoenthinsprestethinsppasthinspmoinsthinspquethinsptoutthinspeffortthinspdethinsprestitutionthinspduthinsptraiteacutethinspperduthinspdrsquoAristotethinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspougravethinsponthinsppeutthinsplirethinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspdethinsplointhinsplethinspplusthinspinformatifthinspndashthinspdoitthinspsethinspconfronterthinspagravethinspunethinspeacutequationthinspagravethinspplusieursthinspvariablesthinspLethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspestthinspunthinsptextethinspqui ne nous est parvenu qursquoagrave travers la tradition indirecte et dont la vocation ndash pour autant qursquoelle se

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

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exeacutegeacutetique agrave la fois ancien et tenace agrave savoir pour autant que lrsquoon a affaire agrave un seul etthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinspnousthinsppouvonsthinspremonterthinspdansthinsplethinsptempsthinspne fait pas lrsquounanimiteacute ndash comment se fait-il qursquoAristote tantocirct lrsquoutilise pour reacutefuter les philosophes des Ideacutees tantocirct le rejette sous preacutetexte qursquoil srsquoagit drsquoun argument fallacieux36thinspthinspLethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspdansthinsplequelthinspnousthinspavonsthinspidentifieacutethinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspmotifsthinsppro-fonds de lrsquoantiplatonisme drsquoAristote ndash agrave savoir la particularisation existentielle des universauxthinspndashthinsppermetthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquithinspentraicircnethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspetthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinsplrsquoeacuteviterthinspMecircmethinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvirtuellementthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspcomprendrethinsplethinspfonctionnementthinspexactthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspsesthinspraresthinspoccurrencesthinspdansthinsp

laissethinspentrevoirthinspndashthinspeacutetaitthinspdethinsptraiterthinspdrsquounethinspdoctrinethinspcellethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspcœurthinspdrsquounthinspdeacutebatthinspquithinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplethinsppreacutecegravedethinspetthinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspaffecteacutethinspAucunethinspdethinspcesthinspvariablethinspnethinspsethinsplaissethinsptraiterthinspcommethinspunethinspsimplethinspvariablethinspdrsquoajustement et elles sont qui plus est lieacutees entre elles Si on distingue donc ndash avec les speacutecialistes de lrsquoecdotique (on se reacutefeacuterera en particulier agrave un texte de J iriGointhinspthinsplaquothinspLathinspcritiquethinspdesthinsptextesthinspdoitthinspecirctrethinsphistoriquethinspraquothinspdansthinspE FLoreSthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa critica testuale greco-latina oggi Metodi e problemi Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 29-31 ottobre 1979)thinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1981thinsppthinsp27-43)thinspndashthinsptrois eacutetapes fondamentales dans la reconstitution drsquoun texte la recensio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la collecte de toutesthinsp lesthinspsourcesthinspmanuscritesthinspdisponiblesthinsp(etthinspeacuteventuellementthinspdesthinspsourcesthinsp imprimeacutees)thinspdirectesthinspetthinspindirectes)thinsp lathinspcollatio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la comparaison des reacutesultats de la recensiothinsp afinthinspdrsquoobtenirthinspunethinspimagethinspaussithinspfidegravelethinspquethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspenthinspremontantthinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinsppossiblethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacuteterminationthinspdesthinspfamillesthinspdethinspmanuscritsthinspetthinspdethinspleurthinspplusthinspprochethinspancecirctresthinspcommuns)thinspetthinsplathinspdivinatio (lrsquoeacutetablissementthinspduthinsptextethinsplethinspplusthinspprochethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplrsquooriginal)thinsponthinspconviendrathinspquethinspcettethinspderniegraverethinspportethinspparticuliegraverementthinspbienthinspsonthinspnomthinsppuisquethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsplathinsprestitutionthinspdethinsptoutthinspunthinsppanthinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspnethinspnousthinsppermetthinsppasthinspdethinspreacuteglerthinspndashthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspndashthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdethinspsavoirthinspauthinspjustethinspquithinspa eacutecrit quoi Il faut se reacutesigner agrave une eacutevidence pour autant que le traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote est concerneacute mecircmethinsplethinspmeilleurthinsptextethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdemeurethinsprelativementthinspopaquethinspaussithinsplongtempsthinspduthinspmoinsthinspquethinsplrsquoon nrsquoa pas deacutetermineacute de quelle maniegravere il a travailleacute la matiegravere aristoteacutelicienne dont il srsquoest inspireacute et qursquoil a importeacutee dans son commentaire Autrement dit la question se pose de savoir si nous avons affairethinspagravethinspunethinspcollectionthinspdethinspfragmentsthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspdesthinspempruntsthinspponctuelsthinspouthinspdesthinspcitations)thinspouthinspbienthinspsithinspAlexandre a proceacutedeacute agrave une reformulation paraphrastique (en gros une transposition plus ou moins fidegravelethinspdethinspcethinspqursquoilthinsplisaitthinspdansthinsplethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspsonthinspdernierthinsplecteurthinspdethinsppremiegraverethinspmain)thinspOrthinspdeuxthinspdifficulteacutesthinspmajeuresthinspfontthinspobstaclethinspagravethinspcettethinspentreprisethinspLathinsppremiegraverethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspqursquoAlexandrethinspsethinsptrouve en situation de teacutemoin unique ce que nous connaissons du traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote sur les Ideacutees nous le tenons pour lrsquoessentiel drsquoAlexandre dans la mesure ougrave les quelques mentions eacuteparses dans la litteacuterature posteacuterieure deacutependent de son commentaire au livre Alpha meizocircn des Meacutetaphysiques Son maniementthinspappellethinspdoncthinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinsppreacutecautionsthinspthinspcethinspquethinspnousthinsplisonsthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspsinonthinspremanieacutethinspduthinspmoins reacuteorganiseacute dans une mesure et selon des modaliteacutes qui eacutetaient agrave la seule discreacutetion drsquoAlexandre etthinspquethinspnousthinspnethinsppouvonsthinsppasthinspappreacutecierthinspindeacutependammentthinspdethinspsonthinsptravailthinspLathinspdeuxiegravemethinspdifficulteacutethinsptientthinspauthinspfait que la langue drsquoAlexandre ne preacutesente pas de ceacutesures stylistiques ou de solutions de continuiteacute lexicales qui permettraient de deacuteterminer ougrave il ferait œuvre de compilateur et ougrave au contraire il fait œuvrethinspdrsquointerpregravetethinspDethinspfaitthinspagravethinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinsp(maisthinspaussithinspagravethinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspouthinspagravethinspunethinsptroisiegraveme)thinsponthinspsethinsprendrathinspagravethinspunethinspautrethinspeacutevidencethinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppartoutthinsplathinspprosethinspetthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspmecircmethinsplagravethinspougravethinspndashthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspaveuthinsp(commethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsppreacuteciseacutement)thinspndashthinsponthinsppeutthinspsrsquoattendrethinspagravethinspqursquoil suive de plus pregraves sa source 36thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy p 290 formule ce dilemme agrave peu pregraves dansthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinsptermesthinspUnthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquointerpregravetesthinspythinspontthinspvuthinsplrsquoindicethinspdrsquounethinspambivalencethinspdrsquoAristotethinspagrave son eacutegard (cf L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspVrin-PressesthinspdethinsplrsquoUniversiteacutethinspLavalthinspParis-Montreacutealthinsp1995thinsppthinsp360)thinspthinspdrsquoautresthinsplrsquoontthinsppristhinspassezthinspauthinspseacuterieuxthinsppourthinspexclurethinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspsrsquoagirthinspeffectivementthinspduthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspdontthinspAristotethinspferaitthinspunthinspusagethinspopportunistethinsp(cfthinspEthinspVthinspdi LaSCio laquo Third Man The Logic of the Sophism at Arist SEthinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinspraquothinspTopoithinsp23thinsp[2004]thinsppthinsp41)thinsp

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137

le corpus aristoteacutelicien37thinspcelathinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspeacutetablithinspsansthinspavoirthinsprecoursthinspauxthinspsourcesthinsppos-teacuterieuresthinspauxquellesthinsponthinspestthinspobligeacutethinspdrsquoemprunterthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspcanonique38 Crsquoest ce qui ressort de deux lieux du corpus aristoteacutelicien agrave savoir le chapitre 13 du livre ZecirctathinspdesthinspMeacutetaphysiques et le chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiques auxquels nous avons consacreacute deux lectures micrologiques dont nous ne reportons de suite que les conclusions39

37 Aristote nrsquoen donne nulle part un exposeacute un tant soit peu deacutetailleacute se contentant plutocirct de lrsquoeacutevoquer sousthinsplrsquointituleacutethinspquithinsplethinsprendrathinspceacutelegravebrethinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp15-17thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1039athinsp2-3thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp12-13)thinspouthinspbienthinspdrsquoenthinsprappelerthinsplathinspconclusionthinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36)thinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdrsquounethinsppassethinspargumentativethinspbienthinspconnuethinsp(cethinspquithinspdevaitthinspdrsquoailleursthinspecirctrethinsplethinspcas)thinsp38thinspthinspCetthinspexposeacutethinspsethinsplitthinspdansthinsplathinsppagethinspceacutelegravebrethinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauthinsppremierthinsplivrethinspdes MeacutetaphysiquesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspagravethinsplaquellethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspfairethinspallusionthinspthinsplaquothinspδείκνυταιthinspκαὶthinspοὕτωςthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινωνthinspπλειόνωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκαὶthinspἔστινthinspἄλλοthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspαὐτῶνthinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspἡγοῦνταιthinspδεικνύναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιmiddotthinspδιὰthinspτοῦτοthinspγάρthinspἐστίthinspτιthinspαὐτοάνθρωποςthinsp κατrsquothinsp αὐτούςthinsp ὅτιthinsp ὁthinsp ἄνθρωποςthinsp κατὰthinsp τῶνthinsp καθrsquothinsp ἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspπλειόνωνthinsp ὄντωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspἄλλοςthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspἐστίν)thinspndashthinspἀλλrsquothinspεἰthinspτοῦτοthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοςthinspὁthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspκατrsquothinspἰδίανthinspὑφεστώςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspδὲthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspπαράthinspτεthinspτὸνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspτὴνthinspἰδέανthinspοὕτωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspτέταρτοςthinspὁthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτούτουthinspκαὶthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὁμοίωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspπέμπτοςthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspἐπrsquothinspἄπειρονthinsp[onthinspprouvethinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspaussi de cette maniegravere si ce qui se preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute de plusieurs est aussi autre que ceux dont il se preacutedique seacutepareacute de ceux-ci (voilagrave ce que pensent prouver ceux qui posent les Ideacutees la raison pourthinsp laquellethinspenthinspeffetthinsp ilthinspythinspathinsppourthinspeuxthinspquelquethinspchosethinspquithinspestthinsp lrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspcrsquoestthinspquethinsp lrsquohommethinspse preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute des hommes particuliers qui sont plusieurs et il est autre que les hommes particuliers)thinspndashthinspmaisthinspsrsquoilthinspenthinspestthinspainsithinspilthinspythinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspSithinspenthinspeffetthinsplrsquohommethinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsppreacutediquethinspestthinspautrethinspquethinspceuxthinspdontthinspilthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspsubsistethinspenthinspproprethinspsithinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspilthinspythinspathinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspagravethinsppartthinspduthinspparticulier et de lrsquoIdeacutee Ainsi qursquoil y en aura un quatriegraveme qui se preacutedique de celui-ci de lrsquoIdeacutee et des particuliersthinspthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquounthinspcinquiegravemethinspetthinspcelathinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis de ideis fragmentathinsp(=thinspAlexandri in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria)thinsp8421thinsp-thinsp853)thinspLethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspillustrethinspagravethinsplathinspperfectionthinspla situation hermeacuteneutique que nous venons drsquoeacutevoquer ougrave le recours agrave la tradition indirecte est agrave la foisthinspineacutevitablethinspetthinsppassablementthinspdeacutelicatthinspDrsquounethinsppartthinspAlexandrethinspsignalethinspexplicitementthinspqursquoilthinspreportethinsplathinspversionthinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinsptellethinspqursquoAristotethinspsrsquoenthinspestthinspservithinspdansthinsplethinsppremierthinsplivrethinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsp(8511-12thinspthinsplaquothinspτῇthinspδὲthinspτελευταίᾳthinspαὐτὸςthinspἔνthinspτεthinspτῷthinspπρώτῳthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspraquo)thinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspilthinspestthinsphautementthinspimprobablethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspenthinsptrainthinspdethinsptranscrirethinspunthinspsegmentthinspduthinsptextethinspdrsquoAristotethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdethinsplethinspparaphraserthinspCethinspquethinsptrahitthinsplrsquoutilisationthinspdethinspcertainsthinsptermesthinsptelsthinspὑπόστασιςthinspetthinspὑφίστημιthinspNousthinspavonsthinspobserveacutethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoacceptionthinspdrsquoexistencethinspetthinspdrsquoexisterthinsprequisethinspparthinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspnithinsplrsquounthinsp(ὑπόστασις)thinspnithinsplrsquoautrethinsp(ὑφίστημι)thinspnethinspsontthinspattesteacutesthinspchezthinspAristotethinspquithinsplesthinsputilisethinspplutocirctthinspdansthinspunthinspsensthinsplocalthinsp(ὑφίστημιthinspindiquethinsple fait de se tenir au-dessous comme dans Aristotelis de caelo P Morauxthinsp(eacuted)thinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1965thinspIthinsp3thinsp269bthinsp24-25)thinspouthinspphysiologiquethinsp(ὑπόστασιςthinspsignifiethinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspreacutesiduthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspseacutedimentthinspraquothinspcomme dans Aristotelis de generatione animaliumthinspHthinspJ droSSaart LuLoFS (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1965thinspIthinsp18thinsp726athinsp21thinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspstationthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspposturethinspraquothinspcommethinspdansthinspAristotelis de partibus animaliumthinsp1956thinspIthinsp2thinsp647bthinsp28)39 Les deux lectures (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp23thinspetthinspAristotelis Sophistici elenchi 22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspontthinspeacuteteacutethinsppreacuteceacutedeacuteesthinspparthinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspeacutetudethinsplexicographiquethinsp(nousthinspavonsthinspeacutevoqueacutethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspplusthinsphautthinspcfthinspnotethinsp3)thinspconsacreacuteethinspauthinspvocabulairethinspquethinspcesthinsptextesthinsppartagentthinsp(etthinspauxthinspquelquesthinsposcillationsthinspqursquoilthinsppreacutesente)thinspEnthinspplusthinspdrsquoexpressionsthinspplusthinspprobleacutematiquesthinsp(commethinsplethinspτόδεthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinsppeutthinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspdeacutesignerthinspunethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle)thinspnousthinspavonsthinspsurtoutthinspexploreacutethinsplrsquooppositionthinspentrethinspcethinspqursquoAristotethinspappellethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(outhinspποιόνthinspτι)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspnousthinspontthinspsurtoutthinspaideacutesthinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinspnotrethinspreconnaissance J kunGthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspThisesthinspSuchesthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspArgumentthinspraquothinspPhronesis 26 (1981)thinsppthinsp207-247thinspetthinspS ebbeSen laquo Hoc aliquid - Quale quidthinspandthinspthethinspSignificationthinspofthinspAppellativesthinspraquothinsp

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Qursquoest-cethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspauthinspjustethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAuthinspboutthinspdrsquounthinspassezthinsplongthinspraisonnement40thinsplathinspconclusionthinspqursquoAristotethinsptirethinspestthinspcateacutegoriquethinsp(φανερὸνthinspὅτιthinspκτλ)thinspSeacuteparer lrsquouniversel crsquoest-agrave-dire le traiter comme quelque chose qui existe de plein exercicethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstarthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspparticuliegraveresthinsprevientthinspagravethinspsrsquoembarrasserthinspdethinsptoutesthinspsortesthinsp drsquoinconveacutenientsthinspthinsp laquothinspφανερὸνthinspὅτιthinsp οὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinspκαὶthinspὅτιthinspοὐδὲνthinspσημαίνειthinspτῶνthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορουμένωνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspἀλλὰthinspτοιόνδεthinspεἰthinspδὲthinspμήthinspἄλλαthinspτεthinspπολλὰthinspσυμβαίνειthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsp[ilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoaucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspnethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspmaisthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinsptelthinspouthinsptelthinspDansthinsplethinspcasthinspcontrairethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspbeaucoupthinspltdrsquoinconveacutenientsgtthinspnotammentthinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis meta-physicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)41 Quelle que soit la force que lrsquoon accorde agrave lrsquoargumentthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspreposethinspultimementthinspsurthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspjuxtaposerthinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspauthinspseinthinspdrsquounethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspmultipliciteacutethinspdontthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspviendraitthinspconstituerthinsplrsquouniteacutethinspauthinspmecircmethinsptitrethinspquethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdrsquohomme constituait lrsquouniteacute de la multipliciteacute des hommes particuliers Autrement ditthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsprequiertthinspquethinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinsp

Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

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Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman 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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

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de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 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rienthinspdethinspbienthinspeacutetonnantthinspCethinspquithinspeacutetonneraitthinspSocratethinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspdethinspfaitthinspvathinsplrsquoeacutetonnerthinspdansthinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinspdialoguethinspndashthinspcethinspseraitthinspplutocirctthinspdethinspretrouverthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinspcontradictions que tout un chacun peut constater au niveau du monde de lrsquoexpeacuterience Crsquoestthinsplethinspsensthinspduthinspdeacutefithinspqursquoilthinsplancethinspndashthinspenthinsp129ethinsp3thinsp-130athinsp2thinspndashthinspavantthinspdethinspceacutederthinsplathinspparolethinspauthinsppersonnagethinspquithinspdonnethinspauthinspdialoguethinspsonthinsptitrethinspthinsplaquothinspταῦταthinspδὲthinspἀνδρείωςthinspμὲνthinspπάνυthinspἡγοῦμαιthinspπεπραγματεῦσθαιmiddotthinspπολὺthinspμεντἂνthinspὧδεthinspμᾶλλονthinspὡςthinspλέγωthinspἀγασθείηνthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἔχοιthinspτὴνthinspαὐτὴνthinspταύτηνthinspἀπορίανthinspἐνthinspαὐτοῖςthinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσιthinsp[130a]thinspπαντοδαπῶςthinspπλεκομένηνthinspὥσπερthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspὁρωμένοιςthinspδιήλθετεthinspοὕτωςthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspλογισμῷthinspλαμβανομένοιςthinspἐπιδεῖξαιthinsp[L Brisson Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ton argumentation tu la conduis avec unethinspbellethinspetthinspmacirclethinspvigueurthinspmaisthinspavecthinspcombienthinspplusthinspdethinspplaisirthinspencorethinspjethinsplethinspreacutepegravetethinspjrsquoapplaudiraisthinspceluithinspquithinspsauraitthinspmontrerthinspcommentthinspcettethinspmecircmethinspdifficulteacutethinspsethinspretrouvethinspentrelaceacuteethinspdethinsptoutethinspsortethinspdethinspfaccedilonsthinspauthinspniveauthinspmecircmethinspdesthinspFormesthinspetthinspquithinspdeacutemontreraitthinspquethinspcettethinspdifficulteacutethinspquethinspvousthinspParmeacutenidethinspetthinsptoithinspZeacutenonthinspavezthinspdeacutecritethinspenthinspdeacutetailthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspvisiblesthinspsethinspmanifestethinspaussithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspauthinspniveauthinspdesthinspobjetsthinspquethinspsaisitthinsplathinspraison]thinspraquothinspOrthinspParmeacutenidethinsprelegravevethinsplethinspdeacutefithinspdethinspSocratethinspetthinspfaitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspce que celui-ci sommait Zeacutenon drsquoaccomplir agrave savoir faire remonter au niveau des Ideacutees les paradoxes qursquoil pensait avoir circonscrits au domaine des particuliers sensibles20thinspCelathinspsethinsptraduitthinspparthinspunethinspbatteriethinspdethinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinspParmeacutenidethinspsoulegravevethinspetthinspquithinsppartagentthinspunthinspmecircmethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspDethinspfaitthinspcethinspquithinspconfegraverethinspagravethinspcesthinspaporiesthinspleurthinspallurethinspcontraignantethinspetthinspplusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquithinspleurthinspassurethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspformuleacuteesthinspdansthinspdesthinsptermesthinspquithinsprendentthinspleurthinspsolutionthinspimpossiblethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspquethinsptoutthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspqursquoelles soient des individus mateacuteriels les Formes sont traiteacutees agrave leur tour comme desthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspphysiquesthinspToutthinspcommethinspcelles-cithinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspnithinspecirctrethinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdrsquoelles-mecircmesthinspnithinspsethinsptrouverthinspenthinspmecircmethinsptempsthinspenthinspplusieursthinspendroitsthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquoellesthinspnethinspsauraientthinspecirctrethinspcommunesthinspauxthinspplusieursthinspsinonthinspagravethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdrsquounthinsptoutthinspcorporelthinspdontthinspchacunthinsppossegravederaitthinspalternativementthinsplrsquointeacutegraliteacutethinspouthinspunethinsppartiethinspthinspellesthinsppeuventthinspenthinsprevanchethinspecirctrethinspcompteacuteesthinspenthinspplusthinspetthinspagravethinspcocircteacutethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspleurthinspressemblerthinspetthinspsethinspressemblerthinspentrethinspellesthinspetcthinsp

plusieursthinspmembresthinsptoutthinspcommethinspilthinspapparaicirctthinspdiffeacuterentthinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspobservethinspquethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspdroitthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspgauchethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinsplethinspmecircmethinspsithinsponthinsplethinspregardethinspdethinspfrontthinspouthinspdethinspdosthinspetcthinsp20 Le point de deacutepart de ce tour de force dialectique est un deuxiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacuteesthinspdontthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspestthinsptregravesthinspsignificatifthinspenthinspcethinspqursquoilthinspintroduitthinsplethinspregistrethinspdethinsplathinspseacuteparationthinsp(Formesthinspetthinspparticuliersthinspsontthinspχωρίςthinspagravethinsppartthinsplesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautres)thinspthinsplaquothinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspκαίthinspμοιthinspεἰπέthinspαὐτὸςthinspσὺthinspοὕτωthinspδιῄρησαιthinspὡςthinspλέγειςthinspχωρὶςthinspμὲνthinspεἴδηthinspαὐτὰthinspἄτταthinspχωρὶςthinspδὲthinspτὰthinspτούτωνthinspαὖthinspμετέχονταthinspthinspκαίthinspτίthinspσοιthinspδοκεῖthinspεἶναιthinspαὐτὴthinspὁμοιότηςthinspχωρὶςthinspἧςthinspἡμεῖςthinspὁμοιότητοςthinspἔχομενthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspδὴthinspκαὶthinspπολλὰthinspκαὶthinspπάνταthinspὅσαthinspνυνδὴthinspΖήνωνοςthinspἤκουεςthinspthinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspἔμοιγεthinspφάναιthinspτὸνthinspΣωκράτηthinsp[L briSSon Platon Parmeacutenide p 92 ltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspetthinspdis-moithinspas-tuthinspfaitthinsptoi-mecircmethinsplathinspdistinctionthinspdontthinsptuthinspparlesthinspmettantthinspdrsquounthinspcocircteacutethinspcethinspquethinsptuthinspappellesthinsplesthinspFormesthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinspdrsquounthinspautrethinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinspchosesthinspquithinspenthinspparticipentthinspthinspEtthinsptethinspsemble-t-ilthinspqursquoilthinspythinspaitthinspunethinspRessemblancethinspenthinspsoithinspdistinctethinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspenthinspnousthinspetthinspqursquoilthinspenthinspvathinspdethinspmecircmethinsppourthinsplrsquoUniteacutethinsppourthinsplathinspPluraliteacutethinspetthinsppourthinsptoutesthinsplesthinspchosesthinspquethinspZeacutenonthinspvientthinspdrsquoeacutevoquerthinspthinspltSocratethinspgtthinspenthinspcethinspquithinspmethinspconcernethinsp jethinsp lethinsp reconnaisthinsp reacuteponditthinspSocrate]thinspraquothinsp (Platonis Parmenidesthinsp 130bthinsp1-6)thinspAuthinspsujetthinspdethinsplathinsplaquothinspseacuteparationthinspraquothinsptellethinspqursquoellethinspestthinsppreacutefigureacuteethinspchezthinspPlatonthinspcfthinspG vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspldquoSeparationrdquothinspinthinspPlatothinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp5thinsp(1987)thinsppthinsp186-197thinspetthinspDthinspT devereux laquo Separation and ImmanencethinspinthinspPlatorsquosthinspTheorythinspofthinspFormsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp12thinsp(1994)thinsppthinsp63-90thinsp

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Ce preacutesupposeacute est clairement agrave lrsquoœuvre dans les apories meacutereacuteologiques qui ouvrent le reacutequisitoire contre les Formes21 La participation des particuliers aux Formes ne diffegravere en rien de la participation des particuliers entre eux seul un corpsthinspmateacuterielthinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspdonneacutethinspenthinsppartagethinspouthinspbienthinsptoutthinspentierthinspouthinspbienthinspenthinspplusieursthinspmorceaux seuls des individus mateacuteriels et leurs parties peuvent avoir une taille et ecirctrethinspplusthinspgrandsthinspouthinspplusthinsppetitsthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspetcthinspSithinspbienthinspquethinsplrsquoalternativethinspbinairethinspsur laquelle repose le dilemme de la participation22thinspagravethinspsavoirthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspparticiperthinspqursquoagravethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinsplrsquounethinspdethinspsesthinsppartiesthinspnrsquoathinspdethinspsensthinspquethinspsithinsplathinspFormethinspestthinsptraiteacuteethinspcommethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquoaussithinspconcretthinspquethinsplesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspvisiblesthinspetthinsptangiblesthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinsp

Ce preacutesupposeacute est formuleacute en toutes lettres dans lrsquoun des arguments avanceacutes par Parmeacutenide23thinspmecircmethinspsithinspcelathinspestthinsptropthinspsouventthinsppasseacutethinspsousthinspsilencethinspdansthinsplathinsplitteacutera-ture secondaire24thinspDethinspfaitthinsplathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspparthinsplaquellethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsp(enthinsp

21 La seacutequence est ouverte par un troisiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees et notamment de lrsquoeacuteponymie qui les lie aux reacutealiteacutes qui en participent (cf Platonis Parmenides 130e 4 et sq)thinsp22thinspthinspCrsquoestthinspSocratethinsplui-mecircmethinspquithinspestthinspameneacutethinspagravethinspreconnaicirctrethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdrsquoautresthinsppossibiliteacutesthinspthinsplaquothinspκαὶthinspπῶςthinspἄνthinspthinspraquothinspreacutepond-ilthinspenthinspeffetthinspagravethinspParmeacutenidethinspquithinspluithinspdemandethinspsithinspunethinsplaquothinspautrethinspparticipationthinspraquothinspndashthinspenthinspplusthinspdethinspcellethinspprisethinspdansthinsplrsquoalternativethinspduthinsptoutthinspetthinspdesthinsppartiesthinspndashthinspest-ellethinsppossiblethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐκοῦνthinspἤτοιthinspὅλουthinspτοῦthinspεἴδουςthinspἢthinspμέρουςthinspἕκαστονthinspτὸthinspμεταλαμβάνονthinspμεταλαμβάνειthinspthinspἢthinspἄλληthinspτιςthinspἂνthinspμετάληψιςthinspχωρὶςthinspτούτωνthinspγένοιτοthinspthinspraquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp131athinsp4-6)thinsp23 Cf Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp1thinspthinsplaquothinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspοἶμαίthinspσεthinspἐκthinspτοῦthinspτοιοῦδεthinspἓνthinspἕκαστονthinspεἶδοςthinspοἴεσθαιthinspεἶναιmiddotthinspὅτανthinspπόλλrsquothinspἄτταthinspμεγάλαthinspδόξῃthinspσοιthinspεἶναιthinspμίαthinspτιςthinspἴσωςthinspδοκεῖthinspἰδέαthinspἡthinspαὐτὴthinspεἶναιthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἰδόντιthinspὅθενthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspμέγαthinspἡγῇthinspεἶναιthinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspἀληθῆthinspλέγειςthinspφάναιthinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspτίthinspδrsquothinspαὐτὸthinspτὸthinspμέγαthinspκαὶthinspτἆλλαthinspτὰthinspμεγάλαthinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinspοὐχὶthinspἕνthinspτιthinspαὖthinspμέγαthinspφανεῖταιthinspᾧthinsp ταῦταthinsp πάνταthinsp ἀνάγκηthinsp μεγάλαthinsp φαίνεσθαιthinspthinsp ltΣωκράτηςgtthinsp ἔοικενthinsp ltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinsp ἄλλοthinsp ἄραthinsp εἶδοςthinspμεγέθουςthinspἀναφανήσεταιthinspπαρrsquothinspαὐτόthinspτεthinspτὸthinspμέγεθοςthinspγεγονὸςthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspμετέχονταthinspαὐτοῦmiddotthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτούτοιςthinspαὖthinspπᾶσινthinsp[132bthinsp1]thinspἕτερονthinspᾧthinspταῦταthinspπάνταthinspμεγάλαthinspἔσταιmiddotthinspκαὶthinspοὐκέτιthinspδὴthinspἓνthinspἕκαστόνthinspσοιthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἔσταιthinspἀλλὰthinspἄπειραthinspτὸthinspπλῆθοςthinsp[ltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquojethinsppensethinspquethinsptuthinsppensesthinspquethinspchaquethinspFormethinspestthinspunethinspagravethinsppartirthinspdethinspcelathinspthinspchaquethinspfoisthinspqursquoilthinsptethinspsemblethinspquethinspplusieursthinspchosesthinspsontthinspgrandesthinspilthinsptethinspsemblethinspeacutegalementthinspndashthinspagravethinsptoithinspquithinsplesthinspembrassesthinsptoutesthinspduthinspregardthinspndashthinspqursquounthinspcertainthinspaspectthinspuniquethinspestthinsplethinspmecircmethinspAgrave partir de lagrave tu estimesthinspquethinsplethinspGrandthinspestthinspunrdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquotuthinspdisthinspvrairdquothinspreacutepondit-ilthinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquoorthinspqursquoenthinspest-ilthinspduthinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinspdesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesthinspsithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptousthinspparthinsptonthinspacircmethinspthinspnrsquoest-ce pas qursquoagrave nouveau quelque chose drsquounique apparaicirctra grand en vertu duquel il est neacutecessaire quethinsptoutesthinspcesthinspchosesthinspapparaissentthinspgrandesthinsprdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquosemble-t-ilrdquothinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquounethinspautrethinspForme de grandeur fera donc son apparition surgissant agrave part de la grandeur en soi et des choses qui participent de la grandeur en soi ainsi qursquoune autre ltFormegt agrave nouveau en plus de toutes celles-lagrave par laquelle toutes ces choses seront grandes Aussi chacune de tes Formes ne sera pas unique mais plusieursthinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinirdquo]thinspraquothinsp24thinspthinspIlthinspestthinsppeut-ecirctrethinspindeacutelicatthinspdethinsppointerthinspduthinspdoigtthinspquelqursquounthinspenthinspparticulierthinspmaisthinspndashthinspsrsquoilthinspfallaitthinspagravethinsptoutthinspprixthinspdeacuteterminerthinspquellethinspestthinsplathinsppartthinspdethinspresponsabiliteacutethinspdethinspchacunthinspdansthinspcettethinspaffairethinspndashthinsprappelonsthinspquethinspauthinspnomthinspdrsquounthinsppartithinsppristhinspdeacuteductivistethinspquithinsplrsquoathinspameneacutethinspagravethinspinfligerthinspagravethinsplrsquoargumentthinspunethinspstructurethinspinfeacuterentiellethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspreacutecursivethinspGthinspVlastosthinspnrsquoathinsppasthinspfaitthinspgrandthinspcasthinspdansthinspsathinspreconstructionthinspdethinsplathinspclausethinspquethinspnousthinspallonsthinspeacutevoquerthinspdethinspsuitethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplrsquolaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqursquoonthinsplitthinspenthinsp132athinsp5-6thinspPirethinsplethinspὡσαύτωςthinspserathinspamputeacutethinspagravethinsptermethinspdethinspsathinsptraductionthinspAussithinspdansthinsplathinspcontributionthinspquithinspsethinspveutthinsppourtantthinsplathinspplus respectueuse de la lettre du texte (G vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspldquoThirdthinspManrdquothinspArgumentthinsp(Parmenides 132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspTextthinspandthinspLogicthinspraquothinspThe Philosophical Quarterlythinsp19thinsp[1969]thinsppthinsp291)thinsplrsquoadverbethinspathinsptoutthinspsimplementthinspdisparuthinspCethinspquithinspnonthinspseulementthinspcomprometthinsplrsquointelligibiliteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspmaisthinspencorethinspetthinspsurtout occulte le preacutesupposeacute (la confusion entre les Formes et les particuliers qui participent des Formes)thinspsurthinsplequelthinspcethinspdernierthinspreposethinspenthinspdernierthinspressort

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lrsquooccurrencethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspGrandeur)thinspsethinsptrouvethinspcompromisethinspreposethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspsurthinsplathinspclausethinsplaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardes tous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqui se porte garante de lrsquoenchaicircnement des diffeacuterentes eacutetapes de lrsquoargument lequel consistethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspagravethinspreacutepeacuteterthinsplathinspmecircmethinspopeacuterationthinspparthinsplaquellethinsponthinsprassemblethinspdansthinspunethinspvuethinspdrsquoensemblethinspunethinsppluraliteacutethinspdethinspchosesthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdrsquounethinspdeacuteterminationthinspcommunethinspAuthinspdemeurantthinspsithinsponthinspnethinspregardaitthinsppasthinsplathinspFormethinspetthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinsp(ὡσαύτως)thinspcommentthinspdeacuteclencherthinsplathinspdeacuterivethinspinflationnistethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspreacutecursivementthinspla position drsquoune deuxiegraveme Ideacutee puis drsquoune nouvelle puis drsquoune autre encore et ainsi dethinspsuitethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspthinspCettethinspsuggestionthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppernicieusethinspqursquoellethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleursthinspndash porte tout le poids de lrsquoargument dans la mesure ougrave elle est appeleacutee agrave assurer lathinspcontinuiteacutethinspentrethinspcethinspquithinspsrsquoestthinspmanifesteacutethinspauthinspniveauthinspdethinsplrsquoinspectionthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspet ce qui va se manifester en eacutelargissant cette opeacuteration synoptique aux Formes elles-mecircmesthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspregardethinsplesthinspunsthinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinspthinsp

Or il y a au moins un platonicien qui a vu les Ideacutees de cette faccedilon agrave savoir comme des reacutealiteacutes qui si tant est qursquoelles existent existent agrave la faccedilon des par-ticuliersthinsp sensiblesthinspCethinsp platonicienthinsp estthinsp naturellementthinspAristotethinsp chezthinsp quithinsp lrsquoassi-milationthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspconstituethinsplethinsplevierthinspdesthinspreprochesthinspreacutecurrents qursquoil a formuleacutes agrave lrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Formes Plus preacuteciseacute-ment si lrsquoon distingue ndash non sans fondement quoique de maniegravere un peu scheacute-matiquethinspndashthinspdeuxthinspgrandesthinspfamillesthinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspdansthinsplathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdes Ideacutees agrave savoir ndash drsquoune part ndash les apories lieacutees agrave leur existence (lesquelles visent agrave saper le fondement de la doctrine qui srsquoavegravere degraves lors tout simplement incapablethinspdethinspdeacutemontrerthinspqursquoellethinspathinspunthinspobjet)thinspetthinspndashthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspndashthinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspmoinsthinspagravethinsplrsquoexistencethinspelle-mecircmethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspqursquoagravethinspleurthinsprelationthinspavecthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinsp(lesquellesthinspvisentthinspagravethinspabolirthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspfairethinspappelthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinsppourthinspexpliquerthinspquoi que ce soit en termes de participation preacutesence ou encore imitation des unesthinspparthinsprapportthinspauxthinspautres)25thinspilthinspestthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspplausiblethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfamille fait intervenir ndash agrave tous les coups ndash cette assimilation des Formes et des substancesthinspmateacuteriellesthinspIlthinspsrsquoagitthinspndashthinspautrementthinspditthinspndashthinspdethinsplathinspconditionthinspsuffisantethinsp(soitthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspsoitthinspsurthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspconsideacuterationsthinspquithinsp luithinspsontthinspsolidaires)thinsppourthinspfairethinspdeacuteraillerthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspAristotethinsppeutthinspdifficilementthinspecirctrethinspaccuseacutethinspdrsquoavoirthinspmacirccheacutethinspsesthinspmotsthinspthinspconcisthinspouithinspagravethinspsonthinspordinairethinspndashthinspobscurthinspnonthinsp

25thinspthinspOnthinspreacutesumerathinspcettethinspdistinctionthinspenthinspdeacutetournantthinspunthinspceacutelegravebrethinsptraitthinsppascalienthinsp(Penseacutees eacuted P SeLLier MercurethinspdethinspFrancethinspParisthinsp1976thinsppthinsp445thinsp[887])thinspthinsplaquothinspPlatonthinspincertainthinspetthinspinutilethinspraquothinsplaquothinspIncertainthinspraquothinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspilthinsppostulethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdontthinspilthinspnethinspparvientthinsppasthinspagravethinspprouverthinspqursquoellesthinspexistentthinspthinsplaquothinspinutilethinspraquothinsppuisquethinspmecircmethinspsithinspdethinsptellesthinspentiteacutesthinspexistentthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditthinspellesthinspnethinspcontribueraientthinsppasthinspgrand-chosethinspagravethinspnotrethinspgouvernethinspouthinspagravethinspnotrethinspconnaissancethinspduthinspmondethinspdrsquoici-basthinspPuisqursquoilsthinspeacutepousentthinspbienthinspauthinspniveauthinspde la division du travail exeacutegeacutetique cette dualiteacute rappelons deux textes de F Fronterotta qursquoon peut prendre comme points de repegravere macroscopiques au sein de la tregraves vaste litteacuterature secondaire (au sujet dethinsplaquellethinspcfthinsplesthinspindicationsthinspfourniesthinspplusthinspbasthinspnotethinsp32)thinspthinspF Fronterotta laquo ldquoLes Formes nrsquoexistent pasthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditrdquothinspLathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspF Pradeauthinsp(eacuted)thinspPlaton Les formes intelligiblesthinspPUFthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp129-154thinspetthinsplaquothinspLathinspcriticathinsparistotelicathinspallathinspfunzionethinspcausalethinspdelle Idee platoniche MetafisicathinspAthinsp9thinsp991athinsp8thinsp-thinsp991bthinsp9thinspraquothinspdansthinspF Fronterottathinsp(eacuted)thinspLa scienza e le cause a partire dalla Metafisica di Aristotele BibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp2010thinsppthinsp93-119thinsp

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Selon un paradoxe qui nrsquoen est un qursquoen apparence ce qursquoAristote sanctionne chezthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsplethinspvicethinspreacutedhibitoirethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspagravethinspluithinsptoutthinspseulthinsplethinsprejetthinspdethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspenthinspquestionthinspndashthinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcethinspqursquoilthinspestthinspprecirctthinspagravethinspleurthinspaccorderthinspAutant dire le dilemme des partisans des Ideacutees est qursquoils ont tort et raison agrave la foisthinspetthinspndashthinspsurtoutthinspndashthinspqursquoilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspontthinspraisonthinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspλέγοντεςthinspτῇthinspμὲνthinspὀρθῶςthinspλέγουσιthinspχωρίζοντεςthinspαὐτάthinspεἴπερthinspοὐσίαιthinspεἰσίthinspτῇthinspδrsquothinspοὐκthinspὀρθῶςthinspὅτιthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspεἶδοςthinspλέγουσινthinsp[ceuxthinspquithinspdisentthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspontthinspraisonthinspet tort agrave la fois Ils ont raison de dire qursquoelles sont seacutepareacutees puisqursquoelles sont des substancesthinspthinspmaisthinspilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinspmultipli-citeacute]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp16thinsp1040bthinsp27-30)thinspOrthinspqursquoest-cethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspdire pourquoi au juste les partisans des Ideacutees ont drsquoun cocircteacute tort et de lrsquoautre raison Reacuteponse la conviction que poser lrsquoexistence de quelque chose ou ndash ce quithinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinsprevientthinspauthinspmecircmethinspndashthinspfairethinspdethinspquelquethinspchosesthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutequivautthinspagravethinspenthinspfairethinspunthinspparticulierthinspsensiblethinsp(peuthinspimportethinspalorsthinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspeacuteternelthinspou pas26)thinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinspauthinsp tourthinspdrsquoincantationthinsppregravesthinspndashthinspcrsquoestthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspfontthinspcommethinsplrsquoindiquethinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinsppassagethinspthinsplaquothinspαἴτιονthinspδrsquothinspὅτιthinspοὐκthinspἔχουσινthinspἀποδοῦναιthinspτίνεςthinspαἱthinspτοιαῦταιthinspοὐσίαιthinspαἱthinspἄφθαρτοιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspαἰσθητάςmiddotthinspποιοῦσινthinspοὖνthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspτῷthinspεἴδειthinspτοῖςthinspφθαρτοῖςthinsp(ταύταςthinspγὰρthinspἴσμεν)thinspαὐτοάνθρωπονthinspκαὶthinspαὐτόϊππονthinspπροστιθέντεςthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspτὸthinspῥῆμαthinspτὸthinspldquoαὐτόrdquothinsp[lathinspcausethinspltdethinspleurthinsperreurgtthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspsontthinspincapablesthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquethinspsontthinspdethinsptellesthinspsubstancesthinspincorruptiblesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspIlsthinspenthinspfontthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspspeacutecifiquementthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspcorruptiblesthinsp(celles-cithinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspsavonsthinspltcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontgt)thinspunthinspHommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspChevalthinspenthinspsoithinspenthinspajoutantthinspauxthinspltnomsthinspdesgtthinspchosesthinspsensiblesthinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquoenthinspsoirdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica Z

26 Aristotelis ethica nicomacheathinsp Ithinsp 6thinsp 1096athinsp 34thinsp -thinsp 1096bthinsp 5thinspthinsp laquothinspἀπορήσειεthinsp δrsquothinsp ἄνthinsp τιςthinsp τίthinsp ποτεthinsp καὶthinspβούλονταιthinspλέγεινthinspαὐτοέκαστονthinspεἴπερthinspἔνthinspτεthinspαὐτοανθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspεἷςthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspαὐτὸςthinspλόγοςthinspἐστὶνthinspὁthinspτοῦthinspἀνθρώπουthinspᾗthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωποςthinspοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσουσινmiddotthinspεἰthinspδrsquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὐδrsquothinspᾗthinspἀγαθόνthinspἀλλὰthinspμὴνthinspοὐδὲthinspτῷthinspἀίδιονthinspεἶναιthinspμᾶλλονthinspἀγαθὸνthinspἔσταιthinspεἴπερthinspμηδὲthinspλευκότερονthinspτὸthinspπολυχρόνιονthinspτοῦthinspἐφημέρουthinsp[R bodeacuteuumlS Aristote Eacutethique agrave Nicomaque Flammarion Paris 2004 p 61 on peut drsquoautre part se demander ce quethinsppeutthinspbienthinspvouloirthinspdirethinspenthinspdeacutefinitivethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquochosethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplrsquoldquohommethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspetthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinspdeacutefinissentthinspparthinspunethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspformulethinspcellethinspdethinsplrsquohommethinspCarthinspsithinsplrsquoonthinspconsidegraverethinsplathinspchose en tant qursquohomme cela ne fait aucune diffeacuterence Et dans ces conditions il nrsquoy a pas non plus agrave fairethinsplathinspdiffeacuterencethinspagravethinspproposthinspduthinspbienthinspsithinsponthinsplethinspconsidegraverethinspenthinsptantthinspquethinsptelthinspMaisthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspnonthinspplusthinspparcethinspqursquoilthinspseraitthinspeacuteternelthinspqursquounthinspbienthinspseraitthinspdavantagethinspunthinspbienthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspquithinspdurethinsplongtempsthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdavantagethinspcethinspqursquoellethinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspeacutepheacutemegravere]thinspraquothinsp

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16thinsp1040bthinsp30-34)27thinspCethinspquithinspndashthinsptoutthinsparbitrairethinspetthinspgratuitthinspquethinspcethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleurs28 ndash est ineacutevitablethinsppourthinsppeuthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspveuillethinsppreacuteserverthinsplathinspnotionthinspelle-mecircmethinspdethinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspγάρthinspτιςthinspμὴthinspθήσειthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspεἶναιthinspκεχωρισμέναςthinspκαὶthinspτὸνthinspτρόπονthinspτοῦτονthinspὡςthinspλέγεταιthinspτὰthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἀναιρήσειthinspτὴνthinspοὐσίανthinspὡςthinspβουλόμεθαthinspλέγεινthinsp[sithinsponthinspnethinspposethinsppasthinspquethinsplesthinspsubstancesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinsponthinspditthinspquethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspparticuliersthinsplethinspsontthinsponthinspdeacutetruitthinsplathinspsubstancethinspauthinspsensthinspougravethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendons]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp10thinsp1086bthinsp16-19)29

SurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspcethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspAristotethinspdeacuteveloppethinsptoutethinspunethinspseacuteriethinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspagravethinsplrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Ideacutees allant de lrsquoaccusation de verser dans une erreur aussi grossiegravere que lrsquoanthropomorphisme religieux30thinspagravethinspcellethinspdethinspredoublerthinspsansthinspraisonthinsp

27thinspthinspAristotethinspstigmatisethinspvolontiersthinsplesthinspliberteacutesthinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspprennentthinspavecthinsplethinsplangagethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinsptournerthinsplathinspplupartthinspduthinsptempsthinspagravethinspvidethinspAussithinsplorsqursquoilthinspnethinspbalaiethinspleurthinspproposthinspcommethinspduthinspsimplethinspverbiagethinsp(cf Aristotelis ethica eudemia R R waLzer J M MinGaythinsp(eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1991thinspIthinsp8thinsp1217bthinsp19-21thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspδὲthinspδεῖthinspσυντόμωςthinspεἰπεῖνthinspπερὶthinspαὐτῶνthinspλέγομενthinspὅτιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspτὸthinspεἶναιthinspἰδέανthinspμὴthinspμόνονthinspἀγαθοῦthinspἀλλὰthinspκαὶthinspἄλλουthinspὁτουοῦνthinspλέγεταιthinspλογικῶςthinspκαὶthinspκενῶςthinsp[srsquoilthinspnousthinspestthinsppermisthinspdrsquoexprimerthinspicithinsptregravesthinspbriegravevementthinspnotrethinsppenseacuteethinspnousthinspdironsthinspqursquoaffirmerthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspunethinspIdeacuteethinspnonthinspseulementthinspduthinspbienthinspmaisthinspdethinsptoutthinspautrethinspchosethinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspparlerthinspetthinsptenirthinspdesthinspproposthinspvides]thinspraquo)thinspilthinsplesthinspaccusethinspdethinspsethinspcontenterthinspde meacutetaphores poeacutetiques (cf Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp991athinsp20-22thinsp[=thinspMthinsp5thinsp1079bthinsp24-27]thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspλέγεινthinspπαραδείγματαthinspαὐτὰthinsplt scilicetthinspτὰthinspεἴδηgtthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspμετέχεινthinspαὐτῶνthinspτἆλλαthinspκενολογεῖνthinspἐστὶthinspκαὶthinspμεταφορὰςthinspλέγεινthinspποιητικάςthinsp[direthinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspsontthinspdesthinspparadigmesthinspetthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspnethinsprienthinspdirethinspetthinspsethinsppayerthinspdethinspmeacutetaphoresthinsppoeacutetiques]thinspraquo)thinspthinsp ilthinsp leurthinspreprochethinspeacutegalement de srsquoamuser agrave changer de nom aux choses sans se preacuteoccuper de nous dire ce qursquoelles sont au juste (cf Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987bthinsp7-14thinspthinsplaquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὖνthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσεthinspτὰthinspδrsquothinspαἰσϑητὰthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspταῦταthinspλέγεσϑαιthinspπάνταthinspκατὰthinspμέϑεξινthinspγὰρthinspεἶναιthinspτὰthinspπολλὰthinspτῶνthinspσυνωνύμωνthinsp[ὁμώνυμα]thinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσινthinspτὴνthinspδὲthinspμέϑεξινthinspτοὔνομαthinspμόνονthinspμετέβαλενmiddotthinspοἱthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspΠυϑαγόρειοιthinspμιμήσειthinspτὰthinspὄνταthinspφασὶνthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspἀριϑμῶνthinspΠλάτωνthinspδὲthinspμεϑέξειthinspτοὔνομαthinspμεταβαλώνthinspτὴνthinspμέντοιthinspγεthinspμέϑεξινthinspἢthinspτὴνthinspμίμησινthinspἥτιςthinspἂνthinspεἴηthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἀφεῖσανthinspἐνthinspκοινῷthinspζητεῖνthinsp[aussithinspilthinspathinspappeleacutethinspldquoIdeacuteesrdquothinspdethinsptellesthinspchosesthinspetthinspilthinspathinspaffirmeacutethinspquethinsptousthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspenthinspsontthinspseacutepareacutesthinspetthinspqursquoilsthinspreccediloiventthinspdrsquoellesthinspleur nom En effet crsquoest en raison de leur participation aux Ideacutees que les plusieurs sont synonymes avec les Ideacutees Pour ce qui est de la participation Platon nrsquoa fait que changer le nom en effet les PythagoriciensthinspaffirmaientthinspquethinsplesthinspeacutetantsthinspsontthinspparthinspimitationthinspdesthinspnombresthinspPlatonthinspparthinspparticipationthinspenthinspchangeantthinsplethinspnomthinspCethinspquethinsplathinspparticipationthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinspouthinsplrsquoimitationthinsppeutthinspbienthinspecirctrethinspilsthinspontthinspenthinspcommunthinspdrsquoavoirthinspneacutegligeacutethinspdethinsplethinspchercher]thinspraquo)thinsp28thinspthinspPourthinspAristotethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspplusthinspdethinspraisonthinspdethinspseacuteparerthinsplesthinspuniversauxthinspquethinsplesthinspaccidentsthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐδεμίαthinspἀνάγκηthinspὑπολαμβάνεινthinspτιthinspεἶναιthinspτοῦτοthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspὅτιthinspἓνthinspδηλοῖthinspοὐδὲνthinspμᾶλλονthinspἢthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspἄλλωνthinspὅσαthinspμὴthinspτὶthinspσημαίνειthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιὸνthinspἢthinspπρόςthinspτιthinspἢthinspποιεῖνthinsp[ilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspplusthinspneacutecessairethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplrsquouniversel est quelque chose agrave part des choses individuelles car il indique quelque chose drsquounique que de le penser des autres choses qui ne sont pas quelque chose mais une qualiteacute une relation ou encorethinspunethinspaction]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis analytica posteriorathinspIthinsp24thinsp85bthinsp18-21)thinsp29 Cf Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp12thinsp1037bthinsp27thinspougravethinspilthinspestthinspquestionthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspὡςthinspφαμένthinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplaquothinspἡthinspοὐσίαthinspἕνthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὡςthinspφαμένthinsp[lathinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspcommethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinspetthinspdethinspconcret]thinspraquothinsp30 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12thinspthinsplaquothinspπολλαχῇthinspδὲthinspἐχόντωνthinspδυσκολίανthinspοὐθενὸςthinspἧττονthinspἄτοπονthinspτὸthinspφάναιthinspμὲνthinspεἶναίthinspτιναςthinspφύσειςthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspοὐρανῷthinspταύταςthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspφάναιthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspπλὴνthinspὅτιthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspἀΐδιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspφθαρτάthinspαὐτὸthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωπόνthinspφασινthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspἵππονthinspκαὶthinspὑγίειανthinspἄλλοthinspδrsquothinspοὐδένthinspπαραπλήσιονthinspποιοῦντεςthinspτοῖςthinspθεοὺςthinspμὲνthinspεἶναιthinspφάσκουσινthinspἀνθρωποειδεῖςthinspδέmiddotthinspοὔτεthinspγὰρthinspἐκεῖνοιthinspοὐδὲνthinspἄλλοthinspἐποίουνthinspἢthinspἀνθρώπουςthinspἀϊδίουςthinspοὔθrsquothinspοὗτοιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἄλλrsquothinspἢthinspαἰσθητὰthinspἀΐδιαthinsp(D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp[2008]thinsppthinsp308thinspthinspmecircmethinspsrsquoilsthinspltlesthinspplatoniciensgtthinspsontthinspdethinspplusieursthinspfaccedilonsthinspenthinspdifficulteacutethinsprienthinspdethinspplusthinspabsurdethinspquethinspdethinspdirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspcertainesthinspnaturesthinspenthinspplusthinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

134

lethinspmobilierthinspontologiquethinspduthinspmonde31 en passant par des travers meacutereacuteologiques qui rappellent drsquoassez pregraves ceux que lrsquoon rencontre deacutejagrave chez Platon32

