Influence of Fungicide Treatment on Grey Mould of Cabbage

2010 vol. 73, 133-142

DOI: 10.2478/v10032-010-0025-8 ________________________________________________________________________________________

Corresponding author:

e-mail: [email protected]

© Copyright by RIVC

INFLUENCE OF FUNGICIDE TREATMENT

ON GREY MOULD OF CABBAGE

Elena SURVILIENĖ, Alma VALIUŃKAITĖ, Laisvūnė DUCHOVSKIENĖ,

Danguolė KAVALIAUSKAITĖ

Institute of Horticulture Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry

Kauno 30 LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas distr., Lithuania

Received: August 10, 2010; Accepted: December 6, 2010

Summary

The experiments were carried out in the Institute of Horticulture in 2008–

2010. The study was supported by the Lithuanian State Science and Studies

Foundation. The aim of this investigation was to establish the influence of fun-

gicides applications to control grey mould in cabbages cultivars Kingston F1,

Lennox F1 and Paradox F1 during storage. Three fungicide applications with

active ingredients azoxystrobine at the rate of 200 g·ha-1

(Amistar 250 SC),

boscalid at the rate of 267 g·ha-1

+ pyraclostrobine at the rate of 67 g·ha-1

(Sig-

num 33 WG), tebuconazole at the rate of 250 g·ha-1

(Folicur 250 EW), iprodi-

one at the rate of 500 g·ha-1

(Rovral Aqua Flo) and fluopyram at the rate of 200

g·ha-1

+ tebuconazole at the rate of 200 g·ha-1

(Bayer CropScience product)

were made on second part of plant vegetation (growth stage by BBCH 41-46).

After harvesting cabbage heads (20 units from every replication) were kept in a

cold storage for four months after harvest. Obtained data showed that fungicide

treatments allow for reducing the incidence of grey mould and reduced losses

during the four–month storage period by average up 64.73-93.77%.

key words: Botrytis cinerea, cabbages, fungicides, varieties, efficiency

INTRODUCTION

Botrytis cinerea Pers. causes

many common diseases of many agri-

cultural crops. Under cool, wet condi-

tions, it can be a limiting factor in the

production, marketing and storage of

vegetable crops. Botrytis rot of cab-

bages usually starts after 2-3 months of

cold storage and is typically confined

to the outer, dried, senescent cabbage

leaves (Coley-Smith et al. 1980, Dixon

1981).

Infections are not always visible

at harvest, but they develop rapidly in

stored conditions. Post-harvest losses

during storage of white cabbage (Bras-

sica oleracea) are caused by a number

of factors, including water loss, leaf

senescence, regrowth and rotting

caused by fungal and bacterial patho-

gens. Post-harvest losses can be greatly

reduced by storage at low temperatures

(1-5ºC) and high relative humidity

(95%) (Bérard 1994). Under these

UnauthenticatedDownload Date | 2/6/16 5:24 AM

VEGETABLE CROPS RESEARCH BULLETIN 73

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134

storage conditions Botrytis cinerea is

the prevalent fungus found on stored

cabbages and the main reason for loss-

es (Brown et al. 1975, Geeson 1979,

Leifert et al. 1993). B. cinerea is an

opportunistic pathogen of a wide range

of leafy vegetables attacking weak-

ened, wounded or senescent leaf tis-

sues, and mature healthy leaf tissues of

plants have been described as being

more resistant to Botrytis attack (Col-

ey-Smith et al. 1980, Agblor & Wa-

terer 2001).

To prevent fungal spoilage it is a

common practice in many countries to

spray cabbages with systemic and/or

protective fungicides in the field prior

to storage (Bedlan 1998, Adamicki &

Robak 2000).

The aim of this investigation was

to establish the influence of fungi-

cides applications to control grey

mould in cabbages during storage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The two year studies were carried

out at the Institute of Horticulture

Lithuanian Research Centre for Agri-

culture and Forestry, during 2008-2010

to evaluate the effect of fungicide

sprays on the management of grey

mould (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) of white

cabbage. The trial field was a margin-

ally rolling plain with microrelief. The

soil of the experimental site is Epical-

cari-Epihypogleyic Cambisol, CMg-p-

w-cap; with a texture of light clay loam

and medium clay loam. The arable layer

was weakly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.6), me-

dium humus-rich (2.06-2.07%).

The seedlings of the white cab-

bages (Brassica oleracea L. var. capi-

tata) cultivars Kingston F1, Lennox F1

and Paradox F1 were planted in 2008

and 2009 in the beginning of May,

rate - 35 000 units·ha-1

. Tested cab-

bages cultivars are characterize by a

good keeping ability and were grown

under intensive cultivation technolo-

gies accepted at Institute of Horticul-

ture and involved: fertilization before

planting with Hydrocomplex NPK

12–11–18 (650 kg·ha-1

) and addition-

ally Nutrifol NPK 8–11–35 6.25

kg·ha-1

(this amount was fertilized 3

times), Ca (NO3)2 200 kg·ha-1

(this

amount was fertilized 2 times); weed

control with Lontrel 300 SL 0.5 L·ha-

1, Lentagran WP 2.0 kg·ha

-1, hoed

inter-rows at the depth of 5-8 cm and

weeded; pest control with Decis Mega

50 EW 0.15 L·ha-1

and Proteus 110

OD 0.75 L·ha-1

if necessary. In both

experimental years, onions were a

preceding crop for cabbages.