Si nous avons passeacute en revue chacun de ces inconveacutenients33 nous nous sommes cependantthinsparrecircteacutesthinsptoutthinspspeacutecialementthinspsurthinsplrsquounthinspdrsquoentrethinspeuxthinsplrsquoargumentthinspqursquoAristotethinsp

dethinspcellesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinsplrsquouniversthinspmaisthinspenthinspdisantthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspsensiblesthinspsaufthinspquethinsplesthinspunesthinspsontthinspeacuteternellesthinsplesthinspautresthinspcorruptiblesthinspIlsthinspdisentthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspunthinsphommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspchevalthinsplten soigt une santeacute lten soigt sans rien dire drsquoautre en faisant agrave peu pregraves comme ceux qui disent qursquoil existe des dieux mais de forme humaine Ceux-ci ne faisaient rien drsquoautre que des hommes eacuteternels etthinsppourthinspceux-lagravethinsplesthinspformesthinspnethinspsontthinspquethinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspeacuteternels)thinspraquothinsp31 Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8thinsp(cfthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp34thinsp-thinsp1079athinsp4)thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτωνδὶthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἕτεραthinspτούτωνthinspἴσαthinspτὸνthinspἀριθμὸνthinspἐκόμισανthinspὥσπερthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἀριθμῆσαιthinspβουλόμενοςthinspἐλαττόνωνthinspμὲνthinspὄντωνthinspοἴοιτοthinspμὴthinspδυνήσεσθαιthinspπλείωthinspδὲthinspποιήσαςthinspἀριθμοίηthinspσχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspἴσαthinspἢthinspοὐκthinspἐλάττωthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἐστὶthinspτούτοιςthinspπερὶthinspὧνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἐκthinspτούτωνthinspἐπrsquothinspἐκεῖναthinspπροῆλθονthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspγὰρthinspὁμώνυμόνthinspτιthinspἐστιthinspκαὶthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspτῶνthinspτεthinspἄλλωνthinspἐστὶνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspἕνthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖσδεthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖςthinspἀιδίοιςthinsp[D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinsppthinsp306-307thinspthinspquantthinspagravethinspceuxthinspquithinspposentthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspcommethinspdesthinspcausesthinspdrsquoabordthinspenthinspcherchantthinspagravethinspsaisirthinsplesthinspcausesthinspdesthinspecirctresthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinspilsthinspenthinspontthinspintroduitthinspdrsquoautresthinspenthinspnombrethinspeacutegauxthinspagravethinspeuxthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspquethinspquelqursquounthinspqui voudrait compter des choses mais croirait ne pas pouvoir le faire parce qursquoil y en a peu et pour lesthinspcompterthinsplesthinsprendraitthinspplusthinspnombreusesthinspLesthinspFormesthinspenthinspeffetthinspsontthinspenthinspnombrethinsppresquethinspeacutegalesthinspouthinsppas infeacuterieures aux choses loin desquelles dans leur recherche des causes ils ont eacuteteacute jusque vers ellesthinspcarthinsppourthinspchaquethinspchosethinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquohomonymethinspmecircmethinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspetthinspdesthinspautres choses dont il y a uniteacute drsquoune multipliciteacute agrave la fois pour les choses qui nous entourent et pour cellesthinspquithinspsontthinspeacuteternelles]thinspraquothinsp32 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1039athinsp26thinsp-thinsp1039bthinsp2thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἵππῳthinspἤτοιthinspἓνthinspκαὶthinspταὐτὸνthinspτῷthinspἀριθμῷthinspἐστὶνthinspἢthinspἕτερονmiddotthinspτῷthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspλόγῳthinspδῆλονthinspὅτιthinspἕνmiddotthinspτὸνthinspγὰρthinspαὐτὸνthinspδιέξεισιthinspλόγονthinspὁthinspλέγωνthinspἐνthinspἑκατέρῳthinspεἰthinspοὖνthinspἐστίthinspτιςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspαὐτὸςthinspκαθrsquothinspαὑτὸνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspἀνάγκηthinspκαὶthinspἐξthinspὧνthinspοἷονthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspδίπουνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspκαὶthinspεἶναιthinspχωριστὰthinspκαὶthinspοὐσίαςmiddotthinspὥστεthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτὸthinspαὐτὸthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἵππῳthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspὥσπερthinspσὺthinspσαυτῷthinspπῶςthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspοὖσιthinspχωρὶςthinspἓνthinspἔσταιthinspκαὶthinspδιὰthinspτίthinspοὐthinspκαὶthinspχωρὶςthinspαὑτοῦthinspἔσταιthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspτοῦτοthinspthinsp[sithinsplesthinspFormesthinspexistentthinspetthinspquethinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspouthinspbienthinspilthinspserathinspnumeacuteri-quementthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspouthinspbienthinspdiffeacuterentthinspParthinsplrsquoargumentthinspquethinspvoicithinspilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspuniquethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinsponthinsplethinspdeacutefinitthinspauthinspmoyenthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspdeacutefinitionthinspSrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdoncthinspunthinsphommethinspquithinspestthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinsppourthinsplui-mecircmethinspunthinspcecithinspetthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspneacutecessairementthinspquethinspcethinspquithinsplethinspconstituethinsplrsquoanimalthinspetthinsplethinspbipegravedethinspparthinspexemplethinspsoientthinspaussithinspunthinspcecithinspqursquoilsthinspsoientthinspdesthinspchosesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspOrthinspsithinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspetthinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspestthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspcommethinsptuthinsplrsquoesthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinsptoi-mecircmethinspcommentthinsppourra-t-ilthinspdemeurerthinspuniquethinspdansthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspquithinspsontthinspagravethinsppartthinspltlesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautresgtthinspetthinsppourquoithinspcetthinspanimalthinspnethinspsera-t-ilthinsppasthinspseacutepareacutethinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsp]thinspraquo33thinspthinspDethinspmecircmethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspeacutetudieacutethinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspplusthinspponctuellesthinspqursquoAristotethinspassociethinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfamilles drsquoarguments en faveur de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees dans le reacutequisitoire qursquoon peut lire ndash agrave quelques variations mineures pregraves ndash dans les livres A et M des MeacutetaphysiquesthinspenthinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp8-15thinspetthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp4-9thinsprespectivementthinsp(laquothinspἔτιthinspδὲthinspκαϑrsquothinspοὓςthinspτρόπουςthinspδείκνυμενthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκατrsquoοὐϑέναthinspφαίνεταιthinspτούτωνmiddotthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspοὐκthinspἀνάγκηthinspγίγνεσϑαιthinspσυλλογισμόνthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspοὐχthinspὧνthinspοἰόμεϑαthinspτούτωνthinspεἴδηthinspγίγνεταιthinspκατάthinspτεthinspγὰρthinspτοὺςthinspλόγουςthinspτοὺςthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἐπιστημῶνthinspεἴδηthinspἔσταιthinspπάντωνthinspὅσωνthinspἐπιστῆμαιthinspεἰσίthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀποφάσεωνthinspκατὰthinspδὲthinspτὸthinspνοεῖνthinspτιthinspφϑαρέντοςthinspτῶνthinspφϑαρτῶνmiddotthinspφάντασμαthinspγάρthinspτιthinspτούτωνthinspἔστινthinsp[dethinspplusthinspdrsquoaucunethinspdesthinspmaniegraveresthinspdontthinspnousthinspentreprenonsthinspdethinsplethinspprouverthinspnethinspreacutesultethinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinspeffetthinspdansthinspcertainsthinspcasthinsplethinspsyllogismethinspnethinspsrsquoensuitthinsppasthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspneacutecessairethinspthinspdansthinspdrsquoautresthinspcasthinspenthinsprevanchethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspmecircmethinsppourthinspdesthinspchosesthinsppourthinsplesquellesthinspnousthinsppensonsthinspqursquoil nrsquoy en a pas des arguments agrave partir des sciences qursquoil y a des Ideacutees de tout ce dont il y a des sciencesthinspthinspltdesthinspargumentsgtthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspltqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesgtthinspmecircmethinspdethinspneacutegationsthinspthinspetthinspltdesthinspargumentsgt agrave partir de la penseacutee de quelque chose apregraves sa corruption ltqursquoil y a des Ideacuteesgt drsquoentiteacutes

Leone Gazziero

135

lethinsppremierthinspndashthinspsansthinspenthinspattribuerthinsplathinsppaterniteacutethinspagravethinsppersonnethinsp(pasthinspplusthinspagravethinspsesthinsppreacutedeacuteces-seursthinspouthinspagravethinspsesthinspcontemporainsthinspqursquoagravethinsplui-mecircme)thinspndashthinspathinspappeleacutethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo34 Cela pour au moins deux raisons En premier lieu il y a tout sujet de croirethinspqursquoAristotethinspdevaitthinsplethinsptenirthinsppourthinspunethinspobjectionthinspassezthinspformidablethinspagravethinsplrsquoencontrethinspdethinsplathinsppromotionthinspdesthinsppreacutedicatsthinspuniverselsthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancesthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinspvuthinsplethinsptraitthinspquithinspndashthinsppourthinspAristotethinspndashthinspfaitthinsplathinspspeacutecificiteacutethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacutees)thinspCrsquoestthinspenthinsptoutthinspeacutetatthinspdethinspcausethinsplethinspspectrethinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspseulthinspqursquoAristotethinspagitethinsplorsqursquoilthinspeacutevoquethinspndashthinspenthinspblocthinspndashthinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdontthinspagravethinspsonthinspavisthinspsrsquoencombrethinsplrsquohypothegravese des Formes (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu la conviction que si les Ideacutees existent elles existent agrave la maniegravere desthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspnonthinspseulementthinspjouethinspunthinsprocirclethinspcapitalthinspdansthinsplrsquoeacuteconomiethinspdethinsplrsquoargument tel que nous pouvons le reconstruire agrave partir des diffeacuterentes sources qui nous lrsquoont transmis35 mais encore elle constitue la cleacute pour reacutesoudre un puzzle

quithinspontthinsppeacuterithinsp(puisqursquoilthinspenthinspexistethinspunethinspcertainethinspimage)]thinspraquo)thinspUnethinspbibliographiethinspdethinspquelquethinsptroisthinspcentsthinsptitresthinspspeacutecialement consacreacutee agrave la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees dans les lieux parallegraveles des livres A et M des Meacutetaphysiquesthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspdistribueacuteethinspetthinsp(dansthinspsathinspversionthinspalphabeacutetique)thinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspconsulteacuteethinsponlinethinspagravethinsplrsquoadressethinspthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir2808files201509BibliogrSept2015pdfthinsp34 Au sujet de lrsquohistoire de lrsquoargument qursquoil nous soit permis de renvoyer agrave L Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinsp(citeacutethinspnotethinsp14)thinsppourthinspsathinsppreacutehistoirethinspplatoniciennethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquothinspldquoκαὶthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςrdquothinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspProleacutegomegravenesthinspagravethinspunethinsphistoirethinspanciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspraquothinspRhizai 7 2010 p 181-220 pour son utilisationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquo ldquoEt quoniam est quis tertius homordquothinspArgumentthinspexeacutegegravesethinspcontresens dans la litteacuterature latine apparenteacutee aux Sophistici elenchithinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspArchives drsquohistoire doctrinale et litteacuteraire du Moyen Age 80 2013 p 7-48 pour ses transformations aux mains des commentateursthinspdethinsplanguethinspetthinspculturethinsplatinethinspPourthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspdesthinspcommentateursthinspdethinsplrsquoAntiquiteacutethinsptardivethinspcfthinspD huntthinsplaquothinspPlotinusthinspMeetsthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspJ CLearythinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Perennial Tradition of NeoplatonismthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinsp1997thinsppthinsp119-132thinspthinspJ oPSoMerthinsplaquothinspSyrianusthinsponthinspHomonymythinspandthinspFormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspvan rieL C MaCeacute et L van CaMPethinsp(eacuted)thinspPlatonic Ideas and Concept Formation in Ancient and Medieval ThoughtthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinspLouvainthinsp2004thinsppthinsp31-50thinspetthinspLthinspP GerSon laquothinspProclusthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspEacutetudes platoniciennesthinsp8thinsp(2011)thinsppthinsp105-11835thinspthinspCommethinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinsplonguementthinspexpliqueacutethinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinsplathinspseacuteancethinspduthinsp16thinspmarsthinsp2015thinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspestthinspunthinspexcellentthinspcasthinspdrsquoeacutetudethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoonthinspsethinsptournethinspversthinspdesthinspsourcesthinspsemi-canoniquesthinspafinthinspdethinspreconstituerthinspdesthinspfaitsthinspdethinspdiscoursthinspplusthinspouthinspmoinsthinspradicalementthinspindisponiblesthinspdansthinspleurthinspversionthinsporiginalethinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspmecircmethinspsithinspsonthinspcasthinspparaicirctthinspndashthinspagravethinsppremiegraverethinspvuethinspndashthinspmoinsthinspdeacutesespeacutereacutethinspquethinspceluithinspdrsquoautresthinsppiegravecesthinspdethinsplrsquoAristotethinspperduthinspetthinspmecircmethinspsithinspndashthinspagravethinspcoupthinspsucircrthinspndashthinspsathinspsituationthinspphilologiquethinspsrsquoestthinspconsideacuterablementthinspameacutelioreacutee depuis quelques anneacutees (parmi les progregraves il faut au moins signaler la nouvelle eacutedition critiquethinspdesthinspquelquesthinsppagesthinspdrsquointeacuterecirctthinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauxthinspMeacutetaphysiques drsquoAristotethinspquethinspD harLFinGerthinspnousthinspathinspoffertethinspenthinsp1975thinspthinsponthinspsignalerathinspeacutegalementthinspquethinsplathinspquestionthinspdesthinspdeuxthinsp recensionsthinspdansthinsp lesquellesthinspcesthinspmecircmesthinsppagesthinspnousthinspseraientthinspparvenuesthinspndashthinsp toutthinsp reacutecemmentthinspndashthinspathinspbeacuteneacuteficieacutethinspdesthinsplumiegraveresthinspdethinspP GoLitSiS laquo La recensio altera du Commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave la Meacutetaphysique drsquoAristotethinspetthinsplethinspteacutemoignagethinspdesthinspmanuscritsthinspbyzantinsthinspLaurentianus plut 8712 et Ambrosianus F113thinspsupthinspraquothinspdansthinspJ SiGneS Codontildeer et I Peacuterez Martinthinsp(eacuted)thinspTextual Transmission in Byzantium Between Textual Criticism and Quellenforschung Brepols Turnhout 2014 p 199-230 ainsi que de celles de L CaLvieacutethinsp laquothinspAgravethinsp proposthinsp dethinsp lrsquoeacuteditionthinspHayduckthinsp duthinspCommentairethinsp drsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodise agrave la MeacutetaphysiquethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspouthinspconsulterthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir565files201409Article-LCalvieacute-2e-edpdf)thinspIlthinspnrsquoenthinsprestethinsppasthinspmoinsthinspquethinsptoutthinspeffortthinspdethinsprestitutionthinspduthinsptraiteacutethinspperduthinspdrsquoAristotethinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspougravethinsponthinsppeutthinsplirethinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspdethinsplointhinsplethinspplusthinspinformatifthinspndashthinspdoitthinspsethinspconfronterthinspagravethinspunethinspeacutequationthinspagravethinspplusieursthinspvariablesthinspLethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspestthinspunthinsptextethinspqui ne nous est parvenu qursquoagrave travers la tradition indirecte et dont la vocation ndash pour autant qursquoelle se

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

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exeacutegeacutetique agrave la fois ancien et tenace agrave savoir pour autant que lrsquoon a affaire agrave un seul etthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinspnousthinsppouvonsthinspremonterthinspdansthinsplethinsptempsthinspne fait pas lrsquounanimiteacute ndash comment se fait-il qursquoAristote tantocirct lrsquoutilise pour reacutefuter les philosophes des Ideacutees tantocirct le rejette sous preacutetexte qursquoil srsquoagit drsquoun argument fallacieux36thinspthinspLethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspdansthinsplequelthinspnousthinspavonsthinspidentifieacutethinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspmotifsthinsppro-fonds de lrsquoantiplatonisme drsquoAristote ndash agrave savoir la particularisation existentielle des universauxthinspndashthinsppermetthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquithinspentraicircnethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspetthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinsplrsquoeacuteviterthinspMecircmethinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvirtuellementthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspcomprendrethinsplethinspfonctionnementthinspexactthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspsesthinspraresthinspoccurrencesthinspdansthinsp

laissethinspentrevoirthinspndashthinspeacutetaitthinspdethinsptraiterthinspdrsquounethinspdoctrinethinspcellethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspcœurthinspdrsquounthinspdeacutebatthinspquithinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplethinsppreacutecegravedethinspetthinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspaffecteacutethinspAucunethinspdethinspcesthinspvariablethinspnethinspsethinsplaissethinsptraiterthinspcommethinspunethinspsimplethinspvariablethinspdrsquoajustement et elles sont qui plus est lieacutees entre elles Si on distingue donc ndash avec les speacutecialistes de lrsquoecdotique (on se reacutefeacuterera en particulier agrave un texte de J iriGointhinspthinsplaquothinspLathinspcritiquethinspdesthinsptextesthinspdoitthinspecirctrethinsphistoriquethinspraquothinspdansthinspE FLoreSthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa critica testuale greco-latina oggi Metodi e problemi Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 29-31 ottobre 1979)thinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1981thinsppthinsp27-43)thinspndashthinsptrois eacutetapes fondamentales dans la reconstitution drsquoun texte la recensio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la collecte de toutesthinsp lesthinspsourcesthinspmanuscritesthinspdisponiblesthinsp(etthinspeacuteventuellementthinspdesthinspsourcesthinsp imprimeacutees)thinspdirectesthinspetthinspindirectes)thinsp lathinspcollatio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la comparaison des reacutesultats de la recensiothinsp afinthinspdrsquoobtenirthinspunethinspimagethinspaussithinspfidegravelethinspquethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspenthinspremontantthinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinsppossiblethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacuteterminationthinspdesthinspfamillesthinspdethinspmanuscritsthinspetthinspdethinspleurthinspplusthinspprochethinspancecirctresthinspcommuns)thinspetthinsplathinspdivinatio (lrsquoeacutetablissementthinspduthinsptextethinsplethinspplusthinspprochethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplrsquooriginal)thinsponthinspconviendrathinspquethinspcettethinspderniegraverethinspportethinspparticuliegraverementthinspbienthinspsonthinspnomthinsppuisquethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsplathinsprestitutionthinspdethinsptoutthinspunthinsppanthinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspnethinspnousthinsppermetthinsppasthinspdethinspreacuteglerthinspndashthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspndashthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdethinspsavoirthinspauthinspjustethinspquithinspa eacutecrit quoi Il faut se reacutesigner agrave une eacutevidence pour autant que le traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote est concerneacute mecircmethinsplethinspmeilleurthinsptextethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdemeurethinsprelativementthinspopaquethinspaussithinsplongtempsthinspduthinspmoinsthinspquethinsplrsquoon nrsquoa pas deacutetermineacute de quelle maniegravere il a travailleacute la matiegravere aristoteacutelicienne dont il srsquoest inspireacute et qursquoil a importeacutee dans son commentaire Autrement dit la question se pose de savoir si nous avons affairethinspagravethinspunethinspcollectionthinspdethinspfragmentsthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspdesthinspempruntsthinspponctuelsthinspouthinspdesthinspcitations)thinspouthinspbienthinspsithinspAlexandre a proceacutedeacute agrave une reformulation paraphrastique (en gros une transposition plus ou moins fidegravelethinspdethinspcethinspqursquoilthinsplisaitthinspdansthinsplethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspsonthinspdernierthinsplecteurthinspdethinsppremiegraverethinspmain)thinspOrthinspdeuxthinspdifficulteacutesthinspmajeuresthinspfontthinspobstaclethinspagravethinspcettethinspentreprisethinspLathinsppremiegraverethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspqursquoAlexandrethinspsethinsptrouve en situation de teacutemoin unique ce que nous connaissons du traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote sur les Ideacutees nous le tenons pour lrsquoessentiel drsquoAlexandre dans la mesure ougrave les quelques mentions eacuteparses dans la litteacuterature posteacuterieure deacutependent de son commentaire au livre Alpha meizocircn des Meacutetaphysiques Son maniementthinspappellethinspdoncthinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinsppreacutecautionsthinspthinspcethinspquethinspnousthinsplisonsthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspsinonthinspremanieacutethinspduthinspmoins reacuteorganiseacute dans une mesure et selon des modaliteacutes qui eacutetaient agrave la seule discreacutetion drsquoAlexandre etthinspquethinspnousthinspnethinsppouvonsthinsppasthinspappreacutecierthinspindeacutependammentthinspdethinspsonthinsptravailthinspLathinspdeuxiegravemethinspdifficulteacutethinsptientthinspauthinspfait que la langue drsquoAlexandre ne preacutesente pas de ceacutesures stylistiques ou de solutions de continuiteacute lexicales qui permettraient de deacuteterminer ougrave il ferait œuvre de compilateur et ougrave au contraire il fait œuvrethinspdrsquointerpregravetethinspDethinspfaitthinspagravethinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinsp(maisthinspaussithinspagravethinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspouthinspagravethinspunethinsptroisiegraveme)thinsponthinspsethinsprendrathinspagravethinspunethinspautrethinspeacutevidencethinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppartoutthinsplathinspprosethinspetthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspmecircmethinsplagravethinspougravethinspndashthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspaveuthinsp(commethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsppreacuteciseacutement)thinspndashthinsponthinsppeutthinspsrsquoattendrethinspagravethinspqursquoil suive de plus pregraves sa source 36thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy p 290 formule ce dilemme agrave peu pregraves dansthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinsptermesthinspUnthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquointerpregravetesthinspythinspontthinspvuthinsplrsquoindicethinspdrsquounethinspambivalencethinspdrsquoAristotethinspagrave son eacutegard (cf L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspVrin-PressesthinspdethinsplrsquoUniversiteacutethinspLavalthinspParis-Montreacutealthinsp1995thinsppthinsp360)thinspthinspdrsquoautresthinsplrsquoontthinsppristhinspassezthinspauthinspseacuterieuxthinsppourthinspexclurethinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspsrsquoagirthinspeffectivementthinspduthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspdontthinspAristotethinspferaitthinspunthinspusagethinspopportunistethinsp(cfthinspEthinspVthinspdi LaSCio laquo Third Man The Logic of the Sophism at Arist SEthinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinspraquothinspTopoithinsp23thinsp[2004]thinsppthinsp41)thinsp

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137

le corpus aristoteacutelicien37thinspcelathinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspeacutetablithinspsansthinspavoirthinsprecoursthinspauxthinspsourcesthinsppos-teacuterieuresthinspauxquellesthinsponthinspestthinspobligeacutethinspdrsquoemprunterthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspcanonique38 Crsquoest ce qui ressort de deux lieux du corpus aristoteacutelicien agrave savoir le chapitre 13 du livre ZecirctathinspdesthinspMeacutetaphysiques et le chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiques auxquels nous avons consacreacute deux lectures micrologiques dont nous ne reportons de suite que les conclusions39

37 Aristote nrsquoen donne nulle part un exposeacute un tant soit peu deacutetailleacute se contentant plutocirct de lrsquoeacutevoquer sousthinsplrsquointituleacutethinspquithinsplethinsprendrathinspceacutelegravebrethinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp15-17thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1039athinsp2-3thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp12-13)thinspouthinspbienthinspdrsquoenthinsprappelerthinsplathinspconclusionthinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36)thinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdrsquounethinsppassethinspargumentativethinspbienthinspconnuethinsp(cethinspquithinspdevaitthinspdrsquoailleursthinspecirctrethinsplethinspcas)thinsp38thinspthinspCetthinspexposeacutethinspsethinsplitthinspdansthinsplathinsppagethinspceacutelegravebrethinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauthinsppremierthinsplivrethinspdes MeacutetaphysiquesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspagravethinsplaquellethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspfairethinspallusionthinspthinsplaquothinspδείκνυταιthinspκαὶthinspοὕτωςthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινωνthinspπλειόνωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκαὶthinspἔστινthinspἄλλοthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspαὐτῶνthinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspἡγοῦνταιthinspδεικνύναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιmiddotthinspδιὰthinspτοῦτοthinspγάρthinspἐστίthinspτιthinspαὐτοάνθρωποςthinsp κατrsquothinsp αὐτούςthinsp ὅτιthinsp ὁthinsp ἄνθρωποςthinsp κατὰthinsp τῶνthinsp καθrsquothinsp ἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspπλειόνωνthinsp ὄντωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspἄλλοςthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspἐστίν)thinspndashthinspἀλλrsquothinspεἰthinspτοῦτοthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοςthinspὁthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspκατrsquothinspἰδίανthinspὑφεστώςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspδὲthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspπαράthinspτεthinspτὸνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspτὴνthinspἰδέανthinspοὕτωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspτέταρτοςthinspὁthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτούτουthinspκαὶthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὁμοίωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspπέμπτοςthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspἐπrsquothinspἄπειρονthinsp[onthinspprouvethinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspaussi de cette maniegravere si ce qui se preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute de plusieurs est aussi autre que ceux dont il se preacutedique seacutepareacute de ceux-ci (voilagrave ce que pensent prouver ceux qui posent les Ideacutees la raison pourthinsp laquellethinspenthinspeffetthinsp ilthinspythinspathinsppourthinspeuxthinspquelquethinspchosethinspquithinspestthinsp lrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspcrsquoestthinspquethinsp lrsquohommethinspse preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute des hommes particuliers qui sont plusieurs et il est autre que les hommes particuliers)thinspndashthinspmaisthinspsrsquoilthinspenthinspestthinspainsithinspilthinspythinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspSithinspenthinspeffetthinsplrsquohommethinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsppreacutediquethinspestthinspautrethinspquethinspceuxthinspdontthinspilthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspsubsistethinspenthinspproprethinspsithinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspilthinspythinspathinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspagravethinsppartthinspduthinspparticulier et de lrsquoIdeacutee Ainsi qursquoil y en aura un quatriegraveme qui se preacutedique de celui-ci de lrsquoIdeacutee et des particuliersthinspthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquounthinspcinquiegravemethinspetthinspcelathinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis de ideis fragmentathinsp(=thinspAlexandri in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria)thinsp8421thinsp-thinsp853)thinspLethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspillustrethinspagravethinsplathinspperfectionthinspla situation hermeacuteneutique que nous venons drsquoeacutevoquer ougrave le recours agrave la tradition indirecte est agrave la foisthinspineacutevitablethinspetthinsppassablementthinspdeacutelicatthinspDrsquounethinsppartthinspAlexandrethinspsignalethinspexplicitementthinspqursquoilthinspreportethinsplathinspversionthinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinsptellethinspqursquoAristotethinspsrsquoenthinspestthinspservithinspdansthinsplethinsppremierthinsplivrethinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsp(8511-12thinspthinsplaquothinspτῇthinspδὲthinspτελευταίᾳthinspαὐτὸςthinspἔνthinspτεthinspτῷthinspπρώτῳthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspraquo)thinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspilthinspestthinsphautementthinspimprobablethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspenthinsptrainthinspdethinsptranscrirethinspunthinspsegmentthinspduthinsptextethinspdrsquoAristotethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdethinsplethinspparaphraserthinspCethinspquethinsptrahitthinsplrsquoutilisationthinspdethinspcertainsthinsptermesthinsptelsthinspὑπόστασιςthinspetthinspὑφίστημιthinspNousthinspavonsthinspobserveacutethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoacceptionthinspdrsquoexistencethinspetthinspdrsquoexisterthinsprequisethinspparthinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspnithinsplrsquounthinsp(ὑπόστασις)thinspnithinsplrsquoautrethinsp(ὑφίστημι)thinspnethinspsontthinspattesteacutesthinspchezthinspAristotethinspquithinsplesthinsputilisethinspplutocirctthinspdansthinspunthinspsensthinsplocalthinsp(ὑφίστημιthinspindiquethinsple fait de se tenir au-dessous comme dans Aristotelis de caelo P Morauxthinsp(eacuted)thinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1965thinspIthinsp3thinsp269bthinsp24-25)thinspouthinspphysiologiquethinsp(ὑπόστασιςthinspsignifiethinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspreacutesiduthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspseacutedimentthinspraquothinspcomme dans Aristotelis de generatione animaliumthinspHthinspJ droSSaart LuLoFS (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1965thinspIthinsp18thinsp726athinsp21thinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspstationthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspposturethinspraquothinspcommethinspdansthinspAristotelis de partibus animaliumthinsp1956thinspIthinsp2thinsp647bthinsp28)39 Les deux lectures (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp23thinspetthinspAristotelis Sophistici elenchi 22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspontthinspeacuteteacutethinsppreacuteceacutedeacuteesthinspparthinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspeacutetudethinsplexicographiquethinsp(nousthinspavonsthinspeacutevoqueacutethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspplusthinsphautthinspcfthinspnotethinsp3)thinspconsacreacuteethinspauthinspvocabulairethinspquethinspcesthinsptextesthinsppartagentthinsp(etthinspauxthinspquelquesthinsposcillationsthinspqursquoilthinsppreacutesente)thinspEnthinspplusthinspdrsquoexpressionsthinspplusthinspprobleacutematiquesthinsp(commethinsplethinspτόδεthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinsppeutthinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspdeacutesignerthinspunethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle)thinspnousthinspavonsthinspsurtoutthinspexploreacutethinsplrsquooppositionthinspentrethinspcethinspqursquoAristotethinspappellethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(outhinspποιόνthinspτι)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspnousthinspontthinspsurtoutthinspaideacutesthinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinspnotrethinspreconnaissance J kunGthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspThisesthinspSuchesthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspArgumentthinspraquothinspPhronesis 26 (1981)thinsppthinsp207-247thinspetthinspS ebbeSen laquo Hoc aliquid - Quale quidthinspandthinspthethinspSignificationthinspofthinspAppellativesthinspraquothinsp

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Qursquoest-cethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspauthinspjustethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAuthinspboutthinspdrsquounthinspassezthinsplongthinspraisonnement40thinsplathinspconclusionthinspqursquoAristotethinsptirethinspestthinspcateacutegoriquethinsp(φανερὸνthinspὅτιthinspκτλ)thinspSeacuteparer lrsquouniversel crsquoest-agrave-dire le traiter comme quelque chose qui existe de plein exercicethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstarthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspparticuliegraveresthinsprevientthinspagravethinspsrsquoembarrasserthinspdethinsptoutesthinspsortesthinsp drsquoinconveacutenientsthinspthinsp laquothinspφανερὸνthinspὅτιthinsp οὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinspκαὶthinspὅτιthinspοὐδὲνthinspσημαίνειthinspτῶνthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορουμένωνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspἀλλὰthinspτοιόνδεthinspεἰthinspδὲthinspμήthinspἄλλαthinspτεthinspπολλὰthinspσυμβαίνειthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsp[ilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoaucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspnethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspmaisthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinsptelthinspouthinsptelthinspDansthinsplethinspcasthinspcontrairethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspbeaucoupthinspltdrsquoinconveacutenientsgtthinspnotammentthinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis meta-physicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)41 Quelle que soit la force que lrsquoon accorde agrave lrsquoargumentthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspreposethinspultimementthinspsurthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspjuxtaposerthinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspauthinspseinthinspdrsquounethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspmultipliciteacutethinspdontthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspviendraitthinspconstituerthinsplrsquouniteacutethinspauthinspmecircmethinsptitrethinspquethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdrsquohomme constituait lrsquouniteacute de la multipliciteacute des hommes particuliers Autrement ditthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsprequiertthinspquethinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinsp

Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

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Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman 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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

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lirethinspen179athinsp1-2thinsplathinspsyntaxethinsplaquothinspτὸthinspμένthinsphellipthinspτὸthinspδέhellipthinspraquothinspopposethinspΚορίσκοςthinspagravethinspμουσικόςthinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinspΚορίσκοςthinspμουσικόςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspμένthinsphellipthinspτὸthinspδέhellipthinspraquothinsprenvoiethinsprespectivementthinspagravethinspΚορίσκοςthinsp(τὸthinspμέν)thinspetthinspagravethinspμουσικόςthinsp(τὸthinspδέ)thinspsousthinsppeinethinspdrsquointroduirethinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspseraitthinspunthinspautrethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspqursquounthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspavecthinsppourthinspconseacutequencethinspdethinspcompromettrethinsplrsquoanalogiethinspdethinspcomportementthinspentrethinsppreacutedicatsthinsp(enthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspἄνθρωποςthinspetthinspμουσικός)thinsp(3)thinspEst-cethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκθέσθαιthinspetthinsplrsquoἐκτίθεσθαιthinspenthinsp179athinsp3thinspainsithinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspsontthinspsynonymesthinspentrethinspeuxthinspetthinspaboutissentthinspdansthinsptousthinsplesthinspcasthinspagravethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspouthinspalternativementthinspagravethinspcellethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspouthinspbienthinsptantocirctthinspagravethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsptantocirctthinspagravethinspcellethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspAgravethinsplrsquoinstar de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 Ithinsp9thinsp103bthinsp29-35thinsplethinspverbethinspἐκτίθημιthinspnethinspchangethinsppointthinspdethinspsignificationthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdethinsplrsquoobjetthinspquithinspreacutesultethinspdethinspsonthinspopeacuterationthinsplequelthinspestthinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspsrsquoexposethinspauthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo)thinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspluithinspeacutechappe)thinsp(4)thinspCommentthinspcomprendrethinsplrsquoοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσειthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspthinspQursquoest-cethinspquithinspnethinspfaitthinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspquoithinspthinspEst-cethinspquethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspestthinspsupposeacutethinspsrsquoensuivrethinspagravethinsptousthinsplesthinspcoupsthinsp(aussithinspbienthinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspougravethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspsethinspsoldethinspparthinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspquethinspdansthinspceluithinspougravethinspcrsquoestthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppart)thinspouthinspbienthinspcrsquoestthinspparthinsprapportthinspauthinspreacutesultatthinspdethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspelle-mecircmethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspaurathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspqursquoonthinspobtiendrathinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinspunthinspἕνthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλοὺςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspCommethinsplethinspmontrentthinsplesthinsprecommandationsthinspdrsquoAristotethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspfaitthinspunethinspsacreacuteethinspdiffeacuterencethinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsp(lequelthinspsrsquoensuitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspquethinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppartthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinspilthinspsethinspditthinspenthinspcommunthinspὅπερthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspὅπερthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspEnthinsprevanchethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspentrethinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspLrsquounthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspmoinsthinspdistinctthinspquethinsplrsquoautrethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspdontthinsponthinsplethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspParthinspconseacutequentthinspsithinsponthinspaffirmethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspestthinspunethinspqualiteacutethinspetthinspnonthinspunethinspsubstancethinspcelathinspnethinspfaitthinspaucunethinspdiffeacuterencethinsp(οὐδὲνthinspδιοίσει)thinspduthinspmoinsthinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinspsathinsppositionthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspplusieursthinspcarthinspilthinspythinspaurathinsptoutthinspdethinspmecircmethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinsp(ἕνthinspτι)thinspetthinspdethinspdiffeacuterentthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(παρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλούς)thinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinsplaquothinsphommethinspraquothinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsp(οἷονthinspτὸthinspἄνθρωπος)thinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

130

Ce preacutesupposeacute est clairement agrave lrsquoœuvre dans les apories meacutereacuteologiques qui ouvrent le reacutequisitoire contre les Formes21 La participation des particuliers aux Formes ne diffegravere en rien de la participation des particuliers entre eux seul un corpsthinspmateacuterielthinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspdonneacutethinspenthinsppartagethinspouthinspbienthinsptoutthinspentierthinspouthinspbienthinspenthinspplusieursthinspmorceaux seuls des individus mateacuteriels et leurs parties peuvent avoir une taille et ecirctrethinspplusthinspgrandsthinspouthinspplusthinsppetitsthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspetcthinspSithinspbienthinspquethinsplrsquoalternativethinspbinairethinspsur laquelle repose le dilemme de la participation22thinspagravethinspsavoirthinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspparticiperthinspqursquoagravethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinsplrsquounethinspdethinspsesthinsppartiesthinspnrsquoathinspdethinspsensthinspquethinspsithinsplathinspFormethinspestthinsptraiteacuteethinspcommethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquoaussithinspconcretthinspquethinsplesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinspvisiblesthinspetthinsptangiblesthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinsp

Ce preacutesupposeacute est formuleacute en toutes lettres dans lrsquoun des arguments avanceacutes par Parmeacutenide23thinspmecircmethinspsithinspcelathinspestthinsptropthinspsouventthinsppasseacutethinspsousthinspsilencethinspdansthinsplathinsplitteacutera-ture secondaire24thinspDethinspfaitthinsplathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspparthinsplaquellethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsp(enthinsp

21 La seacutequence est ouverte par un troisiegraveme rappel de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees et notamment de lrsquoeacuteponymie qui les lie aux reacutealiteacutes qui en participent (cf Platonis Parmenides 130e 4 et sq)thinsp22thinspthinspCrsquoestthinspSocratethinsplui-mecircmethinspquithinspestthinspameneacutethinspagravethinspreconnaicirctrethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdrsquoautresthinsppossibiliteacutesthinspthinsplaquothinspκαὶthinspπῶςthinspἄνthinspthinspraquothinspreacutepond-ilthinspenthinspeffetthinspagravethinspParmeacutenidethinspquithinspluithinspdemandethinspsithinspunethinsplaquothinspautrethinspparticipationthinspraquothinspndashthinspenthinspplusthinspdethinspcellethinspprisethinspdansthinsplrsquoalternativethinspduthinsptoutthinspetthinspdesthinsppartiesthinspndashthinspest-ellethinsppossiblethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐκοῦνthinspἤτοιthinspὅλουthinspτοῦthinspεἴδουςthinspἢthinspμέρουςthinspἕκαστονthinspτὸthinspμεταλαμβάνονthinspμεταλαμβάνειthinspthinspἢthinspἄλληthinspτιςthinspἂνthinspμετάληψιςthinspχωρὶςthinspτούτωνthinspγένοιτοthinspthinspraquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp131athinsp4-6)thinsp23 Cf Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp1thinspthinsplaquothinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspοἶμαίthinspσεthinspἐκthinspτοῦthinspτοιοῦδεthinspἓνthinspἕκαστονthinspεἶδοςthinspοἴεσθαιthinspεἶναιmiddotthinspὅτανthinspπόλλrsquothinspἄτταthinspμεγάλαthinspδόξῃthinspσοιthinspεἶναιthinspμίαthinspτιςthinspἴσωςthinspδοκεῖthinspἰδέαthinspἡthinspαὐτὴthinspεἶναιthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἰδόντιthinspὅθενthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspμέγαthinspἡγῇthinspεἶναιthinspltΣωκράτηςgtthinspἀληθῆthinspλέγειςthinspφάναιthinspltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinspτίthinspδrsquothinspαὐτὸthinspτὸthinspμέγαthinspκαὶthinspτἆλλαthinspτὰthinspμεγάλαthinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinspοὐχὶthinspἕνthinspτιthinspαὖthinspμέγαthinspφανεῖταιthinspᾧthinsp ταῦταthinsp πάνταthinsp ἀνάγκηthinsp μεγάλαthinsp φαίνεσθαιthinspthinsp ltΣωκράτηςgtthinsp ἔοικενthinsp ltΠαρμενίδηςgtthinsp ἄλλοthinsp ἄραthinsp εἶδοςthinspμεγέθουςthinspἀναφανήσεταιthinspπαρrsquothinspαὐτόthinspτεthinspτὸthinspμέγεθοςthinspγεγονὸςthinspκαὶthinspτὰthinspμετέχονταthinspαὐτοῦmiddotthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτούτοιςthinspαὖthinspπᾶσινthinsp[132bthinsp1]thinspἕτερονthinspᾧthinspταῦταthinspπάνταthinspμεγάλαthinspἔσταιmiddotthinspκαὶthinspοὐκέτιthinspδὴthinspἓνthinspἕκαστόνthinspσοιthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἔσταιthinspἀλλὰthinspἄπειραthinspτὸthinspπλῆθοςthinsp[ltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquojethinsppensethinspquethinsptuthinsppensesthinspquethinspchaquethinspFormethinspestthinspunethinspagravethinsppartirthinspdethinspcelathinspthinspchaquethinspfoisthinspqursquoilthinsptethinspsemblethinspquethinspplusieursthinspchosesthinspsontthinspgrandesthinspilthinsptethinspsemblethinspeacutegalementthinspndashthinspagravethinsptoithinspquithinsplesthinspembrassesthinsptoutesthinspduthinspregardthinspndashthinspqursquounthinspcertainthinspaspectthinspuniquethinspestthinsplethinspmecircmethinspAgrave partir de lagrave tu estimesthinspquethinsplethinspGrandthinspestthinspunrdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquotuthinspdisthinspvrairdquothinspreacutepondit-ilthinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquoorthinspqursquoenthinspest-ilthinspduthinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinspdesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesthinspsithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptousthinspparthinsptonthinspacircmethinspthinspnrsquoest-ce pas qursquoagrave nouveau quelque chose drsquounique apparaicirctra grand en vertu duquel il est neacutecessaire quethinsptoutesthinspcesthinspchosesthinspapparaissentthinspgrandesthinsprdquothinspltSocratethinspgtthinspldquosemble-t-ilrdquothinspltParmeacutenidethinspgtthinspldquounethinspautrethinspForme de grandeur fera donc son apparition surgissant agrave part de la grandeur en soi et des choses qui participent de la grandeur en soi ainsi qursquoune autre ltFormegt agrave nouveau en plus de toutes celles-lagrave par laquelle toutes ces choses seront grandes Aussi chacune de tes Formes ne sera pas unique mais plusieursthinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinirdquo]thinspraquothinsp24thinspthinspIlthinspestthinsppeut-ecirctrethinspindeacutelicatthinspdethinsppointerthinspduthinspdoigtthinspquelqursquounthinspenthinspparticulierthinspmaisthinspndashthinspsrsquoilthinspfallaitthinspagravethinsptoutthinspprixthinspdeacuteterminerthinspquellethinspestthinsplathinsppartthinspdethinspresponsabiliteacutethinspdethinspchacunthinspdansthinspcettethinspaffairethinspndashthinsprappelonsthinspquethinspauthinspnomthinspdrsquounthinsppartithinsppristhinspdeacuteductivistethinspquithinsplrsquoathinspameneacutethinspagravethinspinfligerthinspagravethinsplrsquoargumentthinspunethinspstructurethinspinfeacuterentiellethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspreacutecursivethinspGthinspVlastosthinspnrsquoathinsppasthinspfaitthinspgrandthinspcasthinspdansthinspsathinspreconstructionthinspdethinsplathinspclausethinspquethinspnousthinspallonsthinspeacutevoquerthinspdethinspsuitethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplrsquolaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardesthinsptous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqursquoonthinsplitthinspenthinsp132athinsp5-6thinspPirethinsplethinspὡσαύτωςthinspserathinspamputeacutethinspagravethinsptermethinspdethinspsathinsptraductionthinspAussithinspdansthinsplathinspcontributionthinspquithinspsethinspveutthinsppourtantthinsplathinspplus respectueuse de la lettre du texte (G vLaStoSthinsplaquothinspPlatorsquosthinspldquoThirdthinspManrdquothinspArgumentthinsp(Parmenides 132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspTextthinspandthinspLogicthinspraquothinspThe Philosophical Quarterlythinsp19thinsp[1969]thinsppthinsp291)thinsplrsquoadverbethinspathinsptoutthinspsimplementthinspdisparuthinspCethinspquithinspnonthinspseulementthinspcomprometthinsplrsquointelligibiliteacutethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspmaisthinspencorethinspetthinspsurtout occulte le preacutesupposeacute (la confusion entre les Formes et les particuliers qui participent des Formes)thinspsurthinsplequelthinspcethinspdernierthinspreposethinspenthinspdernierthinspressort

Leone Gazziero

131

lrsquooccurrencethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspGrandeur)thinspsethinsptrouvethinspcompromisethinspreposethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspsurthinsplathinspclausethinsplaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardes tous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqui se porte garante de lrsquoenchaicircnement des diffeacuterentes eacutetapes de lrsquoargument lequel consistethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspagravethinspreacutepeacuteterthinsplathinspmecircmethinspopeacuterationthinspparthinsplaquellethinsponthinsprassemblethinspdansthinspunethinspvuethinspdrsquoensemblethinspunethinsppluraliteacutethinspdethinspchosesthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdrsquounethinspdeacuteterminationthinspcommunethinspAuthinspdemeurantthinspsithinsponthinspnethinspregardaitthinsppasthinsplathinspFormethinspetthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinsp(ὡσαύτως)thinspcommentthinspdeacuteclencherthinsplathinspdeacuterivethinspinflationnistethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspreacutecursivementthinspla position drsquoune deuxiegraveme Ideacutee puis drsquoune nouvelle puis drsquoune autre encore et ainsi dethinspsuitethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspthinspCettethinspsuggestionthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppernicieusethinspqursquoellethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleursthinspndash porte tout le poids de lrsquoargument dans la mesure ougrave elle est appeleacutee agrave assurer lathinspcontinuiteacutethinspentrethinspcethinspquithinspsrsquoestthinspmanifesteacutethinspauthinspniveauthinspdethinsplrsquoinspectionthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspet ce qui va se manifester en eacutelargissant cette opeacuteration synoptique aux Formes elles-mecircmesthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspregardethinsplesthinspunsthinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinspthinsp

Or il y a au moins un platonicien qui a vu les Ideacutees de cette faccedilon agrave savoir comme des reacutealiteacutes qui si tant est qursquoelles existent existent agrave la faccedilon des par-ticuliersthinsp sensiblesthinspCethinsp platonicienthinsp estthinsp naturellementthinspAristotethinsp chezthinsp quithinsp lrsquoassi-milationthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspconstituethinsplethinsplevierthinspdesthinspreprochesthinspreacutecurrents qursquoil a formuleacutes agrave lrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Formes Plus preacuteciseacute-ment si lrsquoon distingue ndash non sans fondement quoique de maniegravere un peu scheacute-matiquethinspndashthinspdeuxthinspgrandesthinspfamillesthinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspdansthinsplathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdes Ideacutees agrave savoir ndash drsquoune part ndash les apories lieacutees agrave leur existence (lesquelles visent agrave saper le fondement de la doctrine qui srsquoavegravere degraves lors tout simplement incapablethinspdethinspdeacutemontrerthinspqursquoellethinspathinspunthinspobjet)thinspetthinspndashthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspndashthinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspmoinsthinspagravethinsplrsquoexistencethinspelle-mecircmethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspqursquoagravethinspleurthinsprelationthinspavecthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinsp(lesquellesthinspvisentthinspagravethinspabolirthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspfairethinspappelthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinsppourthinspexpliquerthinspquoi que ce soit en termes de participation preacutesence ou encore imitation des unesthinspparthinsprapportthinspauxthinspautres)25thinspilthinspestthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspplausiblethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfamille fait intervenir ndash agrave tous les coups ndash cette assimilation des Formes et des substancesthinspmateacuteriellesthinspIlthinspsrsquoagitthinspndashthinspautrementthinspditthinspndashthinspdethinsplathinspconditionthinspsuffisantethinsp(soitthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspsoitthinspsurthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspconsideacuterationsthinspquithinsp luithinspsontthinspsolidaires)thinsppourthinspfairethinspdeacuteraillerthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspAristotethinsppeutthinspdifficilementthinspecirctrethinspaccuseacutethinspdrsquoavoirthinspmacirccheacutethinspsesthinspmotsthinspthinspconcisthinspouithinspagravethinspsonthinspordinairethinspndashthinspobscurthinspnonthinsp

25thinspthinspOnthinspreacutesumerathinspcettethinspdistinctionthinspenthinspdeacutetournantthinspunthinspceacutelegravebrethinsptraitthinsppascalienthinsp(Penseacutees eacuted P SeLLier MercurethinspdethinspFrancethinspParisthinsp1976thinsppthinsp445thinsp[887])thinspthinsplaquothinspPlatonthinspincertainthinspetthinspinutilethinspraquothinsplaquothinspIncertainthinspraquothinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspilthinsppostulethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdontthinspilthinspnethinspparvientthinsppasthinspagravethinspprouverthinspqursquoellesthinspexistentthinspthinsplaquothinspinutilethinspraquothinsppuisquethinspmecircmethinspsithinspdethinsptellesthinspentiteacutesthinspexistentthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditthinspellesthinspnethinspcontribueraientthinsppasthinspgrand-chosethinspagravethinspnotrethinspgouvernethinspouthinspagravethinspnotrethinspconnaissancethinspduthinspmondethinspdrsquoici-basthinspPuisqursquoilsthinspeacutepousentthinspbienthinspauthinspniveauthinspde la division du travail exeacutegeacutetique cette dualiteacute rappelons deux textes de F Fronterotta qursquoon peut prendre comme points de repegravere macroscopiques au sein de la tregraves vaste litteacuterature secondaire (au sujet dethinsplaquellethinspcfthinsplesthinspindicationsthinspfourniesthinspplusthinspbasthinspnotethinsp32)thinspthinspF Fronterotta laquo ldquoLes Formes nrsquoexistent pasthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditrdquothinspLathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspF Pradeauthinsp(eacuted)thinspPlaton Les formes intelligiblesthinspPUFthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp129-154thinspetthinsplaquothinspLathinspcriticathinsparistotelicathinspallathinspfunzionethinspcausalethinspdelle Idee platoniche MetafisicathinspAthinsp9thinsp991athinsp8thinsp-thinsp991bthinsp9thinspraquothinspdansthinspF Fronterottathinsp(eacuted)thinspLa scienza e le cause a partire dalla Metafisica di Aristotele BibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp2010thinsppthinsp93-119thinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

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Selon un paradoxe qui nrsquoen est un qursquoen apparence ce qursquoAristote sanctionne chezthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsplethinspvicethinspreacutedhibitoirethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspagravethinspluithinsptoutthinspseulthinsplethinsprejetthinspdethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspenthinspquestionthinspndashthinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcethinspqursquoilthinspestthinspprecirctthinspagravethinspleurthinspaccorderthinspAutant dire le dilemme des partisans des Ideacutees est qursquoils ont tort et raison agrave la foisthinspetthinspndashthinspsurtoutthinspndashthinspqursquoilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspontthinspraisonthinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspλέγοντεςthinspτῇthinspμὲνthinspὀρθῶςthinspλέγουσιthinspχωρίζοντεςthinspαὐτάthinspεἴπερthinspοὐσίαιthinspεἰσίthinspτῇthinspδrsquothinspοὐκthinspὀρθῶςthinspὅτιthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspεἶδοςthinspλέγουσινthinsp[ceuxthinspquithinspdisentthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspontthinspraisonthinspet tort agrave la fois Ils ont raison de dire qursquoelles sont seacutepareacutees puisqursquoelles sont des substancesthinspthinspmaisthinspilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinspmultipli-citeacute]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp16thinsp1040bthinsp27-30)thinspOrthinspqursquoest-cethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspdire pourquoi au juste les partisans des Ideacutees ont drsquoun cocircteacute tort et de lrsquoautre raison Reacuteponse la conviction que poser lrsquoexistence de quelque chose ou ndash ce quithinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinsprevientthinspauthinspmecircmethinspndashthinspfairethinspdethinspquelquethinspchosesthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutequivautthinspagravethinspenthinspfairethinspunthinspparticulierthinspsensiblethinsp(peuthinspimportethinspalorsthinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspeacuteternelthinspou pas26)thinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinspauthinsp tourthinspdrsquoincantationthinsppregravesthinspndashthinspcrsquoestthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspfontthinspcommethinsplrsquoindiquethinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinsppassagethinspthinsplaquothinspαἴτιονthinspδrsquothinspὅτιthinspοὐκthinspἔχουσινthinspἀποδοῦναιthinspτίνεςthinspαἱthinspτοιαῦταιthinspοὐσίαιthinspαἱthinspἄφθαρτοιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspαἰσθητάςmiddotthinspποιοῦσινthinspοὖνthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspτῷthinspεἴδειthinspτοῖςthinspφθαρτοῖςthinsp(ταύταςthinspγὰρthinspἴσμεν)thinspαὐτοάνθρωπονthinspκαὶthinspαὐτόϊππονthinspπροστιθέντεςthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspτὸthinspῥῆμαthinspτὸthinspldquoαὐτόrdquothinsp[lathinspcausethinspltdethinspleurthinsperreurgtthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspsontthinspincapablesthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquethinspsontthinspdethinsptellesthinspsubstancesthinspincorruptiblesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspIlsthinspenthinspfontthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspspeacutecifiquementthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspcorruptiblesthinsp(celles-cithinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspsavonsthinspltcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontgt)thinspunthinspHommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspChevalthinspenthinspsoithinspenthinspajoutantthinspauxthinspltnomsthinspdesgtthinspchosesthinspsensiblesthinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquoenthinspsoirdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica Z

26 Aristotelis ethica nicomacheathinsp Ithinsp 6thinsp 1096athinsp 34thinsp -thinsp 1096bthinsp 5thinspthinsp laquothinspἀπορήσειεthinsp δrsquothinsp ἄνthinsp τιςthinsp τίthinsp ποτεthinsp καὶthinspβούλονταιthinspλέγεινthinspαὐτοέκαστονthinspεἴπερthinspἔνthinspτεthinspαὐτοανθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspεἷςthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspαὐτὸςthinspλόγοςthinspἐστὶνthinspὁthinspτοῦthinspἀνθρώπουthinspᾗthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωποςthinspοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσουσινmiddotthinspεἰthinspδrsquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὐδrsquothinspᾗthinspἀγαθόνthinspἀλλὰthinspμὴνthinspοὐδὲthinspτῷthinspἀίδιονthinspεἶναιthinspμᾶλλονthinspἀγαθὸνthinspἔσταιthinspεἴπερthinspμηδὲthinspλευκότερονthinspτὸthinspπολυχρόνιονthinspτοῦthinspἐφημέρουthinsp[R bodeacuteuumlS Aristote Eacutethique agrave Nicomaque Flammarion Paris 2004 p 61 on peut drsquoautre part se demander ce quethinsppeutthinspbienthinspvouloirthinspdirethinspenthinspdeacutefinitivethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquochosethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplrsquoldquohommethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspetthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinspdeacutefinissentthinspparthinspunethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspformulethinspcellethinspdethinsplrsquohommethinspCarthinspsithinsplrsquoonthinspconsidegraverethinsplathinspchose en tant qursquohomme cela ne fait aucune diffeacuterence Et dans ces conditions il nrsquoy a pas non plus agrave fairethinsplathinspdiffeacuterencethinspagravethinspproposthinspduthinspbienthinspsithinsponthinsplethinspconsidegraverethinspenthinsptantthinspquethinsptelthinspMaisthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspnonthinspplusthinspparcethinspqursquoilthinspseraitthinspeacuteternelthinspqursquounthinspbienthinspseraitthinspdavantagethinspunthinspbienthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspquithinspdurethinsplongtempsthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdavantagethinspcethinspqursquoellethinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspeacutepheacutemegravere]thinspraquothinsp

Leone Gazziero

133

16thinsp1040bthinsp30-34)27thinspCethinspquithinspndashthinsptoutthinsparbitrairethinspetthinspgratuitthinspquethinspcethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleurs28 ndash est ineacutevitablethinsppourthinsppeuthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspveuillethinsppreacuteserverthinsplathinspnotionthinspelle-mecircmethinspdethinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspγάρthinspτιςthinspμὴthinspθήσειthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspεἶναιthinspκεχωρισμέναςthinspκαὶthinspτὸνthinspτρόπονthinspτοῦτονthinspὡςthinspλέγεταιthinspτὰthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἀναιρήσειthinspτὴνthinspοὐσίανthinspὡςthinspβουλόμεθαthinspλέγεινthinsp[sithinsponthinspnethinspposethinsppasthinspquethinsplesthinspsubstancesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinsponthinspditthinspquethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspparticuliersthinsplethinspsontthinsponthinspdeacutetruitthinsplathinspsubstancethinspauthinspsensthinspougravethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendons]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp10thinsp1086bthinsp16-19)29

SurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspcethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspAristotethinspdeacuteveloppethinsptoutethinspunethinspseacuteriethinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspagravethinsplrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Ideacutees allant de lrsquoaccusation de verser dans une erreur aussi grossiegravere que lrsquoanthropomorphisme religieux30thinspagravethinspcellethinspdethinspredoublerthinspsansthinspraisonthinsp

27thinspthinspAristotethinspstigmatisethinspvolontiersthinsplesthinspliberteacutesthinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspprennentthinspavecthinsplethinsplangagethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinsptournerthinsplathinspplupartthinspduthinsptempsthinspagravethinspvidethinspAussithinsplorsqursquoilthinspnethinspbalaiethinspleurthinspproposthinspcommethinspduthinspsimplethinspverbiagethinsp(cf Aristotelis ethica eudemia R R waLzer J M MinGaythinsp(eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1991thinspIthinsp8thinsp1217bthinsp19-21thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspδὲthinspδεῖthinspσυντόμωςthinspεἰπεῖνthinspπερὶthinspαὐτῶνthinspλέγομενthinspὅτιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspτὸthinspεἶναιthinspἰδέανthinspμὴthinspμόνονthinspἀγαθοῦthinspἀλλὰthinspκαὶthinspἄλλουthinspὁτουοῦνthinspλέγεταιthinspλογικῶςthinspκαὶthinspκενῶςthinsp[srsquoilthinspnousthinspestthinsppermisthinspdrsquoexprimerthinspicithinsptregravesthinspbriegravevementthinspnotrethinsppenseacuteethinspnousthinspdironsthinspqursquoaffirmerthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspunethinspIdeacuteethinspnonthinspseulementthinspduthinspbienthinspmaisthinspdethinsptoutthinspautrethinspchosethinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspparlerthinspetthinsptenirthinspdesthinspproposthinspvides]thinspraquo)thinspilthinsplesthinspaccusethinspdethinspsethinspcontenterthinspde meacutetaphores poeacutetiques (cf Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp991athinsp20-22thinsp[=thinspMthinsp5thinsp1079bthinsp24-27]thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspλέγεινthinspπαραδείγματαthinspαὐτὰthinsplt scilicetthinspτὰthinspεἴδηgtthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspμετέχεινthinspαὐτῶνthinspτἆλλαthinspκενολογεῖνthinspἐστὶthinspκαὶthinspμεταφορὰςthinspλέγεινthinspποιητικάςthinsp[direthinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspsontthinspdesthinspparadigmesthinspetthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspnethinsprienthinspdirethinspetthinspsethinsppayerthinspdethinspmeacutetaphoresthinsppoeacutetiques]thinspraquo)thinspthinsp ilthinsp leurthinspreprochethinspeacutegalement de srsquoamuser agrave changer de nom aux choses sans se preacuteoccuper de nous dire ce qursquoelles sont au juste (cf Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987bthinsp7-14thinspthinsplaquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὖνthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσεthinspτὰthinspδrsquothinspαἰσϑητὰthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspταῦταthinspλέγεσϑαιthinspπάνταthinspκατὰthinspμέϑεξινthinspγὰρthinspεἶναιthinspτὰthinspπολλὰthinspτῶνthinspσυνωνύμωνthinsp[ὁμώνυμα]thinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσινthinspτὴνthinspδὲthinspμέϑεξινthinspτοὔνομαthinspμόνονthinspμετέβαλενmiddotthinspοἱthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspΠυϑαγόρειοιthinspμιμήσειthinspτὰthinspὄνταthinspφασὶνthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspἀριϑμῶνthinspΠλάτωνthinspδὲthinspμεϑέξειthinspτοὔνομαthinspμεταβαλώνthinspτὴνthinspμέντοιthinspγεthinspμέϑεξινthinspἢthinspτὴνthinspμίμησινthinspἥτιςthinspἂνthinspεἴηthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἀφεῖσανthinspἐνthinspκοινῷthinspζητεῖνthinsp[aussithinspilthinspathinspappeleacutethinspldquoIdeacuteesrdquothinspdethinsptellesthinspchosesthinspetthinspilthinspathinspaffirmeacutethinspquethinsptousthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspenthinspsontthinspseacutepareacutesthinspetthinspqursquoilsthinspreccediloiventthinspdrsquoellesthinspleur nom En effet crsquoest en raison de leur participation aux Ideacutees que les plusieurs sont synonymes avec les Ideacutees Pour ce qui est de la participation Platon nrsquoa fait que changer le nom en effet les PythagoriciensthinspaffirmaientthinspquethinsplesthinspeacutetantsthinspsontthinspparthinspimitationthinspdesthinspnombresthinspPlatonthinspparthinspparticipationthinspenthinspchangeantthinsplethinspnomthinspCethinspquethinsplathinspparticipationthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinspouthinsplrsquoimitationthinsppeutthinspbienthinspecirctrethinspilsthinspontthinspenthinspcommunthinspdrsquoavoirthinspneacutegligeacutethinspdethinsplethinspchercher]thinspraquo)thinsp28thinspthinspPourthinspAristotethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspplusthinspdethinspraisonthinspdethinspseacuteparerthinsplesthinspuniversauxthinspquethinsplesthinspaccidentsthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐδεμίαthinspἀνάγκηthinspὑπολαμβάνεινthinspτιthinspεἶναιthinspτοῦτοthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspὅτιthinspἓνthinspδηλοῖthinspοὐδὲνthinspμᾶλλονthinspἢthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspἄλλωνthinspὅσαthinspμὴthinspτὶthinspσημαίνειthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιὸνthinspἢthinspπρόςthinspτιthinspἢthinspποιεῖνthinsp[ilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspplusthinspneacutecessairethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplrsquouniversel est quelque chose agrave part des choses individuelles car il indique quelque chose drsquounique que de le penser des autres choses qui ne sont pas quelque chose mais une qualiteacute une relation ou encorethinspunethinspaction]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis analytica posteriorathinspIthinsp24thinsp85bthinsp18-21)thinsp29 Cf Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp12thinsp1037bthinsp27thinspougravethinspilthinspestthinspquestionthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspὡςthinspφαμένthinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplaquothinspἡthinspοὐσίαthinspἕνthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὡςthinspφαμένthinsp[lathinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspcommethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinspetthinspdethinspconcret]thinspraquothinsp30 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12thinspthinsplaquothinspπολλαχῇthinspδὲthinspἐχόντωνthinspδυσκολίανthinspοὐθενὸςthinspἧττονthinspἄτοπονthinspτὸthinspφάναιthinspμὲνthinspεἶναίthinspτιναςthinspφύσειςthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspοὐρανῷthinspταύταςthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspφάναιthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspπλὴνthinspὅτιthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspἀΐδιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspφθαρτάthinspαὐτὸthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωπόνthinspφασινthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspἵππονthinspκαὶthinspὑγίειανthinspἄλλοthinspδrsquothinspοὐδένthinspπαραπλήσιονthinspποιοῦντεςthinspτοῖςthinspθεοὺςthinspμὲνthinspεἶναιthinspφάσκουσινthinspἀνθρωποειδεῖςthinspδέmiddotthinspοὔτεthinspγὰρthinspἐκεῖνοιthinspοὐδὲνthinspἄλλοthinspἐποίουνthinspἢthinspἀνθρώπουςthinspἀϊδίουςthinspοὔθrsquothinspοὗτοιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἄλλrsquothinspἢthinspαἰσθητὰthinspἀΐδιαthinsp(D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp[2008]thinsppthinsp308thinspthinspmecircmethinspsrsquoilsthinspltlesthinspplatoniciensgtthinspsontthinspdethinspplusieursthinspfaccedilonsthinspenthinspdifficulteacutethinsprienthinspdethinspplusthinspabsurdethinspquethinspdethinspdirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspcertainesthinspnaturesthinspenthinspplusthinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

134

lethinspmobilierthinspontologiquethinspduthinspmonde31 en passant par des travers meacutereacuteologiques qui rappellent drsquoassez pregraves ceux que lrsquoon rencontre deacutejagrave chez Platon32

Si nous avons passeacute en revue chacun de ces inconveacutenients33 nous nous sommes cependantthinsparrecircteacutesthinsptoutthinspspeacutecialementthinspsurthinsplrsquounthinspdrsquoentrethinspeuxthinsplrsquoargumentthinspqursquoAristotethinsp

dethinspcellesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinsplrsquouniversthinspmaisthinspenthinspdisantthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspsensiblesthinspsaufthinspquethinsplesthinspunesthinspsontthinspeacuteternellesthinsplesthinspautresthinspcorruptiblesthinspIlsthinspdisentthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspunthinsphommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspchevalthinsplten soigt une santeacute lten soigt sans rien dire drsquoautre en faisant agrave peu pregraves comme ceux qui disent qursquoil existe des dieux mais de forme humaine Ceux-ci ne faisaient rien drsquoautre que des hommes eacuteternels etthinsppourthinspceux-lagravethinsplesthinspformesthinspnethinspsontthinspquethinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspeacuteternels)thinspraquothinsp31 Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8thinsp(cfthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp34thinsp-thinsp1079athinsp4)thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτωνδὶthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἕτεραthinspτούτωνthinspἴσαthinspτὸνthinspἀριθμὸνthinspἐκόμισανthinspὥσπερthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἀριθμῆσαιthinspβουλόμενοςthinspἐλαττόνωνthinspμὲνthinspὄντωνthinspοἴοιτοthinspμὴthinspδυνήσεσθαιthinspπλείωthinspδὲthinspποιήσαςthinspἀριθμοίηthinspσχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspἴσαthinspἢthinspοὐκthinspἐλάττωthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἐστὶthinspτούτοιςthinspπερὶthinspὧνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἐκthinspτούτωνthinspἐπrsquothinspἐκεῖναthinspπροῆλθονthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspγὰρthinspὁμώνυμόνthinspτιthinspἐστιthinspκαὶthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspτῶνthinspτεthinspἄλλωνthinspἐστὶνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspἕνthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖσδεthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖςthinspἀιδίοιςthinsp[D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinsppthinsp306-307thinspthinspquantthinspagravethinspceuxthinspquithinspposentthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspcommethinspdesthinspcausesthinspdrsquoabordthinspenthinspcherchantthinspagravethinspsaisirthinsplesthinspcausesthinspdesthinspecirctresthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinspilsthinspenthinspontthinspintroduitthinspdrsquoautresthinspenthinspnombrethinspeacutegauxthinspagravethinspeuxthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspquethinspquelqursquounthinspqui voudrait compter des choses mais croirait ne pas pouvoir le faire parce qursquoil y en a peu et pour lesthinspcompterthinsplesthinsprendraitthinspplusthinspnombreusesthinspLesthinspFormesthinspenthinspeffetthinspsontthinspenthinspnombrethinsppresquethinspeacutegalesthinspouthinsppas infeacuterieures aux choses loin desquelles dans leur recherche des causes ils ont eacuteteacute jusque vers ellesthinspcarthinsppourthinspchaquethinspchosethinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquohomonymethinspmecircmethinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspetthinspdesthinspautres choses dont il y a uniteacute drsquoune multipliciteacute agrave la fois pour les choses qui nous entourent et pour cellesthinspquithinspsontthinspeacuteternelles]thinspraquothinsp32 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1039athinsp26thinsp-thinsp1039bthinsp2thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἵππῳthinspἤτοιthinspἓνthinspκαὶthinspταὐτὸνthinspτῷthinspἀριθμῷthinspἐστὶνthinspἢthinspἕτερονmiddotthinspτῷthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspλόγῳthinspδῆλονthinspὅτιthinspἕνmiddotthinspτὸνthinspγὰρthinspαὐτὸνthinspδιέξεισιthinspλόγονthinspὁthinspλέγωνthinspἐνthinspἑκατέρῳthinspεἰthinspοὖνthinspἐστίthinspτιςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspαὐτὸςthinspκαθrsquothinspαὑτὸνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspἀνάγκηthinspκαὶthinspἐξthinspὧνthinspοἷονthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspδίπουνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspκαὶthinspεἶναιthinspχωριστὰthinspκαὶthinspοὐσίαςmiddotthinspὥστεthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτὸthinspαὐτὸthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἵππῳthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspὥσπερthinspσὺthinspσαυτῷthinspπῶςthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspοὖσιthinspχωρὶςthinspἓνthinspἔσταιthinspκαὶthinspδιὰthinspτίthinspοὐthinspκαὶthinspχωρὶςthinspαὑτοῦthinspἔσταιthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspτοῦτοthinspthinsp[sithinsplesthinspFormesthinspexistentthinspetthinspquethinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspouthinspbienthinspilthinspserathinspnumeacuteri-quementthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspouthinspbienthinspdiffeacuterentthinspParthinsplrsquoargumentthinspquethinspvoicithinspilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspuniquethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinsponthinsplethinspdeacutefinitthinspauthinspmoyenthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspdeacutefinitionthinspSrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdoncthinspunthinsphommethinspquithinspestthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinsppourthinsplui-mecircmethinspunthinspcecithinspetthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspneacutecessairementthinspquethinspcethinspquithinsplethinspconstituethinsplrsquoanimalthinspetthinsplethinspbipegravedethinspparthinspexemplethinspsoientthinspaussithinspunthinspcecithinspqursquoilsthinspsoientthinspdesthinspchosesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspOrthinspsithinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspetthinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspestthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspcommethinsptuthinsplrsquoesthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinsptoi-mecircmethinspcommentthinsppourra-t-ilthinspdemeurerthinspuniquethinspdansthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspquithinspsontthinspagravethinsppartthinspltlesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautresgtthinspetthinsppourquoithinspcetthinspanimalthinspnethinspsera-t-ilthinsppasthinspseacutepareacutethinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsp]thinspraquo33thinspthinspDethinspmecircmethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspeacutetudieacutethinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspplusthinspponctuellesthinspqursquoAristotethinspassociethinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfamilles drsquoarguments en faveur de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees dans le reacutequisitoire qursquoon peut lire ndash agrave quelques variations mineures pregraves ndash dans les livres A et M des MeacutetaphysiquesthinspenthinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp8-15thinspetthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp4-9thinsprespectivementthinsp(laquothinspἔτιthinspδὲthinspκαϑrsquothinspοὓςthinspτρόπουςthinspδείκνυμενthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκατrsquoοὐϑέναthinspφαίνεταιthinspτούτωνmiddotthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspοὐκthinspἀνάγκηthinspγίγνεσϑαιthinspσυλλογισμόνthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspοὐχthinspὧνthinspοἰόμεϑαthinspτούτωνthinspεἴδηthinspγίγνεταιthinspκατάthinspτεthinspγὰρthinspτοὺςthinspλόγουςthinspτοὺςthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἐπιστημῶνthinspεἴδηthinspἔσταιthinspπάντωνthinspὅσωνthinspἐπιστῆμαιthinspεἰσίthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀποφάσεωνthinspκατὰthinspδὲthinspτὸthinspνοεῖνthinspτιthinspφϑαρέντοςthinspτῶνthinspφϑαρτῶνmiddotthinspφάντασμαthinspγάρthinspτιthinspτούτωνthinspἔστινthinsp[dethinspplusthinspdrsquoaucunethinspdesthinspmaniegraveresthinspdontthinspnousthinspentreprenonsthinspdethinsplethinspprouverthinspnethinspreacutesultethinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinspeffetthinspdansthinspcertainsthinspcasthinsplethinspsyllogismethinspnethinspsrsquoensuitthinsppasthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspneacutecessairethinspthinspdansthinspdrsquoautresthinspcasthinspenthinsprevanchethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspmecircmethinsppourthinspdesthinspchosesthinsppourthinsplesquellesthinspnousthinsppensonsthinspqursquoil nrsquoy en a pas des arguments agrave partir des sciences qursquoil y a des Ideacutees de tout ce dont il y a des sciencesthinspthinspltdesthinspargumentsgtthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspltqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesgtthinspmecircmethinspdethinspneacutegationsthinspthinspetthinspltdesthinspargumentsgt agrave partir de la penseacutee de quelque chose apregraves sa corruption ltqursquoil y a des Ideacuteesgt drsquoentiteacutes

Leone Gazziero

135

lethinsppremierthinspndashthinspsansthinspenthinspattribuerthinsplathinsppaterniteacutethinspagravethinsppersonnethinsp(pasthinspplusthinspagravethinspsesthinsppreacutedeacuteces-seursthinspouthinspagravethinspsesthinspcontemporainsthinspqursquoagravethinsplui-mecircme)thinspndashthinspathinspappeleacutethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo34 Cela pour au moins deux raisons En premier lieu il y a tout sujet de croirethinspqursquoAristotethinspdevaitthinsplethinsptenirthinsppourthinspunethinspobjectionthinspassezthinspformidablethinspagravethinsplrsquoencontrethinspdethinsplathinsppromotionthinspdesthinsppreacutedicatsthinspuniverselsthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancesthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinspvuthinsplethinsptraitthinspquithinspndashthinsppourthinspAristotethinspndashthinspfaitthinsplathinspspeacutecificiteacutethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacutees)thinspCrsquoestthinspenthinsptoutthinspeacutetatthinspdethinspcausethinsplethinspspectrethinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspseulthinspqursquoAristotethinspagitethinsplorsqursquoilthinspeacutevoquethinspndashthinspenthinspblocthinspndashthinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdontthinspagravethinspsonthinspavisthinspsrsquoencombrethinsplrsquohypothegravese des Formes (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu la conviction que si les Ideacutees existent elles existent agrave la maniegravere desthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspnonthinspseulementthinspjouethinspunthinsprocirclethinspcapitalthinspdansthinsplrsquoeacuteconomiethinspdethinsplrsquoargument tel que nous pouvons le reconstruire agrave partir des diffeacuterentes sources qui nous lrsquoont transmis35 mais encore elle constitue la cleacute pour reacutesoudre un puzzle

quithinspontthinsppeacuterithinsp(puisqursquoilthinspenthinspexistethinspunethinspcertainethinspimage)]thinspraquo)thinspUnethinspbibliographiethinspdethinspquelquethinsptroisthinspcentsthinsptitresthinspspeacutecialement consacreacutee agrave la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees dans les lieux parallegraveles des livres A et M des Meacutetaphysiquesthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspdistribueacuteethinspetthinsp(dansthinspsathinspversionthinspalphabeacutetique)thinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspconsulteacuteethinsponlinethinspagravethinsplrsquoadressethinspthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir2808files201509BibliogrSept2015pdfthinsp34 Au sujet de lrsquohistoire de lrsquoargument qursquoil nous soit permis de renvoyer agrave L Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinsp(citeacutethinspnotethinsp14)thinsppourthinspsathinsppreacutehistoirethinspplatoniciennethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquothinspldquoκαὶthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςrdquothinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspProleacutegomegravenesthinspagravethinspunethinsphistoirethinspanciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspraquothinspRhizai 7 2010 p 181-220 pour son utilisationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquo ldquoEt quoniam est quis tertius homordquothinspArgumentthinspexeacutegegravesethinspcontresens dans la litteacuterature latine apparenteacutee aux Sophistici elenchithinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspArchives drsquohistoire doctrinale et litteacuteraire du Moyen Age 80 2013 p 7-48 pour ses transformations aux mains des commentateursthinspdethinsplanguethinspetthinspculturethinsplatinethinspPourthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspdesthinspcommentateursthinspdethinsplrsquoAntiquiteacutethinsptardivethinspcfthinspD huntthinsplaquothinspPlotinusthinspMeetsthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspJ CLearythinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Perennial Tradition of NeoplatonismthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinsp1997thinsppthinsp119-132thinspthinspJ oPSoMerthinsplaquothinspSyrianusthinsponthinspHomonymythinspandthinspFormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspvan rieL C MaCeacute et L van CaMPethinsp(eacuted)thinspPlatonic Ideas and Concept Formation in Ancient and Medieval ThoughtthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinspLouvainthinsp2004thinsppthinsp31-50thinspetthinspLthinspP GerSon laquothinspProclusthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspEacutetudes platoniciennesthinsp8thinsp(2011)thinsppthinsp105-11835thinspthinspCommethinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinsplonguementthinspexpliqueacutethinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinsplathinspseacuteancethinspduthinsp16thinspmarsthinsp2015thinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspestthinspunthinspexcellentthinspcasthinspdrsquoeacutetudethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoonthinspsethinsptournethinspversthinspdesthinspsourcesthinspsemi-canoniquesthinspafinthinspdethinspreconstituerthinspdesthinspfaitsthinspdethinspdiscoursthinspplusthinspouthinspmoinsthinspradicalementthinspindisponiblesthinspdansthinspleurthinspversionthinsporiginalethinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspmecircmethinspsithinspsonthinspcasthinspparaicirctthinspndashthinspagravethinsppremiegraverethinspvuethinspndashthinspmoinsthinspdeacutesespeacutereacutethinspquethinspceluithinspdrsquoautresthinsppiegravecesthinspdethinsplrsquoAristotethinspperduthinspetthinspmecircmethinspsithinspndashthinspagravethinspcoupthinspsucircrthinspndashthinspsathinspsituationthinspphilologiquethinspsrsquoestthinspconsideacuterablementthinspameacutelioreacutee depuis quelques anneacutees (parmi les progregraves il faut au moins signaler la nouvelle eacutedition critiquethinspdesthinspquelquesthinsppagesthinspdrsquointeacuterecirctthinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauxthinspMeacutetaphysiques drsquoAristotethinspquethinspD harLFinGerthinspnousthinspathinspoffertethinspenthinsp1975thinspthinsponthinspsignalerathinspeacutegalementthinspquethinsplathinspquestionthinspdesthinspdeuxthinsp recensionsthinspdansthinsp lesquellesthinspcesthinspmecircmesthinsppagesthinspnousthinspseraientthinspparvenuesthinspndashthinsp toutthinsp reacutecemmentthinspndashthinspathinspbeacuteneacuteficieacutethinspdesthinsplumiegraveresthinspdethinspP GoLitSiS laquo La recensio altera du Commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave la Meacutetaphysique drsquoAristotethinspetthinsplethinspteacutemoignagethinspdesthinspmanuscritsthinspbyzantinsthinspLaurentianus plut 8712 et Ambrosianus F113thinspsupthinspraquothinspdansthinspJ SiGneS Codontildeer et I Peacuterez Martinthinsp(eacuted)thinspTextual Transmission in Byzantium Between Textual Criticism and Quellenforschung Brepols Turnhout 2014 p 199-230 ainsi que de celles de L CaLvieacutethinsp laquothinspAgravethinsp proposthinsp dethinsp lrsquoeacuteditionthinspHayduckthinsp duthinspCommentairethinsp drsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodise agrave la MeacutetaphysiquethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspouthinspconsulterthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir565files201409Article-LCalvieacute-2e-edpdf)thinspIlthinspnrsquoenthinsprestethinsppasthinspmoinsthinspquethinsptoutthinspeffortthinspdethinsprestitutionthinspduthinsptraiteacutethinspperduthinspdrsquoAristotethinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspougravethinsponthinsppeutthinsplirethinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspdethinsplointhinsplethinspplusthinspinformatifthinspndashthinspdoitthinspsethinspconfronterthinspagravethinspunethinspeacutequationthinspagravethinspplusieursthinspvariablesthinspLethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspestthinspunthinsptextethinspqui ne nous est parvenu qursquoagrave travers la tradition indirecte et dont la vocation ndash pour autant qursquoelle se

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

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exeacutegeacutetique agrave la fois ancien et tenace agrave savoir pour autant que lrsquoon a affaire agrave un seul etthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinspnousthinsppouvonsthinspremonterthinspdansthinsplethinsptempsthinspne fait pas lrsquounanimiteacute ndash comment se fait-il qursquoAristote tantocirct lrsquoutilise pour reacutefuter les philosophes des Ideacutees tantocirct le rejette sous preacutetexte qursquoil srsquoagit drsquoun argument fallacieux36thinspthinspLethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspdansthinsplequelthinspnousthinspavonsthinspidentifieacutethinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspmotifsthinsppro-fonds de lrsquoantiplatonisme drsquoAristote ndash agrave savoir la particularisation existentielle des universauxthinspndashthinsppermetthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquithinspentraicircnethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspetthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinsplrsquoeacuteviterthinspMecircmethinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvirtuellementthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspcomprendrethinsplethinspfonctionnementthinspexactthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspsesthinspraresthinspoccurrencesthinspdansthinsp

laissethinspentrevoirthinspndashthinspeacutetaitthinspdethinsptraiterthinspdrsquounethinspdoctrinethinspcellethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspcœurthinspdrsquounthinspdeacutebatthinspquithinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplethinsppreacutecegravedethinspetthinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspaffecteacutethinspAucunethinspdethinspcesthinspvariablethinspnethinspsethinsplaissethinsptraiterthinspcommethinspunethinspsimplethinspvariablethinspdrsquoajustement et elles sont qui plus est lieacutees entre elles Si on distingue donc ndash avec les speacutecialistes de lrsquoecdotique (on se reacutefeacuterera en particulier agrave un texte de J iriGointhinspthinsplaquothinspLathinspcritiquethinspdesthinsptextesthinspdoitthinspecirctrethinsphistoriquethinspraquothinspdansthinspE FLoreSthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa critica testuale greco-latina oggi Metodi e problemi Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 29-31 ottobre 1979)thinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1981thinsppthinsp27-43)thinspndashthinsptrois eacutetapes fondamentales dans la reconstitution drsquoun texte la recensio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la collecte de toutesthinsp lesthinspsourcesthinspmanuscritesthinspdisponiblesthinsp(etthinspeacuteventuellementthinspdesthinspsourcesthinsp imprimeacutees)thinspdirectesthinspetthinspindirectes)thinsp lathinspcollatio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la comparaison des reacutesultats de la recensiothinsp afinthinspdrsquoobtenirthinspunethinspimagethinspaussithinspfidegravelethinspquethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspenthinspremontantthinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinsppossiblethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacuteterminationthinspdesthinspfamillesthinspdethinspmanuscritsthinspetthinspdethinspleurthinspplusthinspprochethinspancecirctresthinspcommuns)thinspetthinsplathinspdivinatio (lrsquoeacutetablissementthinspduthinsptextethinsplethinspplusthinspprochethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplrsquooriginal)thinsponthinspconviendrathinspquethinspcettethinspderniegraverethinspportethinspparticuliegraverementthinspbienthinspsonthinspnomthinsppuisquethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsplathinsprestitutionthinspdethinsptoutthinspunthinsppanthinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspnethinspnousthinsppermetthinsppasthinspdethinspreacuteglerthinspndashthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspndashthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdethinspsavoirthinspauthinspjustethinspquithinspa eacutecrit quoi Il faut se reacutesigner agrave une eacutevidence pour autant que le traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote est concerneacute mecircmethinsplethinspmeilleurthinsptextethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdemeurethinsprelativementthinspopaquethinspaussithinsplongtempsthinspduthinspmoinsthinspquethinsplrsquoon nrsquoa pas deacutetermineacute de quelle maniegravere il a travailleacute la matiegravere aristoteacutelicienne dont il srsquoest inspireacute et qursquoil a importeacutee dans son commentaire Autrement dit la question se pose de savoir si nous avons affairethinspagravethinspunethinspcollectionthinspdethinspfragmentsthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspdesthinspempruntsthinspponctuelsthinspouthinspdesthinspcitations)thinspouthinspbienthinspsithinspAlexandre a proceacutedeacute agrave une reformulation paraphrastique (en gros une transposition plus ou moins fidegravelethinspdethinspcethinspqursquoilthinsplisaitthinspdansthinsplethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspsonthinspdernierthinsplecteurthinspdethinsppremiegraverethinspmain)thinspOrthinspdeuxthinspdifficulteacutesthinspmajeuresthinspfontthinspobstaclethinspagravethinspcettethinspentreprisethinspLathinsppremiegraverethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspqursquoAlexandrethinspsethinsptrouve en situation de teacutemoin unique ce que nous connaissons du traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote sur les Ideacutees nous le tenons pour lrsquoessentiel drsquoAlexandre dans la mesure ougrave les quelques mentions eacuteparses dans la litteacuterature posteacuterieure deacutependent de son commentaire au livre Alpha meizocircn des Meacutetaphysiques Son maniementthinspappellethinspdoncthinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinsppreacutecautionsthinspthinspcethinspquethinspnousthinsplisonsthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspsinonthinspremanieacutethinspduthinspmoins reacuteorganiseacute dans une mesure et selon des modaliteacutes qui eacutetaient agrave la seule discreacutetion drsquoAlexandre etthinspquethinspnousthinspnethinsppouvonsthinsppasthinspappreacutecierthinspindeacutependammentthinspdethinspsonthinsptravailthinspLathinspdeuxiegravemethinspdifficulteacutethinsptientthinspauthinspfait que la langue drsquoAlexandre ne preacutesente pas de ceacutesures stylistiques ou de solutions de continuiteacute lexicales qui permettraient de deacuteterminer ougrave il ferait œuvre de compilateur et ougrave au contraire il fait œuvrethinspdrsquointerpregravetethinspDethinspfaitthinspagravethinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinsp(maisthinspaussithinspagravethinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspouthinspagravethinspunethinsptroisiegraveme)thinsponthinspsethinsprendrathinspagravethinspunethinspautrethinspeacutevidencethinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppartoutthinsplathinspprosethinspetthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspmecircmethinsplagravethinspougravethinspndashthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspaveuthinsp(commethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsppreacuteciseacutement)thinspndashthinsponthinsppeutthinspsrsquoattendrethinspagravethinspqursquoil suive de plus pregraves sa source 36thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy p 290 formule ce dilemme agrave peu pregraves dansthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinsptermesthinspUnthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquointerpregravetesthinspythinspontthinspvuthinsplrsquoindicethinspdrsquounethinspambivalencethinspdrsquoAristotethinspagrave son eacutegard (cf L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspVrin-PressesthinspdethinsplrsquoUniversiteacutethinspLavalthinspParis-Montreacutealthinsp1995thinsppthinsp360)thinspthinspdrsquoautresthinsplrsquoontthinsppristhinspassezthinspauthinspseacuterieuxthinsppourthinspexclurethinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspsrsquoagirthinspeffectivementthinspduthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspdontthinspAristotethinspferaitthinspunthinspusagethinspopportunistethinsp(cfthinspEthinspVthinspdi LaSCio laquo Third Man The Logic of the Sophism at Arist SEthinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinspraquothinspTopoithinsp23thinsp[2004]thinsppthinsp41)thinsp

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137

le corpus aristoteacutelicien37thinspcelathinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspeacutetablithinspsansthinspavoirthinsprecoursthinspauxthinspsourcesthinsppos-teacuterieuresthinspauxquellesthinsponthinspestthinspobligeacutethinspdrsquoemprunterthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspcanonique38 Crsquoest ce qui ressort de deux lieux du corpus aristoteacutelicien agrave savoir le chapitre 13 du livre ZecirctathinspdesthinspMeacutetaphysiques et le chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiques auxquels nous avons consacreacute deux lectures micrologiques dont nous ne reportons de suite que les conclusions39

37 Aristote nrsquoen donne nulle part un exposeacute un tant soit peu deacutetailleacute se contentant plutocirct de lrsquoeacutevoquer sousthinsplrsquointituleacutethinspquithinsplethinsprendrathinspceacutelegravebrethinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp15-17thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1039athinsp2-3thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp12-13)thinspouthinspbienthinspdrsquoenthinsprappelerthinsplathinspconclusionthinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36)thinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdrsquounethinsppassethinspargumentativethinspbienthinspconnuethinsp(cethinspquithinspdevaitthinspdrsquoailleursthinspecirctrethinsplethinspcas)thinsp38thinspthinspCetthinspexposeacutethinspsethinsplitthinspdansthinsplathinsppagethinspceacutelegravebrethinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauthinsppremierthinsplivrethinspdes MeacutetaphysiquesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspagravethinsplaquellethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspfairethinspallusionthinspthinsplaquothinspδείκνυταιthinspκαὶthinspοὕτωςthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινωνthinspπλειόνωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκαὶthinspἔστινthinspἄλλοthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspαὐτῶνthinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspἡγοῦνταιthinspδεικνύναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιmiddotthinspδιὰthinspτοῦτοthinspγάρthinspἐστίthinspτιthinspαὐτοάνθρωποςthinsp κατrsquothinsp αὐτούςthinsp ὅτιthinsp ὁthinsp ἄνθρωποςthinsp κατὰthinsp τῶνthinsp καθrsquothinsp ἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspπλειόνωνthinsp ὄντωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspἄλλοςthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspἐστίν)thinspndashthinspἀλλrsquothinspεἰthinspτοῦτοthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοςthinspὁthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspκατrsquothinspἰδίανthinspὑφεστώςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspδὲthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspπαράthinspτεthinspτὸνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspτὴνthinspἰδέανthinspοὕτωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspτέταρτοςthinspὁthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτούτουthinspκαὶthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὁμοίωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspπέμπτοςthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspἐπrsquothinspἄπειρονthinsp[onthinspprouvethinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspaussi de cette maniegravere si ce qui se preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute de plusieurs est aussi autre que ceux dont il se preacutedique seacutepareacute de ceux-ci (voilagrave ce que pensent prouver ceux qui posent les Ideacutees la raison pourthinsp laquellethinspenthinspeffetthinsp ilthinspythinspathinsppourthinspeuxthinspquelquethinspchosethinspquithinspestthinsp lrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspcrsquoestthinspquethinsp lrsquohommethinspse preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute des hommes particuliers qui sont plusieurs et il est autre que les hommes particuliers)thinspndashthinspmaisthinspsrsquoilthinspenthinspestthinspainsithinspilthinspythinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspSithinspenthinspeffetthinsplrsquohommethinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsppreacutediquethinspestthinspautrethinspquethinspceuxthinspdontthinspilthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspsubsistethinspenthinspproprethinspsithinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspilthinspythinspathinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspagravethinsppartthinspduthinspparticulier et de lrsquoIdeacutee Ainsi qursquoil y en aura un quatriegraveme qui se preacutedique de celui-ci de lrsquoIdeacutee et des particuliersthinspthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquounthinspcinquiegravemethinspetthinspcelathinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis de ideis fragmentathinsp(=thinspAlexandri in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria)thinsp8421thinsp-thinsp853)thinspLethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspillustrethinspagravethinsplathinspperfectionthinspla situation hermeacuteneutique que nous venons drsquoeacutevoquer ougrave le recours agrave la tradition indirecte est agrave la foisthinspineacutevitablethinspetthinsppassablementthinspdeacutelicatthinspDrsquounethinsppartthinspAlexandrethinspsignalethinspexplicitementthinspqursquoilthinspreportethinsplathinspversionthinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinsptellethinspqursquoAristotethinspsrsquoenthinspestthinspservithinspdansthinsplethinsppremierthinsplivrethinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsp(8511-12thinspthinsplaquothinspτῇthinspδὲthinspτελευταίᾳthinspαὐτὸςthinspἔνthinspτεthinspτῷthinspπρώτῳthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspraquo)thinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspilthinspestthinsphautementthinspimprobablethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspenthinsptrainthinspdethinsptranscrirethinspunthinspsegmentthinspduthinsptextethinspdrsquoAristotethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdethinsplethinspparaphraserthinspCethinspquethinsptrahitthinsplrsquoutilisationthinspdethinspcertainsthinsptermesthinsptelsthinspὑπόστασιςthinspetthinspὑφίστημιthinspNousthinspavonsthinspobserveacutethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoacceptionthinspdrsquoexistencethinspetthinspdrsquoexisterthinsprequisethinspparthinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspnithinsplrsquounthinsp(ὑπόστασις)thinspnithinsplrsquoautrethinsp(ὑφίστημι)thinspnethinspsontthinspattesteacutesthinspchezthinspAristotethinspquithinsplesthinsputilisethinspplutocirctthinspdansthinspunthinspsensthinsplocalthinsp(ὑφίστημιthinspindiquethinsple fait de se tenir au-dessous comme dans Aristotelis de caelo P Morauxthinsp(eacuted)thinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1965thinspIthinsp3thinsp269bthinsp24-25)thinspouthinspphysiologiquethinsp(ὑπόστασιςthinspsignifiethinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspreacutesiduthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspseacutedimentthinspraquothinspcomme dans Aristotelis de generatione animaliumthinspHthinspJ droSSaart LuLoFS (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1965thinspIthinsp18thinsp726athinsp21thinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspstationthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspposturethinspraquothinspcommethinspdansthinspAristotelis de partibus animaliumthinsp1956thinspIthinsp2thinsp647bthinsp28)39 Les deux lectures (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp23thinspetthinspAristotelis Sophistici elenchi 22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspontthinspeacuteteacutethinsppreacuteceacutedeacuteesthinspparthinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspeacutetudethinsplexicographiquethinsp(nousthinspavonsthinspeacutevoqueacutethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspplusthinsphautthinspcfthinspnotethinsp3)thinspconsacreacuteethinspauthinspvocabulairethinspquethinspcesthinsptextesthinsppartagentthinsp(etthinspauxthinspquelquesthinsposcillationsthinspqursquoilthinsppreacutesente)thinspEnthinspplusthinspdrsquoexpressionsthinspplusthinspprobleacutematiquesthinsp(commethinsplethinspτόδεthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinsppeutthinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspdeacutesignerthinspunethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle)thinspnousthinspavonsthinspsurtoutthinspexploreacutethinsplrsquooppositionthinspentrethinspcethinspqursquoAristotethinspappellethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(outhinspποιόνthinspτι)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspnousthinspontthinspsurtoutthinspaideacutesthinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinspnotrethinspreconnaissance J kunGthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspThisesthinspSuchesthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspArgumentthinspraquothinspPhronesis 26 (1981)thinsppthinsp207-247thinspetthinspS ebbeSen laquo Hoc aliquid - Quale quidthinspandthinspthethinspSignificationthinspofthinspAppellativesthinspraquothinsp

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Qursquoest-cethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspauthinspjustethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAuthinspboutthinspdrsquounthinspassezthinsplongthinspraisonnement40thinsplathinspconclusionthinspqursquoAristotethinsptirethinspestthinspcateacutegoriquethinsp(φανερὸνthinspὅτιthinspκτλ)thinspSeacuteparer lrsquouniversel crsquoest-agrave-dire le traiter comme quelque chose qui existe de plein exercicethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstarthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspparticuliegraveresthinsprevientthinspagravethinspsrsquoembarrasserthinspdethinsptoutesthinspsortesthinsp drsquoinconveacutenientsthinspthinsp laquothinspφανερὸνthinspὅτιthinsp οὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinspκαὶthinspὅτιthinspοὐδὲνthinspσημαίνειthinspτῶνthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορουμένωνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspἀλλὰthinspτοιόνδεthinspεἰthinspδὲthinspμήthinspἄλλαthinspτεthinspπολλὰthinspσυμβαίνειthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsp[ilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoaucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspnethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspmaisthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinsptelthinspouthinsptelthinspDansthinsplethinspcasthinspcontrairethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspbeaucoupthinspltdrsquoinconveacutenientsgtthinspnotammentthinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis meta-physicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)41 Quelle que soit la force que lrsquoon accorde agrave lrsquoargumentthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspreposethinspultimementthinspsurthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspjuxtaposerthinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspauthinspseinthinspdrsquounethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspmultipliciteacutethinspdontthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspviendraitthinspconstituerthinsplrsquouniteacutethinspauthinspmecircmethinsptitrethinspquethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdrsquohomme constituait lrsquouniteacute de la multipliciteacute des hommes particuliers Autrement ditthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsprequiertthinspquethinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinsp

Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

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Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman 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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

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de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 Ithinsp9thinsp103bthinsp29-35thinsplethinspverbethinspἐκτίθημιthinspnethinspchangethinsppointthinspdethinspsignificationthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdethinsplrsquoobjetthinspquithinspreacutesultethinspdethinspsonthinspopeacuterationthinsplequelthinspestthinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspsrsquoexposethinspauthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo)thinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspluithinspeacutechappe)thinsp(4)thinspCommentthinspcomprendrethinsplrsquoοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσειthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspthinspQursquoest-cethinspquithinspnethinspfaitthinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspquoithinspthinspEst-cethinspquethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspestthinspsupposeacutethinspsrsquoensuivrethinspagravethinsptousthinsplesthinspcoupsthinsp(aussithinspbienthinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspougravethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspsethinspsoldethinspparthinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspquethinspdansthinspceluithinspougravethinspcrsquoestthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppart)thinspouthinspbienthinspcrsquoestthinspparthinsprapportthinspauthinspreacutesultatthinspdethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspelle-mecircmethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspaurathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspqursquoonthinspobtiendrathinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinspunthinspἕνthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλοὺςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspCommethinsplethinspmontrentthinsplesthinsprecommandationsthinspdrsquoAristotethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspfaitthinspunethinspsacreacuteethinspdiffeacuterencethinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsp(lequelthinspsrsquoensuitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspquethinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppartthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinspilthinspsethinspditthinspenthinspcommunthinspὅπερthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspὅπερthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspEnthinsprevanchethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspentrethinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspLrsquounthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspmoinsthinspdistinctthinspquethinsplrsquoautrethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspdontthinsponthinsplethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspParthinspconseacutequentthinspsithinsponthinspaffirmethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspestthinspunethinspqualiteacutethinspetthinspnonthinspunethinspsubstancethinspcelathinspnethinspfaitthinspaucunethinspdiffeacuterencethinsp(οὐδὲνthinspδιοίσει)thinspduthinspmoinsthinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinspsathinsppositionthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspplusieursthinspcarthinspilthinspythinspaurathinsptoutthinspdethinspmecircmethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinsp(ἕνthinspτι)thinspetthinspdethinspdiffeacuterentthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(παρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλούς)thinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinsplaquothinsphommethinspraquothinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsp(οἷονthinspτὸthinspἄνθρωπος)thinsp

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lrsquooccurrencethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspGrandeur)thinspsethinsptrouvethinspcompromisethinspreposethinsptoutthinspentiegraverethinspsurthinsplathinspclausethinsplaquothinspἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςthinsp[sithinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinsptuthinsplesthinspregardes tous ltiethinsplethinspGrandthinsplui-mecircmethinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspgrandesgtthinspparthinsptonthinspacircme]thinspraquothinspqui se porte garante de lrsquoenchaicircnement des diffeacuterentes eacutetapes de lrsquoargument lequel consistethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspagravethinspreacutepeacuteterthinsplathinspmecircmethinspopeacuterationthinspparthinsplaquellethinsponthinsprassemblethinspdansthinspunethinspvuethinspdrsquoensemblethinspunethinsppluraliteacutethinspdethinspchosesthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdrsquounethinspdeacuteterminationthinspcommunethinspAuthinspdemeurantthinspsithinsponthinspnethinspregardaitthinsppasthinsplathinspFormethinspetthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinsp(ὡσαύτως)thinspcommentthinspdeacuteclencherthinsplathinspdeacuterivethinspinflationnistethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspreacutecursivementthinspla position drsquoune deuxiegraveme Ideacutee puis drsquoune nouvelle puis drsquoune autre encore et ainsi dethinspsuitethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspthinspCettethinspsuggestionthinspndashthinspquelquethinsppernicieusethinspqursquoellethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleursthinspndash porte tout le poids de lrsquoargument dans la mesure ougrave elle est appeleacutee agrave assurer lathinspcontinuiteacutethinspentrethinspcethinspquithinspsrsquoestthinspmanifesteacutethinspauthinspniveauthinspdethinsplrsquoinspectionthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspet ce qui va se manifester en eacutelargissant cette opeacuteration synoptique aux Formes elles-mecircmesthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspregardethinsplesthinspunsthinspetthinsplesthinspautresthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspmaniegraverethinspthinsp

Or il y a au moins un platonicien qui a vu les Ideacutees de cette faccedilon agrave savoir comme des reacutealiteacutes qui si tant est qursquoelles existent existent agrave la faccedilon des par-ticuliersthinsp sensiblesthinspCethinsp platonicienthinsp estthinsp naturellementthinspAristotethinsp chezthinsp quithinsp lrsquoassi-milationthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspconstituethinsplethinsplevierthinspdesthinspreprochesthinspreacutecurrents qursquoil a formuleacutes agrave lrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Formes Plus preacuteciseacute-ment si lrsquoon distingue ndash non sans fondement quoique de maniegravere un peu scheacute-matiquethinspndashthinspdeuxthinspgrandesthinspfamillesthinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspdansthinsplathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdes Ideacutees agrave savoir ndash drsquoune part ndash les apories lieacutees agrave leur existence (lesquelles visent agrave saper le fondement de la doctrine qui srsquoavegravere degraves lors tout simplement incapablethinspdethinspdeacutemontrerthinspqursquoellethinspathinspunthinspobjet)thinspetthinspndashthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspndashthinsplesthinspaporiesthinsplieacuteesthinspmoinsthinspagravethinsplrsquoexistencethinspelle-mecircmethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspqursquoagravethinspleurthinsprelationthinspavecthinsplesthinspparticuliersthinsp(lesquellesthinspvisentthinspagravethinspabolirthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspfairethinspappelthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinsppourthinspexpliquerthinspquoi que ce soit en termes de participation preacutesence ou encore imitation des unesthinspparthinsprapportthinspauxthinspautres)25thinspilthinspestthinsptoutthinspagravethinspfaitthinspplausiblethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfamille fait intervenir ndash agrave tous les coups ndash cette assimilation des Formes et des substancesthinspmateacuteriellesthinspIlthinspsrsquoagitthinspndashthinspautrementthinspditthinspndashthinspdethinsplathinspconditionthinspsuffisantethinsp(soitthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspsoitthinspsurthinsp lathinspbasethinspdethinspconsideacuterationsthinspquithinsp luithinspsontthinspsolidaires)thinsppourthinspfairethinspdeacuteraillerthinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspAristotethinsppeutthinspdifficilementthinspecirctrethinspaccuseacutethinspdrsquoavoirthinspmacirccheacutethinspsesthinspmotsthinspthinspconcisthinspouithinspagravethinspsonthinspordinairethinspndashthinspobscurthinspnonthinsp

25thinspthinspOnthinspreacutesumerathinspcettethinspdistinctionthinspenthinspdeacutetournantthinspunthinspceacutelegravebrethinsptraitthinsppascalienthinsp(Penseacutees eacuted P SeLLier MercurethinspdethinspFrancethinspParisthinsp1976thinsppthinsp445thinsp[887])thinspthinsplaquothinspPlatonthinspincertainthinspetthinspinutilethinspraquothinsplaquothinspIncertainthinspraquothinspdansthinsplathinspmesurethinspougravethinspilthinsppostulethinspdesthinspreacutealiteacutesthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspdontthinspilthinspnethinspparvientthinsppasthinspagravethinspprouverthinspqursquoellesthinspexistentthinspthinsplaquothinspinutilethinspraquothinsppuisquethinspmecircmethinspsithinspdethinsptellesthinspentiteacutesthinspexistentthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditthinspellesthinspnethinspcontribueraientthinsppasthinspgrand-chosethinspagravethinspnotrethinspgouvernethinspouthinspagravethinspnotrethinspconnaissancethinspduthinspmondethinspdrsquoici-basthinspPuisqursquoilsthinspeacutepousentthinspbienthinspauthinspniveauthinspde la division du travail exeacutegeacutetique cette dualiteacute rappelons deux textes de F Fronterotta qursquoon peut prendre comme points de repegravere macroscopiques au sein de la tregraves vaste litteacuterature secondaire (au sujet dethinsplaquellethinspcfthinsplesthinspindicationsthinspfourniesthinspplusthinspbasthinspnotethinsp32)thinspthinspF Fronterotta laquo ldquoLes Formes nrsquoexistent pasthinspdethinsplathinspfaccedilonthinspdontthinspilthinsplethinspditrdquothinspLathinspcritiquethinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspF Pradeauthinsp(eacuted)thinspPlaton Les formes intelligiblesthinspPUFthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp129-154thinspetthinsplaquothinspLathinspcriticathinsparistotelicathinspallathinspfunzionethinspcausalethinspdelle Idee platoniche MetafisicathinspAthinsp9thinsp991athinsp8thinsp-thinsp991bthinsp9thinspraquothinspdansthinspF Fronterottathinsp(eacuted)thinspLa scienza e le cause a partire dalla Metafisica di Aristotele BibliopolisthinspNaplesthinsp2010thinsppthinsp93-119thinsp

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Selon un paradoxe qui nrsquoen est un qursquoen apparence ce qursquoAristote sanctionne chezthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsplethinspvicethinspreacutedhibitoirethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspagravethinspluithinsptoutthinspseulthinsplethinsprejetthinspdethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspenthinspquestionthinspndashthinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcethinspqursquoilthinspestthinspprecirctthinspagravethinspleurthinspaccorderthinspAutant dire le dilemme des partisans des Ideacutees est qursquoils ont tort et raison agrave la foisthinspetthinspndashthinspsurtoutthinspndashthinspqursquoilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspontthinspraisonthinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspλέγοντεςthinspτῇthinspμὲνthinspὀρθῶςthinspλέγουσιthinspχωρίζοντεςthinspαὐτάthinspεἴπερthinspοὐσίαιthinspεἰσίthinspτῇthinspδrsquothinspοὐκthinspὀρθῶςthinspὅτιthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspεἶδοςthinspλέγουσινthinsp[ceuxthinspquithinspdisentthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspontthinspraisonthinspet tort agrave la fois Ils ont raison de dire qursquoelles sont seacutepareacutees puisqursquoelles sont des substancesthinspthinspmaisthinspilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinspmultipli-citeacute]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp16thinsp1040bthinsp27-30)thinspOrthinspqursquoest-cethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspdire pourquoi au juste les partisans des Ideacutees ont drsquoun cocircteacute tort et de lrsquoautre raison Reacuteponse la conviction que poser lrsquoexistence de quelque chose ou ndash ce quithinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinsprevientthinspauthinspmecircmethinspndashthinspfairethinspdethinspquelquethinspchosesthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutequivautthinspagravethinspenthinspfairethinspunthinspparticulierthinspsensiblethinsp(peuthinspimportethinspalorsthinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspeacuteternelthinspou pas26)thinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinspauthinsp tourthinspdrsquoincantationthinsppregravesthinspndashthinspcrsquoestthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspfontthinspcommethinsplrsquoindiquethinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinsppassagethinspthinsplaquothinspαἴτιονthinspδrsquothinspὅτιthinspοὐκthinspἔχουσινthinspἀποδοῦναιthinspτίνεςthinspαἱthinspτοιαῦταιthinspοὐσίαιthinspαἱthinspἄφθαρτοιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspαἰσθητάςmiddotthinspποιοῦσινthinspοὖνthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspτῷthinspεἴδειthinspτοῖςthinspφθαρτοῖςthinsp(ταύταςthinspγὰρthinspἴσμεν)thinspαὐτοάνθρωπονthinspκαὶthinspαὐτόϊππονthinspπροστιθέντεςthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspτὸthinspῥῆμαthinspτὸthinspldquoαὐτόrdquothinsp[lathinspcausethinspltdethinspleurthinsperreurgtthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspsontthinspincapablesthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquethinspsontthinspdethinsptellesthinspsubstancesthinspincorruptiblesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspIlsthinspenthinspfontthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspspeacutecifiquementthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspcorruptiblesthinsp(celles-cithinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspsavonsthinspltcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontgt)thinspunthinspHommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspChevalthinspenthinspsoithinspenthinspajoutantthinspauxthinspltnomsthinspdesgtthinspchosesthinspsensiblesthinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquoenthinspsoirdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica Z

26 Aristotelis ethica nicomacheathinsp Ithinsp 6thinsp 1096athinsp 34thinsp -thinsp 1096bthinsp 5thinspthinsp laquothinspἀπορήσειεthinsp δrsquothinsp ἄνthinsp τιςthinsp τίthinsp ποτεthinsp καὶthinspβούλονταιthinspλέγεινthinspαὐτοέκαστονthinspεἴπερthinspἔνthinspτεthinspαὐτοανθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspεἷςthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspαὐτὸςthinspλόγοςthinspἐστὶνthinspὁthinspτοῦthinspἀνθρώπουthinspᾗthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωποςthinspοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσουσινmiddotthinspεἰthinspδrsquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὐδrsquothinspᾗthinspἀγαθόνthinspἀλλὰthinspμὴνthinspοὐδὲthinspτῷthinspἀίδιονthinspεἶναιthinspμᾶλλονthinspἀγαθὸνthinspἔσταιthinspεἴπερthinspμηδὲthinspλευκότερονthinspτὸthinspπολυχρόνιονthinspτοῦthinspἐφημέρουthinsp[R bodeacuteuumlS Aristote Eacutethique agrave Nicomaque Flammarion Paris 2004 p 61 on peut drsquoautre part se demander ce quethinsppeutthinspbienthinspvouloirthinspdirethinspenthinspdeacutefinitivethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquochosethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplrsquoldquohommethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspetthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinspdeacutefinissentthinspparthinspunethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspformulethinspcellethinspdethinsplrsquohommethinspCarthinspsithinsplrsquoonthinspconsidegraverethinsplathinspchose en tant qursquohomme cela ne fait aucune diffeacuterence Et dans ces conditions il nrsquoy a pas non plus agrave fairethinsplathinspdiffeacuterencethinspagravethinspproposthinspduthinspbienthinspsithinsponthinsplethinspconsidegraverethinspenthinsptantthinspquethinsptelthinspMaisthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspnonthinspplusthinspparcethinspqursquoilthinspseraitthinspeacuteternelthinspqursquounthinspbienthinspseraitthinspdavantagethinspunthinspbienthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspquithinspdurethinsplongtempsthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdavantagethinspcethinspqursquoellethinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspeacutepheacutemegravere]thinspraquothinsp

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16thinsp1040bthinsp30-34)27thinspCethinspquithinspndashthinsptoutthinsparbitrairethinspetthinspgratuitthinspquethinspcethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleurs28 ndash est ineacutevitablethinsppourthinsppeuthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspveuillethinsppreacuteserverthinsplathinspnotionthinspelle-mecircmethinspdethinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspγάρthinspτιςthinspμὴthinspθήσειthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspεἶναιthinspκεχωρισμέναςthinspκαὶthinspτὸνthinspτρόπονthinspτοῦτονthinspὡςthinspλέγεταιthinspτὰthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἀναιρήσειthinspτὴνthinspοὐσίανthinspὡςthinspβουλόμεθαthinspλέγεινthinsp[sithinsponthinspnethinspposethinsppasthinspquethinsplesthinspsubstancesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinsponthinspditthinspquethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspparticuliersthinsplethinspsontthinsponthinspdeacutetruitthinsplathinspsubstancethinspauthinspsensthinspougravethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendons]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp10thinsp1086bthinsp16-19)29

SurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspcethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspAristotethinspdeacuteveloppethinsptoutethinspunethinspseacuteriethinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspagravethinsplrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Ideacutees allant de lrsquoaccusation de verser dans une erreur aussi grossiegravere que lrsquoanthropomorphisme religieux30thinspagravethinspcellethinspdethinspredoublerthinspsansthinspraisonthinsp

27thinspthinspAristotethinspstigmatisethinspvolontiersthinsplesthinspliberteacutesthinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspprennentthinspavecthinsplethinsplangagethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinsptournerthinsplathinspplupartthinspduthinsptempsthinspagravethinspvidethinspAussithinsplorsqursquoilthinspnethinspbalaiethinspleurthinspproposthinspcommethinspduthinspsimplethinspverbiagethinsp(cf Aristotelis ethica eudemia R R waLzer J M MinGaythinsp(eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1991thinspIthinsp8thinsp1217bthinsp19-21thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspδὲthinspδεῖthinspσυντόμωςthinspεἰπεῖνthinspπερὶthinspαὐτῶνthinspλέγομενthinspὅτιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspτὸthinspεἶναιthinspἰδέανthinspμὴthinspμόνονthinspἀγαθοῦthinspἀλλὰthinspκαὶthinspἄλλουthinspὁτουοῦνthinspλέγεταιthinspλογικῶςthinspκαὶthinspκενῶςthinsp[srsquoilthinspnousthinspestthinsppermisthinspdrsquoexprimerthinspicithinsptregravesthinspbriegravevementthinspnotrethinsppenseacuteethinspnousthinspdironsthinspqursquoaffirmerthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspunethinspIdeacuteethinspnonthinspseulementthinspduthinspbienthinspmaisthinspdethinsptoutthinspautrethinspchosethinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspparlerthinspetthinsptenirthinspdesthinspproposthinspvides]thinspraquo)thinspilthinsplesthinspaccusethinspdethinspsethinspcontenterthinspde meacutetaphores poeacutetiques (cf Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp991athinsp20-22thinsp[=thinspMthinsp5thinsp1079bthinsp24-27]thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspλέγεινthinspπαραδείγματαthinspαὐτὰthinsplt scilicetthinspτὰthinspεἴδηgtthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspμετέχεινthinspαὐτῶνthinspτἆλλαthinspκενολογεῖνthinspἐστὶthinspκαὶthinspμεταφορὰςthinspλέγεινthinspποιητικάςthinsp[direthinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspsontthinspdesthinspparadigmesthinspetthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspnethinsprienthinspdirethinspetthinspsethinsppayerthinspdethinspmeacutetaphoresthinsppoeacutetiques]thinspraquo)thinspthinsp ilthinsp leurthinspreprochethinspeacutegalement de srsquoamuser agrave changer de nom aux choses sans se preacuteoccuper de nous dire ce qursquoelles sont au juste (cf Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987bthinsp7-14thinspthinsplaquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὖνthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσεthinspτὰthinspδrsquothinspαἰσϑητὰthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspταῦταthinspλέγεσϑαιthinspπάνταthinspκατὰthinspμέϑεξινthinspγὰρthinspεἶναιthinspτὰthinspπολλὰthinspτῶνthinspσυνωνύμωνthinsp[ὁμώνυμα]thinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσινthinspτὴνthinspδὲthinspμέϑεξινthinspτοὔνομαthinspμόνονthinspμετέβαλενmiddotthinspοἱthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspΠυϑαγόρειοιthinspμιμήσειthinspτὰthinspὄνταthinspφασὶνthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspἀριϑμῶνthinspΠλάτωνthinspδὲthinspμεϑέξειthinspτοὔνομαthinspμεταβαλώνthinspτὴνthinspμέντοιthinspγεthinspμέϑεξινthinspἢthinspτὴνthinspμίμησινthinspἥτιςthinspἂνthinspεἴηthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἀφεῖσανthinspἐνthinspκοινῷthinspζητεῖνthinsp[aussithinspilthinspathinspappeleacutethinspldquoIdeacuteesrdquothinspdethinsptellesthinspchosesthinspetthinspilthinspathinspaffirmeacutethinspquethinsptousthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspenthinspsontthinspseacutepareacutesthinspetthinspqursquoilsthinspreccediloiventthinspdrsquoellesthinspleur nom En effet crsquoest en raison de leur participation aux Ideacutees que les plusieurs sont synonymes avec les Ideacutees Pour ce qui est de la participation Platon nrsquoa fait que changer le nom en effet les PythagoriciensthinspaffirmaientthinspquethinsplesthinspeacutetantsthinspsontthinspparthinspimitationthinspdesthinspnombresthinspPlatonthinspparthinspparticipationthinspenthinspchangeantthinsplethinspnomthinspCethinspquethinsplathinspparticipationthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinspouthinsplrsquoimitationthinsppeutthinspbienthinspecirctrethinspilsthinspontthinspenthinspcommunthinspdrsquoavoirthinspneacutegligeacutethinspdethinsplethinspchercher]thinspraquo)thinsp28thinspthinspPourthinspAristotethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspplusthinspdethinspraisonthinspdethinspseacuteparerthinsplesthinspuniversauxthinspquethinsplesthinspaccidentsthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐδεμίαthinspἀνάγκηthinspὑπολαμβάνεινthinspτιthinspεἶναιthinspτοῦτοthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspὅτιthinspἓνthinspδηλοῖthinspοὐδὲνthinspμᾶλλονthinspἢthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspἄλλωνthinspὅσαthinspμὴthinspτὶthinspσημαίνειthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιὸνthinspἢthinspπρόςthinspτιthinspἢthinspποιεῖνthinsp[ilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspplusthinspneacutecessairethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplrsquouniversel est quelque chose agrave part des choses individuelles car il indique quelque chose drsquounique que de le penser des autres choses qui ne sont pas quelque chose mais une qualiteacute une relation ou encorethinspunethinspaction]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis analytica posteriorathinspIthinsp24thinsp85bthinsp18-21)thinsp29 Cf Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp12thinsp1037bthinsp27thinspougravethinspilthinspestthinspquestionthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspὡςthinspφαμένthinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplaquothinspἡthinspοὐσίαthinspἕνthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὡςthinspφαμένthinsp[lathinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspcommethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinspetthinspdethinspconcret]thinspraquothinsp30 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12thinspthinsplaquothinspπολλαχῇthinspδὲthinspἐχόντωνthinspδυσκολίανthinspοὐθενὸςthinspἧττονthinspἄτοπονthinspτὸthinspφάναιthinspμὲνthinspεἶναίthinspτιναςthinspφύσειςthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspοὐρανῷthinspταύταςthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspφάναιthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspπλὴνthinspὅτιthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspἀΐδιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspφθαρτάthinspαὐτὸthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωπόνthinspφασινthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspἵππονthinspκαὶthinspὑγίειανthinspἄλλοthinspδrsquothinspοὐδένthinspπαραπλήσιονthinspποιοῦντεςthinspτοῖςthinspθεοὺςthinspμὲνthinspεἶναιthinspφάσκουσινthinspἀνθρωποειδεῖςthinspδέmiddotthinspοὔτεthinspγὰρthinspἐκεῖνοιthinspοὐδὲνthinspἄλλοthinspἐποίουνthinspἢthinspἀνθρώπουςthinspἀϊδίουςthinspοὔθrsquothinspοὗτοιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἄλλrsquothinspἢthinspαἰσθητὰthinspἀΐδιαthinsp(D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp[2008]thinsppthinsp308thinspthinspmecircmethinspsrsquoilsthinspltlesthinspplatoniciensgtthinspsontthinspdethinspplusieursthinspfaccedilonsthinspenthinspdifficulteacutethinsprienthinspdethinspplusthinspabsurdethinspquethinspdethinspdirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspcertainesthinspnaturesthinspenthinspplusthinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

134

lethinspmobilierthinspontologiquethinspduthinspmonde31 en passant par des travers meacutereacuteologiques qui rappellent drsquoassez pregraves ceux que lrsquoon rencontre deacutejagrave chez Platon32

Si nous avons passeacute en revue chacun de ces inconveacutenients33 nous nous sommes cependantthinsparrecircteacutesthinsptoutthinspspeacutecialementthinspsurthinsplrsquounthinspdrsquoentrethinspeuxthinsplrsquoargumentthinspqursquoAristotethinsp

dethinspcellesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinsplrsquouniversthinspmaisthinspenthinspdisantthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspsensiblesthinspsaufthinspquethinsplesthinspunesthinspsontthinspeacuteternellesthinsplesthinspautresthinspcorruptiblesthinspIlsthinspdisentthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspunthinsphommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspchevalthinsplten soigt une santeacute lten soigt sans rien dire drsquoautre en faisant agrave peu pregraves comme ceux qui disent qursquoil existe des dieux mais de forme humaine Ceux-ci ne faisaient rien drsquoautre que des hommes eacuteternels etthinsppourthinspceux-lagravethinsplesthinspformesthinspnethinspsontthinspquethinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspeacuteternels)thinspraquothinsp31 Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8thinsp(cfthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp34thinsp-thinsp1079athinsp4)thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτωνδὶthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἕτεραthinspτούτωνthinspἴσαthinspτὸνthinspἀριθμὸνthinspἐκόμισανthinspὥσπερthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἀριθμῆσαιthinspβουλόμενοςthinspἐλαττόνωνthinspμὲνthinspὄντωνthinspοἴοιτοthinspμὴthinspδυνήσεσθαιthinspπλείωthinspδὲthinspποιήσαςthinspἀριθμοίηthinspσχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspἴσαthinspἢthinspοὐκthinspἐλάττωthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἐστὶthinspτούτοιςthinspπερὶthinspὧνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἐκthinspτούτωνthinspἐπrsquothinspἐκεῖναthinspπροῆλθονthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspγὰρthinspὁμώνυμόνthinspτιthinspἐστιthinspκαὶthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspτῶνthinspτεthinspἄλλωνthinspἐστὶνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspἕνthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖσδεthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖςthinspἀιδίοιςthinsp[D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinsppthinsp306-307thinspthinspquantthinspagravethinspceuxthinspquithinspposentthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspcommethinspdesthinspcausesthinspdrsquoabordthinspenthinspcherchantthinspagravethinspsaisirthinsplesthinspcausesthinspdesthinspecirctresthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinspilsthinspenthinspontthinspintroduitthinspdrsquoautresthinspenthinspnombrethinspeacutegauxthinspagravethinspeuxthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspquethinspquelqursquounthinspqui voudrait compter des choses mais croirait ne pas pouvoir le faire parce qursquoil y en a peu et pour lesthinspcompterthinsplesthinsprendraitthinspplusthinspnombreusesthinspLesthinspFormesthinspenthinspeffetthinspsontthinspenthinspnombrethinsppresquethinspeacutegalesthinspouthinsppas infeacuterieures aux choses loin desquelles dans leur recherche des causes ils ont eacuteteacute jusque vers ellesthinspcarthinsppourthinspchaquethinspchosethinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquohomonymethinspmecircmethinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspetthinspdesthinspautres choses dont il y a uniteacute drsquoune multipliciteacute agrave la fois pour les choses qui nous entourent et pour cellesthinspquithinspsontthinspeacuteternelles]thinspraquothinsp32 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1039athinsp26thinsp-thinsp1039bthinsp2thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἵππῳthinspἤτοιthinspἓνthinspκαὶthinspταὐτὸνthinspτῷthinspἀριθμῷthinspἐστὶνthinspἢthinspἕτερονmiddotthinspτῷthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspλόγῳthinspδῆλονthinspὅτιthinspἕνmiddotthinspτὸνthinspγὰρthinspαὐτὸνthinspδιέξεισιthinspλόγονthinspὁthinspλέγωνthinspἐνthinspἑκατέρῳthinspεἰthinspοὖνthinspἐστίthinspτιςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspαὐτὸςthinspκαθrsquothinspαὑτὸνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspἀνάγκηthinspκαὶthinspἐξthinspὧνthinspοἷονthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspδίπουνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspκαὶthinspεἶναιthinspχωριστὰthinspκαὶthinspοὐσίαςmiddotthinspὥστεthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτὸthinspαὐτὸthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἵππῳthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspὥσπερthinspσὺthinspσαυτῷthinspπῶςthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspοὖσιthinspχωρὶςthinspἓνthinspἔσταιthinspκαὶthinspδιὰthinspτίthinspοὐthinspκαὶthinspχωρὶςthinspαὑτοῦthinspἔσταιthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspτοῦτοthinspthinsp[sithinsplesthinspFormesthinspexistentthinspetthinspquethinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspouthinspbienthinspilthinspserathinspnumeacuteri-quementthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspouthinspbienthinspdiffeacuterentthinspParthinsplrsquoargumentthinspquethinspvoicithinspilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspuniquethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinsponthinsplethinspdeacutefinitthinspauthinspmoyenthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspdeacutefinitionthinspSrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdoncthinspunthinsphommethinspquithinspestthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinsppourthinsplui-mecircmethinspunthinspcecithinspetthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspneacutecessairementthinspquethinspcethinspquithinsplethinspconstituethinsplrsquoanimalthinspetthinsplethinspbipegravedethinspparthinspexemplethinspsoientthinspaussithinspunthinspcecithinspqursquoilsthinspsoientthinspdesthinspchosesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspOrthinspsithinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspetthinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspestthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspcommethinsptuthinsplrsquoesthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinsptoi-mecircmethinspcommentthinsppourra-t-ilthinspdemeurerthinspuniquethinspdansthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspquithinspsontthinspagravethinsppartthinspltlesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautresgtthinspetthinsppourquoithinspcetthinspanimalthinspnethinspsera-t-ilthinsppasthinspseacutepareacutethinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsp]thinspraquo33thinspthinspDethinspmecircmethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspeacutetudieacutethinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspplusthinspponctuellesthinspqursquoAristotethinspassociethinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfamilles drsquoarguments en faveur de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees dans le reacutequisitoire qursquoon peut lire ndash agrave quelques variations mineures pregraves ndash dans les livres A et M des MeacutetaphysiquesthinspenthinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp8-15thinspetthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp4-9thinsprespectivementthinsp(laquothinspἔτιthinspδὲthinspκαϑrsquothinspοὓςthinspτρόπουςthinspδείκνυμενthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκατrsquoοὐϑέναthinspφαίνεταιthinspτούτωνmiddotthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspοὐκthinspἀνάγκηthinspγίγνεσϑαιthinspσυλλογισμόνthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspοὐχthinspὧνthinspοἰόμεϑαthinspτούτωνthinspεἴδηthinspγίγνεταιthinspκατάthinspτεthinspγὰρthinspτοὺςthinspλόγουςthinspτοὺςthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἐπιστημῶνthinspεἴδηthinspἔσταιthinspπάντωνthinspὅσωνthinspἐπιστῆμαιthinspεἰσίthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀποφάσεωνthinspκατὰthinspδὲthinspτὸthinspνοεῖνthinspτιthinspφϑαρέντοςthinspτῶνthinspφϑαρτῶνmiddotthinspφάντασμαthinspγάρthinspτιthinspτούτωνthinspἔστινthinsp[dethinspplusthinspdrsquoaucunethinspdesthinspmaniegraveresthinspdontthinspnousthinspentreprenonsthinspdethinsplethinspprouverthinspnethinspreacutesultethinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinspeffetthinspdansthinspcertainsthinspcasthinsplethinspsyllogismethinspnethinspsrsquoensuitthinsppasthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspneacutecessairethinspthinspdansthinspdrsquoautresthinspcasthinspenthinsprevanchethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspmecircmethinsppourthinspdesthinspchosesthinsppourthinsplesquellesthinspnousthinsppensonsthinspqursquoil nrsquoy en a pas des arguments agrave partir des sciences qursquoil y a des Ideacutees de tout ce dont il y a des sciencesthinspthinspltdesthinspargumentsgtthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspltqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesgtthinspmecircmethinspdethinspneacutegationsthinspthinspetthinspltdesthinspargumentsgt agrave partir de la penseacutee de quelque chose apregraves sa corruption ltqursquoil y a des Ideacuteesgt drsquoentiteacutes

Leone Gazziero

135

lethinsppremierthinspndashthinspsansthinspenthinspattribuerthinsplathinsppaterniteacutethinspagravethinsppersonnethinsp(pasthinspplusthinspagravethinspsesthinsppreacutedeacuteces-seursthinspouthinspagravethinspsesthinspcontemporainsthinspqursquoagravethinsplui-mecircme)thinspndashthinspathinspappeleacutethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo34 Cela pour au moins deux raisons En premier lieu il y a tout sujet de croirethinspqursquoAristotethinspdevaitthinsplethinsptenirthinsppourthinspunethinspobjectionthinspassezthinspformidablethinspagravethinsplrsquoencontrethinspdethinsplathinsppromotionthinspdesthinsppreacutedicatsthinspuniverselsthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancesthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinspvuthinsplethinsptraitthinspquithinspndashthinsppourthinspAristotethinspndashthinspfaitthinsplathinspspeacutecificiteacutethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacutees)thinspCrsquoestthinspenthinsptoutthinspeacutetatthinspdethinspcausethinsplethinspspectrethinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspseulthinspqursquoAristotethinspagitethinsplorsqursquoilthinspeacutevoquethinspndashthinspenthinspblocthinspndashthinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdontthinspagravethinspsonthinspavisthinspsrsquoencombrethinsplrsquohypothegravese des Formes (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu la conviction que si les Ideacutees existent elles existent agrave la maniegravere desthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspnonthinspseulementthinspjouethinspunthinsprocirclethinspcapitalthinspdansthinsplrsquoeacuteconomiethinspdethinsplrsquoargument tel que nous pouvons le reconstruire agrave partir des diffeacuterentes sources qui nous lrsquoont transmis35 mais encore elle constitue la cleacute pour reacutesoudre un puzzle

quithinspontthinsppeacuterithinsp(puisqursquoilthinspenthinspexistethinspunethinspcertainethinspimage)]thinspraquo)thinspUnethinspbibliographiethinspdethinspquelquethinsptroisthinspcentsthinsptitresthinspspeacutecialement consacreacutee agrave la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees dans les lieux parallegraveles des livres A et M des Meacutetaphysiquesthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspdistribueacuteethinspetthinsp(dansthinspsathinspversionthinspalphabeacutetique)thinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspconsulteacuteethinsponlinethinspagravethinsplrsquoadressethinspthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir2808files201509BibliogrSept2015pdfthinsp34 Au sujet de lrsquohistoire de lrsquoargument qursquoil nous soit permis de renvoyer agrave L Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinsp(citeacutethinspnotethinsp14)thinsppourthinspsathinsppreacutehistoirethinspplatoniciennethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquothinspldquoκαὶthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςrdquothinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspProleacutegomegravenesthinspagravethinspunethinsphistoirethinspanciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspraquothinspRhizai 7 2010 p 181-220 pour son utilisationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquo ldquoEt quoniam est quis tertius homordquothinspArgumentthinspexeacutegegravesethinspcontresens dans la litteacuterature latine apparenteacutee aux Sophistici elenchithinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspArchives drsquohistoire doctrinale et litteacuteraire du Moyen Age 80 2013 p 7-48 pour ses transformations aux mains des commentateursthinspdethinsplanguethinspetthinspculturethinsplatinethinspPourthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspdesthinspcommentateursthinspdethinsplrsquoAntiquiteacutethinsptardivethinspcfthinspD huntthinsplaquothinspPlotinusthinspMeetsthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspJ CLearythinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Perennial Tradition of NeoplatonismthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinsp1997thinsppthinsp119-132thinspthinspJ oPSoMerthinsplaquothinspSyrianusthinsponthinspHomonymythinspandthinspFormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspvan rieL C MaCeacute et L van CaMPethinsp(eacuted)thinspPlatonic Ideas and Concept Formation in Ancient and Medieval ThoughtthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinspLouvainthinsp2004thinsppthinsp31-50thinspetthinspLthinspP GerSon laquothinspProclusthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspEacutetudes 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depuis quelques anneacutees (parmi les progregraves il faut au moins signaler la nouvelle eacutedition critiquethinspdesthinspquelquesthinsppagesthinspdrsquointeacuterecirctthinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauxthinspMeacutetaphysiques drsquoAristotethinspquethinspD harLFinGerthinspnousthinspathinspoffertethinspenthinsp1975thinspthinsponthinspsignalerathinspeacutegalementthinspquethinsplathinspquestionthinspdesthinspdeuxthinsp recensionsthinspdansthinsp lesquellesthinspcesthinspmecircmesthinsppagesthinspnousthinspseraientthinspparvenuesthinspndashthinsp toutthinsp reacutecemmentthinspndashthinspathinspbeacuteneacuteficieacutethinspdesthinsplumiegraveresthinspdethinspP GoLitSiS laquo La recensio altera du Commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave la Meacutetaphysique drsquoAristotethinspetthinsplethinspteacutemoignagethinspdesthinspmanuscritsthinspbyzantinsthinspLaurentianus plut 8712 et Ambrosianus F113thinspsupthinspraquothinspdansthinspJ SiGneS Codontildeer et I Peacuterez Martinthinsp(eacuted)thinspTextual Transmission in Byzantium Between Textual Criticism and Quellenforschung Brepols Turnhout 2014 p 199-230 ainsi que de celles de L CaLvieacutethinsp laquothinspAgravethinsp proposthinsp dethinsp lrsquoeacuteditionthinspHayduckthinsp duthinspCommentairethinsp drsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodise agrave la MeacutetaphysiquethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspouthinspconsulterthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir565files201409Article-LCalvieacute-2e-edpdf)thinspIlthinspnrsquoenthinsprestethinsppasthinspmoinsthinspquethinsptoutthinspeffortthinspdethinsprestitutionthinspduthinsptraiteacutethinspperduthinspdrsquoAristotethinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspougravethinsponthinsppeutthinsplirethinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspdethinsplointhinsplethinspplusthinspinformatifthinspndashthinspdoitthinspsethinspconfronterthinspagravethinspunethinspeacutequationthinspagravethinspplusieursthinspvariablesthinspLethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspestthinspunthinsptextethinspqui ne nous est parvenu qursquoagrave travers la tradition indirecte et dont la vocation ndash pour autant qursquoelle se

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

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exeacutegeacutetique agrave la fois ancien et tenace agrave savoir pour autant que lrsquoon a affaire agrave un seul etthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinspnousthinsppouvonsthinspremonterthinspdansthinsplethinsptempsthinspne fait pas lrsquounanimiteacute ndash comment se fait-il qursquoAristote tantocirct lrsquoutilise pour reacutefuter les philosophes des Ideacutees tantocirct le rejette sous preacutetexte qursquoil srsquoagit drsquoun argument fallacieux36thinspthinspLethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspdansthinsplequelthinspnousthinspavonsthinspidentifieacutethinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspmotifsthinsppro-fonds de lrsquoantiplatonisme drsquoAristote ndash agrave savoir la particularisation existentielle des universauxthinspndashthinsppermetthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquithinspentraicircnethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspetthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinsplrsquoeacuteviterthinspMecircmethinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvirtuellementthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspcomprendrethinsplethinspfonctionnementthinspexactthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspsesthinspraresthinspoccurrencesthinspdansthinsp

laissethinspentrevoirthinspndashthinspeacutetaitthinspdethinsptraiterthinspdrsquounethinspdoctrinethinspcellethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspcœurthinspdrsquounthinspdeacutebatthinspquithinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplethinsppreacutecegravedethinspetthinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspaffecteacutethinspAucunethinspdethinspcesthinspvariablethinspnethinspsethinsplaissethinsptraiterthinspcommethinspunethinspsimplethinspvariablethinspdrsquoajustement et elles sont qui plus est lieacutees entre elles Si on distingue donc ndash avec les speacutecialistes de lrsquoecdotique (on se reacutefeacuterera en particulier agrave un texte de J iriGointhinspthinsplaquothinspLathinspcritiquethinspdesthinsptextesthinspdoitthinspecirctrethinsphistoriquethinspraquothinspdansthinspE FLoreSthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa critica testuale greco-latina oggi Metodi e problemi Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 29-31 ottobre 1979)thinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1981thinsppthinsp27-43)thinspndashthinsptrois eacutetapes fondamentales dans la reconstitution drsquoun texte la recensio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la collecte de toutesthinsp lesthinspsourcesthinspmanuscritesthinspdisponiblesthinsp(etthinspeacuteventuellementthinspdesthinspsourcesthinsp imprimeacutees)thinspdirectesthinspetthinspindirectes)thinsp lathinspcollatio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la comparaison des reacutesultats de la recensiothinsp afinthinspdrsquoobtenirthinspunethinspimagethinspaussithinspfidegravelethinspquethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspenthinspremontantthinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinsppossiblethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacuteterminationthinspdesthinspfamillesthinspdethinspmanuscritsthinspetthinspdethinspleurthinspplusthinspprochethinspancecirctresthinspcommuns)thinspetthinsplathinspdivinatio (lrsquoeacutetablissementthinspduthinsptextethinsplethinspplusthinspprochethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplrsquooriginal)thinsponthinspconviendrathinspquethinspcettethinspderniegraverethinspportethinspparticuliegraverementthinspbienthinspsonthinspnomthinsppuisquethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsplathinsprestitutionthinspdethinsptoutthinspunthinsppanthinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspnethinspnousthinsppermetthinsppasthinspdethinspreacuteglerthinspndashthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspndashthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdethinspsavoirthinspauthinspjustethinspquithinspa eacutecrit quoi Il faut se reacutesigner agrave une eacutevidence pour autant que le traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote est concerneacute mecircmethinsplethinspmeilleurthinsptextethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdemeurethinsprelativementthinspopaquethinspaussithinsplongtempsthinspduthinspmoinsthinspquethinsplrsquoon nrsquoa pas deacutetermineacute de quelle maniegravere il a travailleacute la matiegravere aristoteacutelicienne dont il srsquoest inspireacute et qursquoil a importeacutee dans son commentaire Autrement dit la question se pose de savoir si nous avons affairethinspagravethinspunethinspcollectionthinspdethinspfragmentsthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspdesthinspempruntsthinspponctuelsthinspouthinspdesthinspcitations)thinspouthinspbienthinspsithinspAlexandre a proceacutedeacute agrave une reformulation paraphrastique (en gros une transposition plus ou moins fidegravelethinspdethinspcethinspqursquoilthinsplisaitthinspdansthinsplethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspsonthinspdernierthinsplecteurthinspdethinsppremiegraverethinspmain)thinspOrthinspdeuxthinspdifficulteacutesthinspmajeuresthinspfontthinspobstaclethinspagravethinspcettethinspentreprisethinspLathinsppremiegraverethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspqursquoAlexandrethinspsethinsptrouve en situation de teacutemoin unique ce que nous connaissons du traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote sur les Ideacutees nous le tenons pour lrsquoessentiel drsquoAlexandre dans la mesure ougrave les quelques mentions eacuteparses dans la litteacuterature posteacuterieure deacutependent de son commentaire au livre Alpha meizocircn des Meacutetaphysiques Son maniementthinspappellethinspdoncthinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinsppreacutecautionsthinspthinspcethinspquethinspnousthinsplisonsthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspsinonthinspremanieacutethinspduthinspmoins reacuteorganiseacute dans une mesure et selon des modaliteacutes qui eacutetaient agrave la seule discreacutetion drsquoAlexandre etthinspquethinspnousthinspnethinsppouvonsthinsppasthinspappreacutecierthinspindeacutependammentthinspdethinspsonthinsptravailthinspLathinspdeuxiegravemethinspdifficulteacutethinsptientthinspauthinspfait que la langue drsquoAlexandre ne preacutesente pas de ceacutesures stylistiques ou de solutions de continuiteacute lexicales qui permettraient de deacuteterminer ougrave il ferait œuvre de compilateur et ougrave au contraire il fait œuvrethinspdrsquointerpregravetethinspDethinspfaitthinspagravethinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinsp(maisthinspaussithinspagravethinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspouthinspagravethinspunethinsptroisiegraveme)thinsponthinspsethinsprendrathinspagravethinspunethinspautrethinspeacutevidencethinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppartoutthinsplathinspprosethinspetthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspmecircmethinsplagravethinspougravethinspndashthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspaveuthinsp(commethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsppreacuteciseacutement)thinspndashthinsponthinsppeutthinspsrsquoattendrethinspagravethinspqursquoil suive de plus pregraves sa source 36thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy p 290 formule ce dilemme agrave peu pregraves dansthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinsptermesthinspUnthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquointerpregravetesthinspythinspontthinspvuthinsplrsquoindicethinspdrsquounethinspambivalencethinspdrsquoAristotethinspagrave son eacutegard (cf L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspVrin-PressesthinspdethinsplrsquoUniversiteacutethinspLavalthinspParis-Montreacutealthinsp1995thinsppthinsp360)thinspthinspdrsquoautresthinsplrsquoontthinsppristhinspassezthinspauthinspseacuterieuxthinsppourthinspexclurethinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspsrsquoagirthinspeffectivementthinspduthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspdontthinspAristotethinspferaitthinspunthinspusagethinspopportunistethinsp(cfthinspEthinspVthinspdi LaSCio laquo Third Man The Logic of the Sophism at Arist SEthinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinspraquothinspTopoithinsp23thinsp[2004]thinsppthinsp41)thinsp

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le corpus aristoteacutelicien37thinspcelathinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspeacutetablithinspsansthinspavoirthinsprecoursthinspauxthinspsourcesthinsppos-teacuterieuresthinspauxquellesthinsponthinspestthinspobligeacutethinspdrsquoemprunterthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspcanonique38 Crsquoest ce qui ressort de deux lieux du corpus aristoteacutelicien agrave savoir le chapitre 13 du livre ZecirctathinspdesthinspMeacutetaphysiques et le chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiques auxquels nous avons consacreacute deux lectures micrologiques dont nous ne reportons de suite que les conclusions39

37 Aristote nrsquoen donne nulle part un exposeacute un tant soit peu deacutetailleacute se contentant plutocirct de lrsquoeacutevoquer sousthinsplrsquointituleacutethinspquithinsplethinsprendrathinspceacutelegravebrethinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp15-17thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1039athinsp2-3thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp12-13)thinspouthinspbienthinspdrsquoenthinsprappelerthinsplathinspconclusionthinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36)thinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdrsquounethinsppassethinspargumentativethinspbienthinspconnuethinsp(cethinspquithinspdevaitthinspdrsquoailleursthinspecirctrethinsplethinspcas)thinsp38thinspthinspCetthinspexposeacutethinspsethinsplitthinspdansthinsplathinsppagethinspceacutelegravebrethinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauthinsppremierthinsplivrethinspdes MeacutetaphysiquesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspagravethinsplaquellethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspfairethinspallusionthinspthinsplaquothinspδείκνυταιthinspκαὶthinspοὕτωςthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινωνthinspπλειόνωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκαὶthinspἔστινthinspἄλλοthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspαὐτῶνthinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspἡγοῦνταιthinspδεικνύναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιmiddotthinspδιὰthinspτοῦτοthinspγάρthinspἐστίthinspτιthinspαὐτοάνθρωποςthinsp κατrsquothinsp αὐτούςthinsp ὅτιthinsp ὁthinsp ἄνθρωποςthinsp κατὰthinsp τῶνthinsp καθrsquothinsp ἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspπλειόνωνthinsp ὄντωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspἄλλοςthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspἐστίν)thinspndashthinspἀλλrsquothinspεἰthinspτοῦτοthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοςthinspὁthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspκατrsquothinspἰδίανthinspὑφεστώςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspδὲthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspπαράthinspτεthinspτὸνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspτὴνthinspἰδέανthinspοὕτωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspτέταρτοςthinspὁthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτούτουthinspκαὶthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὁμοίωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspπέμπτοςthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspἐπrsquothinspἄπειρονthinsp[onthinspprouvethinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspaussi de cette maniegravere si ce qui se preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute de plusieurs est aussi autre que ceux dont il se preacutedique seacutepareacute de ceux-ci (voilagrave ce que pensent prouver ceux qui posent les Ideacutees la raison pourthinsp laquellethinspenthinspeffetthinsp ilthinspythinspathinsppourthinspeuxthinspquelquethinspchosethinspquithinspestthinsp lrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspcrsquoestthinspquethinsp lrsquohommethinspse preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute des hommes particuliers qui sont plusieurs et il est autre que les hommes particuliers)thinspndashthinspmaisthinspsrsquoilthinspenthinspestthinspainsithinspilthinspythinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspSithinspenthinspeffetthinsplrsquohommethinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsppreacutediquethinspestthinspautrethinspquethinspceuxthinspdontthinspilthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspsubsistethinspenthinspproprethinspsithinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspilthinspythinspathinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspagravethinsppartthinspduthinspparticulier et de lrsquoIdeacutee Ainsi qursquoil y en aura un quatriegraveme qui se preacutedique de celui-ci de lrsquoIdeacutee et des particuliersthinspthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquounthinspcinquiegravemethinspetthinspcelathinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis de ideis fragmentathinsp(=thinspAlexandri in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria)thinsp8421thinsp-thinsp853)thinspLethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspillustrethinspagravethinsplathinspperfectionthinspla situation hermeacuteneutique que nous venons drsquoeacutevoquer ougrave le recours agrave la tradition indirecte est agrave la foisthinspineacutevitablethinspetthinsppassablementthinspdeacutelicatthinspDrsquounethinsppartthinspAlexandrethinspsignalethinspexplicitementthinspqursquoilthinspreportethinsplathinspversionthinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinsptellethinspqursquoAristotethinspsrsquoenthinspestthinspservithinspdansthinsplethinsppremierthinsplivrethinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsp(8511-12thinspthinsplaquothinspτῇthinspδὲthinspτελευταίᾳthinspαὐτὸςthinspἔνthinspτεthinspτῷthinspπρώτῳthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspraquo)thinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspilthinspestthinsphautementthinspimprobablethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspenthinsptrainthinspdethinsptranscrirethinspunthinspsegmentthinspduthinsptextethinspdrsquoAristotethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdethinsplethinspparaphraserthinspCethinspquethinsptrahitthinsplrsquoutilisationthinspdethinspcertainsthinsptermesthinsptelsthinspὑπόστασιςthinspetthinspὑφίστημιthinspNousthinspavonsthinspobserveacutethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoacceptionthinspdrsquoexistencethinspetthinspdrsquoexisterthinsprequisethinspparthinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspnithinsplrsquounthinsp(ὑπόστασις)thinspnithinsplrsquoautrethinsp(ὑφίστημι)thinspnethinspsontthinspattesteacutesthinspchezthinspAristotethinspquithinsplesthinsputilisethinspplutocirctthinspdansthinspunthinspsensthinsplocalthinsp(ὑφίστημιthinspindiquethinsple fait de se tenir au-dessous comme dans Aristotelis de caelo P Morauxthinsp(eacuted)thinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1965thinspIthinsp3thinsp269bthinsp24-25)thinspouthinspphysiologiquethinsp(ὑπόστασιςthinspsignifiethinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspreacutesiduthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspseacutedimentthinspraquothinspcomme dans Aristotelis de generatione animaliumthinspHthinspJ droSSaart LuLoFS (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1965thinspIthinsp18thinsp726athinsp21thinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspstationthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspposturethinspraquothinspcommethinspdansthinspAristotelis de partibus animaliumthinsp1956thinspIthinsp2thinsp647bthinsp28)39 Les deux lectures (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp23thinspetthinspAristotelis Sophistici elenchi 22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspontthinspeacuteteacutethinsppreacuteceacutedeacuteesthinspparthinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspeacutetudethinsplexicographiquethinsp(nousthinspavonsthinspeacutevoqueacutethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspplusthinsphautthinspcfthinspnotethinsp3)thinspconsacreacuteethinspauthinspvocabulairethinspquethinspcesthinsptextesthinsppartagentthinsp(etthinspauxthinspquelquesthinsposcillationsthinspqursquoilthinsppreacutesente)thinspEnthinspplusthinspdrsquoexpressionsthinspplusthinspprobleacutematiquesthinsp(commethinsplethinspτόδεthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinsppeutthinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspdeacutesignerthinspunethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle)thinspnousthinspavonsthinspsurtoutthinspexploreacutethinsplrsquooppositionthinspentrethinspcethinspqursquoAristotethinspappellethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(outhinspποιόνthinspτι)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspnousthinspontthinspsurtoutthinspaideacutesthinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinspnotrethinspreconnaissance J kunGthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspThisesthinspSuchesthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspArgumentthinspraquothinspPhronesis 26 (1981)thinsppthinsp207-247thinspetthinspS ebbeSen laquo Hoc aliquid - Quale quidthinspandthinspthethinspSignificationthinspofthinspAppellativesthinspraquothinsp

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Qursquoest-cethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspauthinspjustethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAuthinspboutthinspdrsquounthinspassezthinsplongthinspraisonnement40thinsplathinspconclusionthinspqursquoAristotethinsptirethinspestthinspcateacutegoriquethinsp(φανερὸνthinspὅτιthinspκτλ)thinspSeacuteparer lrsquouniversel crsquoest-agrave-dire le traiter comme quelque chose qui existe de plein exercicethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstarthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspparticuliegraveresthinsprevientthinspagravethinspsrsquoembarrasserthinspdethinsptoutesthinspsortesthinsp drsquoinconveacutenientsthinspthinsp laquothinspφανερὸνthinspὅτιthinsp οὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinspκαὶthinspὅτιthinspοὐδὲνthinspσημαίνειthinspτῶνthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορουμένωνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspἀλλὰthinspτοιόνδεthinspεἰthinspδὲthinspμήthinspἄλλαthinspτεthinspπολλὰthinspσυμβαίνειthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsp[ilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoaucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspnethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspmaisthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinsptelthinspouthinsptelthinspDansthinsplethinspcasthinspcontrairethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspbeaucoupthinspltdrsquoinconveacutenientsgtthinspnotammentthinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis meta-physicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)41 Quelle que soit la force que lrsquoon accorde agrave lrsquoargumentthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspreposethinspultimementthinspsurthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspjuxtaposerthinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspauthinspseinthinspdrsquounethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspmultipliciteacutethinspdontthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspviendraitthinspconstituerthinsplrsquouniteacutethinspauthinspmecircmethinsptitrethinspquethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdrsquohomme constituait lrsquouniteacute de la multipliciteacute des hommes particuliers Autrement ditthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsprequiertthinspquethinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinsp

Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

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Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman 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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

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de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 Ithinsp9thinsp103bthinsp29-35thinsplethinspverbethinspἐκτίθημιthinspnethinspchangethinsppointthinspdethinspsignificationthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdethinsplrsquoobjetthinspquithinspreacutesultethinspdethinspsonthinspopeacuterationthinsplequelthinspestthinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspsrsquoexposethinspauthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo)thinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspluithinspeacutechappe)thinsp(4)thinspCommentthinspcomprendrethinsplrsquoοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσειthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspthinspQursquoest-cethinspquithinspnethinspfaitthinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspquoithinspthinspEst-cethinspquethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspestthinspsupposeacutethinspsrsquoensuivrethinspagravethinsptousthinsplesthinspcoupsthinsp(aussithinspbienthinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspougravethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspsethinspsoldethinspparthinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspquethinspdansthinspceluithinspougravethinspcrsquoestthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppart)thinspouthinspbienthinspcrsquoestthinspparthinsprapportthinspauthinspreacutesultatthinspdethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspelle-mecircmethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspaurathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspqursquoonthinspobtiendrathinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinspunthinspἕνthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλοὺςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspCommethinsplethinspmontrentthinsplesthinsprecommandationsthinspdrsquoAristotethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspfaitthinspunethinspsacreacuteethinspdiffeacuterencethinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsp(lequelthinspsrsquoensuitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspquethinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppartthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinspilthinspsethinspditthinspenthinspcommunthinspὅπερthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspὅπερthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspEnthinsprevanchethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspentrethinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspLrsquounthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspmoinsthinspdistinctthinspquethinsplrsquoautrethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspdontthinsponthinsplethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspParthinspconseacutequentthinspsithinsponthinspaffirmethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspestthinspunethinspqualiteacutethinspetthinspnonthinspunethinspsubstancethinspcelathinspnethinspfaitthinspaucunethinspdiffeacuterencethinsp(οὐδὲνthinspδιοίσει)thinspduthinspmoinsthinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinspsathinsppositionthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspplusieursthinspcarthinspilthinspythinspaurathinsptoutthinspdethinspmecircmethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinsp(ἕνthinspτι)thinspetthinspdethinspdiffeacuterentthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(παρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλούς)thinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinsplaquothinsphommethinspraquothinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsp(οἷονthinspτὸthinspἄνθρωπος)thinsp

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Selon un paradoxe qui nrsquoen est un qursquoen apparence ce qursquoAristote sanctionne chezthinsplesthinsppartisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsplethinspvicethinspreacutedhibitoirethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspagravethinspluithinsptoutthinspseulthinsplethinsprejetthinspdethinsplathinspdoctrinethinspenthinspquestionthinspndashthinspnrsquoestthinspautrethinspquethinspcethinspqursquoilthinspestthinspprecirctthinspagravethinspleurthinspaccorderthinspAutant dire le dilemme des partisans des Ideacutees est qursquoils ont tort et raison agrave la foisthinspetthinspndashthinspsurtoutthinspndashthinspqursquoilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspontthinspraisonthinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspλέγοντεςthinspτῇthinspμὲνthinspὀρθῶςthinspλέγουσιthinspχωρίζοντεςthinspαὐτάthinspεἴπερthinspοὐσίαιthinspεἰσίthinspτῇthinspδrsquothinspοὐκthinspὀρθῶςthinspὅτιthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspεἶδοςthinspλέγουσινthinsp[ceuxthinspquithinspdisentthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspontthinspraisonthinspet tort agrave la fois Ils ont raison de dire qursquoelles sont seacutepareacutees puisqursquoelles sont des substancesthinspthinspmaisthinspilsthinspontthinsptortthinspparcethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinspmultipli-citeacute]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp16thinsp1040bthinsp27-30)thinspOrthinspqursquoest-cethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspdire pourquoi au juste les partisans des Ideacutees ont drsquoun cocircteacute tort et de lrsquoautre raison Reacuteponse la conviction que poser lrsquoexistence de quelque chose ou ndash ce quithinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinsprevientthinspauthinspmecircmethinspndashthinspfairethinspdethinspquelquethinspchosesthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutequivautthinspagravethinspenthinspfairethinspunthinspparticulierthinspsensiblethinsp(peuthinspimportethinspalorsthinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspeacuteternelthinspou pas26)thinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinspauthinsp tourthinspdrsquoincantationthinsppregravesthinspndashthinspcrsquoestthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspcethinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspfontthinspcommethinsplrsquoindiquethinsplathinspsuitethinspduthinsppassagethinspthinsplaquothinspαἴτιονthinspδrsquothinspὅτιthinspοὐκthinspἔχουσινthinspἀποδοῦναιthinspτίνεςthinspαἱthinspτοιαῦταιthinspοὐσίαιthinspαἱthinspἄφθαρτοιthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspαἰσθητάςmiddotthinspποιοῦσινthinspοὖνthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspτῷthinspεἴδειthinspτοῖςthinspφθαρτοῖςthinsp(ταύταςthinspγὰρthinspἴσμεν)thinspαὐτοάνθρωπονthinspκαὶthinspαὐτόϊππονthinspπροστιθέντεςthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspτὸthinspῥῆμαthinspτὸthinspldquoαὐτόrdquothinsp[lathinspcausethinspltdethinspleurthinsperreurgtthinspestthinspqursquoilsthinspsontthinspincapablesthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquethinspsontthinspdethinsptellesthinspsubstancesthinspincorruptiblesthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspIlsthinspenthinspfontthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspspeacutecifiquementthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspcorruptiblesthinsp(celles-cithinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspsavonsthinspltcethinspqursquoellesthinspsontgt)thinspunthinspHommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspChevalthinspenthinspsoithinspenthinspajoutantthinspauxthinspltnomsthinspdesgtthinspchosesthinspsensiblesthinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquoenthinspsoirdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysica Z

26 Aristotelis ethica nicomacheathinsp Ithinsp 6thinsp 1096athinsp 34thinsp -thinsp 1096bthinsp 5thinspthinsp laquothinspἀπορήσειεthinsp δrsquothinsp ἄνthinsp τιςthinsp τίthinsp ποτεthinsp καὶthinspβούλονταιthinspλέγεινthinspαὐτοέκαστονthinspεἴπερthinspἔνthinspτεthinspαὐτοανθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἐνthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspεἷςthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspαὐτὸςthinspλόγοςthinspἐστὶνthinspὁthinspτοῦthinspἀνθρώπουthinspᾗthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωποςthinspοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσουσινmiddotthinspεἰthinspδrsquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὐδrsquothinspᾗthinspἀγαθόνthinspἀλλὰthinspμὴνthinspοὐδὲthinspτῷthinspἀίδιονthinspεἶναιthinspμᾶλλονthinspἀγαθὸνthinspἔσταιthinspεἴπερthinspμηδὲthinspλευκότερονthinspτὸthinspπολυχρόνιονthinspτοῦthinspἐφημέρουthinsp[R bodeacuteuumlS Aristote Eacutethique agrave Nicomaque Flammarion Paris 2004 p 61 on peut drsquoautre part se demander ce quethinsppeutthinspbienthinspvouloirthinspdirethinspenthinspdeacutefinitivethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspldquochosethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplrsquoldquohommethinspenthinspsoirdquothinspetthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinspdeacutefinissentthinspparthinspunethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspformulethinspcellethinspdethinsplrsquohommethinspCarthinspsithinsplrsquoonthinspconsidegraverethinsplathinspchose en tant qursquohomme cela ne fait aucune diffeacuterence Et dans ces conditions il nrsquoy a pas non plus agrave fairethinsplathinspdiffeacuterencethinspagravethinspproposthinspduthinspbienthinspsithinsponthinsplethinspconsidegraverethinspenthinsptantthinspquethinsptelthinspMaisthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspnonthinspplusthinspparcethinspqursquoilthinspseraitthinspeacuteternelthinspqursquounthinspbienthinspseraitthinspdavantagethinspunthinspbienthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspquithinspdurethinsplongtempsthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspdavantagethinspcethinspqursquoellethinspestthinspquethinsplathinspblancheurthinspeacutepheacutemegravere]thinspraquothinsp

Leone Gazziero

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16thinsp1040bthinsp30-34)27thinspCethinspquithinspndashthinsptoutthinsparbitrairethinspetthinspgratuitthinspquethinspcethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleurs28 ndash est ineacutevitablethinsppourthinsppeuthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspveuillethinsppreacuteserverthinsplathinspnotionthinspelle-mecircmethinspdethinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspγάρthinspτιςthinspμὴthinspθήσειthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspεἶναιthinspκεχωρισμέναςthinspκαὶthinspτὸνthinspτρόπονthinspτοῦτονthinspὡςthinspλέγεταιthinspτὰthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἀναιρήσειthinspτὴνthinspοὐσίανthinspὡςthinspβουλόμεθαthinspλέγεινthinsp[sithinsponthinspnethinspposethinsppasthinspquethinsplesthinspsubstancesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinsponthinspditthinspquethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspparticuliersthinsplethinspsontthinsponthinspdeacutetruitthinsplathinspsubstancethinspauthinspsensthinspougravethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendons]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp10thinsp1086bthinsp16-19)29

SurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspcethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspAristotethinspdeacuteveloppethinsptoutethinspunethinspseacuteriethinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspagravethinsplrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Ideacutees allant de lrsquoaccusation de verser dans une erreur aussi grossiegravere que lrsquoanthropomorphisme religieux30thinspagravethinspcellethinspdethinspredoublerthinspsansthinspraisonthinsp

27thinspthinspAristotethinspstigmatisethinspvolontiersthinsplesthinspliberteacutesthinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspprennentthinspavecthinsplethinsplangagethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinsptournerthinsplathinspplupartthinspduthinsptempsthinspagravethinspvidethinspAussithinsplorsqursquoilthinspnethinspbalaiethinspleurthinspproposthinspcommethinspduthinspsimplethinspverbiagethinsp(cf Aristotelis ethica eudemia R R waLzer J M MinGaythinsp(eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1991thinspIthinsp8thinsp1217bthinsp19-21thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspδὲthinspδεῖthinspσυντόμωςthinspεἰπεῖνthinspπερὶthinspαὐτῶνthinspλέγομενthinspὅτιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspτὸthinspεἶναιthinspἰδέανthinspμὴthinspμόνονthinspἀγαθοῦthinspἀλλὰthinspκαὶthinspἄλλουthinspὁτουοῦνthinspλέγεταιthinspλογικῶςthinspκαὶthinspκενῶςthinsp[srsquoilthinspnousthinspestthinsppermisthinspdrsquoexprimerthinspicithinsptregravesthinspbriegravevementthinspnotrethinsppenseacuteethinspnousthinspdironsthinspqursquoaffirmerthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspunethinspIdeacuteethinspnonthinspseulementthinspduthinspbienthinspmaisthinspdethinsptoutthinspautrethinspchosethinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspparlerthinspetthinsptenirthinspdesthinspproposthinspvides]thinspraquo)thinspilthinsplesthinspaccusethinspdethinspsethinspcontenterthinspde meacutetaphores poeacutetiques (cf Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp991athinsp20-22thinsp[=thinspMthinsp5thinsp1079bthinsp24-27]thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspλέγεινthinspπαραδείγματαthinspαὐτὰthinsplt scilicetthinspτὰthinspεἴδηgtthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspμετέχεινthinspαὐτῶνthinspτἆλλαthinspκενολογεῖνthinspἐστὶthinspκαὶthinspμεταφορὰςthinspλέγεινthinspποιητικάςthinsp[direthinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspsontthinspdesthinspparadigmesthinspetthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspnethinsprienthinspdirethinspetthinspsethinsppayerthinspdethinspmeacutetaphoresthinsppoeacutetiques]thinspraquo)thinspthinsp ilthinsp leurthinspreprochethinspeacutegalement de srsquoamuser agrave changer de nom aux choses sans se preacuteoccuper de nous dire ce qursquoelles sont au juste (cf Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987bthinsp7-14thinspthinsplaquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὖνthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσεthinspτὰthinspδrsquothinspαἰσϑητὰthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspταῦταthinspλέγεσϑαιthinspπάνταthinspκατὰthinspμέϑεξινthinspγὰρthinspεἶναιthinspτὰthinspπολλὰthinspτῶνthinspσυνωνύμωνthinsp[ὁμώνυμα]thinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσινthinspτὴνthinspδὲthinspμέϑεξινthinspτοὔνομαthinspμόνονthinspμετέβαλενmiddotthinspοἱthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspΠυϑαγόρειοιthinspμιμήσειthinspτὰthinspὄνταthinspφασὶνthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspἀριϑμῶνthinspΠλάτωνthinspδὲthinspμεϑέξειthinspτοὔνομαthinspμεταβαλώνthinspτὴνthinspμέντοιthinspγεthinspμέϑεξινthinspἢthinspτὴνthinspμίμησινthinspἥτιςthinspἂνthinspεἴηthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἀφεῖσανthinspἐνthinspκοινῷthinspζητεῖνthinsp[aussithinspilthinspathinspappeleacutethinspldquoIdeacuteesrdquothinspdethinsptellesthinspchosesthinspetthinspilthinspathinspaffirmeacutethinspquethinsptousthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspenthinspsontthinspseacutepareacutesthinspetthinspqursquoilsthinspreccediloiventthinspdrsquoellesthinspleur nom En effet crsquoest en raison de leur participation aux Ideacutees que les plusieurs sont synonymes avec les Ideacutees Pour ce qui est de la participation Platon nrsquoa fait que changer le nom en effet les PythagoriciensthinspaffirmaientthinspquethinsplesthinspeacutetantsthinspsontthinspparthinspimitationthinspdesthinspnombresthinspPlatonthinspparthinspparticipationthinspenthinspchangeantthinsplethinspnomthinspCethinspquethinsplathinspparticipationthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinspouthinsplrsquoimitationthinsppeutthinspbienthinspecirctrethinspilsthinspontthinspenthinspcommunthinspdrsquoavoirthinspneacutegligeacutethinspdethinsplethinspchercher]thinspraquo)thinsp28thinspthinspPourthinspAristotethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspplusthinspdethinspraisonthinspdethinspseacuteparerthinsplesthinspuniversauxthinspquethinsplesthinspaccidentsthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐδεμίαthinspἀνάγκηthinspὑπολαμβάνεινthinspτιthinspεἶναιthinspτοῦτοthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspὅτιthinspἓνthinspδηλοῖthinspοὐδὲνthinspμᾶλλονthinspἢthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspἄλλωνthinspὅσαthinspμὴthinspτὶthinspσημαίνειthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιὸνthinspἢthinspπρόςthinspτιthinspἢthinspποιεῖνthinsp[ilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspplusthinspneacutecessairethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplrsquouniversel est quelque chose agrave part des choses individuelles car il indique quelque chose drsquounique que de le penser des autres choses qui ne sont pas quelque chose mais une qualiteacute une relation ou encorethinspunethinspaction]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis analytica posteriorathinspIthinsp24thinsp85bthinsp18-21)thinsp29 Cf Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp12thinsp1037bthinsp27thinspougravethinspilthinspestthinspquestionthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspὡςthinspφαμένthinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplaquothinspἡthinspοὐσίαthinspἕνthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὡςthinspφαμένthinsp[lathinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspcommethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinspetthinspdethinspconcret]thinspraquothinsp30 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12thinspthinsplaquothinspπολλαχῇthinspδὲthinspἐχόντωνthinspδυσκολίανthinspοὐθενὸςthinspἧττονthinspἄτοπονthinspτὸthinspφάναιthinspμὲνthinspεἶναίthinspτιναςthinspφύσειςthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspοὐρανῷthinspταύταςthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspφάναιthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspπλὴνthinspὅτιthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspἀΐδιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspφθαρτάthinspαὐτὸthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωπόνthinspφασινthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspἵππονthinspκαὶthinspὑγίειανthinspἄλλοthinspδrsquothinspοὐδένthinspπαραπλήσιονthinspποιοῦντεςthinspτοῖςthinspθεοὺςthinspμὲνthinspεἶναιthinspφάσκουσινthinspἀνθρωποειδεῖςthinspδέmiddotthinspοὔτεthinspγὰρthinspἐκεῖνοιthinspοὐδὲνthinspἄλλοthinspἐποίουνthinspἢthinspἀνθρώπουςthinspἀϊδίουςthinspοὔθrsquothinspοὗτοιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἄλλrsquothinspἢthinspαἰσθητὰthinspἀΐδιαthinsp(D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp[2008]thinsppthinsp308thinspthinspmecircmethinspsrsquoilsthinspltlesthinspplatoniciensgtthinspsontthinspdethinspplusieursthinspfaccedilonsthinspenthinspdifficulteacutethinsprienthinspdethinspplusthinspabsurdethinspquethinspdethinspdirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspcertainesthinspnaturesthinspenthinspplusthinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

134

lethinspmobilierthinspontologiquethinspduthinspmonde31 en passant par des travers meacutereacuteologiques qui rappellent drsquoassez pregraves ceux que lrsquoon rencontre deacutejagrave chez Platon32

Si nous avons passeacute en revue chacun de ces inconveacutenients33 nous nous sommes cependantthinsparrecircteacutesthinsptoutthinspspeacutecialementthinspsurthinsplrsquounthinspdrsquoentrethinspeuxthinsplrsquoargumentthinspqursquoAristotethinsp

dethinspcellesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinsplrsquouniversthinspmaisthinspenthinspdisantthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspsensiblesthinspsaufthinspquethinsplesthinspunesthinspsontthinspeacuteternellesthinsplesthinspautresthinspcorruptiblesthinspIlsthinspdisentthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspunthinsphommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspchevalthinsplten soigt une santeacute lten soigt sans rien dire drsquoautre en faisant agrave peu pregraves comme ceux qui disent qursquoil existe des dieux mais de forme humaine Ceux-ci ne faisaient rien drsquoautre que des hommes eacuteternels etthinsppourthinspceux-lagravethinsplesthinspformesthinspnethinspsontthinspquethinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspeacuteternels)thinspraquothinsp31 Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8thinsp(cfthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp34thinsp-thinsp1079athinsp4)thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτωνδὶthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἕτεραthinspτούτωνthinspἴσαthinspτὸνthinspἀριθμὸνthinspἐκόμισανthinspὥσπερthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἀριθμῆσαιthinspβουλόμενοςthinspἐλαττόνωνthinspμὲνthinspὄντωνthinspοἴοιτοthinspμὴthinspδυνήσεσθαιthinspπλείωthinspδὲthinspποιήσαςthinspἀριθμοίηthinspσχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspἴσαthinspἢthinspοὐκthinspἐλάττωthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἐστὶthinspτούτοιςthinspπερὶthinspὧνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἐκthinspτούτωνthinspἐπrsquothinspἐκεῖναthinspπροῆλθονthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspγὰρthinspὁμώνυμόνthinspτιthinspἐστιthinspκαὶthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspτῶνthinspτεthinspἄλλωνthinspἐστὶνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspἕνthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖσδεthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖςthinspἀιδίοιςthinsp[D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinsppthinsp306-307thinspthinspquantthinspagravethinspceuxthinspquithinspposentthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspcommethinspdesthinspcausesthinspdrsquoabordthinspenthinspcherchantthinspagravethinspsaisirthinsplesthinspcausesthinspdesthinspecirctresthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinspilsthinspenthinspontthinspintroduitthinspdrsquoautresthinspenthinspnombrethinspeacutegauxthinspagravethinspeuxthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspquethinspquelqursquounthinspqui voudrait compter des choses mais croirait ne pas pouvoir le faire parce qursquoil y en a peu et pour lesthinspcompterthinsplesthinsprendraitthinspplusthinspnombreusesthinspLesthinspFormesthinspenthinspeffetthinspsontthinspenthinspnombrethinsppresquethinspeacutegalesthinspouthinsppas infeacuterieures aux choses loin desquelles dans leur recherche des causes ils ont eacuteteacute jusque vers ellesthinspcarthinsppourthinspchaquethinspchosethinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquohomonymethinspmecircmethinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspetthinspdesthinspautres choses dont il y a uniteacute drsquoune multipliciteacute agrave la fois pour les choses qui nous entourent et pour cellesthinspquithinspsontthinspeacuteternelles]thinspraquothinsp32 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1039athinsp26thinsp-thinsp1039bthinsp2thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἵππῳthinspἤτοιthinspἓνthinspκαὶthinspταὐτὸνthinspτῷthinspἀριθμῷthinspἐστὶνthinspἢthinspἕτερονmiddotthinspτῷthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspλόγῳthinspδῆλονthinspὅτιthinspἕνmiddotthinspτὸνthinspγὰρthinspαὐτὸνthinspδιέξεισιthinspλόγονthinspὁthinspλέγωνthinspἐνthinspἑκατέρῳthinspεἰthinspοὖνthinspἐστίthinspτιςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspαὐτὸςthinspκαθrsquothinspαὑτὸνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspἀνάγκηthinspκαὶthinspἐξthinspὧνthinspοἷονthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspδίπουνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspκαὶthinspεἶναιthinspχωριστὰthinspκαὶthinspοὐσίαςmiddotthinspὥστεthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτὸthinspαὐτὸthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἵππῳthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspὥσπερthinspσὺthinspσαυτῷthinspπῶςthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspοὖσιthinspχωρὶςthinspἓνthinspἔσταιthinspκαὶthinspδιὰthinspτίthinspοὐthinspκαὶthinspχωρὶςthinspαὑτοῦthinspἔσταιthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspτοῦτοthinspthinsp[sithinsplesthinspFormesthinspexistentthinspetthinspquethinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspouthinspbienthinspilthinspserathinspnumeacuteri-quementthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspouthinspbienthinspdiffeacuterentthinspParthinsplrsquoargumentthinspquethinspvoicithinspilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspuniquethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinsponthinsplethinspdeacutefinitthinspauthinspmoyenthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspdeacutefinitionthinspSrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdoncthinspunthinsphommethinspquithinspestthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinsppourthinsplui-mecircmethinspunthinspcecithinspetthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspneacutecessairementthinspquethinspcethinspquithinsplethinspconstituethinsplrsquoanimalthinspetthinsplethinspbipegravedethinspparthinspexemplethinspsoientthinspaussithinspunthinspcecithinspqursquoilsthinspsoientthinspdesthinspchosesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspOrthinspsithinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspetthinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspestthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspcommethinsptuthinsplrsquoesthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinsptoi-mecircmethinspcommentthinsppourra-t-ilthinspdemeurerthinspuniquethinspdansthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspquithinspsontthinspagravethinsppartthinspltlesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautresgtthinspetthinsppourquoithinspcetthinspanimalthinspnethinspsera-t-ilthinsppasthinspseacutepareacutethinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsp]thinspraquo33thinspthinspDethinspmecircmethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspeacutetudieacutethinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspplusthinspponctuellesthinspqursquoAristotethinspassociethinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfamilles drsquoarguments en faveur de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees dans le reacutequisitoire qursquoon peut lire ndash agrave quelques variations mineures pregraves ndash dans les livres A et M des 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nrsquoy en a pas des arguments agrave partir des sciences qursquoil y a des Ideacutees de tout ce dont il y a des sciencesthinspthinspltdesthinspargumentsgtthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspltqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesgtthinspmecircmethinspdethinspneacutegationsthinspthinspetthinspltdesthinspargumentsgt agrave partir de la penseacutee de quelque chose apregraves sa corruption ltqursquoil y a des Ideacuteesgt drsquoentiteacutes

Leone Gazziero

135

lethinsppremierthinspndashthinspsansthinspenthinspattribuerthinsplathinsppaterniteacutethinspagravethinsppersonnethinsp(pasthinspplusthinspagravethinspsesthinsppreacutedeacuteces-seursthinspouthinspagravethinspsesthinspcontemporainsthinspqursquoagravethinsplui-mecircme)thinspndashthinspathinspappeleacutethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo34 Cela pour au moins deux raisons En premier lieu il y a tout sujet de croirethinspqursquoAristotethinspdevaitthinsplethinsptenirthinsppourthinspunethinspobjectionthinspassezthinspformidablethinspagravethinsplrsquoencontrethinspdethinsplathinsppromotionthinspdesthinsppreacutedicatsthinspuniverselsthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancesthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinspvuthinsplethinsptraitthinspquithinspndashthinsppourthinspAristotethinspndashthinspfaitthinsplathinspspeacutecificiteacutethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacutees)thinspCrsquoestthinspenthinsptoutthinspeacutetatthinspdethinspcausethinsplethinspspectrethinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspseulthinspqursquoAristotethinspagitethinsplorsqursquoilthinspeacutevoquethinspndashthinspenthinspblocthinspndashthinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdontthinspagravethinspsonthinspavisthinspsrsquoencombrethinsplrsquohypothegravese des Formes (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu la conviction que si les Ideacutees existent elles existent agrave la maniegravere desthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspnonthinspseulementthinspjouethinspunthinsprocirclethinspcapitalthinspdansthinsplrsquoeacuteconomiethinspdethinsplrsquoargument tel que nous pouvons le reconstruire agrave partir des diffeacuterentes sources qui nous lrsquoont transmis35 mais encore elle constitue la cleacute pour reacutesoudre un puzzle

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Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinsp(citeacutethinspnotethinsp14)thinsppourthinspsathinsppreacutehistoirethinspplatoniciennethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquothinspldquoκαὶthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςrdquothinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspProleacutegomegravenesthinspagravethinspunethinsphistoirethinspanciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspraquothinspRhizai 7 2010 p 181-220 pour son utilisationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquo ldquoEt quoniam est quis tertius homordquothinspArgumentthinspexeacutegegravesethinspcontresens dans la litteacuterature latine apparenteacutee aux Sophistici elenchithinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspArchives drsquohistoire doctrinale et litteacuteraire du Moyen Age 80 2013 p 7-48 pour ses transformations aux mains des commentateursthinspdethinsplanguethinspetthinspculturethinsplatinethinspPourthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspdesthinspcommentateursthinspdethinsplrsquoAntiquiteacutethinsptardivethinspcfthinspD huntthinsplaquothinspPlotinusthinspMeetsthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspJ CLearythinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Perennial Tradition of NeoplatonismthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinsp1997thinsppthinsp119-132thinspthinspJ oPSoMerthinsplaquothinspSyrianusthinsponthinspHomonymythinspandthinspFormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspvan rieL C MaCeacute et L van CaMPethinsp(eacuted)thinspPlatonic Ideas and Concept Formation in Ancient and Medieval ThoughtthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinspLouvainthinsp2004thinsppthinsp31-50thinspetthinspLthinspP GerSon laquothinspProclusthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspEacutetudes platoniciennesthinsp8thinsp(2011)thinsppthinsp105-11835thinspthinspCommethinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinsplonguementthinspexpliqueacutethinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinsplathinspseacuteancethinspduthinsp16thinspmarsthinsp2015thinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspestthinspunthinspexcellentthinspcasthinspdrsquoeacutetudethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoonthinspsethinsptournethinspversthinspdesthinspsourcesthinspsemi-canoniquesthinspafinthinspdethinspreconstituerthinspdesthinspfaitsthinspdethinspdiscoursthinspplusthinspouthinspmoinsthinspradicalementthinspindisponiblesthinspdansthinspleurthinspversionthinsporiginalethinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspmecircmethinspsithinspsonthinspcasthinspparaicirctthinspndashthinspagravethinsppremiegraverethinspvuethinspndashthinspmoinsthinspdeacutesespeacutereacutethinspquethinspceluithinspdrsquoautresthinsppiegravecesthinspdethinsplrsquoAristotethinspperduthinspetthinspmecircmethinspsithinspndashthinspagravethinspcoupthinspsucircrthinspndashthinspsathinspsituationthinspphilologiquethinspsrsquoestthinspconsideacuterablementthinspameacutelioreacutee depuis quelques anneacutees (parmi les progregraves il faut au moins signaler la nouvelle eacutedition critiquethinspdesthinspquelquesthinsppagesthinspdrsquointeacuterecirctthinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauxthinspMeacutetaphysiques drsquoAristotethinspquethinspD harLFinGerthinspnousthinspathinspoffertethinspenthinsp1975thinspthinsponthinspsignalerathinspeacutegalementthinspquethinsplathinspquestionthinspdesthinspdeuxthinsp recensionsthinspdansthinsp lesquellesthinspcesthinspmecircmesthinsppagesthinspnousthinspseraientthinspparvenuesthinspndashthinsp toutthinsp reacutecemmentthinspndashthinspathinspbeacuteneacuteficieacutethinspdesthinsplumiegraveresthinspdethinspP GoLitSiS laquo La recensio altera du Commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave la Meacutetaphysique drsquoAristotethinspetthinsplethinspteacutemoignagethinspdesthinspmanuscritsthinspbyzantinsthinspLaurentianus plut 8712 et Ambrosianus F113thinspsupthinspraquothinspdansthinspJ SiGneS Codontildeer et I Peacuterez Martinthinsp(eacuted)thinspTextual Transmission in Byzantium Between Textual Criticism and Quellenforschung Brepols Turnhout 2014 p 199-230 ainsi que de celles de L CaLvieacutethinsp laquothinspAgravethinsp proposthinsp dethinsp lrsquoeacuteditionthinspHayduckthinsp duthinspCommentairethinsp drsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodise agrave la MeacutetaphysiquethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspouthinspconsulterthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir565files201409Article-LCalvieacute-2e-edpdf)thinspIlthinspnrsquoenthinsprestethinsppasthinspmoinsthinspquethinsptoutthinspeffortthinspdethinsprestitutionthinspduthinsptraiteacutethinspperduthinspdrsquoAristotethinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspougravethinsponthinsppeutthinsplirethinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspdethinsplointhinsplethinspplusthinspinformatifthinspndashthinspdoitthinspsethinspconfronterthinspagravethinspunethinspeacutequationthinspagravethinspplusieursthinspvariablesthinspLethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspestthinspunthinsptextethinspqui ne nous est parvenu qursquoagrave travers la tradition indirecte et dont la vocation ndash pour autant qursquoelle se

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exeacutegeacutetique agrave la fois ancien et tenace agrave savoir pour autant que lrsquoon a affaire agrave un seul etthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinspnousthinsppouvonsthinspremonterthinspdansthinsplethinsptempsthinspne fait pas lrsquounanimiteacute ndash comment se fait-il qursquoAristote tantocirct lrsquoutilise pour reacutefuter les philosophes des Ideacutees tantocirct le rejette sous preacutetexte qursquoil srsquoagit drsquoun argument fallacieux36thinspthinspLethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspdansthinsplequelthinspnousthinspavonsthinspidentifieacutethinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspmotifsthinsppro-fonds de lrsquoantiplatonisme drsquoAristote ndash agrave savoir la particularisation existentielle des universauxthinspndashthinsppermetthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquithinspentraicircnethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspetthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinsplrsquoeacuteviterthinspMecircmethinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvirtuellementthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspcomprendrethinsplethinspfonctionnementthinspexactthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspsesthinspraresthinspoccurrencesthinspdansthinsp

laissethinspentrevoirthinspndashthinspeacutetaitthinspdethinsptraiterthinspdrsquounethinspdoctrinethinspcellethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspcœurthinspdrsquounthinspdeacutebatthinspquithinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplethinsppreacutecegravedethinspetthinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspaffecteacutethinspAucunethinspdethinspcesthinspvariablethinspnethinspsethinsplaissethinsptraiterthinspcommethinspunethinspsimplethinspvariablethinspdrsquoajustement et elles sont qui plus est lieacutees entre elles Si on distingue donc ndash avec les speacutecialistes de lrsquoecdotique (on se reacutefeacuterera en particulier agrave un texte de J iriGointhinspthinsplaquothinspLathinspcritiquethinspdesthinsptextesthinspdoitthinspecirctrethinsphistoriquethinspraquothinspdansthinspE FLoreSthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa critica testuale greco-latina oggi Metodi e problemi Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 29-31 ottobre 1979)thinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1981thinsppthinsp27-43)thinspndashthinsptrois eacutetapes fondamentales dans la reconstitution drsquoun texte la recensio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la collecte de toutesthinsp lesthinspsourcesthinspmanuscritesthinspdisponiblesthinsp(etthinspeacuteventuellementthinspdesthinspsourcesthinsp imprimeacutees)thinspdirectesthinspetthinspindirectes)thinsp lathinspcollatio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la comparaison des reacutesultats de la recensiothinsp afinthinspdrsquoobtenirthinspunethinspimagethinspaussithinspfidegravelethinspquethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspenthinspremontantthinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinsppossiblethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacuteterminationthinspdesthinspfamillesthinspdethinspmanuscritsthinspetthinspdethinspleurthinspplusthinspprochethinspancecirctresthinspcommuns)thinspetthinsplathinspdivinatio (lrsquoeacutetablissementthinspduthinsptextethinsplethinspplusthinspprochethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplrsquooriginal)thinsponthinspconviendrathinspquethinspcettethinspderniegraverethinspportethinspparticuliegraverementthinspbienthinspsonthinspnomthinsppuisquethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsplathinsprestitutionthinspdethinsptoutthinspunthinsppanthinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspnethinspnousthinsppermetthinsppasthinspdethinspreacuteglerthinspndashthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspndashthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdethinspsavoirthinspauthinspjustethinspquithinspa eacutecrit quoi Il faut se reacutesigner agrave une eacutevidence pour autant que le traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote est concerneacute mecircmethinsplethinspmeilleurthinsptextethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdemeurethinsprelativementthinspopaquethinspaussithinsplongtempsthinspduthinspmoinsthinspquethinsplrsquoon nrsquoa pas deacutetermineacute de quelle maniegravere il a travailleacute la matiegravere aristoteacutelicienne dont il srsquoest inspireacute et qursquoil a importeacutee dans son commentaire Autrement dit la question se pose de savoir si nous avons affairethinspagravethinspunethinspcollectionthinspdethinspfragmentsthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspdesthinspempruntsthinspponctuelsthinspouthinspdesthinspcitations)thinspouthinspbienthinspsithinspAlexandre a proceacutedeacute agrave une reformulation paraphrastique (en gros une transposition plus ou moins fidegravelethinspdethinspcethinspqursquoilthinsplisaitthinspdansthinsplethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspsonthinspdernierthinsplecteurthinspdethinsppremiegraverethinspmain)thinspOrthinspdeuxthinspdifficulteacutesthinspmajeuresthinspfontthinspobstaclethinspagravethinspcettethinspentreprisethinspLathinsppremiegraverethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspqursquoAlexandrethinspsethinsptrouve en situation de teacutemoin unique ce que nous connaissons du traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote sur les Ideacutees nous le tenons pour lrsquoessentiel drsquoAlexandre dans la mesure ougrave les quelques mentions eacuteparses dans la litteacuterature posteacuterieure deacutependent de son commentaire au livre Alpha meizocircn des Meacutetaphysiques Son maniementthinspappellethinspdoncthinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinsppreacutecautionsthinspthinspcethinspquethinspnousthinsplisonsthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspsinonthinspremanieacutethinspduthinspmoins reacuteorganiseacute dans une mesure et selon des modaliteacutes qui eacutetaient agrave la seule discreacutetion drsquoAlexandre etthinspquethinspnousthinspnethinsppouvonsthinsppasthinspappreacutecierthinspindeacutependammentthinspdethinspsonthinsptravailthinspLathinspdeuxiegravemethinspdifficulteacutethinsptientthinspauthinspfait que la langue drsquoAlexandre ne preacutesente pas de ceacutesures stylistiques ou de solutions de continuiteacute lexicales qui permettraient de deacuteterminer ougrave il ferait œuvre de compilateur et ougrave au contraire il fait œuvrethinspdrsquointerpregravetethinspDethinspfaitthinspagravethinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinsp(maisthinspaussithinspagravethinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspouthinspagravethinspunethinsptroisiegraveme)thinsponthinspsethinsprendrathinspagravethinspunethinspautrethinspeacutevidencethinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppartoutthinsplathinspprosethinspetthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspmecircmethinsplagravethinspougravethinspndashthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspaveuthinsp(commethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsppreacuteciseacutement)thinspndashthinsponthinsppeutthinspsrsquoattendrethinspagravethinspqursquoil suive de plus pregraves sa source 36thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy p 290 formule ce dilemme agrave peu pregraves dansthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinsptermesthinspUnthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquointerpregravetesthinspythinspontthinspvuthinsplrsquoindicethinspdrsquounethinspambivalencethinspdrsquoAristotethinspagrave son eacutegard (cf L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspVrin-PressesthinspdethinsplrsquoUniversiteacutethinspLavalthinspParis-Montreacutealthinsp1995thinsppthinsp360)thinspthinspdrsquoautresthinsplrsquoontthinsppristhinspassezthinspauthinspseacuterieuxthinsppourthinspexclurethinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspsrsquoagirthinspeffectivementthinspduthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspdontthinspAristotethinspferaitthinspunthinspusagethinspopportunistethinsp(cfthinspEthinspVthinspdi LaSCio laquo Third Man The Logic of the Sophism at Arist SEthinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinspraquothinspTopoithinsp23thinsp[2004]thinsppthinsp41)thinsp

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137

le corpus aristoteacutelicien37thinspcelathinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspeacutetablithinspsansthinspavoirthinsprecoursthinspauxthinspsourcesthinsppos-teacuterieuresthinspauxquellesthinsponthinspestthinspobligeacutethinspdrsquoemprunterthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspcanonique38 Crsquoest ce qui ressort de deux lieux du corpus aristoteacutelicien agrave savoir le chapitre 13 du livre ZecirctathinspdesthinspMeacutetaphysiques et le chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiques auxquels nous avons consacreacute deux lectures micrologiques dont nous ne reportons de suite que les conclusions39

37 Aristote nrsquoen donne nulle part un exposeacute un tant soit peu deacutetailleacute se contentant plutocirct de lrsquoeacutevoquer sousthinsplrsquointituleacutethinspquithinsplethinsprendrathinspceacutelegravebrethinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp15-17thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1039athinsp2-3thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp12-13)thinspouthinspbienthinspdrsquoenthinsprappelerthinsplathinspconclusionthinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36)thinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdrsquounethinsppassethinspargumentativethinspbienthinspconnuethinsp(cethinspquithinspdevaitthinspdrsquoailleursthinspecirctrethinsplethinspcas)thinsp38thinspthinspCetthinspexposeacutethinspsethinsplitthinspdansthinsplathinsppagethinspceacutelegravebrethinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauthinsppremierthinsplivrethinspdes MeacutetaphysiquesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspagravethinsplaquellethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspfairethinspallusionthinspthinsplaquothinspδείκνυταιthinspκαὶthinspοὕτωςthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινωνthinspπλειόνωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκαὶthinspἔστινthinspἄλλοthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspαὐτῶνthinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspἡγοῦνταιthinspδεικνύναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιmiddotthinspδιὰthinspτοῦτοthinspγάρthinspἐστίthinspτιthinspαὐτοάνθρωποςthinsp κατrsquothinsp αὐτούςthinsp ὅτιthinsp ὁthinsp ἄνθρωποςthinsp κατὰthinsp τῶνthinsp καθrsquothinsp ἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspπλειόνωνthinsp ὄντωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspἄλλοςthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspἐστίν)thinspndashthinspἀλλrsquothinspεἰthinspτοῦτοthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοςthinspὁthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspκατrsquothinspἰδίανthinspὑφεστώςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspδὲthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspπαράthinspτεthinspτὸνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspτὴνthinspἰδέανthinspοὕτωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspτέταρτοςthinspὁthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτούτουthinspκαὶthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὁμοίωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspπέμπτοςthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspἐπrsquothinspἄπειρονthinsp[onthinspprouvethinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspaussi de cette maniegravere si ce qui se preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute de plusieurs est aussi autre que ceux dont il se preacutedique seacutepareacute de ceux-ci (voilagrave ce que pensent prouver ceux qui posent les Ideacutees la raison pourthinsp laquellethinspenthinspeffetthinsp ilthinspythinspathinsppourthinspeuxthinspquelquethinspchosethinspquithinspestthinsp lrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspcrsquoestthinspquethinsp lrsquohommethinspse preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute des hommes particuliers qui sont plusieurs et il est autre que les hommes particuliers)thinspndashthinspmaisthinspsrsquoilthinspenthinspestthinspainsithinspilthinspythinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspSithinspenthinspeffetthinsplrsquohommethinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsppreacutediquethinspestthinspautrethinspquethinspceuxthinspdontthinspilthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspsubsistethinspenthinspproprethinspsithinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspilthinspythinspathinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspagravethinsppartthinspduthinspparticulier et de lrsquoIdeacutee Ainsi qursquoil y en aura un quatriegraveme qui se preacutedique de celui-ci de lrsquoIdeacutee et des particuliersthinspthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquounthinspcinquiegravemethinspetthinspcelathinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis de ideis fragmentathinsp(=thinspAlexandri in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria)thinsp8421thinsp-thinsp853)thinspLethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspillustrethinspagravethinsplathinspperfectionthinspla situation hermeacuteneutique que nous venons drsquoeacutevoquer ougrave le recours agrave la tradition indirecte est agrave la foisthinspineacutevitablethinspetthinsppassablementthinspdeacutelicatthinspDrsquounethinsppartthinspAlexandrethinspsignalethinspexplicitementthinspqursquoilthinspreportethinsplathinspversionthinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinsptellethinspqursquoAristotethinspsrsquoenthinspestthinspservithinspdansthinsplethinsppremierthinsplivrethinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsp(8511-12thinspthinsplaquothinspτῇthinspδὲthinspτελευταίᾳthinspαὐτὸςthinspἔνthinspτεthinspτῷthinspπρώτῳthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspraquo)thinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspilthinspestthinsphautementthinspimprobablethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspenthinsptrainthinspdethinsptranscrirethinspunthinspsegmentthinspduthinsptextethinspdrsquoAristotethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdethinsplethinspparaphraserthinspCethinspquethinsptrahitthinsplrsquoutilisationthinspdethinspcertainsthinsptermesthinsptelsthinspὑπόστασιςthinspetthinspὑφίστημιthinspNousthinspavonsthinspobserveacutethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoacceptionthinspdrsquoexistencethinspetthinspdrsquoexisterthinsprequisethinspparthinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspnithinsplrsquounthinsp(ὑπόστασις)thinspnithinsplrsquoautrethinsp(ὑφίστημι)thinspnethinspsontthinspattesteacutesthinspchezthinspAristotethinspquithinsplesthinsputilisethinspplutocirctthinspdansthinspunthinspsensthinsplocalthinsp(ὑφίστημιthinspindiquethinsple fait de se tenir au-dessous comme dans Aristotelis de caelo P Morauxthinsp(eacuted)thinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1965thinspIthinsp3thinsp269bthinsp24-25)thinspouthinspphysiologiquethinsp(ὑπόστασιςthinspsignifiethinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspreacutesiduthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspseacutedimentthinspraquothinspcomme dans Aristotelis de generatione animaliumthinspHthinspJ droSSaart LuLoFS (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1965thinspIthinsp18thinsp726athinsp21thinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspstationthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspposturethinspraquothinspcommethinspdansthinspAristotelis de partibus animaliumthinsp1956thinspIthinsp2thinsp647bthinsp28)39 Les deux lectures (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp23thinspetthinspAristotelis Sophistici elenchi 22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspontthinspeacuteteacutethinsppreacuteceacutedeacuteesthinspparthinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspeacutetudethinsplexicographiquethinsp(nousthinspavonsthinspeacutevoqueacutethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspplusthinsphautthinspcfthinspnotethinsp3)thinspconsacreacuteethinspauthinspvocabulairethinspquethinspcesthinsptextesthinsppartagentthinsp(etthinspauxthinspquelquesthinsposcillationsthinspqursquoilthinsppreacutesente)thinspEnthinspplusthinspdrsquoexpressionsthinspplusthinspprobleacutematiquesthinsp(commethinsplethinspτόδεthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinsppeutthinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspdeacutesignerthinspunethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle)thinspnousthinspavonsthinspsurtoutthinspexploreacutethinsplrsquooppositionthinspentrethinspcethinspqursquoAristotethinspappellethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(outhinspποιόνthinspτι)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspnousthinspontthinspsurtoutthinspaideacutesthinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinspnotrethinspreconnaissance J kunGthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspThisesthinspSuchesthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspArgumentthinspraquothinspPhronesis 26 (1981)thinsppthinsp207-247thinspetthinspS ebbeSen laquo Hoc aliquid - Quale quidthinspandthinspthethinspSignificationthinspofthinspAppellativesthinspraquothinsp

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Qursquoest-cethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspauthinspjustethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAuthinspboutthinspdrsquounthinspassezthinsplongthinspraisonnement40thinsplathinspconclusionthinspqursquoAristotethinsptirethinspestthinspcateacutegoriquethinsp(φανερὸνthinspὅτιthinspκτλ)thinspSeacuteparer lrsquouniversel crsquoest-agrave-dire le traiter comme quelque chose qui existe de plein exercicethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstarthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspparticuliegraveresthinsprevientthinspagravethinspsrsquoembarrasserthinspdethinsptoutesthinspsortesthinsp drsquoinconveacutenientsthinspthinsp laquothinspφανερὸνthinspὅτιthinsp οὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinspκαὶthinspὅτιthinspοὐδὲνthinspσημαίνειthinspτῶνthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορουμένωνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspἀλλὰthinspτοιόνδεthinspεἰthinspδὲthinspμήthinspἄλλαthinspτεthinspπολλὰthinspσυμβαίνειthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsp[ilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoaucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspnethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspmaisthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinsptelthinspouthinsptelthinspDansthinsplethinspcasthinspcontrairethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspbeaucoupthinspltdrsquoinconveacutenientsgtthinspnotammentthinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis meta-physicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)41 Quelle que soit la force que lrsquoon accorde agrave lrsquoargumentthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspreposethinspultimementthinspsurthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspjuxtaposerthinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspauthinspseinthinspdrsquounethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspmultipliciteacutethinspdontthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspviendraitthinspconstituerthinsplrsquouniteacutethinspauthinspmecircmethinsptitrethinspquethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdrsquohomme constituait lrsquouniteacute de la multipliciteacute des hommes particuliers Autrement ditthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsprequiertthinspquethinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinsp

Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

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Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation 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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

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de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 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16thinsp1040bthinsp30-34)27thinspCethinspquithinspndashthinsptoutthinsparbitrairethinspetthinspgratuitthinspquethinspcethinspsoitthinspparthinspailleurs28 ndash est ineacutevitablethinsppourthinsppeuthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspveuillethinsppreacuteserverthinsplathinspnotionthinspelle-mecircmethinspdethinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspγάρthinspτιςthinspμὴthinspθήσειthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspεἶναιthinspκεχωρισμέναςthinspκαὶthinspτὸνthinspτρόπονthinspτοῦτονthinspὡςthinspλέγεταιthinspτὰthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἀναιρήσειthinspτὴνthinspοὐσίανthinspὡςthinspβουλόμεθαthinspλέγεινthinsp[sithinsponthinspnethinspposethinsppasthinspquethinsplesthinspsubstancesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspdethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinsponthinspditthinspquethinsplesthinspecirctresthinspparticuliersthinsplethinspsontthinsponthinspdeacutetruitthinsplathinspsubstancethinspauthinspsensthinspougravethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendons]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspMthinsp10thinsp1086bthinsp16-19)29

SurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspcethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspAristotethinspdeacuteveloppethinsptoutethinspunethinspseacuteriethinspdrsquoobjectionsthinspagravethinsplrsquoencontre de la doctrine des Ideacutees allant de lrsquoaccusation de verser dans une erreur aussi grossiegravere que lrsquoanthropomorphisme religieux30thinspagravethinspcellethinspdethinspredoublerthinspsansthinspraisonthinsp

27thinspthinspAristotethinspstigmatisethinspvolontiersthinsplesthinspliberteacutesthinspquethinsplesthinspplatoniciensthinspprennentthinspavecthinsplethinsplangagethinspqursquoilsthinspfontthinsptournerthinsplathinspplupartthinspduthinsptempsthinspagravethinspvidethinspAussithinsplorsqursquoilthinspnethinspbalaiethinspleurthinspproposthinspcommethinspduthinspsimplethinspverbiagethinsp(cf Aristotelis ethica eudemia R R waLzer J M MinGaythinsp(eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1991thinspIthinsp8thinsp1217bthinsp19-21thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspδὲthinspδεῖthinspσυντόμωςthinspεἰπεῖνthinspπερὶthinspαὐτῶνthinspλέγομενthinspὅτιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspτὸthinspεἶναιthinspἰδέανthinspμὴthinspμόνονthinspἀγαθοῦthinspἀλλὰthinspκαὶthinspἄλλουthinspὁτουοῦνthinspλέγεταιthinspλογικῶςthinspκαὶthinspκενῶςthinsp[srsquoilthinspnousthinspestthinsppermisthinspdrsquoexprimerthinspicithinsptregravesthinspbriegravevementthinspnotrethinsppenseacuteethinspnousthinspdironsthinspqursquoaffirmerthinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspunethinspIdeacuteethinspnonthinspseulementthinspduthinspbienthinspmaisthinspdethinsptoutthinspautrethinspchosethinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspparlerthinspetthinsptenirthinspdesthinspproposthinspvides]thinspraquo)thinspilthinsplesthinspaccusethinspdethinspsethinspcontenterthinspde meacutetaphores poeacutetiques (cf Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp991athinsp20-22thinsp[=thinspMthinsp5thinsp1079bthinsp24-27]thinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspδὲthinspλέγεινthinspπαραδείγματαthinspαὐτὰthinsplt scilicetthinspτὰthinspεἴδηgtthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspμετέχεινthinspαὐτῶνthinspτἆλλαthinspκενολογεῖνthinspἐστὶthinspκαὶthinspμεταφορὰςthinspλέγεινthinspποιητικάςthinsp[direthinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspsontthinspdesthinspparadigmesthinspetthinspquethinsplesthinspautresthinspchosesthinspenthinspparticipentthinspcrsquoestthinspparlerthinsppourthinspnethinsprienthinspdirethinspetthinspsethinsppayerthinspdethinspmeacutetaphoresthinsppoeacutetiques]thinspraquo)thinspthinsp ilthinsp leurthinspreprochethinspeacutegalement de srsquoamuser agrave changer de nom aux choses sans se preacuteoccuper de nous dire ce qursquoelles sont au juste (cf Aristotelis MetaphysicathinspAthinsp6thinsp987bthinsp7-14thinspthinsplaquothinspοὕτωςthinspοὖνthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspτοιαῦταthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspἰδέαςthinspπροσηγόρευσεthinspτὰthinspδrsquothinspαἰσϑητὰthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspταῦταthinspλέγεσϑαιthinspπάνταthinspκατὰthinspμέϑεξινthinspγὰρthinspεἶναιthinspτὰthinspπολλὰthinspτῶνthinspσυνωνύμωνthinsp[ὁμώνυμα]thinspτοῖςthinspεἴδεσινthinspτὴνthinspδὲthinspμέϑεξινthinspτοὔνομαthinspμόνονthinspμετέβαλενmiddotthinspοἱthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspΠυϑαγόρειοιthinspμιμήσειthinspτὰthinspὄνταthinspφασὶνthinspεἶναιthinspτῶνthinspἀριϑμῶνthinspΠλάτωνthinspδὲthinspμεϑέξειthinspτοὔνομαthinspμεταβαλώνthinspτὴνthinspμέντοιthinspγεthinspμέϑεξινthinspἢthinspτὴνthinspμίμησινthinspἥτιςthinspἂνthinspεἴηthinspτῶνthinspεἰδῶνthinspἀφεῖσανthinspἐνthinspκοινῷthinspζητεῖνthinsp[aussithinspilthinspathinspappeleacutethinspldquoIdeacuteesrdquothinspdethinsptellesthinspchosesthinspetthinspilthinspathinspaffirmeacutethinspquethinsptousthinsplesthinspsensiblesthinspenthinspsontthinspseacutepareacutesthinspetthinspqursquoilsthinspreccediloiventthinspdrsquoellesthinspleur nom En effet crsquoest en raison de leur participation aux Ideacutees que les plusieurs sont synonymes avec les Ideacutees Pour ce qui est de la participation Platon nrsquoa fait que changer le nom en effet les PythagoriciensthinspaffirmaientthinspquethinsplesthinspeacutetantsthinspsontthinspparthinspimitationthinspdesthinspnombresthinspPlatonthinspparthinspparticipationthinspenthinspchangeantthinsplethinspnomthinspCethinspquethinsplathinspparticipationthinspauxthinspIdeacuteesthinspouthinsplrsquoimitationthinsppeutthinspbienthinspecirctrethinspilsthinspontthinspenthinspcommunthinspdrsquoavoirthinspneacutegligeacutethinspdethinsplethinspchercher]thinspraquo)thinsp28thinspthinspPourthinspAristotethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspplusthinspdethinspraisonthinspdethinspseacuteparerthinsplesthinspuniversauxthinspquethinsplesthinspaccidentsthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspthinsplaquothinspοὐδεμίαthinspἀνάγκηthinspὑπολαμβάνεινthinspτιthinspεἶναιthinspτοῦτοthinspπαρὰthinspταῦταthinspὅτιthinspἓνthinspδηλοῖthinspοὐδὲνthinspμᾶλλονthinspἢthinspἐπὶthinspτῶνthinspἄλλωνthinspὅσαthinspμὴthinspτὶthinspσημαίνειthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιὸνthinspἢthinspπρόςthinspτιthinspἢthinspποιεῖνthinsp[ilthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspplusthinspneacutecessairethinspdethinsppenserthinspquethinsplrsquouniversel est quelque chose agrave part des choses individuelles car il indique quelque chose drsquounique que de le penser des autres choses qui ne sont pas quelque chose mais une qualiteacute une relation ou encorethinspunethinspaction]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis analytica posteriorathinspIthinsp24thinsp85bthinsp18-21)thinsp29 Cf Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp12thinsp1037bthinsp27thinspougravethinspilthinspestthinspquestionthinspdethinsplathinspsubstancethinspὡςthinspφαμένthinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplaquothinspἡthinspοὐσίαthinspἕνthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὡςthinspφαμένthinsp[lathinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspcommethinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinspetthinspdethinspconcret]thinspraquothinsp30 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspBthinsp2thinsp997bthinsp5-12thinspthinsplaquothinspπολλαχῇthinspδὲthinspἐχόντωνthinspδυσκολίανthinspοὐθενὸςthinspἧττονthinspἄτοπονthinspτὸthinspφάναιthinspμὲνthinspεἶναίthinspτιναςthinspφύσειςthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspοὐρανῷthinspταύταςthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspαὐτὰςthinspφάναιthinspτοῖςthinspαἰσθητοῖςthinspπλὴνthinspὅτιthinspτὰthinspμὲνthinspἀΐδιαthinspτὰthinspδὲthinspφθαρτάthinspαὐτὸthinspγὰρthinspἄνθρωπόνthinspφασινthinspεἶναιthinspκαὶthinspἵππονthinspκαὶthinspὑγίειανthinspἄλλοthinspδrsquothinspοὐδένthinspπαραπλήσιονthinspποιοῦντεςthinspτοῖςthinspθεοὺςthinspμὲνthinspεἶναιthinspφάσκουσινthinspἀνθρωποειδεῖςthinspδέmiddotthinspοὔτεthinspγὰρthinspἐκεῖνοιthinspοὐδὲνthinspἄλλοthinspἐποίουνthinspἢthinspἀνθρώπουςthinspἀϊδίουςthinspοὔθrsquothinspοὗτοιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἄλλrsquothinspἢthinspαἰσθητὰthinspἀΐδιαthinsp(D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinspLes eacutetudes philosophiquesthinsp86thinsp[2008]thinsppthinsp308thinspthinspmecircmethinspsrsquoilsthinspltlesthinspplatoniciensgtthinspsontthinspdethinspplusieursthinspfaccedilonsthinspenthinspdifficulteacutethinsprienthinspdethinspplusthinspabsurdethinspquethinspdethinspdirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspcertainesthinspnaturesthinspenthinspplusthinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

134

lethinspmobilierthinspontologiquethinspduthinspmonde31 en passant par des travers meacutereacuteologiques qui rappellent drsquoassez pregraves ceux que lrsquoon rencontre deacutejagrave chez Platon32

Si nous avons passeacute en revue chacun de ces inconveacutenients33 nous nous sommes cependantthinsparrecircteacutesthinsptoutthinspspeacutecialementthinspsurthinsplrsquounthinspdrsquoentrethinspeuxthinsplrsquoargumentthinspqursquoAristotethinsp

dethinspcellesthinspquithinspsontthinspdansthinsplrsquouniversthinspmaisthinspenthinspdisantthinspqursquoellesthinspsontthinspidentiquesthinspauxthinspsensiblesthinspsaufthinspquethinsplesthinspunesthinspsontthinspeacuteternellesthinsplesthinspautresthinspcorruptiblesthinspIlsthinspdisentthinspenthinspeffetthinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspunthinsphommethinspenthinspsoithinspunthinspchevalthinsplten soigt une santeacute lten soigt sans rien dire drsquoautre en faisant agrave peu pregraves comme ceux qui disent qursquoil existe des dieux mais de forme humaine Ceux-ci ne faisaient rien drsquoautre que des hommes eacuteternels etthinsppourthinspceux-lagravethinsplesthinspformesthinspnethinspsontthinspquethinspdesthinspsensiblesthinspeacuteternels)thinspraquothinsp31 Aristotelis metaphysica Athinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8thinsp(cfthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp34thinsp-thinsp1079athinsp4)thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτωνδὶthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἕτεραthinspτούτωνthinspἴσαthinspτὸνthinspἀριθμὸνthinspἐκόμισανthinspὥσπερthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἀριθμῆσαιthinspβουλόμενοςthinspἐλαττόνωνthinspμὲνthinspὄντωνthinspοἴοιτοthinspμὴthinspδυνήσεσθαιthinspπλείωthinspδὲthinspποιήσαςthinspἀριθμοίηthinspσχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspἴσαthinspἢthinspοὐκthinspἐλάττωthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἐστὶthinspτούτοιςthinspπερὶthinspὧνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἐκthinspτούτωνthinspἐπrsquothinspἐκεῖναthinspπροῆλθονthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspγὰρthinspὁμώνυμόνthinspτιthinspἐστιthinspκαὶthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspτῶνthinspτεthinspἄλλωνthinspἐστὶνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspἕνthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖσδεthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖςthinspἀιδίοιςthinsp[D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinsppthinsp306-307thinspthinspquantthinspagravethinspceuxthinspquithinspposentthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspcommethinspdesthinspcausesthinspdrsquoabordthinspenthinspcherchantthinspagravethinspsaisirthinsplesthinspcausesthinspdesthinspecirctresthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinspilsthinspenthinspontthinspintroduitthinspdrsquoautresthinspenthinspnombrethinspeacutegauxthinspagravethinspeuxthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspquethinspquelqursquounthinspqui voudrait compter des choses mais croirait ne pas pouvoir le faire parce qursquoil y en a peu et pour lesthinspcompterthinsplesthinsprendraitthinspplusthinspnombreusesthinspLesthinspFormesthinspenthinspeffetthinspsontthinspenthinspnombrethinsppresquethinspeacutegalesthinspouthinsppas infeacuterieures aux choses loin desquelles dans leur recherche des causes ils ont eacuteteacute jusque vers ellesthinspcarthinsppourthinspchaquethinspchosethinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquohomonymethinspmecircmethinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspetthinspdesthinspautres choses dont il y a uniteacute drsquoune multipliciteacute agrave la fois pour les choses qui nous entourent et pour cellesthinspquithinspsontthinspeacuteternelles]thinspraquothinsp32 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1039athinsp26thinsp-thinsp1039bthinsp2thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἵππῳthinspἤτοιthinspἓνthinspκαὶthinspταὐτὸνthinspτῷthinspἀριθμῷthinspἐστὶνthinspἢthinspἕτερονmiddotthinspτῷthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspλόγῳthinspδῆλονthinspὅτιthinspἕνmiddotthinspτὸνthinspγὰρthinspαὐτὸνthinspδιέξεισιthinspλόγονthinspὁthinspλέγωνthinspἐνthinspἑκατέρῳthinspεἰthinspοὖνthinspἐστίthinspτιςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspαὐτὸςthinspκαθrsquothinspαὑτὸνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspἀνάγκηthinspκαὶthinspἐξthinspὧνthinspοἷονthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspδίπουνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspκαὶthinspεἶναιthinspχωριστὰthinspκαὶthinspοὐσίαςmiddotthinspὥστεthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτὸthinspαὐτὸthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἵππῳthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspὥσπερthinspσὺthinspσαυτῷthinspπῶςthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspοὖσιthinspχωρὶςthinspἓνthinspἔσταιthinspκαὶthinspδιὰthinspτίthinspοὐthinspκαὶthinspχωρὶςthinspαὑτοῦthinspἔσταιthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspτοῦτοthinspthinsp[sithinsplesthinspFormesthinspexistentthinspetthinspquethinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspouthinspbienthinspilthinspserathinspnumeacuteri-quementthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspouthinspbienthinspdiffeacuterentthinspParthinsplrsquoargumentthinspquethinspvoicithinspilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspuniquethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinsponthinsplethinspdeacutefinitthinspauthinspmoyenthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspdeacutefinitionthinspSrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdoncthinspunthinsphommethinspquithinspestthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinsppourthinsplui-mecircmethinspunthinspcecithinspetthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspneacutecessairementthinspquethinspcethinspquithinsplethinspconstituethinsplrsquoanimalthinspetthinsplethinspbipegravedethinspparthinspexemplethinspsoientthinspaussithinspunthinspcecithinspqursquoilsthinspsoientthinspdesthinspchosesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspOrthinspsithinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspetthinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspestthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspcommethinsptuthinsplrsquoesthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinsptoi-mecircmethinspcommentthinsppourra-t-ilthinspdemeurerthinspuniquethinspdansthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspquithinspsontthinspagravethinsppartthinspltlesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautresgtthinspetthinsppourquoithinspcetthinspanimalthinspnethinspsera-t-ilthinsppasthinspseacutepareacutethinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsp]thinspraquo33thinspthinspDethinspmecircmethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspeacutetudieacutethinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspplusthinspponctuellesthinspqursquoAristotethinspassociethinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfamilles drsquoarguments en faveur de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees dans le reacutequisitoire qursquoon peut lire ndash agrave quelques variations mineures pregraves ndash dans les livres A et M des MeacutetaphysiquesthinspenthinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp8-15thinspetthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp4-9thinsprespectivementthinsp(laquothinspἔτιthinspδὲthinspκαϑrsquothinspοὓςthinspτρόπουςthinspδείκνυμενthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκατrsquoοὐϑέναthinspφαίνεταιthinspτούτωνmiddotthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspοὐκthinspἀνάγκηthinspγίγνεσϑαιthinspσυλλογισμόνthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspοὐχthinspὧνthinspοἰόμεϑαthinspτούτωνthinspεἴδηthinspγίγνεταιthinspκατάthinspτεthinspγὰρthinspτοὺςthinspλόγουςthinspτοὺςthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἐπιστημῶνthinspεἴδηthinspἔσταιthinspπάντωνthinspὅσωνthinspἐπιστῆμαιthinspεἰσίthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀποφάσεωνthinspκατὰthinspδὲthinspτὸthinspνοεῖνthinspτιthinspφϑαρέντοςthinspτῶνthinspφϑαρτῶνmiddotthinspφάντασμαthinspγάρthinspτιthinspτούτωνthinspἔστινthinsp[dethinspplusthinspdrsquoaucunethinspdesthinspmaniegraveresthinspdontthinspnousthinspentreprenonsthinspdethinsplethinspprouverthinspnethinspreacutesultethinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinspeffetthinspdansthinspcertainsthinspcasthinsplethinspsyllogismethinspnethinspsrsquoensuitthinsppasthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspneacutecessairethinspthinspdansthinspdrsquoautresthinspcasthinspenthinsprevanchethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspmecircmethinsppourthinspdesthinspchosesthinsppourthinsplesquellesthinspnousthinsppensonsthinspqursquoil nrsquoy en a pas des arguments agrave partir des sciences qursquoil y a des Ideacutees de tout ce dont il y a des sciencesthinspthinspltdesthinspargumentsgtthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspltqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesgtthinspmecircmethinspdethinspneacutegationsthinspthinspetthinspltdesthinspargumentsgt agrave partir de la penseacutee de quelque chose apregraves sa corruption ltqursquoil y a des Ideacuteesgt drsquoentiteacutes

Leone Gazziero

135

lethinsppremierthinspndashthinspsansthinspenthinspattribuerthinsplathinsppaterniteacutethinspagravethinsppersonnethinsp(pasthinspplusthinspagravethinspsesthinsppreacutedeacuteces-seursthinspouthinspagravethinspsesthinspcontemporainsthinspqursquoagravethinsplui-mecircme)thinspndashthinspathinspappeleacutethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo34 Cela pour au moins deux raisons En premier lieu il y a tout sujet de croirethinspqursquoAristotethinspdevaitthinsplethinsptenirthinsppourthinspunethinspobjectionthinspassezthinspformidablethinspagravethinsplrsquoencontrethinspdethinsplathinsppromotionthinspdesthinsppreacutedicatsthinspuniverselsthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancesthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinspvuthinsplethinsptraitthinspquithinspndashthinsppourthinspAristotethinspndashthinspfaitthinsplathinspspeacutecificiteacutethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacutees)thinspCrsquoestthinspenthinsptoutthinspeacutetatthinspdethinspcausethinsplethinspspectrethinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspseulthinspqursquoAristotethinspagitethinsplorsqursquoilthinspeacutevoquethinspndashthinspenthinspblocthinspndashthinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdontthinspagravethinspsonthinspavisthinspsrsquoencombrethinsplrsquohypothegravese des Formes (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu la conviction que si les Ideacutees existent elles existent agrave la maniegravere desthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspnonthinspseulementthinspjouethinspunthinsprocirclethinspcapitalthinspdansthinsplrsquoeacuteconomiethinspdethinsplrsquoargument tel que nous pouvons le reconstruire agrave partir des diffeacuterentes sources qui nous lrsquoont transmis35 mais encore elle constitue la cleacute pour reacutesoudre un puzzle

quithinspontthinsppeacuterithinsp(puisqursquoilthinspenthinspexistethinspunethinspcertainethinspimage)]thinspraquo)thinspUnethinspbibliographiethinspdethinspquelquethinsptroisthinspcentsthinsptitresthinspspeacutecialement consacreacutee agrave la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees dans les lieux parallegraveles des livres A et M des Meacutetaphysiquesthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspdistribueacuteethinspetthinsp(dansthinspsathinspversionthinspalphabeacutetique)thinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspconsulteacuteethinsponlinethinspagravethinsplrsquoadressethinspthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir2808files201509BibliogrSept2015pdfthinsp34 Au sujet de lrsquohistoire de lrsquoargument qursquoil nous soit permis de renvoyer agrave L Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinsp(citeacutethinspnotethinsp14)thinsppourthinspsathinsppreacutehistoirethinspplatoniciennethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquothinspldquoκαὶthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςrdquothinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspProleacutegomegravenesthinspagravethinspunethinsphistoirethinspanciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspraquothinspRhizai 7 2010 p 181-220 pour son utilisationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquo ldquoEt quoniam est quis tertius homordquothinspArgumentthinspexeacutegegravesethinspcontresens dans la litteacuterature latine apparenteacutee aux Sophistici elenchithinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspArchives drsquohistoire doctrinale et litteacuteraire du Moyen Age 80 2013 p 7-48 pour ses transformations aux mains des commentateursthinspdethinsplanguethinspetthinspculturethinsplatinethinspPourthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspdesthinspcommentateursthinspdethinsplrsquoAntiquiteacutethinsptardivethinspcfthinspD huntthinsplaquothinspPlotinusthinspMeetsthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspJ CLearythinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Perennial Tradition of NeoplatonismthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinsp1997thinsppthinsp119-132thinspthinspJ oPSoMerthinsplaquothinspSyrianusthinsponthinspHomonymythinspandthinspFormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspvan rieL C MaCeacute et L van CaMPethinsp(eacuted)thinspPlatonic Ideas and Concept Formation in Ancient and Medieval ThoughtthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinspLouvainthinsp2004thinsppthinsp31-50thinspetthinspLthinspP GerSon laquothinspProclusthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspEacutetudes 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depuis quelques anneacutees (parmi les progregraves il faut au moins signaler la nouvelle eacutedition critiquethinspdesthinspquelquesthinsppagesthinspdrsquointeacuterecirctthinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauxthinspMeacutetaphysiques drsquoAristotethinspquethinspD harLFinGerthinspnousthinspathinspoffertethinspenthinsp1975thinspthinsponthinspsignalerathinspeacutegalementthinspquethinsplathinspquestionthinspdesthinspdeuxthinsp recensionsthinspdansthinsp lesquellesthinspcesthinspmecircmesthinsppagesthinspnousthinspseraientthinspparvenuesthinspndashthinsp toutthinsp reacutecemmentthinspndashthinspathinspbeacuteneacuteficieacutethinspdesthinsplumiegraveresthinspdethinspP GoLitSiS laquo La recensio altera du Commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave la Meacutetaphysique drsquoAristotethinspetthinsplethinspteacutemoignagethinspdesthinspmanuscritsthinspbyzantinsthinspLaurentianus plut 8712 et Ambrosianus F113thinspsupthinspraquothinspdansthinspJ SiGneS Codontildeer et I Peacuterez Martinthinsp(eacuted)thinspTextual Transmission in Byzantium Between Textual Criticism and Quellenforschung Brepols Turnhout 2014 p 199-230 ainsi que de celles de L CaLvieacutethinsp laquothinspAgravethinsp proposthinsp dethinsp lrsquoeacuteditionthinspHayduckthinsp duthinspCommentairethinsp drsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodise agrave la MeacutetaphysiquethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspouthinspconsulterthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir565files201409Article-LCalvieacute-2e-edpdf)thinspIlthinspnrsquoenthinsprestethinsppasthinspmoinsthinspquethinsptoutthinspeffortthinspdethinsprestitutionthinspduthinsptraiteacutethinspperduthinspdrsquoAristotethinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspougravethinsponthinsppeutthinsplirethinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspdethinsplointhinsplethinspplusthinspinformatifthinspndashthinspdoitthinspsethinspconfronterthinspagravethinspunethinspeacutequationthinspagravethinspplusieursthinspvariablesthinspLethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspestthinspunthinsptextethinspqui ne nous est parvenu qursquoagrave travers la tradition indirecte et dont la vocation ndash pour autant qursquoelle se

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

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exeacutegeacutetique agrave la fois ancien et tenace agrave savoir pour autant que lrsquoon a affaire agrave un seul etthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinspnousthinsppouvonsthinspremonterthinspdansthinsplethinsptempsthinspne fait pas lrsquounanimiteacute ndash comment se fait-il qursquoAristote tantocirct lrsquoutilise pour reacutefuter les philosophes des Ideacutees tantocirct le rejette sous preacutetexte qursquoil srsquoagit drsquoun argument fallacieux36thinspthinspLethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspdansthinsplequelthinspnousthinspavonsthinspidentifieacutethinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspmotifsthinsppro-fonds de lrsquoantiplatonisme drsquoAristote ndash agrave savoir la particularisation existentielle des universauxthinspndashthinsppermetthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquithinspentraicircnethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspetthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinsplrsquoeacuteviterthinspMecircmethinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvirtuellementthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspcomprendrethinsplethinspfonctionnementthinspexactthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspsesthinspraresthinspoccurrencesthinspdansthinsp

laissethinspentrevoirthinspndashthinspeacutetaitthinspdethinsptraiterthinspdrsquounethinspdoctrinethinspcellethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspcœurthinspdrsquounthinspdeacutebatthinspquithinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplethinsppreacutecegravedethinspetthinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspaffecteacutethinspAucunethinspdethinspcesthinspvariablethinspnethinspsethinsplaissethinsptraiterthinspcommethinspunethinspsimplethinspvariablethinspdrsquoajustement et elles sont qui plus est lieacutees entre elles Si on distingue donc ndash avec les speacutecialistes de lrsquoecdotique (on se reacutefeacuterera en particulier agrave un texte de J iriGointhinspthinsplaquothinspLathinspcritiquethinspdesthinsptextesthinspdoitthinspecirctrethinsphistoriquethinspraquothinspdansthinspE FLoreSthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa critica testuale greco-latina oggi Metodi e problemi Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 29-31 ottobre 1979)thinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1981thinsppthinsp27-43)thinspndashthinsptrois eacutetapes fondamentales dans la reconstitution drsquoun texte la recensio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la collecte de toutesthinsp lesthinspsourcesthinspmanuscritesthinspdisponiblesthinsp(etthinspeacuteventuellementthinspdesthinspsourcesthinsp imprimeacutees)thinspdirectesthinspetthinspindirectes)thinsp lathinspcollatio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la comparaison des reacutesultats de la recensiothinsp afinthinspdrsquoobtenirthinspunethinspimagethinspaussithinspfidegravelethinspquethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspenthinspremontantthinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinsppossiblethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacuteterminationthinspdesthinspfamillesthinspdethinspmanuscritsthinspetthinspdethinspleurthinspplusthinspprochethinspancecirctresthinspcommuns)thinspetthinsplathinspdivinatio (lrsquoeacutetablissementthinspduthinsptextethinsplethinspplusthinspprochethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplrsquooriginal)thinsponthinspconviendrathinspquethinspcettethinspderniegraverethinspportethinspparticuliegraverementthinspbienthinspsonthinspnomthinsppuisquethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsplathinsprestitutionthinspdethinsptoutthinspunthinsppanthinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspnethinspnousthinsppermetthinsppasthinspdethinspreacuteglerthinspndashthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspndashthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdethinspsavoirthinspauthinspjustethinspquithinspa eacutecrit quoi Il faut se reacutesigner agrave une eacutevidence pour autant que le traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote est concerneacute mecircmethinsplethinspmeilleurthinsptextethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdemeurethinsprelativementthinspopaquethinspaussithinsplongtempsthinspduthinspmoinsthinspquethinsplrsquoon nrsquoa pas deacutetermineacute de quelle maniegravere il a travailleacute la matiegravere aristoteacutelicienne dont il srsquoest inspireacute et qursquoil a importeacutee dans son commentaire Autrement dit la question se pose de savoir si nous avons affairethinspagravethinspunethinspcollectionthinspdethinspfragmentsthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspdesthinspempruntsthinspponctuelsthinspouthinspdesthinspcitations)thinspouthinspbienthinspsithinspAlexandre a proceacutedeacute agrave une reformulation paraphrastique (en gros une transposition plus ou moins fidegravelethinspdethinspcethinspqursquoilthinsplisaitthinspdansthinsplethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspsonthinspdernierthinsplecteurthinspdethinsppremiegraverethinspmain)thinspOrthinspdeuxthinspdifficulteacutesthinspmajeuresthinspfontthinspobstaclethinspagravethinspcettethinspentreprisethinspLathinsppremiegraverethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspqursquoAlexandrethinspsethinsptrouve en situation de teacutemoin unique ce que nous connaissons du traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote sur les Ideacutees nous le tenons pour lrsquoessentiel drsquoAlexandre dans la mesure ougrave les quelques mentions eacuteparses dans la litteacuterature posteacuterieure deacutependent de son commentaire au livre Alpha meizocircn des Meacutetaphysiques Son maniementthinspappellethinspdoncthinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinsppreacutecautionsthinspthinspcethinspquethinspnousthinsplisonsthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspsinonthinspremanieacutethinspduthinspmoins reacuteorganiseacute dans une mesure et selon des modaliteacutes qui eacutetaient agrave la seule discreacutetion drsquoAlexandre etthinspquethinspnousthinspnethinsppouvonsthinsppasthinspappreacutecierthinspindeacutependammentthinspdethinspsonthinsptravailthinspLathinspdeuxiegravemethinspdifficulteacutethinsptientthinspauthinspfait que la langue drsquoAlexandre ne preacutesente pas de ceacutesures stylistiques ou de solutions de continuiteacute lexicales qui permettraient de deacuteterminer ougrave il ferait œuvre de compilateur et ougrave au contraire il fait œuvrethinspdrsquointerpregravetethinspDethinspfaitthinspagravethinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinsp(maisthinspaussithinspagravethinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspouthinspagravethinspunethinsptroisiegraveme)thinsponthinspsethinsprendrathinspagravethinspunethinspautrethinspeacutevidencethinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppartoutthinsplathinspprosethinspetthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspmecircmethinsplagravethinspougravethinspndashthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspaveuthinsp(commethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsppreacuteciseacutement)thinspndashthinsponthinsppeutthinspsrsquoattendrethinspagravethinspqursquoil suive de plus pregraves sa source 36thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy p 290 formule ce dilemme agrave peu pregraves dansthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinsptermesthinspUnthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquointerpregravetesthinspythinspontthinspvuthinsplrsquoindicethinspdrsquounethinspambivalencethinspdrsquoAristotethinspagrave son eacutegard (cf L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspVrin-PressesthinspdethinsplrsquoUniversiteacutethinspLavalthinspParis-Montreacutealthinsp1995thinsppthinsp360)thinspthinspdrsquoautresthinsplrsquoontthinsppristhinspassezthinspauthinspseacuterieuxthinsppourthinspexclurethinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspsrsquoagirthinspeffectivementthinspduthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspdontthinspAristotethinspferaitthinspunthinspusagethinspopportunistethinsp(cfthinspEthinspVthinspdi LaSCio laquo Third Man The Logic of the Sophism at Arist SEthinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinspraquothinspTopoithinsp23thinsp[2004]thinsppthinsp41)thinsp

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le corpus aristoteacutelicien37thinspcelathinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspeacutetablithinspsansthinspavoirthinsprecoursthinspauxthinspsourcesthinsppos-teacuterieuresthinspauxquellesthinsponthinspestthinspobligeacutethinspdrsquoemprunterthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspcanonique38 Crsquoest ce qui ressort de deux lieux du corpus aristoteacutelicien agrave savoir le chapitre 13 du livre ZecirctathinspdesthinspMeacutetaphysiques et le chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiques auxquels nous avons consacreacute deux lectures micrologiques dont nous ne reportons de suite que les conclusions39

37 Aristote nrsquoen donne nulle part un exposeacute un tant soit peu deacutetailleacute se contentant plutocirct de lrsquoeacutevoquer sousthinsplrsquointituleacutethinspquithinsplethinsprendrathinspceacutelegravebrethinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp15-17thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1039athinsp2-3thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp12-13)thinspouthinspbienthinspdrsquoenthinsprappelerthinsplathinspconclusionthinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36)thinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdrsquounethinsppassethinspargumentativethinspbienthinspconnuethinsp(cethinspquithinspdevaitthinspdrsquoailleursthinspecirctrethinsplethinspcas)thinsp38thinspthinspCetthinspexposeacutethinspsethinsplitthinspdansthinsplathinsppagethinspceacutelegravebrethinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauthinsppremierthinsplivrethinspdes MeacutetaphysiquesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspagravethinsplaquellethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspfairethinspallusionthinspthinsplaquothinspδείκνυταιthinspκαὶthinspοὕτωςthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινωνthinspπλειόνωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκαὶthinspἔστινthinspἄλλοthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspαὐτῶνthinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspἡγοῦνταιthinspδεικνύναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιmiddotthinspδιὰthinspτοῦτοthinspγάρthinspἐστίthinspτιthinspαὐτοάνθρωποςthinsp κατrsquothinsp αὐτούςthinsp ὅτιthinsp ὁthinsp ἄνθρωποςthinsp κατὰthinsp τῶνthinsp καθrsquothinsp ἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspπλειόνωνthinsp ὄντωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspἄλλοςthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspἐστίν)thinspndashthinspἀλλrsquothinspεἰthinspτοῦτοthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοςthinspὁthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspκατrsquothinspἰδίανthinspὑφεστώςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspδὲthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspπαράthinspτεthinspτὸνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspτὴνthinspἰδέανthinspοὕτωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspτέταρτοςthinspὁthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτούτουthinspκαὶthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὁμοίωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspπέμπτοςthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspἐπrsquothinspἄπειρονthinsp[onthinspprouvethinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspaussi de cette maniegravere si ce qui se preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute de plusieurs est aussi autre que ceux dont il se preacutedique seacutepareacute de ceux-ci (voilagrave ce que pensent prouver ceux qui posent les Ideacutees la raison pourthinsp laquellethinspenthinspeffetthinsp ilthinspythinspathinsppourthinspeuxthinspquelquethinspchosethinspquithinspestthinsp lrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspcrsquoestthinspquethinsp lrsquohommethinspse preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute des hommes particuliers qui sont plusieurs et il est autre que les hommes particuliers)thinspndashthinspmaisthinspsrsquoilthinspenthinspestthinspainsithinspilthinspythinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspSithinspenthinspeffetthinsplrsquohommethinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsppreacutediquethinspestthinspautrethinspquethinspceuxthinspdontthinspilthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspsubsistethinspenthinspproprethinspsithinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspilthinspythinspathinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspagravethinsppartthinspduthinspparticulier et de lrsquoIdeacutee Ainsi qursquoil y en aura un quatriegraveme qui se preacutedique de celui-ci de lrsquoIdeacutee et des particuliersthinspthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquounthinspcinquiegravemethinspetthinspcelathinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis de ideis fragmentathinsp(=thinspAlexandri in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria)thinsp8421thinsp-thinsp853)thinspLethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspillustrethinspagravethinsplathinspperfectionthinspla situation hermeacuteneutique que nous venons drsquoeacutevoquer ougrave le recours agrave la tradition indirecte est agrave la foisthinspineacutevitablethinspetthinsppassablementthinspdeacutelicatthinspDrsquounethinsppartthinspAlexandrethinspsignalethinspexplicitementthinspqursquoilthinspreportethinsplathinspversionthinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinsptellethinspqursquoAristotethinspsrsquoenthinspestthinspservithinspdansthinsplethinsppremierthinsplivrethinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsp(8511-12thinspthinsplaquothinspτῇthinspδὲthinspτελευταίᾳthinspαὐτὸςthinspἔνthinspτεthinspτῷthinspπρώτῳthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspraquo)thinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspilthinspestthinsphautementthinspimprobablethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspenthinsptrainthinspdethinsptranscrirethinspunthinspsegmentthinspduthinsptextethinspdrsquoAristotethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdethinsplethinspparaphraserthinspCethinspquethinsptrahitthinsplrsquoutilisationthinspdethinspcertainsthinsptermesthinsptelsthinspὑπόστασιςthinspetthinspὑφίστημιthinspNousthinspavonsthinspobserveacutethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoacceptionthinspdrsquoexistencethinspetthinspdrsquoexisterthinsprequisethinspparthinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspnithinsplrsquounthinsp(ὑπόστασις)thinspnithinsplrsquoautrethinsp(ὑφίστημι)thinspnethinspsontthinspattesteacutesthinspchezthinspAristotethinspquithinsplesthinsputilisethinspplutocirctthinspdansthinspunthinspsensthinsplocalthinsp(ὑφίστημιthinspindiquethinsple fait de se tenir au-dessous comme dans Aristotelis de caelo P Morauxthinsp(eacuted)thinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1965thinspIthinsp3thinsp269bthinsp24-25)thinspouthinspphysiologiquethinsp(ὑπόστασιςthinspsignifiethinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspreacutesiduthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspseacutedimentthinspraquothinspcomme dans Aristotelis de generatione animaliumthinspHthinspJ droSSaart LuLoFS (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1965thinspIthinsp18thinsp726athinsp21thinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspstationthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspposturethinspraquothinspcommethinspdansthinspAristotelis de partibus animaliumthinsp1956thinspIthinsp2thinsp647bthinsp28)39 Les deux lectures (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp23thinspetthinspAristotelis Sophistici elenchi 22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspontthinspeacuteteacutethinsppreacuteceacutedeacuteesthinspparthinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspeacutetudethinsplexicographiquethinsp(nousthinspavonsthinspeacutevoqueacutethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspplusthinsphautthinspcfthinspnotethinsp3)thinspconsacreacuteethinspauthinspvocabulairethinspquethinspcesthinsptextesthinsppartagentthinsp(etthinspauxthinspquelquesthinsposcillationsthinspqursquoilthinsppreacutesente)thinspEnthinspplusthinspdrsquoexpressionsthinspplusthinspprobleacutematiquesthinsp(commethinsplethinspτόδεthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinsppeutthinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspdeacutesignerthinspunethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle)thinspnousthinspavonsthinspsurtoutthinspexploreacutethinsplrsquooppositionthinspentrethinspcethinspqursquoAristotethinspappellethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(outhinspποιόνthinspτι)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspnousthinspontthinspsurtoutthinspaideacutesthinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinspnotrethinspreconnaissance J kunGthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspThisesthinspSuchesthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspArgumentthinspraquothinspPhronesis 26 (1981)thinsppthinsp207-247thinspetthinspS ebbeSen laquo Hoc aliquid - Quale quidthinspandthinspthethinspSignificationthinspofthinspAppellativesthinspraquothinsp

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Qursquoest-cethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspauthinspjustethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAuthinspboutthinspdrsquounthinspassezthinsplongthinspraisonnement40thinsplathinspconclusionthinspqursquoAristotethinsptirethinspestthinspcateacutegoriquethinsp(φανερὸνthinspὅτιthinspκτλ)thinspSeacuteparer lrsquouniversel crsquoest-agrave-dire le traiter comme quelque chose qui existe de plein exercicethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstarthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspparticuliegraveresthinsprevientthinspagravethinspsrsquoembarrasserthinspdethinsptoutesthinspsortesthinsp drsquoinconveacutenientsthinspthinsp laquothinspφανερὸνthinspὅτιthinsp οὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinspκαὶthinspὅτιthinspοὐδὲνthinspσημαίνειthinspτῶνthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορουμένωνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspἀλλὰthinspτοιόνδεthinspεἰthinspδὲthinspμήthinspἄλλαthinspτεthinspπολλὰthinspσυμβαίνειthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsp[ilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoaucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspnethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspmaisthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinsptelthinspouthinsptelthinspDansthinsplethinspcasthinspcontrairethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspbeaucoupthinspltdrsquoinconveacutenientsgtthinspnotammentthinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis meta-physicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)41 Quelle que soit la force que lrsquoon accorde agrave lrsquoargumentthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspreposethinspultimementthinspsurthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspjuxtaposerthinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspauthinspseinthinspdrsquounethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspmultipliciteacutethinspdontthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspviendraitthinspconstituerthinsplrsquouniteacutethinspauthinspmecircmethinsptitrethinspquethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdrsquohomme constituait lrsquouniteacute de la multipliciteacute des hommes particuliers Autrement ditthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsprequiertthinspquethinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinsp

Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

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Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman 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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

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de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 Ithinsp9thinsp103bthinsp29-35thinsplethinspverbethinspἐκτίθημιthinspnethinspchangethinsppointthinspdethinspsignificationthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdethinsplrsquoobjetthinspquithinspreacutesultethinspdethinspsonthinspopeacuterationthinsplequelthinspestthinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspsrsquoexposethinspauthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo)thinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspluithinspeacutechappe)thinsp(4)thinspCommentthinspcomprendrethinsplrsquoοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσειthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspthinspQursquoest-cethinspquithinspnethinspfaitthinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspquoithinspthinspEst-cethinspquethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspestthinspsupposeacutethinspsrsquoensuivrethinspagravethinsptousthinsplesthinspcoupsthinsp(aussithinspbienthinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspougravethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspsethinspsoldethinspparthinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspquethinspdansthinspceluithinspougravethinspcrsquoestthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppart)thinspouthinspbienthinspcrsquoestthinspparthinsprapportthinspauthinspreacutesultatthinspdethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspelle-mecircmethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspaurathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspqursquoonthinspobtiendrathinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinspunthinspἕνthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλοὺςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspCommethinsplethinspmontrentthinsplesthinsprecommandationsthinspdrsquoAristotethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspfaitthinspunethinspsacreacuteethinspdiffeacuterencethinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsp(lequelthinspsrsquoensuitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspquethinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppartthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinspilthinspsethinspditthinspenthinspcommunthinspὅπερthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspὅπερthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspEnthinsprevanchethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspentrethinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspLrsquounthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspmoinsthinspdistinctthinspquethinsplrsquoautrethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspdontthinsponthinsplethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspParthinspconseacutequentthinspsithinsponthinspaffirmethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspestthinspunethinspqualiteacutethinspetthinspnonthinspunethinspsubstancethinspcelathinspnethinspfaitthinspaucunethinspdiffeacuterencethinsp(οὐδὲνthinspδιοίσει)thinspduthinspmoinsthinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinspsathinsppositionthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspplusieursthinspcarthinspilthinspythinspaurathinsptoutthinspdethinspmecircmethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinsp(ἕνthinspτι)thinspetthinspdethinspdiffeacuterentthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(παρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλούς)thinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinsplaquothinsphommethinspraquothinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsp(οἷονthinspτὸthinspἄνθρωπος)thinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

134

lethinspmobilierthinspontologiquethinspduthinspmonde31 en passant par des travers meacutereacuteologiques qui rappellent drsquoassez pregraves ceux que lrsquoon rencontre deacutejagrave chez Platon32

Si nous avons passeacute en revue chacun de ces inconveacutenients33 nous nous sommes cependantthinsparrecircteacutesthinsptoutthinspspeacutecialementthinspsurthinsplrsquounthinspdrsquoentrethinspeuxthinsplrsquoargumentthinspqursquoAristotethinsp

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Athinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinsp990bthinsp8thinsp(cfthinspMthinsp4thinsp1078bthinsp34thinsp-thinsp1079athinsp4)thinspthinsplaquothinspοἱthinspδὲthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιthinspπρῶτονthinspμὲνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτωνδὶthinspτῶνthinspὄντωνthinspλαβεῖνthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἕτεραthinspτούτωνthinspἴσαthinspτὸνthinspἀριθμὸνthinspἐκόμισανthinspὥσπερthinspεἴthinspτιςthinspἀριθμῆσαιthinspβουλόμενοςthinspἐλαττόνωνthinspμὲνthinspὄντωνthinspοἴοιτοthinspμὴthinspδυνήσεσθαιthinspπλείωthinspδὲthinspποιήσαςthinspἀριθμοίηthinspσχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspἴσαthinspἢthinspοὐκthinspἐλάττωthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspἐστὶthinspτούτοιςthinspπερὶthinspὧνthinspζητοῦντεςthinspτὰςthinspαἰτίαςthinspἐκthinspτούτωνthinspἐπrsquothinspἐκεῖναthinspπροῆλθονthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspγὰρthinspὁμώνυμόνthinspτιthinspἐστιthinspκαὶthinspπαρὰthinspτὰςthinspοὐσίαςthinspτῶνthinspτεthinspἄλλωνthinspἐστὶνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspἕνthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖσδεthinspκαὶthinspἐπὶthinspτοῖςthinspἀιδίοιςthinsp[D LeFebvre laquo Le commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave MeacutetaphysiquethinspAthinsp9thinsp990athinsp34thinsp-thinspbthinsp8thinspsurthinsplethinspnombrethinspetthinsplrsquoobjetthinspdesthinspideacuteesthinspraquothinsppthinsp306-307thinspthinspquantthinspagravethinspceuxthinspquithinspposentthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspcommethinspdesthinspcausesthinspdrsquoabordthinspenthinspcherchantthinspagravethinspsaisirthinsplesthinspcausesthinspdesthinspecirctresthinspquithinspnousthinspentourentthinspilsthinspenthinspontthinspintroduitthinspdrsquoautresthinspenthinspnombrethinspeacutegauxthinspagravethinspeuxthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspfaccedilonthinspquethinspquelqursquounthinspqui voudrait compter des choses mais croirait ne pas pouvoir le faire parce qursquoil y en a peu et pour lesthinspcompterthinsplesthinsprendraitthinspplusthinspnombreusesthinspLesthinspFormesthinspenthinspeffetthinspsontthinspenthinspnombrethinsppresquethinspeacutegalesthinspouthinsppas infeacuterieures aux choses loin desquelles dans leur recherche des causes ils ont eacuteteacute jusque vers ellesthinspcarthinsppourthinspchaquethinspchosethinspilthinspythinspathinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquohomonymethinspmecircmethinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspetthinspdesthinspautres choses dont il y a uniteacute drsquoune multipliciteacute agrave la fois pour les choses qui nous entourent et pour cellesthinspquithinspsontthinspeacuteternelles]thinspraquothinsp32 Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1039athinsp26thinsp-thinsp1039bthinsp2thinspthinsplaquothinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspκαὶthinspἵππῳthinspἤτοιthinspἓνthinspκαὶthinspταὐτὸνthinspτῷthinspἀριθμῷthinspἐστὶνthinspἢthinspἕτερονmiddotthinspτῷthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspλόγῳthinspδῆλονthinspὅτιthinspἕνmiddotthinspτὸνthinspγὰρthinspαὐτὸνthinspδιέξεισιthinspλόγονthinspὁthinspλέγωνthinspἐνthinspἑκατέρῳthinspεἰthinspοὖνthinspἐστίthinspτιςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspαὐτὸςthinspκαθrsquothinspαὑτὸνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspἀνάγκηthinspκαὶthinspἐξthinspὧνthinspοἷονthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspδίπουνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspκαὶthinspεἶναιthinspχωριστὰthinspκαὶthinspοὐσίαςmiddotthinspὥστεthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspεἰthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτὸthinspαὐτὸthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspτὸthinspἐνthinspτῷthinspἵππῳthinspκαὶthinspτῷthinspἀνθρώπῳthinspὥσπερthinspσὺthinspσαυτῷthinspπῶςthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐνthinspτοῖςthinspοὖσιthinspχωρὶςthinspἓνthinspἔσταιthinspκαὶthinspδιὰthinspτίthinspοὐthinspκαὶthinspχωρὶςthinspαὑτοῦthinspἔσταιthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspτοῦτοthinspthinsp[sithinsplesthinspFormesthinspexistentthinspetthinspquethinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspouthinspbienthinspilthinspserathinspnumeacuteri-quementthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspouthinspbienthinspdiffeacuterentthinspParthinsplrsquoargumentthinspquethinspvoicithinspilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspuniquethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinsponthinsplethinspdeacutefinitthinspauthinspmoyenthinspdethinsplathinspmecircmethinspdeacutefinitionthinspSrsquoilthinspythinspathinspdoncthinspunthinsphommethinspquithinspestthinspenthinspsoithinspetthinsppourthinsplui-mecircmethinspunthinspcecithinspetthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspseacutepareacutethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspneacutecessairementthinspquethinspcethinspquithinsplethinspconstituethinsplrsquoanimalthinspetthinsplethinspbipegravedethinspparthinspexemplethinspsoientthinspaussithinspunthinspcecithinspqursquoilsthinspsoientthinspdesthinspchosesthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspetthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspOrthinspsithinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdansthinsplethinspchevalthinspetthinspdansthinsplrsquohommethinspestthinspunthinspetthinsplethinspmecircmethinspcommethinsptuthinsplrsquoesthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinsptoi-mecircmethinspcommentthinsppourra-t-ilthinspdemeurerthinspuniquethinspdansthinspdesthinspentiteacutesthinspquithinspsontthinspagravethinsppartthinspltlesthinspunesthinspdesthinspautresgtthinspetthinsppourquoithinspcetthinspanimalthinspnethinspsera-t-ilthinsppasthinspseacutepareacutethinspdethinsplui-mecircmethinsp]thinspraquo33thinspthinspDethinspmecircmethinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspeacutetudieacutethinsplesthinspobjectionsthinspplusthinspponctuellesthinspqursquoAristotethinspassociethinspauxthinspdiffeacuterentesthinspfamilles drsquoarguments en faveur de lrsquohypothegravese des Ideacutees dans le reacutequisitoire qursquoon peut lire ndash agrave quelques variations mineures pregraves ndash dans les livres A et M des MeacutetaphysiquesthinspenthinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp8-15thinspetthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp4-9thinsprespectivementthinsp(laquothinspἔτιthinspδὲthinspκαϑrsquothinspοὓςthinspτρόπουςthinspδείκνυμενthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτὰthinspεἴδηthinspκατrsquoοὐϑέναthinspφαίνεταιthinspτούτωνmiddotthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspοὐκthinspἀνάγκηthinspγίγνεσϑαιthinspσυλλογισμόνthinspἐξthinspἐνίωνthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspοὐχthinspὧνthinspοἰόμεϑαthinspτούτωνthinspεἴδηthinspγίγνεταιthinspκατάthinspτεthinspγὰρthinspτοὺςthinspλόγουςthinspτοὺςthinspἐκthinspτῶνthinspἐπιστημῶνthinspεἴδηthinspἔσταιthinspπάντωνthinspὅσωνthinspἐπιστῆμαιthinspεἰσίthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτὸthinspἓνthinspἐπὶthinspπολλῶνthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspἀποφάσεωνthinspκατὰthinspδὲthinspτὸthinspνοεῖνthinspτιthinspφϑαρέντοςthinspτῶνthinspφϑαρτῶνmiddotthinspφάντασμαthinspγάρthinspτιthinspτούτωνthinspἔστινthinsp[dethinspplusthinspdrsquoaucunethinspdesthinspmaniegraveresthinspdontthinspnousthinspentreprenonsthinspdethinsplethinspprouverthinspnethinspreacutesultethinspqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspEnthinspeffetthinspdansthinspcertainsthinspcasthinsplethinspsyllogismethinspnethinspsrsquoensuitthinsppasthinspdethinspfaccedilonthinspneacutecessairethinspthinspdansthinspdrsquoautresthinspcasthinspenthinsprevanchethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspmecircmethinsppourthinspdesthinspchosesthinsppourthinsplesquellesthinspnousthinsppensonsthinspqursquoil nrsquoy en a pas des arguments agrave partir des sciences qursquoil y a des Ideacutees de tout ce dont il y a des sciencesthinspthinspltdesthinspargumentsgtthinspdethinsplrsquouniteacutethinspdrsquounethinsppluraliteacutethinspltqursquoilthinspythinspathinspdesthinspIdeacuteesgtthinspmecircmethinspdethinspneacutegationsthinspthinspetthinspltdesthinspargumentsgt agrave partir de la penseacutee de quelque chose apregraves sa corruption ltqursquoil y a des Ideacuteesgt drsquoentiteacutes

Leone Gazziero

135

lethinsppremierthinspndashthinspsansthinspenthinspattribuerthinsplathinsppaterniteacutethinspagravethinsppersonnethinsp(pasthinspplusthinspagravethinspsesthinsppreacutedeacuteces-seursthinspouthinspagravethinspsesthinspcontemporainsthinspqursquoagravethinsplui-mecircme)thinspndashthinspathinspappeleacutethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo34 Cela pour au moins deux raisons En premier lieu il y a tout sujet de croirethinspqursquoAristotethinspdevaitthinsplethinsptenirthinsppourthinspunethinspobjectionthinspassezthinspformidablethinspagravethinsplrsquoencontrethinspdethinsplathinsppromotionthinspdesthinsppreacutedicatsthinspuniverselsthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancesthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinspvuthinsplethinsptraitthinspquithinspndashthinsppourthinspAristotethinspndashthinspfaitthinsplathinspspeacutecificiteacutethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacutees)thinspCrsquoestthinspenthinsptoutthinspeacutetatthinspdethinspcausethinsplethinspspectrethinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspseulthinspqursquoAristotethinspagitethinsplorsqursquoilthinspeacutevoquethinspndashthinspenthinspblocthinspndashthinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdontthinspagravethinspsonthinspavisthinspsrsquoencombrethinsplrsquohypothegravese des Formes (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu la conviction que si les Ideacutees existent elles existent agrave la maniegravere desthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspnonthinspseulementthinspjouethinspunthinsprocirclethinspcapitalthinspdansthinsplrsquoeacuteconomiethinspdethinsplrsquoargument tel que nous pouvons le reconstruire agrave partir des diffeacuterentes sources qui nous lrsquoont transmis35 mais encore elle constitue la cleacute pour reacutesoudre un puzzle

quithinspontthinsppeacuterithinsp(puisqursquoilthinspenthinspexistethinspunethinspcertainethinspimage)]thinspraquo)thinspUnethinspbibliographiethinspdethinspquelquethinsptroisthinspcentsthinsptitresthinspspeacutecialement consacreacutee agrave la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees dans les lieux parallegraveles des livres A et M des Meacutetaphysiquesthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspdistribueacuteethinspetthinsp(dansthinspsathinspversionthinspalphabeacutetique)thinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspconsulteacuteethinsponlinethinspagravethinsplrsquoadressethinspthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir2808files201509BibliogrSept2015pdfthinsp34 Au sujet de lrsquohistoire de lrsquoargument qursquoil nous soit permis de renvoyer agrave L Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinsp(citeacutethinspnotethinsp14)thinsppourthinspsathinsppreacutehistoirethinspplatoniciennethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquothinspldquoκαὶthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςrdquothinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspProleacutegomegravenesthinspagravethinspunethinsphistoirethinspanciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspraquothinspRhizai 7 2010 p 181-220 pour son utilisationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquo ldquoEt quoniam est quis tertius homordquothinspArgumentthinspexeacutegegravesethinspcontresens dans la litteacuterature latine apparenteacutee aux Sophistici elenchithinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspArchives drsquohistoire doctrinale et litteacuteraire du Moyen Age 80 2013 p 7-48 pour ses transformations aux mains des commentateursthinspdethinsplanguethinspetthinspculturethinsplatinethinspPourthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspdesthinspcommentateursthinspdethinsplrsquoAntiquiteacutethinsptardivethinspcfthinspD huntthinsplaquothinspPlotinusthinspMeetsthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspJ CLearythinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Perennial Tradition of NeoplatonismthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinsp1997thinsppthinsp119-132thinspthinspJ oPSoMerthinsplaquothinspSyrianusthinsponthinspHomonymythinspandthinspFormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspvan rieL C MaCeacute et L van CaMPethinsp(eacuted)thinspPlatonic Ideas and Concept Formation in Ancient and Medieval ThoughtthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinspLouvainthinsp2004thinsppthinsp31-50thinspetthinspLthinspP GerSon laquothinspProclusthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspEacutetudes platoniciennesthinsp8thinsp(2011)thinsppthinsp105-11835thinspthinspCommethinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinsplonguementthinspexpliqueacutethinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinsplathinspseacuteancethinspduthinsp16thinspmarsthinsp2015thinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspestthinspunthinspexcellentthinspcasthinspdrsquoeacutetudethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoonthinspsethinsptournethinspversthinspdesthinspsourcesthinspsemi-canoniquesthinspafinthinspdethinspreconstituerthinspdesthinspfaitsthinspdethinspdiscoursthinspplusthinspouthinspmoinsthinspradicalementthinspindisponiblesthinspdansthinspleurthinspversionthinsporiginalethinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspmecircmethinspsithinspsonthinspcasthinspparaicirctthinspndashthinspagravethinsppremiegraverethinspvuethinspndashthinspmoinsthinspdeacutesespeacutereacutethinspquethinspceluithinspdrsquoautresthinsppiegravecesthinspdethinsplrsquoAristotethinspperduthinspetthinspmecircmethinspsithinspndashthinspagravethinspcoupthinspsucircrthinspndashthinspsathinspsituationthinspphilologiquethinspsrsquoestthinspconsideacuterablementthinspameacutelioreacutee depuis quelques anneacutees (parmi les progregraves il faut au moins signaler la nouvelle eacutedition critiquethinspdesthinspquelquesthinsppagesthinspdrsquointeacuterecirctthinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauxthinspMeacutetaphysiques drsquoAristotethinspquethinspD harLFinGerthinspnousthinspathinspoffertethinspenthinsp1975thinspthinsponthinspsignalerathinspeacutegalementthinspquethinsplathinspquestionthinspdesthinspdeuxthinsp recensionsthinspdansthinsp lesquellesthinspcesthinspmecircmesthinsppagesthinspnousthinspseraientthinspparvenuesthinspndashthinsp toutthinsp reacutecemmentthinspndashthinspathinspbeacuteneacuteficieacutethinspdesthinsplumiegraveresthinspdethinspP GoLitSiS laquo La recensio altera du Commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave la Meacutetaphysique drsquoAristotethinspetthinsplethinspteacutemoignagethinspdesthinspmanuscritsthinspbyzantinsthinspLaurentianus plut 8712 et Ambrosianus F113thinspsupthinspraquothinspdansthinspJ SiGneS Codontildeer et I Peacuterez Martinthinsp(eacuted)thinspTextual Transmission in Byzantium Between Textual Criticism and Quellenforschung Brepols Turnhout 2014 p 199-230 ainsi que de celles de L CaLvieacutethinsp laquothinspAgravethinsp proposthinsp dethinsp lrsquoeacuteditionthinspHayduckthinsp duthinspCommentairethinsp drsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodise agrave la MeacutetaphysiquethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspouthinspconsulterthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir565files201409Article-LCalvieacute-2e-edpdf)thinspIlthinspnrsquoenthinsprestethinsppasthinspmoinsthinspquethinsptoutthinspeffortthinspdethinsprestitutionthinspduthinsptraiteacutethinspperduthinspdrsquoAristotethinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspougravethinsponthinsppeutthinsplirethinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspdethinsplointhinsplethinspplusthinspinformatifthinspndashthinspdoitthinspsethinspconfronterthinspagravethinspunethinspeacutequationthinspagravethinspplusieursthinspvariablesthinspLethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspestthinspunthinsptextethinspqui ne nous est parvenu qursquoagrave travers la tradition indirecte et dont la vocation ndash pour autant qursquoelle se

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exeacutegeacutetique agrave la fois ancien et tenace agrave savoir pour autant que lrsquoon a affaire agrave un seul etthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinspnousthinsppouvonsthinspremonterthinspdansthinsplethinsptempsthinspne fait pas lrsquounanimiteacute ndash comment se fait-il qursquoAristote tantocirct lrsquoutilise pour reacutefuter les philosophes des Ideacutees tantocirct le rejette sous preacutetexte qursquoil srsquoagit drsquoun argument fallacieux36thinspthinspLethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspdansthinsplequelthinspnousthinspavonsthinspidentifieacutethinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspmotifsthinsppro-fonds de lrsquoantiplatonisme drsquoAristote ndash agrave savoir la particularisation existentielle des universauxthinspndashthinsppermetthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquithinspentraicircnethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspetthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinsplrsquoeacuteviterthinspMecircmethinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvirtuellementthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspcomprendrethinsplethinspfonctionnementthinspexactthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspsesthinspraresthinspoccurrencesthinspdansthinsp

laissethinspentrevoirthinspndashthinspeacutetaitthinspdethinsptraiterthinspdrsquounethinspdoctrinethinspcellethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspcœurthinspdrsquounthinspdeacutebatthinspquithinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplethinsppreacutecegravedethinspetthinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspaffecteacutethinspAucunethinspdethinspcesthinspvariablethinspnethinspsethinsplaissethinsptraiterthinspcommethinspunethinspsimplethinspvariablethinspdrsquoajustement et elles sont qui plus est lieacutees entre elles Si on distingue donc ndash avec les speacutecialistes de lrsquoecdotique (on se reacutefeacuterera en particulier agrave un texte de J iriGointhinspthinsplaquothinspLathinspcritiquethinspdesthinsptextesthinspdoitthinspecirctrethinsphistoriquethinspraquothinspdansthinspE FLoreSthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa critica testuale greco-latina oggi Metodi e problemi Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 29-31 ottobre 1979)thinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1981thinsppthinsp27-43)thinspndashthinsptrois eacutetapes fondamentales dans la reconstitution drsquoun texte la recensio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la collecte de toutesthinsp lesthinspsourcesthinspmanuscritesthinspdisponiblesthinsp(etthinspeacuteventuellementthinspdesthinspsourcesthinsp imprimeacutees)thinspdirectesthinspetthinspindirectes)thinsp lathinspcollatio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la comparaison des reacutesultats de la recensiothinsp afinthinspdrsquoobtenirthinspunethinspimagethinspaussithinspfidegravelethinspquethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspenthinspremontantthinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinsppossiblethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacuteterminationthinspdesthinspfamillesthinspdethinspmanuscritsthinspetthinspdethinspleurthinspplusthinspprochethinspancecirctresthinspcommuns)thinspetthinsplathinspdivinatio (lrsquoeacutetablissementthinspduthinsptextethinsplethinspplusthinspprochethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplrsquooriginal)thinsponthinspconviendrathinspquethinspcettethinspderniegraverethinspportethinspparticuliegraverementthinspbienthinspsonthinspnomthinsppuisquethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsplathinsprestitutionthinspdethinsptoutthinspunthinsppanthinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspnethinspnousthinsppermetthinsppasthinspdethinspreacuteglerthinspndashthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspndashthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdethinspsavoirthinspauthinspjustethinspquithinspa eacutecrit quoi Il faut se reacutesigner agrave une eacutevidence pour autant que le traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote est concerneacute mecircmethinsplethinspmeilleurthinsptextethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdemeurethinsprelativementthinspopaquethinspaussithinsplongtempsthinspduthinspmoinsthinspquethinsplrsquoon nrsquoa pas deacutetermineacute de quelle maniegravere il a travailleacute la matiegravere aristoteacutelicienne dont il srsquoest inspireacute et qursquoil a importeacutee dans son commentaire Autrement dit la question se pose de savoir si nous avons affairethinspagravethinspunethinspcollectionthinspdethinspfragmentsthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspdesthinspempruntsthinspponctuelsthinspouthinspdesthinspcitations)thinspouthinspbienthinspsithinspAlexandre a proceacutedeacute agrave une reformulation paraphrastique (en gros une transposition plus ou moins fidegravelethinspdethinspcethinspqursquoilthinsplisaitthinspdansthinsplethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspsonthinspdernierthinsplecteurthinspdethinsppremiegraverethinspmain)thinspOrthinspdeuxthinspdifficulteacutesthinspmajeuresthinspfontthinspobstaclethinspagravethinspcettethinspentreprisethinspLathinsppremiegraverethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspqursquoAlexandrethinspsethinsptrouve en situation de teacutemoin unique ce que nous connaissons du traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote sur les Ideacutees nous le tenons pour lrsquoessentiel drsquoAlexandre dans la mesure ougrave les quelques mentions eacuteparses dans la litteacuterature posteacuterieure deacutependent de son commentaire au livre Alpha meizocircn des Meacutetaphysiques Son maniementthinspappellethinspdoncthinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinsppreacutecautionsthinspthinspcethinspquethinspnousthinsplisonsthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspsinonthinspremanieacutethinspduthinspmoins reacuteorganiseacute dans une mesure et selon des modaliteacutes qui eacutetaient agrave la seule discreacutetion drsquoAlexandre etthinspquethinspnousthinspnethinsppouvonsthinsppasthinspappreacutecierthinspindeacutependammentthinspdethinspsonthinsptravailthinspLathinspdeuxiegravemethinspdifficulteacutethinsptientthinspauthinspfait que la langue drsquoAlexandre ne preacutesente pas de ceacutesures stylistiques ou de solutions de continuiteacute lexicales qui permettraient de deacuteterminer ougrave il ferait œuvre de compilateur et ougrave au contraire il fait œuvrethinspdrsquointerpregravetethinspDethinspfaitthinspagravethinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinsp(maisthinspaussithinspagravethinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspouthinspagravethinspunethinsptroisiegraveme)thinsponthinspsethinsprendrathinspagravethinspunethinspautrethinspeacutevidencethinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppartoutthinsplathinspprosethinspetthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspmecircmethinsplagravethinspougravethinspndashthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspaveuthinsp(commethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsppreacuteciseacutement)thinspndashthinsponthinsppeutthinspsrsquoattendrethinspagravethinspqursquoil suive de plus pregraves sa source 36thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy p 290 formule ce dilemme agrave peu pregraves dansthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinsptermesthinspUnthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquointerpregravetesthinspythinspontthinspvuthinsplrsquoindicethinspdrsquounethinspambivalencethinspdrsquoAristotethinspagrave son eacutegard (cf L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspVrin-PressesthinspdethinsplrsquoUniversiteacutethinspLavalthinspParis-Montreacutealthinsp1995thinsppthinsp360)thinspthinspdrsquoautresthinsplrsquoontthinsppristhinspassezthinspauthinspseacuterieuxthinsppourthinspexclurethinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspsrsquoagirthinspeffectivementthinspduthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspdontthinspAristotethinspferaitthinspunthinspusagethinspopportunistethinsp(cfthinspEthinspVthinspdi LaSCio laquo Third Man The Logic of the Sophism at Arist SEthinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinspraquothinspTopoithinsp23thinsp[2004]thinsppthinsp41)thinsp

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137

le corpus aristoteacutelicien37thinspcelathinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspeacutetablithinspsansthinspavoirthinsprecoursthinspauxthinspsourcesthinsppos-teacuterieuresthinspauxquellesthinsponthinspestthinspobligeacutethinspdrsquoemprunterthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspcanonique38 Crsquoest ce qui ressort de deux lieux du corpus aristoteacutelicien agrave savoir le chapitre 13 du livre ZecirctathinspdesthinspMeacutetaphysiques et le chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiques auxquels nous avons consacreacute deux lectures micrologiques dont nous ne reportons de suite que les conclusions39

37 Aristote nrsquoen donne nulle part un exposeacute un tant soit peu deacutetailleacute se contentant plutocirct de lrsquoeacutevoquer sousthinsplrsquointituleacutethinspquithinsplethinsprendrathinspceacutelegravebrethinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp15-17thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1039athinsp2-3thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp12-13)thinspouthinspbienthinspdrsquoenthinsprappelerthinsplathinspconclusionthinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36)thinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdrsquounethinsppassethinspargumentativethinspbienthinspconnuethinsp(cethinspquithinspdevaitthinspdrsquoailleursthinspecirctrethinsplethinspcas)thinsp38thinspthinspCetthinspexposeacutethinspsethinsplitthinspdansthinsplathinsppagethinspceacutelegravebrethinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauthinsppremierthinsplivrethinspdes MeacutetaphysiquesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspagravethinsplaquellethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspfairethinspallusionthinspthinsplaquothinspδείκνυταιthinspκαὶthinspοὕτωςthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινωνthinspπλειόνωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκαὶthinspἔστινthinspἄλλοthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspαὐτῶνthinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspἡγοῦνταιthinspδεικνύναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιmiddotthinspδιὰthinspτοῦτοthinspγάρthinspἐστίthinspτιthinspαὐτοάνθρωποςthinsp κατrsquothinsp αὐτούςthinsp ὅτιthinsp ὁthinsp ἄνθρωποςthinsp κατὰthinsp τῶνthinsp καθrsquothinsp ἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspπλειόνωνthinsp ὄντωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspἄλλοςthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspἐστίν)thinspndashthinspἀλλrsquothinspεἰthinspτοῦτοthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοςthinspὁthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspκατrsquothinspἰδίανthinspὑφεστώςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspδὲthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspπαράthinspτεthinspτὸνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspτὴνthinspἰδέανthinspοὕτωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspτέταρτοςthinspὁthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτούτουthinspκαὶthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὁμοίωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspπέμπτοςthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspἐπrsquothinspἄπειρονthinsp[onthinspprouvethinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspaussi de cette maniegravere si ce qui se preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute de plusieurs est aussi autre que ceux dont il se preacutedique seacutepareacute de ceux-ci (voilagrave ce que pensent prouver ceux qui posent les Ideacutees la raison pourthinsp laquellethinspenthinspeffetthinsp ilthinspythinspathinsppourthinspeuxthinspquelquethinspchosethinspquithinspestthinsp lrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspcrsquoestthinspquethinsp lrsquohommethinspse preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute des hommes particuliers qui sont plusieurs et il est autre que les hommes particuliers)thinspndashthinspmaisthinspsrsquoilthinspenthinspestthinspainsithinspilthinspythinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspSithinspenthinspeffetthinsplrsquohommethinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsppreacutediquethinspestthinspautrethinspquethinspceuxthinspdontthinspilthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspsubsistethinspenthinspproprethinspsithinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspilthinspythinspathinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspagravethinsppartthinspduthinspparticulier et de lrsquoIdeacutee Ainsi qursquoil y en aura un quatriegraveme qui se preacutedique de celui-ci de lrsquoIdeacutee et des particuliersthinspthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquounthinspcinquiegravemethinspetthinspcelathinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis de ideis fragmentathinsp(=thinspAlexandri in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria)thinsp8421thinsp-thinsp853)thinspLethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspillustrethinspagravethinsplathinspperfectionthinspla situation hermeacuteneutique que nous venons drsquoeacutevoquer ougrave le recours agrave la tradition indirecte est agrave la foisthinspineacutevitablethinspetthinsppassablementthinspdeacutelicatthinspDrsquounethinsppartthinspAlexandrethinspsignalethinspexplicitementthinspqursquoilthinspreportethinsplathinspversionthinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinsptellethinspqursquoAristotethinspsrsquoenthinspestthinspservithinspdansthinsplethinsppremierthinsplivrethinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsp(8511-12thinspthinsplaquothinspτῇthinspδὲthinspτελευταίᾳthinspαὐτὸςthinspἔνthinspτεthinspτῷthinspπρώτῳthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspraquo)thinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspilthinspestthinsphautementthinspimprobablethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspenthinsptrainthinspdethinsptranscrirethinspunthinspsegmentthinspduthinsptextethinspdrsquoAristotethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdethinsplethinspparaphraserthinspCethinspquethinsptrahitthinsplrsquoutilisationthinspdethinspcertainsthinsptermesthinsptelsthinspὑπόστασιςthinspetthinspὑφίστημιthinspNousthinspavonsthinspobserveacutethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoacceptionthinspdrsquoexistencethinspetthinspdrsquoexisterthinsprequisethinspparthinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspnithinsplrsquounthinsp(ὑπόστασις)thinspnithinsplrsquoautrethinsp(ὑφίστημι)thinspnethinspsontthinspattesteacutesthinspchezthinspAristotethinspquithinsplesthinsputilisethinspplutocirctthinspdansthinspunthinspsensthinsplocalthinsp(ὑφίστημιthinspindiquethinsple fait de se tenir au-dessous comme dans Aristotelis de caelo P Morauxthinsp(eacuted)thinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1965thinspIthinsp3thinsp269bthinsp24-25)thinspouthinspphysiologiquethinsp(ὑπόστασιςthinspsignifiethinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspreacutesiduthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspseacutedimentthinspraquothinspcomme dans Aristotelis de generatione animaliumthinspHthinspJ droSSaart LuLoFS (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1965thinspIthinsp18thinsp726athinsp21thinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspstationthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspposturethinspraquothinspcommethinspdansthinspAristotelis de partibus animaliumthinsp1956thinspIthinsp2thinsp647bthinsp28)39 Les deux lectures (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp23thinspetthinspAristotelis Sophistici elenchi 22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspontthinspeacuteteacutethinsppreacuteceacutedeacuteesthinspparthinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspeacutetudethinsplexicographiquethinsp(nousthinspavonsthinspeacutevoqueacutethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspplusthinsphautthinspcfthinspnotethinsp3)thinspconsacreacuteethinspauthinspvocabulairethinspquethinspcesthinsptextesthinsppartagentthinsp(etthinspauxthinspquelquesthinsposcillationsthinspqursquoilthinsppreacutesente)thinspEnthinspplusthinspdrsquoexpressionsthinspplusthinspprobleacutematiquesthinsp(commethinsplethinspτόδεthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinsppeutthinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspdeacutesignerthinspunethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle)thinspnousthinspavonsthinspsurtoutthinspexploreacutethinsplrsquooppositionthinspentrethinspcethinspqursquoAristotethinspappellethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(outhinspποιόνthinspτι)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspnousthinspontthinspsurtoutthinspaideacutesthinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinspnotrethinspreconnaissance J kunGthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspThisesthinspSuchesthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspArgumentthinspraquothinspPhronesis 26 (1981)thinsppthinsp207-247thinspetthinspS ebbeSen laquo Hoc aliquid - Quale quidthinspandthinspthethinspSignificationthinspofthinspAppellativesthinspraquothinsp

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Qursquoest-cethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspauthinspjustethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAuthinspboutthinspdrsquounthinspassezthinsplongthinspraisonnement40thinsplathinspconclusionthinspqursquoAristotethinsptirethinspestthinspcateacutegoriquethinsp(φανερὸνthinspὅτιthinspκτλ)thinspSeacuteparer lrsquouniversel crsquoest-agrave-dire le traiter comme quelque chose qui existe de plein exercicethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstarthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspparticuliegraveresthinsprevientthinspagravethinspsrsquoembarrasserthinspdethinsptoutesthinspsortesthinsp drsquoinconveacutenientsthinspthinsp laquothinspφανερὸνthinspὅτιthinsp οὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinspκαὶthinspὅτιthinspοὐδὲνthinspσημαίνειthinspτῶνthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορουμένωνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspἀλλὰthinspτοιόνδεthinspεἰthinspδὲthinspμήthinspἄλλαthinspτεthinspπολλὰthinspσυμβαίνειthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsp[ilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoaucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspnethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspmaisthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinsptelthinspouthinsptelthinspDansthinsplethinspcasthinspcontrairethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspbeaucoupthinspltdrsquoinconveacutenientsgtthinspnotammentthinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis meta-physicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)41 Quelle que soit la force que lrsquoon accorde agrave lrsquoargumentthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspreposethinspultimementthinspsurthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspjuxtaposerthinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspauthinspseinthinspdrsquounethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspmultipliciteacutethinspdontthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspviendraitthinspconstituerthinsplrsquouniteacutethinspauthinspmecircmethinsptitrethinspquethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdrsquohomme constituait lrsquouniteacute de la multipliciteacute des hommes particuliers Autrement ditthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsprequiertthinspquethinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinsp

Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

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Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman 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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

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de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 Ithinsp9thinsp103bthinsp29-35thinsplethinspverbethinspἐκτίθημιthinspnethinspchangethinsppointthinspdethinspsignificationthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdethinsplrsquoobjetthinspquithinspreacutesultethinspdethinspsonthinspopeacuterationthinsplequelthinspestthinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspsrsquoexposethinspauthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo)thinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspluithinspeacutechappe)thinsp(4)thinspCommentthinspcomprendrethinsplrsquoοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσειthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspthinspQursquoest-cethinspquithinspnethinspfaitthinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspquoithinspthinspEst-cethinspquethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspestthinspsupposeacutethinspsrsquoensuivrethinspagravethinsptousthinsplesthinspcoupsthinsp(aussithinspbienthinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspougravethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspsethinspsoldethinspparthinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspquethinspdansthinspceluithinspougravethinspcrsquoestthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppart)thinspouthinspbienthinspcrsquoestthinspparthinsprapportthinspauthinspreacutesultatthinspdethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspelle-mecircmethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspaurathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspqursquoonthinspobtiendrathinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinspunthinspἕνthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλοὺςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspCommethinsplethinspmontrentthinsplesthinsprecommandationsthinspdrsquoAristotethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspfaitthinspunethinspsacreacuteethinspdiffeacuterencethinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsp(lequelthinspsrsquoensuitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspquethinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppartthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinspilthinspsethinspditthinspenthinspcommunthinspὅπερthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspὅπερthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspEnthinsprevanchethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspentrethinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspLrsquounthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspmoinsthinspdistinctthinspquethinsplrsquoautrethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspdontthinsponthinsplethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspParthinspconseacutequentthinspsithinsponthinspaffirmethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspestthinspunethinspqualiteacutethinspetthinspnonthinspunethinspsubstancethinspcelathinspnethinspfaitthinspaucunethinspdiffeacuterencethinsp(οὐδὲνthinspδιοίσει)thinspduthinspmoinsthinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinspsathinsppositionthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspplusieursthinspcarthinspilthinspythinspaurathinsptoutthinspdethinspmecircmethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinsp(ἕνthinspτι)thinspetthinspdethinspdiffeacuterentthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(παρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλούς)thinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinsplaquothinsphommethinspraquothinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsp(οἷονthinspτὸthinspἄνθρωπος)thinsp

Leone Gazziero

135

lethinsppremierthinspndashthinspsansthinspenthinspattribuerthinsplathinsppaterniteacutethinspagravethinsppersonnethinsp(pasthinspplusthinspagravethinspsesthinsppreacutedeacuteces-seursthinspouthinspagravethinspsesthinspcontemporainsthinspqursquoagravethinsplui-mecircme)thinspndashthinspathinspappeleacutethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo34 Cela pour au moins deux raisons En premier lieu il y a tout sujet de croirethinspqursquoAristotethinspdevaitthinsplethinsptenirthinsppourthinspunethinspobjectionthinspassezthinspformidablethinspagravethinsplrsquoencontrethinspdethinsplathinsppromotionthinspdesthinsppreacutedicatsthinspuniverselsthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancesthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinspvuthinsplethinsptraitthinspquithinspndashthinsppourthinspAristotethinspndashthinspfaitthinsplathinspspeacutecificiteacutethinspdethinsplrsquohypothegravesethinspdesthinspIdeacutees)thinspCrsquoestthinspenthinsptoutthinspeacutetatthinspdethinspcausethinsplethinspspectrethinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspseulthinspqursquoAristotethinspagitethinsplorsqursquoilthinspeacutevoquethinspndashthinspenthinspblocthinspndashthinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspdontthinspagravethinspsonthinspavisthinspsrsquoencombrethinsplrsquohypothegravese des Formes (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)thinspEnthinspsecond lieu la conviction que si les Ideacutees existent elles existent agrave la maniegravere desthinspsubstancesthinspsensiblesthinspnonthinspseulementthinspjouethinspunthinsprocirclethinspcapitalthinspdansthinsplrsquoeacuteconomiethinspdethinsplrsquoargument tel que nous pouvons le reconstruire agrave partir des diffeacuterentes sources qui nous lrsquoont transmis35 mais encore elle constitue la cleacute pour reacutesoudre un puzzle

quithinspontthinsppeacuterithinsp(puisqursquoilthinspenthinspexistethinspunethinspcertainethinspimage)]thinspraquo)thinspUnethinspbibliographiethinspdethinspquelquethinsptroisthinspcentsthinsptitresthinspspeacutecialement consacreacutee agrave la critique aristoteacutelicienne des Ideacutees dans les lieux parallegraveles des livres A et M des Meacutetaphysiquesthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspdistribueacuteethinspetthinsp(dansthinspsathinspversionthinspalphabeacutetique)thinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspconsulteacuteethinsponlinethinspagravethinsplrsquoadressethinspthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir2808files201509BibliogrSept2015pdfthinsp34 Au sujet de lrsquohistoire de lrsquoargument qursquoil nous soit permis de renvoyer agrave L Gazzierothinsplaquothinspldquoἐὰνthinspὡσαύτωςthinspτῇthinspψυχῇthinspἐπὶthinspπάνταthinspἴδῃςrdquothinsp(Platonis Parmenidesthinsp132athinsp1thinsp-thinsp132bthinsp2)thinspVoirthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspavecthinspsonthinspacircmethinspetthinsplethinspldquoTroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspdethinspPlatonthinspraquothinsp(citeacutethinspnotethinsp14)thinsppourthinspsathinsppreacutehistoirethinspplatoniciennethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquothinspldquoκαὶthinspὅτιthinspἔστιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςrdquothinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspProleacutegomegravenesthinspagravethinspunethinsphistoirethinspanciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspraquothinspRhizai 7 2010 p 181-220 pour son utilisationthinspchezthinspAristotethinspthinspagravethinspL Gazziero laquo ldquoEt quoniam est quis tertius homordquothinspArgumentthinspexeacutegegravesethinspcontresens dans la litteacuterature latine apparenteacutee aux Sophistici elenchithinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspArchives drsquohistoire doctrinale et litteacuteraire du Moyen Age 80 2013 p 7-48 pour ses transformations aux mains des commentateursthinspdethinsplanguethinspetthinspculturethinsplatinethinspPourthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspdesthinspcommentateursthinspdethinsplrsquoAntiquiteacutethinsptardivethinspcfthinspD huntthinsplaquothinspPlotinusthinspMeetsthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspJ CLearythinsp(eacuted)thinspThe Perennial Tradition of NeoplatonismthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinsp1997thinsppthinsp119-132thinspthinspJ oPSoMerthinsplaquothinspSyrianusthinsponthinspHomonymythinspandthinspFormsthinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspvan rieL C MaCeacute et L van CaMPethinsp(eacuted)thinspPlatonic Ideas and Concept Formation in Ancient and Medieval ThoughtthinspLeuventhinspUniversitythinspPressthinspLouvainthinsp2004thinsppthinsp31-50thinspetthinspLthinspP GerSon laquothinspProclusthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspraquothinspEacutetudes platoniciennesthinsp8thinsp(2011)thinsppthinsp105-11835thinspthinspCommethinspnousthinsplrsquoavonsthinspassezthinsplonguementthinspexpliqueacutethinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinsplathinspseacuteancethinspduthinsp16thinspmarsthinsp2015thinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspestthinspunthinspexcellentthinspcasthinspdrsquoeacutetudethinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspqursquoonthinspsethinsptournethinspversthinspdesthinspsourcesthinspsemi-canoniquesthinspafinthinspdethinspreconstituerthinspdesthinspfaitsthinspdethinspdiscoursthinspplusthinspouthinspmoinsthinspradicalementthinspindisponiblesthinspdansthinspleurthinspversionthinsporiginalethinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspmecircmethinspsithinspsonthinspcasthinspparaicirctthinspndashthinspagravethinsppremiegraverethinspvuethinspndashthinspmoinsthinspdeacutesespeacutereacutethinspquethinspceluithinspdrsquoautresthinsppiegravecesthinspdethinsplrsquoAristotethinspperduthinspetthinspmecircmethinspsithinspndashthinspagravethinspcoupthinspsucircrthinspndashthinspsathinspsituationthinspphilologiquethinspsrsquoestthinspconsideacuterablementthinspameacutelioreacutee depuis quelques anneacutees (parmi les progregraves il faut au moins signaler la nouvelle eacutedition critiquethinspdesthinspquelquesthinsppagesthinspdrsquointeacuterecirctthinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauxthinspMeacutetaphysiques drsquoAristotethinspquethinspD harLFinGerthinspnousthinspathinspoffertethinspenthinsp1975thinspthinsponthinspsignalerathinspeacutegalementthinspquethinsplathinspquestionthinspdesthinspdeuxthinsp recensionsthinspdansthinsp lesquellesthinspcesthinspmecircmesthinsppagesthinspnousthinspseraientthinspparvenuesthinspndashthinsp toutthinsp reacutecemmentthinspndashthinspathinspbeacuteneacuteficieacutethinspdesthinsplumiegraveresthinspdethinspP GoLitSiS laquo La recensio altera du Commentaire drsquoAlexandre drsquoAphrodise agrave la Meacutetaphysique drsquoAristotethinspetthinsplethinspteacutemoignagethinspdesthinspmanuscritsthinspbyzantinsthinspLaurentianus plut 8712 et Ambrosianus F113thinspsupthinspraquothinspdansthinspJ SiGneS Codontildeer et I Peacuterez Martinthinsp(eacuted)thinspTextual Transmission in Byzantium Between Textual Criticism and Quellenforschung Brepols Turnhout 2014 p 199-230 ainsi que de celles de L CaLvieacutethinsp laquothinspAgravethinsp proposthinsp dethinsp lrsquoeacuteditionthinspHayduckthinsp duthinspCommentairethinsp drsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodise agrave la MeacutetaphysiquethinspdrsquoAristotethinspraquothinspouthinspconsulterthinsphttpsfhypothesesorgwp-contentblogsdir565files201409Article-LCalvieacute-2e-edpdf)thinspIlthinspnrsquoenthinsprestethinsppasthinspmoinsthinspquethinsptoutthinspeffortthinspdethinsprestitutionthinspduthinsptraiteacutethinspperduthinspdrsquoAristotethinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinspougravethinsponthinsppeutthinsplirethinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspdethinsplointhinsplethinspplusthinspinformatifthinspndashthinspdoitthinspsethinspconfronterthinspagravethinspunethinspeacutequationthinspagravethinspplusieursthinspvariablesthinspLethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspestthinspunthinsptextethinspqui ne nous est parvenu qursquoagrave travers la tradition indirecte et dont la vocation ndash pour autant qursquoelle se

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

136

exeacutegeacutetique agrave la fois ancien et tenace agrave savoir pour autant que lrsquoon a affaire agrave un seul etthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinspnousthinsppouvonsthinspremonterthinspdansthinsplethinsptempsthinspne fait pas lrsquounanimiteacute ndash comment se fait-il qursquoAristote tantocirct lrsquoutilise pour reacutefuter les philosophes des Ideacutees tantocirct le rejette sous preacutetexte qursquoil srsquoagit drsquoun argument fallacieux36thinspthinspLethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspdansthinsplequelthinspnousthinspavonsthinspidentifieacutethinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspmotifsthinsppro-fonds de lrsquoantiplatonisme drsquoAristote ndash agrave savoir la particularisation existentielle des universauxthinspndashthinsppermetthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquithinspentraicircnethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspetthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinsplrsquoeacuteviterthinspMecircmethinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvirtuellementthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspcomprendrethinsplethinspfonctionnementthinspexactthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspsesthinspraresthinspoccurrencesthinspdansthinsp

laissethinspentrevoirthinspndashthinspeacutetaitthinspdethinsptraiterthinspdrsquounethinspdoctrinethinspcellethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspcœurthinspdrsquounthinspdeacutebatthinspquithinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplethinsppreacutecegravedethinspetthinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspaffecteacutethinspAucunethinspdethinspcesthinspvariablethinspnethinspsethinsplaissethinsptraiterthinspcommethinspunethinspsimplethinspvariablethinspdrsquoajustement et elles sont qui plus est lieacutees entre elles Si on distingue donc ndash avec les speacutecialistes de lrsquoecdotique (on se reacutefeacuterera en particulier agrave un texte de J iriGointhinspthinsplaquothinspLathinspcritiquethinspdesthinsptextesthinspdoitthinspecirctrethinsphistoriquethinspraquothinspdansthinspE FLoreSthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa critica testuale greco-latina oggi Metodi e problemi Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 29-31 ottobre 1979)thinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1981thinsppthinsp27-43)thinspndashthinsptrois eacutetapes fondamentales dans la reconstitution drsquoun texte la recensio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la collecte de toutesthinsp lesthinspsourcesthinspmanuscritesthinspdisponiblesthinsp(etthinspeacuteventuellementthinspdesthinspsourcesthinsp imprimeacutees)thinspdirectesthinspetthinspindirectes)thinsp lathinspcollatio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la comparaison des reacutesultats de la recensiothinsp afinthinspdrsquoobtenirthinspunethinspimagethinspaussithinspfidegravelethinspquethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspenthinspremontantthinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinsppossiblethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacuteterminationthinspdesthinspfamillesthinspdethinspmanuscritsthinspetthinspdethinspleurthinspplusthinspprochethinspancecirctresthinspcommuns)thinspetthinsplathinspdivinatio (lrsquoeacutetablissementthinspduthinsptextethinsplethinspplusthinspprochethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplrsquooriginal)thinsponthinspconviendrathinspquethinspcettethinspderniegraverethinspportethinspparticuliegraverementthinspbienthinspsonthinspnomthinsppuisquethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsplathinsprestitutionthinspdethinsptoutthinspunthinsppanthinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspnethinspnousthinsppermetthinsppasthinspdethinspreacuteglerthinspndashthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspndashthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdethinspsavoirthinspauthinspjustethinspquithinspa eacutecrit quoi Il faut se reacutesigner agrave une eacutevidence pour autant que le traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote est concerneacute mecircmethinsplethinspmeilleurthinsptextethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdemeurethinsprelativementthinspopaquethinspaussithinsplongtempsthinspduthinspmoinsthinspquethinsplrsquoon nrsquoa pas deacutetermineacute de quelle maniegravere il a travailleacute la matiegravere aristoteacutelicienne dont il srsquoest inspireacute et qursquoil a importeacutee dans son commentaire Autrement dit la question se pose de savoir si nous avons affairethinspagravethinspunethinspcollectionthinspdethinspfragmentsthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspdesthinspempruntsthinspponctuelsthinspouthinspdesthinspcitations)thinspouthinspbienthinspsithinspAlexandre a proceacutedeacute agrave une reformulation paraphrastique (en gros une transposition plus ou moins fidegravelethinspdethinspcethinspqursquoilthinsplisaitthinspdansthinsplethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspsonthinspdernierthinsplecteurthinspdethinsppremiegraverethinspmain)thinspOrthinspdeuxthinspdifficulteacutesthinspmajeuresthinspfontthinspobstaclethinspagravethinspcettethinspentreprisethinspLathinsppremiegraverethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspqursquoAlexandrethinspsethinsptrouve en situation de teacutemoin unique ce que nous connaissons du traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote sur les Ideacutees nous le tenons pour lrsquoessentiel drsquoAlexandre dans la mesure ougrave les quelques mentions eacuteparses dans la litteacuterature posteacuterieure deacutependent de son commentaire au livre Alpha meizocircn des Meacutetaphysiques Son maniementthinspappellethinspdoncthinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinsppreacutecautionsthinspthinspcethinspquethinspnousthinsplisonsthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspsinonthinspremanieacutethinspduthinspmoins reacuteorganiseacute dans une mesure et selon des modaliteacutes qui eacutetaient agrave la seule discreacutetion drsquoAlexandre etthinspquethinspnousthinspnethinsppouvonsthinsppasthinspappreacutecierthinspindeacutependammentthinspdethinspsonthinsptravailthinspLathinspdeuxiegravemethinspdifficulteacutethinsptientthinspauthinspfait que la langue drsquoAlexandre ne preacutesente pas de ceacutesures stylistiques ou de solutions de continuiteacute lexicales qui permettraient de deacuteterminer ougrave il ferait œuvre de compilateur et ougrave au contraire il fait œuvrethinspdrsquointerpregravetethinspDethinspfaitthinspagravethinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinsp(maisthinspaussithinspagravethinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspouthinspagravethinspunethinsptroisiegraveme)thinsponthinspsethinsprendrathinspagravethinspunethinspautrethinspeacutevidencethinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppartoutthinsplathinspprosethinspetthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspmecircmethinsplagravethinspougravethinspndashthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspaveuthinsp(commethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsppreacuteciseacutement)thinspndashthinsponthinsppeutthinspsrsquoattendrethinspagravethinspqursquoil suive de plus pregraves sa source 36thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy p 290 formule ce dilemme agrave peu pregraves dansthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinsptermesthinspUnthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquointerpregravetesthinspythinspontthinspvuthinsplrsquoindicethinspdrsquounethinspambivalencethinspdrsquoAristotethinspagrave son eacutegard (cf L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspVrin-PressesthinspdethinsplrsquoUniversiteacutethinspLavalthinspParis-Montreacutealthinsp1995thinsppthinsp360)thinspthinspdrsquoautresthinsplrsquoontthinsppristhinspassezthinspauthinspseacuterieuxthinsppourthinspexclurethinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspsrsquoagirthinspeffectivementthinspduthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspdontthinspAristotethinspferaitthinspunthinspusagethinspopportunistethinsp(cfthinspEthinspVthinspdi LaSCio laquo Third Man The Logic of the Sophism at Arist SEthinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinspraquothinspTopoithinsp23thinsp[2004]thinsppthinsp41)thinsp

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137

le corpus aristoteacutelicien37thinspcelathinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspeacutetablithinspsansthinspavoirthinsprecoursthinspauxthinspsourcesthinsppos-teacuterieuresthinspauxquellesthinsponthinspestthinspobligeacutethinspdrsquoemprunterthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspcanonique38 Crsquoest ce qui ressort de deux lieux du corpus aristoteacutelicien agrave savoir le chapitre 13 du livre ZecirctathinspdesthinspMeacutetaphysiques et le chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiques auxquels nous avons consacreacute deux lectures micrologiques dont nous ne reportons de suite que les conclusions39

37 Aristote nrsquoen donne nulle part un exposeacute un tant soit peu deacutetailleacute se contentant plutocirct de lrsquoeacutevoquer sousthinsplrsquointituleacutethinspquithinsplethinsprendrathinspceacutelegravebrethinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp15-17thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1039athinsp2-3thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp12-13)thinspouthinspbienthinspdrsquoenthinsprappelerthinsplathinspconclusionthinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36)thinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdrsquounethinsppassethinspargumentativethinspbienthinspconnuethinsp(cethinspquithinspdevaitthinspdrsquoailleursthinspecirctrethinsplethinspcas)thinsp38thinspthinspCetthinspexposeacutethinspsethinsplitthinspdansthinsplathinsppagethinspceacutelegravebrethinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauthinsppremierthinsplivrethinspdes MeacutetaphysiquesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspagravethinsplaquellethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspfairethinspallusionthinspthinsplaquothinspδείκνυταιthinspκαὶthinspοὕτωςthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινωνthinspπλειόνωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκαὶthinspἔστινthinspἄλλοthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspαὐτῶνthinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspἡγοῦνταιthinspδεικνύναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιmiddotthinspδιὰthinspτοῦτοthinspγάρthinspἐστίthinspτιthinspαὐτοάνθρωποςthinsp κατrsquothinsp αὐτούςthinsp ὅτιthinsp ὁthinsp ἄνθρωποςthinsp κατὰthinsp τῶνthinsp καθrsquothinsp ἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspπλειόνωνthinsp ὄντωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspἄλλοςthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspἐστίν)thinspndashthinspἀλλrsquothinspεἰthinspτοῦτοthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοςthinspὁthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspκατrsquothinspἰδίανthinspὑφεστώςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspδὲthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspπαράthinspτεthinspτὸνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspτὴνthinspἰδέανthinspοὕτωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspτέταρτοςthinspὁthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτούτουthinspκαὶthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὁμοίωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspπέμπτοςthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspἐπrsquothinspἄπειρονthinsp[onthinspprouvethinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspaussi de cette maniegravere si ce qui se preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute de plusieurs est aussi autre que ceux dont il se preacutedique seacutepareacute de ceux-ci (voilagrave ce que pensent prouver ceux qui posent les Ideacutees la raison pourthinsp laquellethinspenthinspeffetthinsp ilthinspythinspathinsppourthinspeuxthinspquelquethinspchosethinspquithinspestthinsp lrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspcrsquoestthinspquethinsp lrsquohommethinspse preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute des hommes particuliers qui sont plusieurs et il est autre que les hommes particuliers)thinspndashthinspmaisthinspsrsquoilthinspenthinspestthinspainsithinspilthinspythinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspSithinspenthinspeffetthinsplrsquohommethinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsppreacutediquethinspestthinspautrethinspquethinspceuxthinspdontthinspilthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspsubsistethinspenthinspproprethinspsithinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspilthinspythinspathinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspagravethinsppartthinspduthinspparticulier et de lrsquoIdeacutee Ainsi qursquoil y en aura un quatriegraveme qui se preacutedique de celui-ci de lrsquoIdeacutee et des particuliersthinspthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquounthinspcinquiegravemethinspetthinspcelathinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis de ideis fragmentathinsp(=thinspAlexandri in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria)thinsp8421thinsp-thinsp853)thinspLethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspillustrethinspagravethinsplathinspperfectionthinspla situation hermeacuteneutique que nous venons drsquoeacutevoquer ougrave le recours agrave la tradition indirecte est agrave la foisthinspineacutevitablethinspetthinsppassablementthinspdeacutelicatthinspDrsquounethinsppartthinspAlexandrethinspsignalethinspexplicitementthinspqursquoilthinspreportethinsplathinspversionthinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinsptellethinspqursquoAristotethinspsrsquoenthinspestthinspservithinspdansthinsplethinsppremierthinsplivrethinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsp(8511-12thinspthinsplaquothinspτῇthinspδὲthinspτελευταίᾳthinspαὐτὸςthinspἔνthinspτεthinspτῷthinspπρώτῳthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspraquo)thinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspilthinspestthinsphautementthinspimprobablethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspenthinsptrainthinspdethinsptranscrirethinspunthinspsegmentthinspduthinsptextethinspdrsquoAristotethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdethinsplethinspparaphraserthinspCethinspquethinsptrahitthinsplrsquoutilisationthinspdethinspcertainsthinsptermesthinsptelsthinspὑπόστασιςthinspetthinspὑφίστημιthinspNousthinspavonsthinspobserveacutethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoacceptionthinspdrsquoexistencethinspetthinspdrsquoexisterthinsprequisethinspparthinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspnithinsplrsquounthinsp(ὑπόστασις)thinspnithinsplrsquoautrethinsp(ὑφίστημι)thinspnethinspsontthinspattesteacutesthinspchezthinspAristotethinspquithinsplesthinsputilisethinspplutocirctthinspdansthinspunthinspsensthinsplocalthinsp(ὑφίστημιthinspindiquethinsple fait de se tenir au-dessous comme dans Aristotelis de caelo P Morauxthinsp(eacuted)thinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1965thinspIthinsp3thinsp269bthinsp24-25)thinspouthinspphysiologiquethinsp(ὑπόστασιςthinspsignifiethinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspreacutesiduthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspseacutedimentthinspraquothinspcomme dans Aristotelis de generatione animaliumthinspHthinspJ droSSaart LuLoFS (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1965thinspIthinsp18thinsp726athinsp21thinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspstationthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspposturethinspraquothinspcommethinspdansthinspAristotelis de partibus animaliumthinsp1956thinspIthinsp2thinsp647bthinsp28)39 Les deux lectures (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp23thinspetthinspAristotelis Sophistici elenchi 22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspontthinspeacuteteacutethinsppreacuteceacutedeacuteesthinspparthinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspeacutetudethinsplexicographiquethinsp(nousthinspavonsthinspeacutevoqueacutethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspplusthinsphautthinspcfthinspnotethinsp3)thinspconsacreacuteethinspauthinspvocabulairethinspquethinspcesthinsptextesthinsppartagentthinsp(etthinspauxthinspquelquesthinsposcillationsthinspqursquoilthinsppreacutesente)thinspEnthinspplusthinspdrsquoexpressionsthinspplusthinspprobleacutematiquesthinsp(commethinsplethinspτόδεthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinsppeutthinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspdeacutesignerthinspunethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle)thinspnousthinspavonsthinspsurtoutthinspexploreacutethinsplrsquooppositionthinspentrethinspcethinspqursquoAristotethinspappellethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(outhinspποιόνthinspτι)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspnousthinspontthinspsurtoutthinspaideacutesthinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinspnotrethinspreconnaissance J kunGthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspThisesthinspSuchesthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspArgumentthinspraquothinspPhronesis 26 (1981)thinsppthinsp207-247thinspetthinspS ebbeSen laquo Hoc aliquid - Quale quidthinspandthinspthethinspSignificationthinspofthinspAppellativesthinspraquothinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

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Qursquoest-cethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspauthinspjustethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAuthinspboutthinspdrsquounthinspassezthinsplongthinspraisonnement40thinsplathinspconclusionthinspqursquoAristotethinsptirethinspestthinspcateacutegoriquethinsp(φανερὸνthinspὅτιthinspκτλ)thinspSeacuteparer lrsquouniversel crsquoest-agrave-dire le traiter comme quelque chose qui existe de plein exercicethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstarthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspparticuliegraveresthinsprevientthinspagravethinspsrsquoembarrasserthinspdethinsptoutesthinspsortesthinsp drsquoinconveacutenientsthinspthinsp laquothinspφανερὸνthinspὅτιthinsp οὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinspκαὶthinspὅτιthinspοὐδὲνthinspσημαίνειthinspτῶνthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορουμένωνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspἀλλὰthinspτοιόνδεthinspεἰthinspδὲthinspμήthinspἄλλαthinspτεthinspπολλὰthinspσυμβαίνειthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsp[ilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoaucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspnethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspmaisthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinsptelthinspouthinsptelthinspDansthinsplethinspcasthinspcontrairethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspbeaucoupthinspltdrsquoinconveacutenientsgtthinspnotammentthinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis meta-physicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)41 Quelle que soit la force que lrsquoon accorde agrave lrsquoargumentthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspreposethinspultimementthinspsurthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspjuxtaposerthinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspauthinspseinthinspdrsquounethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspmultipliciteacutethinspdontthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspviendraitthinspconstituerthinsplrsquouniteacutethinspauthinspmecircmethinsptitrethinspquethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdrsquohomme constituait lrsquouniteacute de la multipliciteacute des hommes particuliers Autrement ditthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsprequiertthinspquethinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinsp

Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

peut lire dans Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp3thinsp1029athinsp27-28thinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplaquothinspκαὶthinspγὰρthinspτὸthinspχωριστὸνthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspὑπάρχεινthinspδοκεῖthinspμάλισταthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinsp[enthinspeffetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinspseacutepareacutethinspetthinspdrsquoecirctrethinspunthinspcecithinspappartientthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquo45thinspthinspAristotelis [Categoriae]thinsp5thinsp3bthinsp10-21thinspthinsplaquothinspπᾶσαthinspδὲthinspοὐσίαthinspδοκεῖthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspἐπὶthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτῶνthinspπρώτωνthinspοὐσιῶνthinspἀναμφισβήτητονthinspκαὶthinspἀληθέςthinspἐστινthinspὅτιthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειmiddotthinspἄτομονthinspγὰρthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspἀριθμῷthinspτὸthinspδηλούμενόνthinspἐστινthinspἐπὶthinspδὲthinspτῶνthinspδευτέρωνthinspοὐσιῶνthinspφαίνεταιthinspμὲνthinspὁμοίωςthinspτῷthinspσχήματιthinspτῆςthinspπροσηγορίαςthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspὅτανthinspεἴπῃthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἢthinspζῷονmiddotthinspοὐthinspμὴνthinspἀληθέςthinspγεthinspἀλλὰthinspμᾶλλονthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspndashthinspοὐthinspγὰρthinspἕνthinspἐστιthinspτὸthinspὑποκείμενονthinspὥσπερthinspἡthinspπρώτηthinspοὐσίαthinspἀλλὰthinspκατὰthinspπολλῶνthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspλέγεταιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspοὐχthinspἁπλῶςthinspδὲthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὥσπερthinspτὸthinspλευκόνmiddotthinspοὐδὲνthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοthinspσημαίνειthinspτὸthinspλευκὸνthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιόνthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspεἶδοςthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspγένοςthinspπερὶthinspοὐσίανthinspτὸthinspποιὸνthinspἀφορίζειthinspndashthinspποιὰνthinspγάρthinspτιναthinspοὐσίανthinspσημαίνειthinsp[ilthinspsemblethinspquethinsptoutethinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspCethinspquithinspestthinspincontestablementthinspvraithinspdesthinspsubstancesthinsppremiegraveresthinsppuisqursquoellesthinspsignifientthinspunthinspcertainthinspcecithinspCethinspquithinspestthinspdeacutesigneacutethinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspindividuelthinspetthinspnumeacuteriquementthinspunthinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspenthinsprevanchethinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspsecondesthinspilthinspsembleraitthinspqursquoellesthinspsignifientthinspeacutegalementthinspunthinspcertainthinspcecithinspduthinspfaitthinspdethinspleurthinspformethinspdethinspdeacutenominationthinspcommethinsplorsqursquoonthinspditthinspldquohommerdquothinspouthinspldquoanimalrdquothinspOrthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspvraithinsppuisqursquoellesthinspsignifientthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspcertainthinspqualifieacutethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinsplethinspsujetthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspunthinspcommethinsplathinspsubstancethinsppremiegraverethinspmaisthinspltplusieursthinsppuisquegtthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinspdisentthinspdethinspplusieursthinspIlsthinspnethinspsignifientthinsppasthinsppourthinspautantthinspunthinspcertainthinspqualifieacutethinsptoutthinspcourtthinspltcommethinsplethinspfaitgtthinsplethinspblancthinspEnthinspeffetthinsplethinspblancthinspnethinspsignifiethinsprienthinspdrsquoautrethinspqursquounthinspqualifieacutethinsplrsquoespegravecethinspetthinsplethinspgenrethinspenthinsprevanchethinspdeacuteterminentthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancethinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspthinspilsthinspsignifientthinspenthinspeffetthinspquellethinspestthinspunethinspcertainethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp46 Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman UniversitythinspofthinspOklahomathinspPressthinsp1977thinsppthinsp159)thinsp47thinspthinspNousthinspavonsthinspabordeacutethinsplesthinspprincipalesthinspdansthinsplrsquoordrethinspdansthinsplesquellesthinsponthinsplesthinsprencontrethinspthinsp(1)thinspAgravethinspquithinsprenvoiethinsplrsquoαὐτόςthinspqursquoAristotethinspopposethinspenthinsp178bthinsp37thinspauxthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinsp(est-cethinspalternativementthinspagravethinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinsplrsquohommethinspuniverselthinspouthinspencorethinspauxthinspdeuxthinspagravethinsplathinspfois)thinspthinspNotrethinspreacuteponsethinspthinspauxthinspdeuxthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspsousthinsppeinethinspdrsquoeacuteliminerthinspjusqursquoagravethinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagissethinspndashthinspcommethinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspndashthinspdrsquounthinspparalogismethinsplieacutethinspagravethinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspthinsp(2)thinspEst-cethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoexemplethinspduthinspΚορίσκοςthinspetthinspduthinspΚορίσκοςthinspμουσικόςthinspqursquoonthinsppeutthinsp

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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

Cettethinspconclusionthinspestthinspembleacutematiquethinspetthinspouvrethinsplrsquoalternativethinspquithinspserathinspreprisethinspsansthinspcesse par la suite ndash que ce soit pour opposer Aristote et Platon ou pour les harmo-niserthinspndashthinspentrethinspunthinspuniverselthinspquithinspestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspunthinspuniverselthinspquithinspnrsquoenthinspestthinsppasthinspunethinspeacutetantthinspbienthinspentenduthinspquethinspquellethinspquethinspsoitthinsplathinspsignificationthinsppreacutecisethinspdethinsplrsquolaquothinspuniverselthinspraquothinspdontthinspilthinspestthinsptourthinspagravethinsptourthinspquestionthinsplaquothinspsubstancethinspraquothinspveutthinspdirethinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle Crsquoest un parti pris dont on peut certes discuter le meacuterite mais dont lrsquoenjeuthinsppoleacutemiquethinspjustifiethinspamplementthinsplrsquointeacuterecirctthinsparcheacuteologiquethinspavecthinsplequelthinspndashthinspapregravesthinsptantthinspdrsquoautresthinspndashthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprenouerthinspdansthinsplathinspmecircmethinspEacutecolethinspougravethinspnosthinspMaicirctresthinspndashthinspAlainthinspdethinspLiberathinspetthinspPhilippethinspHoffmannthinspndashthinspnousthinspythinspontthinspintroduitthinsppourthinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfoisthinsp

lirethinspen179athinsp1-2thinsplathinspsyntaxethinsplaquothinspτὸthinspμένthinsphellipthinspτὸthinspδέhellipthinspraquothinspopposethinspΚορίσκοςthinspagravethinspμουσικόςthinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinspΚορίσκοςthinspμουσικόςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspμένthinsphellipthinspτὸthinspδέhellipthinspraquothinsprenvoiethinsprespectivementthinspagravethinspΚορίσκοςthinsp(τὸthinspμέν)thinspetthinspagravethinspμουσικόςthinsp(τὸthinspδέ)thinspsousthinsppeinethinspdrsquointroduirethinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspseraitthinspunthinspautrethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspqursquounthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspavecthinsppourthinspconseacutequencethinspdethinspcompromettrethinsplrsquoanalogiethinspdethinspcomportementthinspentrethinsppreacutedicatsthinsp(enthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspἄνθρωποςthinspetthinspμουσικός)thinsp(3)thinspEst-cethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκθέσθαιthinspetthinsplrsquoἐκτίθεσθαιthinspenthinsp179athinsp3thinspainsithinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspsontthinspsynonymesthinspentrethinspeuxthinspetthinspaboutissentthinspdansthinsptousthinsplesthinspcasthinspagravethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspouthinspalternativementthinspagravethinspcellethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspouthinspbienthinsptantocirctthinspagravethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsptantocirctthinspagravethinspcellethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspAgravethinsplrsquoinstar de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 Ithinsp9thinsp103bthinsp29-35thinsplethinspverbethinspἐκτίθημιthinspnethinspchangethinsppointthinspdethinspsignificationthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdethinsplrsquoobjetthinspquithinspreacutesultethinspdethinspsonthinspopeacuterationthinsplequelthinspestthinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspsrsquoexposethinspauthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo)thinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspluithinspeacutechappe)thinsp(4)thinspCommentthinspcomprendrethinsplrsquoοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσειthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspthinspQursquoest-cethinspquithinspnethinspfaitthinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspquoithinspthinspEst-cethinspquethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspestthinspsupposeacutethinspsrsquoensuivrethinspagravethinsptousthinsplesthinspcoupsthinsp(aussithinspbienthinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspougravethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspsethinspsoldethinspparthinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspquethinspdansthinspceluithinspougravethinspcrsquoestthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppart)thinspouthinspbienthinspcrsquoestthinspparthinsprapportthinspauthinspreacutesultatthinspdethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspelle-mecircmethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspaurathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspqursquoonthinspobtiendrathinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinspunthinspἕνthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλοὺςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspCommethinsplethinspmontrentthinsplesthinsprecommandationsthinspdrsquoAristotethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspfaitthinspunethinspsacreacuteethinspdiffeacuterencethinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsp(lequelthinspsrsquoensuitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspquethinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppartthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinspilthinspsethinspditthinspenthinspcommunthinspὅπερthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspὅπερthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspEnthinsprevanchethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspentrethinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspLrsquounthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspmoinsthinspdistinctthinspquethinsplrsquoautrethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspdontthinsponthinsplethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspParthinspconseacutequentthinspsithinsponthinspaffirmethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspestthinspunethinspqualiteacutethinspetthinspnonthinspunethinspsubstancethinspcelathinspnethinspfaitthinspaucunethinspdiffeacuterencethinsp(οὐδὲνthinspδιοίσει)thinspduthinspmoinsthinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinspsathinsppositionthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspplusieursthinspcarthinspilthinspythinspaurathinsptoutthinspdethinspmecircmethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinsp(ἕνthinspτι)thinspetthinspdethinspdiffeacuterentthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(παρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλούς)thinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinsplaquothinsphommethinspraquothinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsp(οἷονthinspτὸthinspἄνθρωπος)thinsp

Reacutesumeacutes des confeacuterences (2014-2015)

136

exeacutegeacutetique agrave la fois ancien et tenace agrave savoir pour autant que lrsquoon a affaire agrave un seul etthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspndashthinspcethinspquithinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinspnousthinsppouvonsthinspremonterthinspdansthinsplethinsptempsthinspne fait pas lrsquounanimiteacute ndash comment se fait-il qursquoAristote tantocirct lrsquoutilise pour reacutefuter les philosophes des Ideacutees tantocirct le rejette sous preacutetexte qursquoil srsquoagit drsquoun argument fallacieux36thinspthinspLethinsppreacutesupposeacutethinspdansthinsplequelthinspnousthinspavonsthinspidentifieacutethinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspmotifsthinsppro-fonds de lrsquoantiplatonisme drsquoAristote ndash agrave savoir la particularisation existentielle des universauxthinspndashthinsppermetthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinspdrsquoexpliquerthinspcethinspquithinspentraicircnethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspetthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinsplrsquoeacuteviterthinspMecircmethinspsrsquoilthinspestthinspvirtuellementthinspimpossiblethinspdethinspcomprendrethinsplethinspfonctionnementthinspexactthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspsurthinsplathinspbasethinspdethinspsesthinspraresthinspoccurrencesthinspdansthinsp

laissethinspentrevoirthinspndashthinspeacutetaitthinspdethinsptraiterthinspdrsquounethinspdoctrinethinspcellethinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspauthinspcœurthinspdrsquounthinspdeacutebatthinspquithinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplethinsppreacutecegravedethinspetthinspsrsquoenthinsptrouvethinspaffecteacutethinspAucunethinspdethinspcesthinspvariablethinspnethinspsethinsplaissethinsptraiterthinspcommethinspunethinspsimplethinspvariablethinspdrsquoajustement et elles sont qui plus est lieacutees entre elles Si on distingue donc ndash avec les speacutecialistes de lrsquoecdotique (on se reacutefeacuterera en particulier agrave un texte de J iriGointhinspthinsplaquothinspLathinspcritiquethinspdesthinsptextesthinspdoitthinspecirctrethinsphistoriquethinspraquothinspdansthinspE FLoreSthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa critica testuale greco-latina oggi Metodi e problemi Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 29-31 ottobre 1979)thinspEdizionithinspdellrsquoAteneothinspRomethinsp1981thinsppthinsp27-43)thinspndashthinsptrois eacutetapes fondamentales dans la reconstitution drsquoun texte la recensio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la collecte de toutesthinsp lesthinspsourcesthinspmanuscritesthinspdisponiblesthinsp(etthinspeacuteventuellementthinspdesthinspsourcesthinsp imprimeacutees)thinspdirectesthinspetthinspindirectes)thinsp lathinspcollatio (crsquoest-agrave-dire la comparaison des reacutesultats de la recensiothinsp afinthinspdrsquoobtenirthinspunethinspimagethinspaussithinspfidegravelethinspquethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspenthinspremontantthinspaussithinsplointhinspquethinsppossiblethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacuteterminationthinspdesthinspfamillesthinspdethinspmanuscritsthinspetthinspdethinspleurthinspplusthinspprochethinspancecirctresthinspcommuns)thinspetthinsplathinspdivinatio (lrsquoeacutetablissementthinspduthinsptextethinsplethinspplusthinspprochethinsppossiblethinspdethinsplrsquooriginal)thinsponthinspconviendrathinspquethinspcettethinspderniegraverethinspportethinspparticuliegraverementthinspbienthinspsonthinspnomthinsppuisquethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsplathinsprestitutionthinspdethinsptoutthinspunthinsppanthinspdethinsplathinsptraditionthinspmanuscritethinspnethinspnousthinsppermetthinsppasthinspdethinspreacuteglerthinspndashthinspparthinspelle-mecircmethinspndashthinsplethinspproblegravemethinspdethinspsavoirthinspauthinspjustethinspquithinspa eacutecrit quoi Il faut se reacutesigner agrave une eacutevidence pour autant que le traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote est concerneacute mecircmethinsplethinspmeilleurthinsptextethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdemeurethinsprelativementthinspopaquethinspaussithinsplongtempsthinspduthinspmoinsthinspquethinsplrsquoon nrsquoa pas deacutetermineacute de quelle maniegravere il a travailleacute la matiegravere aristoteacutelicienne dont il srsquoest inspireacute et qursquoil a importeacutee dans son commentaire Autrement dit la question se pose de savoir si nous avons affairethinspagravethinspunethinspcollectionthinspdethinspfragmentsthinsp(enthinspgrosthinspdesthinspempruntsthinspponctuelsthinspouthinspdesthinspcitations)thinspouthinspbienthinspsithinspAlexandre a proceacutedeacute agrave une reformulation paraphrastique (en gros une transposition plus ou moins fidegravelethinspdethinspcethinspqursquoilthinsplisaitthinspdansthinsplethinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspsithinsptantthinspestthinspqursquoilthinspestthinspsonthinspdernierthinsplecteurthinspdethinsppremiegraverethinspmain)thinspOrthinspdeuxthinspdifficulteacutesthinspmajeuresthinspfontthinspobstaclethinspagravethinspcettethinspentreprisethinspLathinsppremiegraverethinsptientthinspauthinspfaitthinspqursquoAlexandrethinspsethinsptrouve en situation de teacutemoin unique ce que nous connaissons du traiteacute perdu drsquoAristote sur les Ideacutees nous le tenons pour lrsquoessentiel drsquoAlexandre dans la mesure ougrave les quelques mentions eacuteparses dans la litteacuterature posteacuterieure deacutependent de son commentaire au livre Alpha meizocircn des Meacutetaphysiques Son maniementthinspappellethinspdoncthinspunthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdethinsppreacutecautionsthinspthinspcethinspquethinspnousthinsplisonsthinspathinspeacuteteacutethinspsinonthinspremanieacutethinspduthinspmoins reacuteorganiseacute dans une mesure et selon des modaliteacutes qui eacutetaient agrave la seule discreacutetion drsquoAlexandre etthinspquethinspnousthinspnethinsppouvonsthinsppasthinspappreacutecierthinspindeacutependammentthinspdethinspsonthinsptravailthinspLathinspdeuxiegravemethinspdifficulteacutethinsptientthinspauthinspfait que la langue drsquoAlexandre ne preacutesente pas de ceacutesures stylistiques ou de solutions de continuiteacute lexicales qui permettraient de deacuteterminer ougrave il ferait œuvre de compilateur et ougrave au contraire il fait œuvrethinspdrsquointerpregravetethinspDethinspfaitthinspagravethinspunethinsppremiegraverethinsplecturethinsp(maisthinspaussithinspagravethinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspouthinspagravethinspunethinsptroisiegraveme)thinsponthinspsethinsprendrathinspagravethinspunethinspautrethinspeacutevidencethinspthinspcrsquoestthinsppartoutthinsplathinspprosethinspetthinsplethinspvocabulairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspmecircmethinsplagravethinspougravethinspndashthinspdethinspsonthinspproprethinspaveuthinsp(commethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspduthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsppreacuteciseacutement)thinspndashthinsponthinsppeutthinspsrsquoattendrethinspagravethinspqursquoil suive de plus pregraves sa source 36thinspthinspH CherniSS Aristotlersquos Criticism of Plato and the Academy p 290 formule ce dilemme agrave peu pregraves dansthinsplesthinspmecircmesthinsptermesthinspUnthinspcertainthinspnombrethinspdrsquointerpregravetesthinspythinspontthinspvuthinsplrsquoindicethinspdrsquounethinspambivalencethinspdrsquoAristotethinspagrave son eacutegard (cf L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspVrin-PressesthinspdethinsplrsquoUniversiteacutethinspLavalthinspParis-Montreacutealthinsp1995thinsppthinsp360)thinspthinspdrsquoautresthinsplrsquoontthinsppristhinspassezthinspauthinspseacuterieuxthinsppourthinspexclurethinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspsrsquoagirthinspeffectivementthinspduthinspmecircmethinspargumentthinspdontthinspAristotethinspferaitthinspunthinspusagethinspopportunistethinsp(cfthinspEthinspVthinspdi LaSCio laquo Third Man The Logic of the Sophism at Arist SEthinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10thinspraquothinspTopoithinsp23thinsp[2004]thinsppthinsp41)thinsp

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le corpus aristoteacutelicien37thinspcelathinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspeacutetablithinspsansthinspavoirthinsprecoursthinspauxthinspsourcesthinsppos-teacuterieuresthinspauxquellesthinsponthinspestthinspobligeacutethinspdrsquoemprunterthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspcanonique38 Crsquoest ce qui ressort de deux lieux du corpus aristoteacutelicien agrave savoir le chapitre 13 du livre ZecirctathinspdesthinspMeacutetaphysiques et le chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiques auxquels nous avons consacreacute deux lectures micrologiques dont nous ne reportons de suite que les conclusions39

37 Aristote nrsquoen donne nulle part un exposeacute un tant soit peu deacutetailleacute se contentant plutocirct de lrsquoeacutevoquer sousthinsplrsquointituleacutethinspquithinsplethinsprendrathinspceacutelegravebrethinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp15-17thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1039athinsp2-3thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp12-13)thinspouthinspbienthinspdrsquoenthinsprappelerthinsplathinspconclusionthinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36)thinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdrsquounethinsppassethinspargumentativethinspbienthinspconnuethinsp(cethinspquithinspdevaitthinspdrsquoailleursthinspecirctrethinsplethinspcas)thinsp38thinspthinspCetthinspexposeacutethinspsethinsplitthinspdansthinsplathinsppagethinspceacutelegravebrethinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauthinsppremierthinsplivrethinspdes MeacutetaphysiquesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspagravethinsplaquellethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspfairethinspallusionthinspthinsplaquothinspδείκνυταιthinspκαὶthinspοὕτωςthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινωνthinspπλειόνωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκαὶthinspἔστινthinspἄλλοthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspαὐτῶνthinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspἡγοῦνταιthinspδεικνύναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιmiddotthinspδιὰthinspτοῦτοthinspγάρthinspἐστίthinspτιthinspαὐτοάνθρωποςthinsp κατrsquothinsp αὐτούςthinsp ὅτιthinsp ὁthinsp ἄνθρωποςthinsp κατὰthinsp τῶνthinsp καθrsquothinsp ἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspπλειόνωνthinsp ὄντωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspἄλλοςthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspἐστίν)thinspndashthinspἀλλrsquothinspεἰthinspτοῦτοthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοςthinspὁthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspκατrsquothinspἰδίανthinspὑφεστώςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspδὲthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspπαράthinspτεthinspτὸνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspτὴνthinspἰδέανthinspοὕτωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspτέταρτοςthinspὁthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτούτουthinspκαὶthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὁμοίωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspπέμπτοςthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspἐπrsquothinspἄπειρονthinsp[onthinspprouvethinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspaussi de cette maniegravere si ce qui se preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute de plusieurs est aussi autre que ceux dont il se preacutedique seacutepareacute de ceux-ci (voilagrave ce que pensent prouver ceux qui posent les Ideacutees la raison pourthinsp laquellethinspenthinspeffetthinsp ilthinspythinspathinsppourthinspeuxthinspquelquethinspchosethinspquithinspestthinsp lrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspcrsquoestthinspquethinsp lrsquohommethinspse preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute des hommes particuliers qui sont plusieurs et il est autre que les hommes particuliers)thinspndashthinspmaisthinspsrsquoilthinspenthinspestthinspainsithinspilthinspythinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspSithinspenthinspeffetthinsplrsquohommethinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsppreacutediquethinspestthinspautrethinspquethinspceuxthinspdontthinspilthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspsubsistethinspenthinspproprethinspsithinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspilthinspythinspathinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspagravethinsppartthinspduthinspparticulier et de lrsquoIdeacutee Ainsi qursquoil y en aura un quatriegraveme qui se preacutedique de celui-ci de lrsquoIdeacutee et des particuliersthinspthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquounthinspcinquiegravemethinspetthinspcelathinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis de ideis fragmentathinsp(=thinspAlexandri in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria)thinsp8421thinsp-thinsp853)thinspLethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspillustrethinspagravethinsplathinspperfectionthinspla situation hermeacuteneutique que nous venons drsquoeacutevoquer ougrave le recours agrave la tradition indirecte est agrave la foisthinspineacutevitablethinspetthinsppassablementthinspdeacutelicatthinspDrsquounethinsppartthinspAlexandrethinspsignalethinspexplicitementthinspqursquoilthinspreportethinsplathinspversionthinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinsptellethinspqursquoAristotethinspsrsquoenthinspestthinspservithinspdansthinsplethinsppremierthinsplivrethinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsp(8511-12thinspthinsplaquothinspτῇthinspδὲthinspτελευταίᾳthinspαὐτὸςthinspἔνthinspτεthinspτῷthinspπρώτῳthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspraquo)thinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspilthinspestthinsphautementthinspimprobablethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspenthinsptrainthinspdethinsptranscrirethinspunthinspsegmentthinspduthinsptextethinspdrsquoAristotethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdethinsplethinspparaphraserthinspCethinspquethinsptrahitthinsplrsquoutilisationthinspdethinspcertainsthinsptermesthinsptelsthinspὑπόστασιςthinspetthinspὑφίστημιthinspNousthinspavonsthinspobserveacutethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoacceptionthinspdrsquoexistencethinspetthinspdrsquoexisterthinsprequisethinspparthinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspnithinsplrsquounthinsp(ὑπόστασις)thinspnithinsplrsquoautrethinsp(ὑφίστημι)thinspnethinspsontthinspattesteacutesthinspchezthinspAristotethinspquithinsplesthinsputilisethinspplutocirctthinspdansthinspunthinspsensthinsplocalthinsp(ὑφίστημιthinspindiquethinsple fait de se tenir au-dessous comme dans Aristotelis de caelo P Morauxthinsp(eacuted)thinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1965thinspIthinsp3thinsp269bthinsp24-25)thinspouthinspphysiologiquethinsp(ὑπόστασιςthinspsignifiethinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspreacutesiduthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspseacutedimentthinspraquothinspcomme dans Aristotelis de generatione animaliumthinspHthinspJ droSSaart LuLoFS (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1965thinspIthinsp18thinsp726athinsp21thinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspstationthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspposturethinspraquothinspcommethinspdansthinspAristotelis de partibus animaliumthinsp1956thinspIthinsp2thinsp647bthinsp28)39 Les deux lectures (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp23thinspetthinspAristotelis Sophistici elenchi 22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspontthinspeacuteteacutethinsppreacuteceacutedeacuteesthinspparthinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspeacutetudethinsplexicographiquethinsp(nousthinspavonsthinspeacutevoqueacutethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspplusthinsphautthinspcfthinspnotethinsp3)thinspconsacreacuteethinspauthinspvocabulairethinspquethinspcesthinsptextesthinsppartagentthinsp(etthinspauxthinspquelquesthinsposcillationsthinspqursquoilthinsppreacutesente)thinspEnthinspplusthinspdrsquoexpressionsthinspplusthinspprobleacutematiquesthinsp(commethinsplethinspτόδεthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinsppeutthinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspdeacutesignerthinspunethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle)thinspnousthinspavonsthinspsurtoutthinspexploreacutethinsplrsquooppositionthinspentrethinspcethinspqursquoAristotethinspappellethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(outhinspποιόνthinspτι)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspnousthinspontthinspsurtoutthinspaideacutesthinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinspnotrethinspreconnaissance J kunGthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspThisesthinspSuchesthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspArgumentthinspraquothinspPhronesis 26 (1981)thinsppthinsp207-247thinspetthinspS ebbeSen laquo Hoc aliquid - Quale quidthinspandthinspthethinspSignificationthinspofthinspAppellativesthinspraquothinsp

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Qursquoest-cethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspauthinspjustethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAuthinspboutthinspdrsquounthinspassezthinsplongthinspraisonnement40thinsplathinspconclusionthinspqursquoAristotethinsptirethinspestthinspcateacutegoriquethinsp(φανερὸνthinspὅτιthinspκτλ)thinspSeacuteparer lrsquouniversel crsquoest-agrave-dire le traiter comme quelque chose qui existe de plein exercicethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstarthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspparticuliegraveresthinsprevientthinspagravethinspsrsquoembarrasserthinspdethinsptoutesthinspsortesthinsp drsquoinconveacutenientsthinspthinsp laquothinspφανερὸνthinspὅτιthinsp οὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinspκαὶthinspὅτιthinspοὐδὲνthinspσημαίνειthinspτῶνthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορουμένωνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspἀλλὰthinspτοιόνδεthinspεἰthinspδὲthinspμήthinspἄλλαthinspτεthinspπολλὰthinspσυμβαίνειthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsp[ilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoaucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspnethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspmaisthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinsptelthinspouthinsptelthinspDansthinsplethinspcasthinspcontrairethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspbeaucoupthinspltdrsquoinconveacutenientsgtthinspnotammentthinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis meta-physicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)41 Quelle que soit la force que lrsquoon accorde agrave lrsquoargumentthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspreposethinspultimementthinspsurthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspjuxtaposerthinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspauthinspseinthinspdrsquounethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspmultipliciteacutethinspdontthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspviendraitthinspconstituerthinsplrsquouniteacutethinspauthinspmecircmethinsptitrethinspquethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdrsquohomme constituait lrsquouniteacute de la multipliciteacute des hommes particuliers Autrement ditthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsprequiertthinspquethinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinsp

Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

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[Categoriae]thinsp5thinsp3bthinsp10-21thinspthinsplaquothinspπᾶσαthinspδὲthinspοὐσίαthinspδοκεῖthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspἐπὶthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτῶνthinspπρώτωνthinspοὐσιῶνthinspἀναμφισβήτητονthinspκαὶthinspἀληθέςthinspἐστινthinspὅτιthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειmiddotthinspἄτομονthinspγὰρthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspἀριθμῷthinspτὸthinspδηλούμενόνthinspἐστινthinspἐπὶthinspδὲthinspτῶνthinspδευτέρωνthinspοὐσιῶνthinspφαίνεταιthinspμὲνthinspὁμοίωςthinspτῷthinspσχήματιthinspτῆςthinspπροσηγορίαςthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspὅτανthinspεἴπῃthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἢthinspζῷονmiddotthinspοὐthinspμὴνthinspἀληθέςthinspγεthinspἀλλὰthinspμᾶλλονthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspndashthinspοὐthinspγὰρthinspἕνthinspἐστιthinspτὸthinspὑποκείμενονthinspὥσπερthinspἡthinspπρώτηthinspοὐσίαthinspἀλλὰthinspκατὰthinspπολλῶνthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspλέγεταιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspοὐχthinspἁπλῶςthinspδὲthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὥσπερthinspτὸthinspλευκόνmiddotthinspοὐδὲνthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοthinspσημαίνειthinspτὸthinspλευκὸνthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιόνthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspεἶδοςthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspγένοςthinspπερὶthinspοὐσίανthinspτὸthinspποιὸνthinspἀφορίζειthinspndashthinspποιὰνthinspγάρthinspτιναthinspοὐσίανthinspσημαίνειthinsp[ilthinspsemblethinspquethinsptoutethinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspCethinspquithinspestthinspincontestablementthinspvraithinspdesthinspsubstancesthinsppremiegraveresthinsppuisqursquoellesthinspsignifientthinspunthinspcertainthinspcecithinspCethinspquithinspestthinspdeacutesigneacutethinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspindividuelthinspetthinspnumeacuteriquementthinspunthinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspenthinsprevanchethinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspsecondesthinspilthinspsembleraitthinspqursquoellesthinspsignifientthinspeacutegalementthinspunthinspcertainthinspcecithinspduthinspfaitthinspdethinspleurthinspformethinspdethinspdeacutenominationthinspcommethinsplorsqursquoonthinspditthinspldquohommerdquothinspouthinspldquoanimalrdquothinspOrthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspvraithinsppuisqursquoellesthinspsignifientthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspcertainthinspqualifieacutethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinsplethinspsujetthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspunthinspcommethinsplathinspsubstancethinsppremiegraverethinspmaisthinspltplusieursthinsppuisquegtthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinspdisentthinspdethinspplusieursthinspIlsthinspnethinspsignifientthinsppasthinsppourthinspautantthinspunthinspcertainthinspqualifieacutethinsptoutthinspcourtthinspltcommethinsplethinspfaitgtthinsplethinspblancthinspEnthinspeffetthinsplethinspblancthinspnethinspsignifiethinsprienthinspdrsquoautrethinspqursquounthinspqualifieacutethinsplrsquoespegravecethinspetthinsplethinspgenrethinspenthinsprevanchethinspdeacuteterminentthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancethinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspthinspilsthinspsignifientthinspenthinspeffetthinspquellethinspestthinspunethinspcertainethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp46 Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman 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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

Cettethinspconclusionthinspestthinspembleacutematiquethinspetthinspouvrethinsplrsquoalternativethinspquithinspserathinspreprisethinspsansthinspcesse par la suite ndash que ce soit pour opposer Aristote et Platon ou pour les harmo-niserthinspndashthinspentrethinspunthinspuniverselthinspquithinspestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspunthinspuniverselthinspquithinspnrsquoenthinspestthinsppasthinspunethinspeacutetantthinspbienthinspentenduthinspquethinspquellethinspquethinspsoitthinsplathinspsignificationthinsppreacutecisethinspdethinsplrsquolaquothinspuniverselthinspraquothinspdontthinspilthinspestthinsptourthinspagravethinsptourthinspquestionthinsplaquothinspsubstancethinspraquothinspveutthinspdirethinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle Crsquoest un parti pris dont on peut certes discuter le meacuterite mais dont lrsquoenjeuthinsppoleacutemiquethinspjustifiethinspamplementthinsplrsquointeacuterecirctthinsparcheacuteologiquethinspavecthinsplequelthinspndashthinspapregravesthinsptantthinspdrsquoautresthinspndashthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprenouerthinspdansthinsplathinspmecircmethinspEacutecolethinspougravethinspnosthinspMaicirctresthinspndashthinspAlainthinspdethinspLiberathinspetthinspPhilippethinspHoffmannthinspndashthinspnousthinspythinspontthinspintroduitthinsppourthinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfoisthinsp

lirethinspen179athinsp1-2thinsplathinspsyntaxethinsplaquothinspτὸthinspμένthinsphellipthinspτὸthinspδέhellipthinspraquothinspopposethinspΚορίσκοςthinspagravethinspμουσικόςthinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinspΚορίσκοςthinspμουσικόςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspμένthinsphellipthinspτὸthinspδέhellipthinspraquothinsprenvoiethinsprespectivementthinspagravethinspΚορίσκοςthinsp(τὸthinspμέν)thinspetthinspagravethinspμουσικόςthinsp(τὸthinspδέ)thinspsousthinsppeinethinspdrsquointroduirethinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspseraitthinspunthinspautrethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspqursquounthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspavecthinsppourthinspconseacutequencethinspdethinspcompromettrethinsplrsquoanalogiethinspdethinspcomportementthinspentrethinsppreacutedicatsthinsp(enthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspἄνθρωποςthinspetthinspμουσικός)thinsp(3)thinspEst-cethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκθέσθαιthinspetthinsplrsquoἐκτίθεσθαιthinspenthinsp179athinsp3thinspainsithinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspsontthinspsynonymesthinspentrethinspeuxthinspetthinspaboutissentthinspdansthinsptousthinsplesthinspcasthinspagravethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspouthinspalternativementthinspagravethinspcellethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspouthinspbienthinsptantocirctthinspagravethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsptantocirctthinspagravethinspcellethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspAgravethinsplrsquoinstar de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 Ithinsp9thinsp103bthinsp29-35thinsplethinspverbethinspἐκτίθημιthinspnethinspchangethinsppointthinspdethinspsignificationthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdethinsplrsquoobjetthinspquithinspreacutesultethinspdethinspsonthinspopeacuterationthinsplequelthinspestthinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspsrsquoexposethinspauthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo)thinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspluithinspeacutechappe)thinsp(4)thinspCommentthinspcomprendrethinsplrsquoοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσειthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspthinspQursquoest-cethinspquithinspnethinspfaitthinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspquoithinspthinspEst-cethinspquethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspestthinspsupposeacutethinspsrsquoensuivrethinspagravethinsptousthinsplesthinspcoupsthinsp(aussithinspbienthinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspougravethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspsethinspsoldethinspparthinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspquethinspdansthinspceluithinspougravethinspcrsquoestthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppart)thinspouthinspbienthinspcrsquoestthinspparthinsprapportthinspauthinspreacutesultatthinspdethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspelle-mecircmethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspaurathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspqursquoonthinspobtiendrathinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinspunthinspἕνthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλοὺςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspCommethinsplethinspmontrentthinsplesthinsprecommandationsthinspdrsquoAristotethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspfaitthinspunethinspsacreacuteethinspdiffeacuterencethinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsp(lequelthinspsrsquoensuitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspquethinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppartthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinspilthinspsethinspditthinspenthinspcommunthinspὅπερthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspὅπερthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspEnthinsprevanchethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspentrethinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspLrsquounthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspmoinsthinspdistinctthinspquethinsplrsquoautrethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspdontthinsponthinsplethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspParthinspconseacutequentthinspsithinsponthinspaffirmethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspestthinspunethinspqualiteacutethinspetthinspnonthinspunethinspsubstancethinspcelathinspnethinspfaitthinspaucunethinspdiffeacuterencethinsp(οὐδὲνthinspδιοίσει)thinspduthinspmoinsthinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinspsathinsppositionthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspplusieursthinspcarthinspilthinspythinspaurathinsptoutthinspdethinspmecircmethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinsp(ἕνthinspτι)thinspetthinspdethinspdiffeacuterentthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(παρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλούς)thinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinsplaquothinsphommethinspraquothinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsp(οἷονthinspτὸthinspἄνθρωπος)thinsp

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le corpus aristoteacutelicien37thinspcelathinsppeutthinspecirctrethinspeacutetablithinspsansthinspavoirthinsprecoursthinspauxthinspsourcesthinsppos-teacuterieuresthinspauxquellesthinsponthinspestthinspobligeacutethinspdrsquoemprunterthinspsonthinspexposeacutethinspcanonique38 Crsquoest ce qui ressort de deux lieux du corpus aristoteacutelicien agrave savoir le chapitre 13 du livre ZecirctathinspdesthinspMeacutetaphysiques et le chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiques auxquels nous avons consacreacute deux lectures micrologiques dont nous ne reportons de suite que les conclusions39

37 Aristote nrsquoen donne nulle part un exposeacute un tant soit peu deacutetailleacute se contentant plutocirct de lrsquoeacutevoquer sousthinsplrsquointituleacutethinspquithinsplethinsprendrathinspceacutelegravebrethinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspAthinsp9thinsp990bthinsp15-17thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1039athinsp2-3thinspthinspMthinsp4thinsp1079athinsp12-13)thinspouthinspbienthinspdrsquoenthinsprappelerthinsplathinspconclusionthinsp(Aristotelis sophistici elenchithinsp22thinsp178bthinsp36)thinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdrsquounethinsppassethinspargumentativethinspbienthinspconnuethinsp(cethinspquithinspdevaitthinspdrsquoailleursthinspecirctrethinsplethinspcas)thinsp38thinspthinspCetthinspexposeacutethinspsethinsplitthinspdansthinsplathinsppagethinspceacutelegravebrethinspduthinspcommentairethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspdrsquoAphrodisethinspauthinsppremierthinsplivrethinspdes MeacutetaphysiquesthinspdrsquoAristotethinspagravethinsplaquellethinspnousthinspvenonsthinspdethinspfairethinspallusionthinspthinsplaquothinspδείκνυταιthinspκαὶthinspοὕτωςthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινωνthinspπλειόνωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκαὶthinspἔστινthinspἄλλοthinspπαρὰthinspτὰthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκεχωρισμένονthinspαὐτῶνthinsp(τοῦτοthinspγὰρthinspἡγοῦνταιthinspδεικνύναιthinspοἱthinspτὰςthinspἰδέαςthinspτιθέμενοιmiddotthinspδιὰthinspτοῦτοthinspγάρthinspἐστίthinspτιthinspαὐτοάνθρωποςthinsp κατrsquothinsp αὐτούςthinsp ὅτιthinsp ὁthinsp ἄνθρωποςthinsp κατὰthinsp τῶνthinsp καθrsquothinsp ἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspπλειόνωνthinsp ὄντωνthinspἀληθῶςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspἄλλοςthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspἀνθρώπωνthinspἐστίν)thinspndashthinspἀλλrsquothinspεἰthinspτοῦτοthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspεἰthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοςthinspὁthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὧνthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspκαὶthinspκατrsquothinspἰδίανthinspὑφεστώςthinspκατηγορεῖταιthinspδὲthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspκατὰthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspἔσταιthinspτιςthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspπαράthinspτεthinspτὸνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκαὶthinspτὴνthinspἰδέανthinspοὕτωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspτέταρτοςthinspὁthinspκατάthinspτεthinspτούτουthinspκαὶthinspτῆςthinspἰδέαςthinspκαὶthinspτῶνthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκασταthinspκατηγορούμενοςthinspὁμοίωςthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspπέμπτοςthinspκαὶthinspτοῦτοthinspἐπrsquothinspἄπειρονthinsp[onthinspprouvethinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspaussi de cette maniegravere si ce qui se preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute de plusieurs est aussi autre que ceux dont il se preacutedique seacutepareacute de ceux-ci (voilagrave ce que pensent prouver ceux qui posent les Ideacutees la raison pourthinsp laquellethinspenthinspeffetthinsp ilthinspythinspathinsppourthinspeuxthinspquelquethinspchosethinspquithinspestthinsp lrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspcrsquoestthinspquethinsp lrsquohommethinspse preacutedique avec veacuteriteacute des hommes particuliers qui sont plusieurs et il est autre que les hommes particuliers)thinspndashthinspmaisthinspsrsquoilthinspenthinspestthinspainsithinspilthinspythinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspSithinspenthinspeffetthinsplrsquohommethinspquethinsplrsquoonthinsppreacutediquethinspestthinspautrethinspquethinspceuxthinspdontthinspilthinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspetthinspqursquoilthinspsubsistethinspenthinspproprethinspsithinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinsplrsquohommethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinspdethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspilthinspythinspathinspaurathinspunthinspcertainthinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquothinspagravethinsppartthinspduthinspparticulier et de lrsquoIdeacutee Ainsi qursquoil y en aura un quatriegraveme qui se preacutedique de celui-ci de lrsquoIdeacutee et des particuliersthinspthinspdethinspmecircmethinspqursquounthinspcinquiegravemethinspetthinspcelathinspagravethinsplrsquoinfinithinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis de ideis fragmentathinsp(=thinspAlexandri in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria)thinsp8421thinsp-thinsp853)thinspLethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspillustrethinspagravethinsplathinspperfectionthinspla situation hermeacuteneutique que nous venons drsquoeacutevoquer ougrave le recours agrave la tradition indirecte est agrave la foisthinspineacutevitablethinspetthinsppassablementthinspdeacutelicatthinspDrsquounethinsppartthinspAlexandrethinspsignalethinspexplicitementthinspqursquoilthinspreportethinsplathinspversionthinsparistoteacuteliciennethinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinsptellethinspqursquoAristotethinspsrsquoenthinspestthinspservithinspdansthinsplethinsppremierthinsplivrethinspduthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinsp(8511-12thinspthinsplaquothinspτῇthinspδὲthinspτελευταίᾳthinspαὐτὸςthinspἔνthinspτεthinspτῷthinspπρώτῳthinspΠερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspraquo)thinspthinspdrsquoautrethinsppartthinspilthinspestthinsphautementthinspimprobablethinspqursquoilthinspsoitthinspenthinsptrainthinspdethinsptranscrirethinspunthinspsegmentthinspduthinsptextethinspdrsquoAristotethinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdethinsplethinspparaphraserthinspCethinspquethinsptrahitthinsplrsquoutilisationthinspdethinspcertainsthinsptermesthinsptelsthinspὑπόστασιςthinspetthinspὑφίστημιthinspNousthinspavonsthinspobserveacutethinspquethinspdansthinsplrsquoacceptionthinspdrsquoexistencethinspetthinspdrsquoexisterthinsprequisethinspparthinsplrsquoexposeacutethinspdrsquoAlexandrethinspnithinsplrsquounthinsp(ὑπόστασις)thinspnithinsplrsquoautrethinsp(ὑφίστημι)thinspnethinspsontthinspattesteacutesthinspchezthinspAristotethinspquithinsplesthinsputilisethinspplutocirctthinspdansthinspunthinspsensthinsplocalthinsp(ὑφίστημιthinspindiquethinsple fait de se tenir au-dessous comme dans Aristotelis de caelo P Morauxthinsp(eacuted)thinspLesthinspBellesthinspLettresthinspParisthinsp1965thinspIthinsp3thinsp269bthinsp24-25)thinspouthinspphysiologiquethinsp(ὑπόστασιςthinspsignifiethinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspreacutesiduthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspseacutedimentthinspraquothinspcomme dans Aristotelis de generatione animaliumthinspHthinspJ droSSaart LuLoFS (eacuted)thinspClarendonthinspPressthinspOxfordthinsp1965thinspIthinsp18thinsp726athinsp21thinsptantocirctthinsplaquothinspstationthinspraquothinspouthinsplaquothinspposturethinspraquothinspcommethinspdansthinspAristotelis de partibus animaliumthinsp1956thinspIthinsp2thinsp647bthinsp28)39 Les deux lectures (Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp23thinspetthinspAristotelis Sophistici elenchi 22thinsp178bthinsp36thinsp-thinsp179athinsp10)thinspontthinspeacuteteacutethinsppreacuteceacutedeacuteesthinspparthinspunethinspdeuxiegravemethinspeacutetudethinsplexicographiquethinsp(nousthinspavonsthinspeacutevoqueacutethinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspplusthinsphautthinspcfthinspnotethinsp3)thinspconsacreacuteethinspauthinspvocabulairethinspquethinspcesthinsptextesthinsppartagentthinsp(etthinspauxthinspquelquesthinsposcillationsthinspqursquoilthinsppreacutesente)thinspEnthinspplusthinspdrsquoexpressionsthinspplusthinspprobleacutematiquesthinsp(commethinsplethinspτόδεthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinsppeutthinspagravethinsplrsquooccasionthinspdeacutesignerthinspunethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle)thinspnousthinspavonsthinspsurtoutthinspexploreacutethinsplrsquooppositionthinspentrethinspcethinspqursquoAristotethinspappellethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(outhinspποιόνthinspτι)thinspDeuxthinsptextesthinspnousthinspontthinspsurtoutthinspaideacutesthinspauthinspcoursthinspdethinspnotrethinspreconnaissance J kunGthinsplaquothinspAristotlethinsponthinspThisesthinspSuchesthinspandthinspthethinspThirdthinspManthinspArgumentthinspraquothinspPhronesis 26 (1981)thinsppthinsp207-247thinspetthinspS ebbeSen laquo Hoc aliquid - Quale quidthinspandthinspthethinspSignificationthinspofthinspAppellativesthinspraquothinsp

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Qursquoest-cethinspquithinspentraicircnethinspauthinspjustethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAuthinspboutthinspdrsquounthinspassezthinsplongthinspraisonnement40thinsplathinspconclusionthinspqursquoAristotethinsptirethinspestthinspcateacutegoriquethinsp(φανερὸνthinspὅτιthinspκτλ)thinspSeacuteparer lrsquouniversel crsquoest-agrave-dire le traiter comme quelque chose qui existe de plein exercicethinspagravethinsplrsquoinstarthinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspparticuliegraveresthinsprevientthinspagravethinspsrsquoembarrasserthinspdethinsptoutesthinspsortesthinsp drsquoinconveacutenientsthinspthinsp laquothinspφανερὸνthinspὅτιthinsp οὐδὲνthinsp τῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspὑπαρχόντωνthinspοὐσίαthinspἐστίthinspκαὶthinspὅτιthinspοὐδὲνthinspσημαίνειthinspτῶνthinspκοινῇthinspκατηγορουμένωνthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspἀλλὰthinspτοιόνδεthinspεἰthinspδὲthinspμήthinspἄλλαthinspτεthinspπολλὰthinspσυμβαίνειthinspκαὶthinspὁthinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinsp[ilthinspestthinspmanifestethinspqursquoaucunthinspattributthinspuniverselthinspnrsquoestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspnethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspmaisthinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinsptelthinspouthinsptelthinspDansthinsplethinspcasthinspcontrairethinspilthinspsrsquoensuitthinspbeaucoupthinspltdrsquoinconveacutenientsgtthinspnotammentthinsplethinspldquotroisiegravemethinsphommerdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis meta-physicathinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3)41 Quelle que soit la force que lrsquoon accorde agrave lrsquoargumentthinsplethinspτρίτοςthinspἄνθρωποςthinspreposethinspultimementthinspsurthinsplathinsppossibiliteacutethinspdethinspjuxtaposerthinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinspsoithinspauthinspseinthinspdrsquounethinspseulethinspetthinspmecircmethinspmultipliciteacutethinspdontthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspviendraitthinspconstituerthinsplrsquouniteacutethinspauthinspmecircmethinsptitrethinspquethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdrsquohomme constituait lrsquouniteacute de la multipliciteacute des hommes particuliers Autrement ditthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsprequiertthinspquethinsplesthinsphommesthinspparticuliersthinspetthinsplrsquoHommethinspenthinsp

Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

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Philosophiathinsp5-6thinsp(1975-1976)thinsppthinsp370-392thinspParmithinsplesthinspeacutetudesthinspplusthinspreacutecentesthinsponthinspmentionnerathinspeacutegalementthinspR W SharPLeSthinsplaquothinspOnthinspbeingthinspathinsptode tithinspinthinspAristotlethinspandthinspAlexanderthinspraquothinspMethexisthinsp12thinsp(1999)thinsppthinsp77-87thinspetthinspC CeraMithinsplaquothinspLethinspstatutthinspdethinsplathinspformethinspsubstantiellethinspetthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspcommethinspτοιόνδεthinspraquothinspDocumenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievalethinsp18thinsp(2007)thinsppthinsp37-4940thinspthinspRaisonnementthinspdontthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprestituerthinspagravethinsplathinspfoisthinsplesthinspeacutetapesthinspetthinspleurthinspenchaicircnementthinspthinsp[1thinspthinspZthinsp13thinsp1038bthinsp1-8]thinspPuisquethinsplrsquoobjetthinspdethinspsonthinspinvestigationthinsp(σκέψις)thinspestthinsplathinspsubstancethinsp(οὐσία)thinspapregravesthinsplrsquoavoirthinspeacutetudieacuteethinspdansthinspsonthinspacceptionthinspdethinspsubstratthinsp(ὑποκείμενον)thinspetthinspdrsquoessencethinsp(τίthinspἦνthinspεἶναι)thinspAristotethinspprendthinspenthinspconsideacuterationthinsplrsquounthinspdesthinspcandidatsthinspquethinsplrsquoonthinspathinspeacuteleveacutesthinspauthinsprangthinspdethinspsubstancethinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplethinspκαθόλουthinsp[2thinspthinsp1038bthinsp8-9]thinspAristotethinsparrecirctethinspdrsquoentreacuteethinspdethinspjeuthinsplathinspperspectivethinspdethinspcettethinspenquecirctethinspthinsplaquothinspἔοικεthinspγὰρthinspἀδύνατονthinspεἶναιthinspοὐσίανthinspεἶναιthinspὁτιοῦνthinspτῶνthinspκαθόλουthinspλεγομένωνthinsp[ilthinspparaicirctthinspimpossiblethinspquethinsprienthinspdethinspcethinspquithinspsethinspditthinspuniversellementthinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp[3thinspthinsp1038bthinsp15-16]thinspLathinspraisonthinspprincipalethinspinvoqueacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoappuithinspduthinsprefusthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspunethinspsubstancethinspeacutetantthinspquethinspthinsplaquothinspἔτιthinspοὐσίαthinspλέγεταιthinspτὸthinspμὴthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκαθrsquothinspὑποκειμένουthinspτινὸςthinspλέγεταιthinspἀείthinsp[enthinspoutrethinspsubstancethinspsethinspditthinspdethinspsethinspquithinspnethinspltsethinsppreacutediquegtthinsppasthinspdrsquounthinspsubstratthinsp alorsthinsp quethinsp lrsquouniverselthinsp sethinsp ditthinsp toujoursthinsp drsquounthinsp certainthinsp substrat]thinspraquothinsp [4thinspthinsp 1038bthinsp 30-34]thinspAristotethinspreacutecapitule son raisonnement en excluant que ce qui se preacutedique des particuliers (agrave savoir ce qui entre dansthinspleurthinspλόγος)thinspsoitthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspqursquoilthinsppuissethinspexisterthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetatthinspseacutepareacutethinsp(χωρὶςthinspὑπάρχεινthinspcommethinspilthinsplethinspditthinspenthinsp1038bthinsp32)thinsp[5thinspthinsp1038bthinsp35thinsp-thinsp1039athinsp3thinsp(reporteacutethinspdansthinsplethinsptexte)]thinspPourthinspunethinspintroductionthinspagravethinsplrsquoeacutetudethinspdethinspcethinspchapitrethinspetthinspauxthinspdeacutebatsthinspdontthinspilthinspathinspfaitthinsplrsquoobjetthinspcfthinspM woodSthinsplaquothinspProblemsthinspinthinspMetaphysics Z Chapter 13thinspraquothinspdansthinspJthinspMthinspE MoravCSikthinsp(eacuted)thinspAristotle A Collection of Critical EssaysthinspDoubledaythinspGardenthinspCitythinsp1967thinsppthinsp215-238thinspthinspA CodethinsplaquothinspNothinspUniversalthinspisthinspathinspSubstancethinspraquothinspdansthinspGthinspC SiMMonSthinsp(eacuted)thinspPaideia Special Aristotle IssuethinspBrockportNewthinspYorkthinsp1978thinsppthinsp65-74thinspthinspMthinspF burnyeat A Map of Metaphysics ZetathinspMathesisthinspPittsburgthinsp2001thinsppthinsp44-52thinspthinspMthinspL GiLLthinsplaquothinspAristotlersquosthinspAttackthinsponthinspUniversalsthinspraquothinspOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophythinsp20thinsp(2001)thinsppthinsp235-260thinspthinspetthinspG GaLLuzzothinsplaquothinspIlthinspsignificatothinspdithinspMetaphysica Z 13 Una risposta a M L GiLLthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp24thinsp(2004)thinsppthinsp11-40thinsp41thinspthinspNotonsthinspenthinspmargethinspdethinspcettethinspconclusionthinspunthinsppointthinspquethinspnousthinspavonsthinspdeacuteveloppeacutethinspplutocirctthinspauthinspmomentthinspdrsquoaborderthinsplesthinspdeacutefinitionsthinsparistoteacuteliciennesthinspdethinsplrsquouniverselthinspthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinsppreacutediqueacutethinspdethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis peri hermeneiasthinsp7thinsp17athinsp39thinspthinsplaquothinspλέγωthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspμὲνthinspὃthinspἐπὶthinspπλειόνωνthinspπέφυκεthinspκατηγορεῖσθαιthinsp[jrsquoentendsthinspparthinspuniverselthinspcethinspquithinspparthinspnaturethinspsethinsppreacutediquethinspdethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoappartenirthinspagravethinspplusieursthinsp(Aristotelis de partibus animaliumthinspIthinsp4thinsp644athinsp27-28thinspthinsplaquothinspτὰthinspδὲthinspκαθόλουthinspκοινάmiddotthinspτὰthinspγὰρthinspπλείοσινthinspὑπάρχονταthinspκαθόλουthinspλέγομενthinsp[lesthinspuniversauxthinspsontthinspcommunsthinspthinspenthinspeffetthinspnousthinspappelonsthinspldquouniversauxrdquothinsplesthinspdeacuteterminationsthinspquithinspappartiennentthinspagravethinspplusieurs]thinspraquo)thinspsontthinspdeuxthinsprelationsthinspquithinspdeacutefinissentthinspdethinspmaniegraverethinspsymeacutetriquethinsplrsquouniverselthinsp(cethinspque nous avons essayeacute de faire passer dans une tournure grammaticalement peu orthodoxe agrave savoir ecirctre et ecirctre dit en commun de plusieurs)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

peut lire dans Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp3thinsp1029athinsp27-28thinspagravethinspsavoirthinsplaquothinspκαὶthinspγὰρthinspτὸthinspχωριστὸνthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspὑπάρχεινthinspδοκεῖthinspμάλισταthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinsp[enthinspeffetthinsplethinspfaitthinspdrsquoecirctrethinspseacutepareacutethinspetthinspdrsquoecirctrethinspunthinspcecithinspappartientthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquo45thinspthinspAristotelis 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Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman 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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

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de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 Ithinsp9thinsp103bthinsp29-35thinsplethinspverbethinspἐκτίθημιthinspnethinspchangethinsppointthinspdethinspsignificationthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdethinsplrsquoobjetthinspquithinspreacutesultethinspdethinspsonthinspopeacuterationthinsplequelthinspestthinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspsrsquoexposethinspauthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo)thinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspluithinspeacutechappe)thinsp(4)thinspCommentthinspcomprendrethinsplrsquoοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσειthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspthinspQursquoest-cethinspquithinspnethinspfaitthinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspquoithinspthinspEst-cethinspquethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspestthinspsupposeacutethinspsrsquoensuivrethinspagravethinsptousthinsplesthinspcoupsthinsp(aussithinspbienthinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspougravethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspsethinspsoldethinspparthinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspquethinspdansthinspceluithinspougravethinspcrsquoestthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppart)thinspouthinspbienthinspcrsquoestthinspparthinsprapportthinspauthinspreacutesultatthinspdethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspelle-mecircmethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspaurathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspqursquoonthinspobtiendrathinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinspunthinspἕνthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλοὺςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspCommethinsplethinspmontrentthinsplesthinsprecommandationsthinspdrsquoAristotethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspfaitthinspunethinspsacreacuteethinspdiffeacuterencethinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsp(lequelthinspsrsquoensuitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspquethinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppartthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinspilthinspsethinspditthinspenthinspcommunthinspὅπερthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspὅπερthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspEnthinsprevanchethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspentrethinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspLrsquounthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspmoinsthinspdistinctthinspquethinsplrsquoautrethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspdontthinsponthinsplethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspParthinspconseacutequentthinspsithinsponthinspaffirmethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspestthinspunethinspqualiteacutethinspetthinspnonthinspunethinspsubstancethinspcelathinspnethinspfaitthinspaucunethinspdiffeacuterencethinsp(οὐδὲνthinspδιοίσει)thinspduthinspmoinsthinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinspsathinsppositionthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspplusieursthinspcarthinspilthinspythinspaurathinsptoutthinspdethinspmecircmethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinsp(ἕνthinspτι)thinspetthinspdethinspdiffeacuterentthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(παρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλούς)thinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinsplaquothinsphommethinspraquothinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsp(οἷονthinspτὸthinspἄνθρωπος)thinsp

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soithinsppuissentthinspecirctrethinspcomptabiliseacutesthinspensemblethinspetthinspqursquoilsthinsp lethinsp soientthinspauthinsp titrethinspdesthinsp reacutealiteacutesthinspsinguliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacuteesthinspthinspcethinspquithinsppermetthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdethinsplesthinspinclurethinspreacutecursivementthinspdans une multipliciteacute drsquoordre chaque fois supeacuterieur Crsquoest lagrave ndash nous lrsquoavons vu ndash la thegravesethinspqursquoAristotethinspprecirctethinspagravethinspmaintesthinspreprisesthinspauxthinspplatoniciensthinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspγὰρthinspκαθrsquothinspἕκαστονthinspἡthinspἰδέαthinspὡςthinspφασίthinspκαὶthinspχωριστήthinsp[commethinspilsthinsplethinspdisentthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspfaitthinsppartiethinspdesthinspchosesthinspparticuliegraveresthinspetthinspseacutepareacutees]thinspraquothinsp(Aristotelis metaphysicathinspZthinsp14thinsp1040athinsp8-9)thinspCrsquoestthinspaussithinspdethinsplrsquoavisthinspdrsquoAristotethinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspthinspunethinspmeacuteprisethinspassezthinspnaturellethinspquithinspplusthinspestthinspToutthinspeacuteloigneacute du sens commun que lrsquoideacutealisme platonicien est de tout temps42 il trouve unthinsppuissantthinspallieacutethinspdansthinspnosthinsphabitudesthinsp linguistiquesthinspthinspnotrethinsp languethinspdistinguethinspmalthinspentre choses qui existent de maniegraveres diffeacuterentes voire entre choses qui existent et choses qui nrsquoexistent pas Tout ce que la langue exprime elle lrsquoexprime de maniegravere uniformethinspSithinspbienthinspquethinspndashthinsppourthinsppeuthinspqursquoonthinspluithinspfaitthinspconfiancethinspndashthinsponthinspaurathinsplethinspplusthinspgrandthinspmalthinspagravethinspdiscernerthinsplathinspvarieacuteteacutethinspseacutemantiquethinsp(etthinspontologique)thinspsousthinsplathinspsurfacethinspuniformethinspdesthinspmotsthinspEnthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspnonthinspseulementthinspnousthinspsignifionsthinsptoutthinspcethinspdontthinspnousthinsppar-lonsthinspcommethinspsrsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspconcretthinsp(unthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspdansthinsplathinsplanguethinspdrsquoAristote)43 mais nous le croyons aussi44 notamment dans le cas des universaux

42 Puisqursquoil nrsquoest point eacutetranger agrave la question de voir les Ideacutees avec ses propres yeux (si tant est qursquoon peutthinsplesthinspvoir)thinspilthinspnrsquoestthinspquethinspdethinsppenserthinspagravethinsplathinspremarquethinspndashthinspsommethinsptoutethinspndashthinspdethinspbonthinspsensthinspqursquoAntisthegravenethinspauraitthinspfaitthinspagravethinspPlatonthinspthinsplaquothinspΠλάτωνοςthinspπερὶthinspἰδεῶνthinspδιαλεγομένουthinspκαὶthinspὀνομάζοντοςthinspτραπεζότηταthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspldquoἐγώrdquothinspεἶπενthinspldquoὦthinspΠλάτωνthinspτράπεζανthinspμὲνthinspκαὶthinspκύαθονthinspὁρῶthinspτραπεζότηταthinspδὲthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηταthinspοὐδαμῶςrdquothinspκαὶthinspὅςthinspldquoκατὰthinspλόγονrdquothinspἔφηthinspldquoοἷςthinspμὲνthinspγὰρthinspκύαθοςthinspκαὶthinspτράπεζαthinspθεωρεῖταιthinspὀφθαλμοὺςthinspἔχειςthinspᾧthinspδὲthinspτραπεζότηςthinspκαὶthinspκυαθότηςthinspβλέπεταιthinspνοῦνthinspοὐκthinspἔχειςthinspalorsthinspquethinspPlatonthinspdiscouraitthinspsurthinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspetthinspmentionnaitthinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinsptablethinsplrsquoIdeacuteethinspdethinspgobeletthinspDiogegravenethinspluithinspditthinspthinspldquoPourthinspmathinsppartthinspPlatonthinspjethinspvoisthinspunethinsptablethinspetthinspunthinspgobeletthinspmaisthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinspjethinspnethinsplathinspvoisthinsppasthinspduthinsptoutrdquothinspCethinspagravethinspquoithinspPlatonthinspreacutepliquathinspthinspldquoPourthinspcausethinspthinspTuthinspasthinspdesthinspyeuxthinspquithinsptethinsppermettentthinspdethinspvoirthinspunthinspgobeletthinspouthinspunethinsptablethinspthinspmaisthinsplrsquointelligencethinspquithinsppermetthinspdethinspvoirthinsplathinsptavoliniteacutethinspetthinsplathinspgobeacuteleacuteiteacutethinsptuthinspnethinsplrsquoasthinsppointrdquo]thinspraquothinsp(Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum T dorandi (eacuted)thinspCambridgethinspUniversitythinspPressthinspCambridgethinsp2013thinspVIthinsp53thinsp438386-391thinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplathinsprivaliteacutethinspentrethinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinspPlatonthinspetthinspplusthinspparticuliegraverementthinspdethinspsathinspplacethinspdansthinsplesthinsppremiersthinspdeacutebatsthinspautourthinspdesthinspIdeacutees on se reportera agrave A branCaCCithinsplaquothinspAntisthegravenethinspetthinsplathinsptraditionthinspantiplatoniciennethinspauthinspIVethinspsiegraveclethinspraquothinspdans M dixSautthinsp (eacuted)thinspContre Platon vol I Le platonisme deacutevoileacutethinspVrinthinsp Paristhinsp 1993thinsp pthinsp 31-51thinspthinspN L CorderothinsplaquothinspLrsquointerpreacutetationthinspantistheacuteniennethinspdethinsplathinspnotionthinspplatoniciennethinspdethinspldquoformerdquothinsp(eidos idea)thinspraquothinspdans M FattaLthinsp(eacuted)thinspLa philosophie de PlatonthinspLrsquoHarmattanthinspParisthinsp2001thinsppthinsp323-344thinspthinspM raShed laquothinspPlatonthinspSathonthinspPheacutedonthinspraquothinspElenchosthinsp27thinsp(2006)thinsppthinsp117-12243 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp 6thinsp 168athinsp 25-26thinspthinsp laquothinspσύνηθεςthinsp γὰρthinsp τὸthinsp πάνταthinspὡςthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp σημαίνεινthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 133 le fait drsquoexprimer toutes choses comme srsquoilthinspsrsquoagissaitthinspdethinspchosesthinspconcregravetesthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspcourant]thinspraquothinsp44 Aristotelis Sophistici elenchithinsp7thinsp169athinsp29-36thinspthinsplaquothinspτῶνthinspδὲthinspπαρὰthinspτὸthinspσχῆμαthinspδιὰthinspτὴνthinspὁμοιότηταthinspτῆςthinspλέξεωςthinspχαλεπὸνthinspγὰρthinspδιελεῖνthinspποῖαthinspὡσαύτωςthinspκαὶthinspποῖαthinspὡςthinspἑτέρωςthinspλέγεταιthinsp(σχεδὸνthinspγὰρthinspὁthinspτοῦτοthinspδυνάμενοςthinspποιεῖνthinspἐγγύςthinspἐστιthinspτοῦthinspθεωρεῖνthinspτἀληθέςthinspμάλισταthinspδrsquothinspἐπίσταταιthinspσυνεπινεύειν)thinspὅτιthinspπᾶνthinspτὸthinspκατηγορούμενόνthinspτινοςthinspὑπολαμβάνομενthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspὡςthinspἓνthinspὑπακούομενmiddotthinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinsp[L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiques p 137 quant aux arguments quithinsptiennentthinspagravethinsplathinspformethinsplathinspmystificationthinspsethinspproduitthinspenthinspraisonthinspdethinsplathinspressemblancethinspdethinsplrsquoexpressionthinspIlthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdifficilethinspdethinspdeacuteterminerthinspquelsthinsptermesthinspsrsquoexprimentthinsppareillementthinspetthinsplesquelsthinspdiffeacuteremmentthinsp(carthinspceluithinspquithinspestthinspcapablethinspdrsquounethinsptellethinspchosethinspestthinsppratiquementthinspsurthinsplethinsppointthinspdethinspcontemplerthinsplathinspveacuteriteacutethinspetthinspcrsquoestthinspluithinspquithinspsaitthinsplethinspmieuxthinspdonnerthinspsonthinspaccord)thinspparcethinspquethinspnousthinspprenonsthinspchaquethinspattributthinspdrsquounthinspsujetthinsppourthinspunethinspchosethinspconcregravetethinspetthinspnousthinsplrsquoentendonsthinspcommethinspunethinspchosethinspunethinspthinsplrsquoonthinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspdrsquoavisthinspquethinsplethinspconcretthinspetthinsplrsquoecirctrethinspsrsquoattachentthinspavantthinsptoutthinspagravethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspunthinspcrsquoest-agrave-direthinspagravethinsplathinspsubstance]thinspraquothinspIlthinspestthinspinteacuteressantthinspdethinspnoterthinspndash avec L-A dorion Aristote Les reacutefutations sophistiquesthinsppthinsp252thinspnotethinsp106thinspndashthinspquethinsplathinsptournurethinsplaquothinspτῷthinspγὰρthinspἑνὶthinspκαὶthinspτῇthinspοὐσίᾳthinspμάλισταthinspδοκεῖthinspπαρέπεσθαιthinspτὸthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspὄνthinspraquothinspestthinsptregravesthinspprochethinspdethinspcellethinspqursquoonthinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

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[Categoriae]thinsp5thinsp3bthinsp10-21thinspthinsplaquothinspπᾶσαthinspδὲthinspοὐσίαthinspδοκεῖthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspἐπὶthinspμὲνthinspοὖνthinspτῶνthinspπρώτωνthinspοὐσιῶνthinspἀναμφισβήτητονthinspκαὶthinspἀληθέςthinspἐστινthinspὅτιthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνειmiddotthinspἄτομονthinspγὰρthinspκαὶthinspἓνthinspἀριθμῷthinspτὸthinspδηλούμενόνthinspἐστινthinspἐπὶthinspδὲthinspτῶνthinspδευτέρωνthinspοὐσιῶνthinspφαίνεταιthinspμὲνthinspὁμοίωςthinspτῷthinspσχήματιthinspτῆςthinspπροσηγορίαςthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspσημαίνεινthinspὅτανthinspεἴπῃthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἢthinspζῷονmiddotthinspοὐthinspμὴνthinspἀληθέςthinspγεthinspἀλλὰthinspμᾶλλονthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspndashthinspοὐthinspγὰρthinspἕνthinspἐστιthinspτὸthinspὑποκείμενονthinspὥσπερthinspἡthinspπρώτηthinspοὐσίαthinspἀλλὰthinspκατὰthinspπολλῶνthinspὁthinspἄνθρωποςthinspλέγεταιthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspζῷονthinspοὐχthinspἁπλῶςthinspδὲthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspσημαίνειthinspὥσπερthinspτὸthinspλευκόνmiddotthinspοὐδὲνthinspγὰρthinspἄλλοthinspσημαίνειthinspτὸthinspλευκὸνthinspἀλλrsquothinspἢthinspποιόνthinspτὸthinspδὲthinspεἶδοςthinspκαὶthinspτὸthinspγένοςthinspπερὶthinspοὐσίανthinspτὸthinspποιὸνthinspἀφορίζειthinspndashthinspποιὰνthinspγάρthinspτιναthinspοὐσίανthinspσημαίνειthinsp[ilthinspsemblethinspquethinsptoutethinspsubstancethinspsignifiethinspunthinspcecithinspCethinspquithinspestthinspincontestablementthinspvraithinspdesthinspsubstancesthinsppremiegraveresthinsppuisqursquoellesthinspsignifientthinspunthinspcertainthinspcecithinspCethinspquithinspestthinspdeacutesigneacutethinspestthinspenthinspeffetthinspindividuelthinspetthinspnumeacuteriquementthinspunthinspPourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspenthinsprevanchethinspdesthinspsubstancesthinspsecondesthinspilthinspsembleraitthinspqursquoellesthinspsignifientthinspeacutegalementthinspunthinspcertainthinspcecithinspduthinspfaitthinspdethinspleurthinspformethinspdethinspdeacutenominationthinspcommethinsplorsqursquoonthinspditthinspldquohommerdquothinspouthinspldquoanimalrdquothinspOrthinspcethinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspvraithinsppuisqursquoellesthinspsignifientthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspcertainthinspqualifieacutethinspthinspenthinspeffetthinsplethinspsujetthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspunthinspcommethinsplathinspsubstancethinsppremiegraverethinspmaisthinspltplusieursthinsppuisquegtthinsplrsquohommethinspetthinsplrsquoanimalthinspsethinspdisentthinspdethinspplusieursthinspIlsthinspnethinspsignifientthinsppasthinsppourthinspautantthinspunthinspcertainthinspqualifieacutethinsptoutthinspcourtthinspltcommethinsplethinspfaitgtthinsplethinspblancthinspEnthinspeffetthinsplethinspblancthinspnethinspsignifiethinsprienthinspdrsquoautrethinspqursquounthinspqualifieacutethinsplrsquoespegravecethinspetthinsplethinspgenrethinspenthinsprevanchethinspdeacuteterminentthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancethinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspthinspilsthinspsignifientthinspenthinspeffetthinspquellethinspestthinspunethinspcertainethinspsubstance]thinspraquothinsp46 Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman 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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

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de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 Ithinsp9thinsp103bthinsp29-35thinsplethinspverbethinspἐκτίθημιthinspnethinspchangethinsppointthinspdethinspsignificationthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdethinsplrsquoobjetthinspquithinspreacutesultethinspdethinspsonthinspopeacuterationthinsplequelthinspestthinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspsrsquoexposethinspauthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo)thinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspluithinspeacutechappe)thinsp(4)thinspCommentthinspcomprendrethinsplrsquoοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσειthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspthinspQursquoest-cethinspquithinspnethinspfaitthinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspquoithinspthinspEst-cethinspquethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspestthinspsupposeacutethinspsrsquoensuivrethinspagravethinsptousthinsplesthinspcoupsthinsp(aussithinspbienthinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspougravethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspsethinspsoldethinspparthinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspquethinspdansthinspceluithinspougravethinspcrsquoestthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppart)thinspouthinspbienthinspcrsquoestthinspparthinsprapportthinspauthinspreacutesultatthinspdethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspelle-mecircmethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspaurathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspqursquoonthinspobtiendrathinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinspunthinspἕνthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλοὺςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspCommethinsplethinspmontrentthinsplesthinsprecommandationsthinspdrsquoAristotethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspfaitthinspunethinspsacreacuteethinspdiffeacuterencethinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsp(lequelthinspsrsquoensuitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspquethinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppartthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinspilthinspsethinspditthinspenthinspcommunthinspὅπερthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspὅπερthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspEnthinsprevanchethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspentrethinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspLrsquounthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspmoinsthinspdistinctthinspquethinsplrsquoautrethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspdontthinsponthinsplethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspParthinspconseacutequentthinspsithinsponthinspaffirmethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspestthinspunethinspqualiteacutethinspetthinspnonthinspunethinspsubstancethinspcelathinspnethinspfaitthinspaucunethinspdiffeacuterencethinsp(οὐδὲνthinspδιοίσει)thinspduthinspmoinsthinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinspsathinsppositionthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspplusieursthinspcarthinspilthinspythinspaurathinsptoutthinspdethinspmecircmethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinsp(ἕνthinspτι)thinspetthinspdethinspdiffeacuterentthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(παρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλούς)thinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinsplaquothinsphommethinspraquothinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsp(οἷονthinspτὸthinspἄνθρωπος)thinsp

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Dethinsp faitthinsp commethinsponthinsppeutthinsp lrsquoinfeacutererthinspdrsquounthinsppassagethinspbienthinspconnuthinspdesthinspCateacutegories45 la tentationthinsppourthinspainsithinspdirethinsplaquothinspfeacutetichistethinspraquothinspduthinsplangage46 nrsquoest jamais aussi insidieuse quethinsplorsquethinsplathinspmaniegraverethinspdontthinspnousthinsplesthinspnommonsthinspnousthinspinduitthinspagravethinspconfondrethinsplesthinspsubs-tances individuelles et les universaux qui permettent de reacutepondre agrave la question dethinspsavoirthinspdethinspquellethinspsortethinspdethinspsubstancesthinspilthinspsrsquoagitthinspPlusthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsplathinspformethinspdethinsplathinspdeacutenominationthinspeacutetantthinsplathinspmecircmethinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspdesthinspnomsthinsppropresthinspetthinspdansthinspceluithinspdesthinspnomsthinspcommunsthinsponthinsprisquethinspdrsquoecirctrethinspameneacutethinspagravethinspcroirethinspqursquoilthinspexistethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdethinspreacuteelthinspquithinspleur corresponde dans tous les cas

On peut degraves lors reacutepondre agrave la deuxiegraveme question agrave savoir qursquoest-ce qui permet drsquoeacuteviterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspthinspAgravethinspdeacutefautthinspdethinspnousthinsplivrerthinsplrsquoargumentthinsplui-mecircmethinsplathinspconclusion du chapitre 22 des Reacutefutations sophistiquesthinspmetthinspenthinspplacethinspunethinsp(double)thinspstrateacutegiethinsppourthinspluithinspeacutechapperthinspPar-delagravethinsplesthinspnombreusesthinspdifficulteacutesthinspquethinsplrsquointelligencethinspduthinsptexte preacutesente47 crsquoest le seul point qursquoAristote a agrave cœur de traiter en quelque deacutetail

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Nous empruntons lrsquoexpression au Nietzsche du Creacutepuscule des idocircles laquo wir kommen in ein grobesthinspFetischwesenthinsphineinthinspwennthinspwirthinspunsthinspdiethinspGrundvoraussetzungenthinspderthinspSprach-MetaphysikthinspzumthinspBewuszligtseinthinspbringenthinsp[prendrethinspconsciencethinspdesthinspconditionsthinsppremiegraveresthinspdethinsplathinspmeacutetaphysiquethinspduthinsplangagethinspcrsquoestthinsppeacuteneacutetrerthinspdansthinspunethinspmentaliteacutethinspgrossiegraverementthinspfeacutetichiste]thinspraquothinsp(FthinspW nietzSChe Goumltzen-Daumlmmerung G CoLLi et M Montinarithinsp(eacuted)thinspBerlinthinspWthinspdethinspGruyterthinsp1969thinsplaquothinspDiethinspVernunftthinspinthinspderthinspPhilosophiethinspraquothinsp5thinsppthinsp77)thinspLethinspmotifthinspdethinsplrsquoillusionthinspgrammaticalethinspetthinspdethinsplathinspmythologiethinspduthinsplangagethinspndashthinspquithinsptrouvethinspdansthinsplathinspdeacutenonciation aristoteacutelicienne des piegraveges linguistiques lieacutes agrave la forme de la deacutenomination un preacuteceacutedent remarquablethinspndashthinspserathinsppromisthinspagravethinspunthinspbelthinspavenirthinsp(quethinsplrsquoonthinsppensethinspparthinspexemplethinspagravethinspL wittGenStein The Big Typescript (TS 213) C Grant Luckhardt et M A E auethinsp(eacuted)thinspOxfordthinspBlackwellthinsp2005thinspS434thinsp[203]thinspp 317 et Philosophische Untersuchungen J SChuLtethinspH nyMan E von SaviGnythinspetthinspGthinspHthinspvon wriGht (eacuted)thinspSuhrkampthinspFrancfortthinsp2001thinsp111thinsppthinsp52-53thinspthinspouthinspencorethinspagravethinspWthinspVO quinethinsplaquothinspFactsthinspofthinspthethinspMatterthinspraquothinspdans R W Shahan et K R MerriLLthinsp(eacuted)thinspAmerican Philosophy from Edwards to Quine Norman 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Leone Gazziero

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(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

Cettethinspconclusionthinspestthinspembleacutematiquethinspetthinspouvrethinsplrsquoalternativethinspquithinspserathinspreprisethinspsansthinspcesse par la suite ndash que ce soit pour opposer Aristote et Platon ou pour les harmo-niserthinspndashthinspentrethinspunthinspuniverselthinspquithinspestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspunthinspuniverselthinspquithinspnrsquoenthinspestthinsppasthinspunethinspeacutetantthinspbienthinspentenduthinspquethinspquellethinspquethinspsoitthinsplathinspsignificationthinsppreacutecisethinspdethinsplrsquolaquothinspuniverselthinspraquothinspdontthinspilthinspestthinsptourthinspagravethinsptourthinspquestionthinsplaquothinspsubstancethinspraquothinspveutthinspdirethinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle Crsquoest un parti pris dont on peut certes discuter le meacuterite mais dont lrsquoenjeuthinsppoleacutemiquethinspjustifiethinspamplementthinsplrsquointeacuterecirctthinsparcheacuteologiquethinspavecthinsplequelthinspndashthinspapregravesthinsptantthinspdrsquoautresthinspndashthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprenouerthinspdansthinsplathinspmecircmethinspEacutecolethinspougravethinspnosthinspMaicirctresthinspndashthinspAlainthinspdethinspLiberathinspetthinspPhilippethinspHoffmannthinspndashthinspnousthinspythinspontthinspintroduitthinsppourthinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfoisthinsp

lirethinspen179athinsp1-2thinsplathinspsyntaxethinsplaquothinspτὸthinspμένthinsphellipthinspτὸthinspδέhellipthinspraquothinspopposethinspΚορίσκοςthinspagravethinspμουσικόςthinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinspΚορίσκοςthinspμουσικόςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspμένthinsphellipthinspτὸthinspδέhellipthinspraquothinsprenvoiethinsprespectivementthinspagravethinspΚορίσκοςthinsp(τὸthinspμέν)thinspetthinspagravethinspμουσικόςthinsp(τὸthinspδέ)thinspsousthinsppeinethinspdrsquointroduirethinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspseraitthinspunthinspautrethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspqursquounthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspavecthinsppourthinspconseacutequencethinspdethinspcompromettrethinsplrsquoanalogiethinspdethinspcomportementthinspentrethinsppreacutedicatsthinsp(enthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspἄνθρωποςthinspetthinspμουσικός)thinsp(3)thinspEst-cethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκθέσθαιthinspetthinsplrsquoἐκτίθεσθαιthinspenthinsp179athinsp3thinspainsithinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspsontthinspsynonymesthinspentrethinspeuxthinspetthinspaboutissentthinspdansthinsptousthinsplesthinspcasthinspagravethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspouthinspalternativementthinspagravethinspcellethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspouthinspbienthinsptantocirctthinspagravethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsptantocirctthinspagravethinspcellethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspAgravethinsplrsquoinstar de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 Ithinsp9thinsp103bthinsp29-35thinsplethinspverbethinspἐκτίθημιthinspnethinspchangethinsppointthinspdethinspsignificationthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdethinsplrsquoobjetthinspquithinspreacutesultethinspdethinspsonthinspopeacuterationthinsplequelthinspestthinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspsrsquoexposethinspauthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo)thinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspluithinspeacutechappe)thinsp(4)thinspCommentthinspcomprendrethinsplrsquoοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσειthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspthinspQursquoest-cethinspquithinspnethinspfaitthinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspquoithinspthinspEst-cethinspquethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspestthinspsupposeacutethinspsrsquoensuivrethinspagravethinsptousthinsplesthinspcoupsthinsp(aussithinspbienthinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspougravethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspsethinspsoldethinspparthinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspquethinspdansthinspceluithinspougravethinspcrsquoestthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppart)thinspouthinspbienthinspcrsquoestthinspparthinsprapportthinspauthinspreacutesultatthinspdethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspelle-mecircmethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspaurathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspqursquoonthinspobtiendrathinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinspunthinspἕνthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλοὺςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspCommethinsplethinspmontrentthinsplesthinsprecommandationsthinspdrsquoAristotethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspfaitthinspunethinspsacreacuteethinspdiffeacuterencethinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsp(lequelthinspsrsquoensuitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspquethinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppartthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinspilthinspsethinspditthinspenthinspcommunthinspὅπερthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspὅπερthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspEnthinsprevanchethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspentrethinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspLrsquounthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspmoinsthinspdistinctthinspquethinsplrsquoautrethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspdontthinsponthinsplethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspParthinspconseacutequentthinspsithinsponthinspaffirmethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspestthinspunethinspqualiteacutethinspetthinspnonthinspunethinspsubstancethinspcelathinspnethinspfaitthinspaucunethinspdiffeacuterencethinsp(οὐδὲνthinspδιοίσει)thinspduthinspmoinsthinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinspsathinsppositionthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspplusieursthinspcarthinspilthinspythinspaurathinsptoutthinspdethinspmecircmethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinsp(ἕνthinspτι)thinspetthinspdethinspdiffeacuterentthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(παρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλούς)thinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinsplaquothinsphommethinspraquothinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsp(οἷονthinspτὸthinspἄνθρωπος)thinsp

Leone Gazziero

141

(etthinspsansthinspcraintethinspdethinspsethinspreacutepeacuteter)thinspOnthinspythinspapprendthinspdoncthinspqursquoilthinspestthinsppossiblethinspdethinspdeacutejouerthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspagravethinspconditionthinspdethinsprefuserthinspdethinspfairethinspdethinspcethinspquithinspestthinspcommunthinspquelquethinspchose qui existe agrave la faccedilon drsquoun particulier eacutetant donneacute que ndash comme Aristote le ditthinspenthinsptoutesthinsplettresthinspenthinsp179athinsp3-4thinspndashthinsplaquothinspοὐthinspτὸthinspἐκτίθεσθαιthinspδὲthinspποιεῖthinspτὸνthinspτρίτονthinspἄνθρωπονthinspἀλλὰthinsp τὸthinspὅπερthinsp τόδεthinsp τιthinsp εἶναιthinspσυγχωρεῖνthinsp [cethinspnrsquoestthinsp pasthinsp lethinsp faitthinsp dethinspposerthinsp agravethinsppartthinsp quithinspproduitthinsplethinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspmaisthinsplethinspfaitthinspdethinspconceacutederthinspqursquoilthinspsrsquoagitthinspdrsquounthinspceci]thinspraquothinspCethinspquethinspdethinspsonthinspcocircteacutethinspAristotethinspsethinspgardethinspbienthinspdethinspfairethinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilthinsppeutthinsptraiterthinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspcommethinspunthinsppiegravegethinspsophistique)thinspthinspcethinspquethinspdethinspleurthinspcocircteacutethinsplesthinsppar-tisansthinspdesthinspIdeacuteesthinspndashthinsptelsthinspqursquoAristotethinspenthinspdressethinsplethinspportraitthinspbienthinspentenduthinspndashthinspnethinspsauraientthinspreacutecuserthinspsansthinspcesserthinsppar-lagravethinspmecircmethinspdethinspcroirethinspquethinsplesthinspIdeacuteesthinspexistentthinsp(etthinspcrsquoestthinsppourquoithinspilsthinspsethinspprennentthinspeux-mecircmesthinspauthinsppiegravegethinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspenthinspluithinspfournissantthinsplathinsppreacutemissethinspdontthinspilthinspathinspbesointhinsppourthinspenclencherthinspsathinspremonteacuteethinspagravethinsplrsquoinfini)thinsp

Cettethinspconclusionthinspestthinspembleacutematiquethinspetthinspouvrethinsplrsquoalternativethinspquithinspserathinspreprisethinspsansthinspcesse par la suite ndash que ce soit pour opposer Aristote et Platon ou pour les harmo-niserthinspndashthinspentrethinspunthinspuniverselthinspquithinspestthinspunethinspsubstancethinspetthinspunthinspuniverselthinspquithinspnrsquoenthinspestthinsppasthinspunethinspeacutetantthinspbienthinspentenduthinspquethinspquellethinspquethinspsoitthinsplathinspsignificationthinsppreacutecisethinspdethinsplrsquolaquothinspuniverselthinspraquothinspdontthinspilthinspestthinsptourthinspagravethinsptourthinspquestionthinsplaquothinspsubstancethinspraquothinspveutthinspdirethinspenthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspsubstancethinspindividuelle Crsquoest un parti pris dont on peut certes discuter le meacuterite mais dont lrsquoenjeuthinsppoleacutemiquethinspjustifiethinspamplementthinsplrsquointeacuterecirctthinsparcheacuteologiquethinspavecthinsplequelthinspndashthinspapregravesthinsptantthinspdrsquoautresthinspndashthinspnousthinspavonsthinspessayeacutethinspdethinsprenouerthinspdansthinsplathinspmecircmethinspEacutecolethinspougravethinspnosthinspMaicirctresthinspndashthinspAlainthinspdethinspLiberathinspetthinspPhilippethinspHoffmannthinspndashthinspnousthinspythinspontthinspintroduitthinsppourthinsplathinsppremiegraverethinspfoisthinsp

lirethinspen179athinsp1-2thinsplathinspsyntaxethinsplaquothinspτὸthinspμένthinsphellipthinspτὸthinspδέhellipthinspraquothinspopposethinspΚορίσκοςthinspagravethinspμουσικόςthinspouthinspbienthinspagravethinspΚορίσκοςthinspμουσικόςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinsplaquothinspτὸthinspμένthinsphellipthinspτὸthinspδέhellipthinspraquothinsprenvoiethinsprespectivementthinspagravethinspΚορίσκοςthinsp(τὸthinspμέν)thinspetthinspagravethinspμουσικόςthinsp(τὸthinspδέ)thinspsousthinsppeinethinspdrsquointroduirethinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspseraitthinspunthinspautrethinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspqursquounthinspποιόνthinspτιthinspavecthinsppourthinspconseacutequencethinspdethinspcompromettrethinsplrsquoanalogiethinspdethinspcomportementthinspentrethinsppreacutedicatsthinsp(enthinsplrsquooccurrencethinspἄνθρωποςthinspetthinspμουσικός)thinsp(3)thinspEst-cethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκθέσθαιthinspetthinsplrsquoἐκτίθεσθαιthinspenthinsp179athinsp3thinspainsithinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspsontthinspsynonymesthinspentrethinspeuxthinspetthinspaboutissentthinspdansthinsptousthinsplesthinspcasthinspagravethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspouthinspalternativementthinspagravethinspcellethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspouthinspbienthinsptantocirctthinspagravethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsptantocirctthinspagravethinspcellethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspAgravethinsplrsquoinstar de ce qui se passe dans Aristotelis topica eacuted J brunSChwiG Les Belles Lettres Paris 1967 Ithinsp9thinsp103bthinsp29-35thinsplethinspverbethinspἐκτίθημιthinspnethinspchangethinsppointthinspdethinspsignificationthinspenthinspfonctionthinspdethinsplrsquoobjetthinspquithinspreacutesultethinspdethinspsonthinspopeacuterationthinsplequelthinspestthinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspsrsquoexposethinspauthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquo)thinsptantocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinsp(etthinspalorsthinsponthinspluithinspeacutechappe)thinsp(4)thinspCommentthinspcomprendrethinsplrsquoοὐδὲνthinspδιοίσειthinspenthinsp179athinsp5thinspthinspQursquoest-cethinspquithinspnethinspfaitthinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspparthinsprapportthinspagravethinspquoithinspthinspEst-cethinspquethinsplethinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinspestthinspsupposeacutethinspsrsquoensuivrethinspagravethinsptousthinsplesthinspcoupsthinsp(aussithinspbienthinspdansthinsplethinspcasthinspougravethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspsethinspsoldethinspparthinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspquethinspdansthinspceluithinspougravethinspcrsquoestthinspplutocirctthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspquithinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppart)thinspouthinspbienthinspcrsquoestthinspparthinsprapportthinspauthinspreacutesultatthinspdethinsplrsquoἔκθεσιςthinspelle-mecircmethinspqursquoilthinspnrsquoythinspaurathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspetthinspqursquoonthinspobtiendrathinspdansthinsplesthinspdeuxthinspcasthinspunthinspἕνthinspτιthinspπαρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλοὺςthinspthinspReacuteponsethinspthinspCommethinsplethinspmontrentthinsplesthinsprecommandationsthinspdrsquoAristotethinsplathinsppositionthinspdrsquounthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspdrsquounthinspτοιόνδεthinspfaitthinspunethinspsacreacuteethinspdiffeacuterencethinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinsplrsquoargumentthinspduthinsplaquothinsptroisiegravemethinsphommethinspraquothinsp(lequelthinspsrsquoensuitthinsppreacuteciseacutementthinspdegravesthinsplorsthinspquethinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinspestthinspposeacutethinspagravethinsppartthinspdethinspcethinspdontthinspilthinspsethinspditthinspenthinspcommunthinspὅπερthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspplutocirctthinspquethinspὅπερthinspτοιόνδεthinspthinspEnthinsprevanchethinspilthinspnrsquoythinspathinsppasthinspdethinspdiffeacuterencethinspentrethinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτόδεthinspτιthinspetthinspposerthinspagravethinsppartthinspunthinspτοιόνδεthinspLrsquounthinspnrsquoestthinsppasthinspmoinsthinspdistinctthinspquethinsplrsquoautrethinspdesthinspparticuliersthinspdontthinsponthinsplethinsppreacutediquethinspenthinspcommunthinspParthinspconseacutequentthinspsithinsponthinspaffirmethinspquethinsplrsquoἐκτιθέμενονthinspestthinspunethinspqualiteacutethinspetthinspnonthinspunethinspsubstancethinspcelathinspnethinspfaitthinspaucunethinspdiffeacuterencethinsp(οὐδὲνthinspδιοίσει)thinspduthinspmoinsthinsppourthinspcethinspquithinspestthinspdethinspsathinsppositionthinspagravethinsppartthinspdesthinspplusieursthinspcarthinspilthinspythinspaurathinsptoutthinspdethinspmecircmethinspquelquethinspchosethinspdrsquounthinsp(ἕνthinspτι)thinspetthinspdethinspdiffeacuterentthinspdesthinspplusieursthinsp(παρὰthinspτοὺςthinspπολλούς)thinsplethinsppreacutedicatthinspcommunthinsplaquothinsphommethinspraquothinsppreacuteciseacutementthinsp(οἷονthinspτὸthinspἄνθρωπος)thinsp