The trial design involved the fol-

lowing fungicides: active ingredients

azoxystrobine at the rate of 200 g·ha-1

(Amistar 250 SC), boscalid at the rate

of 267 g·ha-1

+ pyraclostrobine at the

rate of 67 g·ha-1

(Signum 33 WG),

tebuconazole at the rate of 250 g·ha-1

(Folicur 250 EW), iprodione at the

rate of 500 g·ha-1

(Rovral Aqua Flo)

and fluopyram at the rate of 200 g·ha-1

+ tebuconazole at the rate of 200 g·ha-

1 (Bayer CropScience product). Three

fungicide applications were made on

tested cabbages at the stage of BBCH

41-46. The surfactant Vegeol (refined

rape oil) at a rate of 0.5 L·ha-1

was

added to the spray solution (volume of

water 500 L·ha-1

). The last spray was

conducted not later than 21 days be-

fore harvesting. Cabbages were har-

vested in late of October. Cabbage

heads (20 units from every replica-

tion) were kept in a cold storage (at

the temperature of 0-2°C, relative air


E. SURVILIENE et al. – INFLUENCE OF FUNGICIDE ...

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

135

humidity - 90%) for four (November-

February) months after harvest. Le-

sions of grey mould were assessment

every month.

The trials were arranged in the

plots replicated four times. Diseases

incidence, biological efficacy of the

fungicides were determined according

to the generally accepted experimental

methods (Ņemės ūkio augalų

kenkėjai…, 2002). Statistical pro-

cessing of the data was done using

Fischer least significant difference test

at P<0.05 (Tarakanovas & Raudonius

2003).

RESULTS

It should be noted that during the

two experimental years the results of

cabbages test showed that the devel-

opment of grey mould symptoms was

lower on the stored heads of chemi-

cally protected cabbages than on the

heads of the control treatment cab-

bages. Visible grey mould symptoms

were established in untreated cabbag-

es of cv. Lennox F1 and Paradox F1

cultivars after the first month of stor-

age (Fig. 1, 3). Cabbages of these

varieties were the most affected, dis-

ease prevalence reached up to 12.4-

15.28%, while cv. Kingston F1 have

been damaged till 10.93% (Fig. 2).

During the four month the level of

grey mould in untreated cabbages

increased by on average 9.1 times of

cv. Lennox F1, 7.4 - of cv. Paradox F1

and 6.5 - of cv. Kingston F1.

Three pre-harvest applications

with the foliar fungicide tested al-

lowed us to maintain the infection

level of grey mould rather low. In the

fungicide treatments the disease inci-

dence ranged between 1.67-5.56%

(Fig. 1-3). There were obtained statis-

tically significant differences in com-

parison with the control. The lowest

disease level was established in the

treatment applied with azoxystrobine

at the rate of 200 g·ha-1

, boscalid at

the rate of 267 g·ha-1

+ pyra-

clostrobine at the rate of 67 g·ha-1

and

fluopyram at the rate of 200 g·ha-1

+


,

however, no significant differences

were established.



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136

Note: 1 - Control (untreated)

2 - azoxystrobine at the rate of 200 g·ha-1

(3 applications)

3 - boscalid at the rate of 267 g·ha-1

+ pyraclostrobine at the rate of 67 g·ha-1

(3

applications)

4 - tebuconazole at the rate of 250 g·ha-1

(3 applications)

5 - fluopyram at the rate of 200 g·ha-1


(3

applications)

6 - iprodione at the rate of 500 g·ha-1

(3 applications)

Fig. 1. Development of Botrytis cinerea infection on the surface of cabbages Lennox F1

during the storage (November-February of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010) (LSD0.05

3.29)

Note: see Fig. 1

Fig. 2. Development of Botrytis cinerea infection on the surface of cabbages Kingston

F1 during the storage (November-February of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010)

(LSD0.05 2.38)

Grey mould (%)

Grey mould (%)



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137

Note: see Fig. 1

Fig. 3. Development of Botrytis cinerea infection on the surface of cabbages Paradox F1

during the storage (November-February of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010) (LSD0.05

2.39)

Our experimental findings sug-

gest that all fungicides applied at the

stage of development of harvestable

vegetative cabbages parts (BBCH 41-

46) significantly suppressed the infec-

tion of Botrytis cinerea in storage

cabbages. The mean biological effica-

cy of the fungicides ranged from

45.7% to 100% and it corresponded to

fair, good and excellent effect. In

most case, grey mould did not harm-

less cabbage during the first two

months of storage. In all the years,

good results in reducing infection

level of grey mould were exhibited by

boscalid at the rate of 267 g·ha-1

+

pyraclostrobine at the rate of 67 g·ha-

1, fluopyram at the rate of 200 g·ha

-1 +


and azoxystrobine at the rate of 200

g·ha-1

and statistically differed from

the efficacy of the tebuconazole at the

rate of 250 g·ha-1

. The effect of the

iprodione at the rate of 500 g·ha-1

inhibiting the incidence of grey mould

in cabbages was from fair to good,

biological efficacy ranged between

49.85% and 72.44%. It can be ex-

plained by the action of the contact

active ingredient iprodione (Fig. 4-6).

In our trials the active ingredi-

ents boscalid at the rate of 267 g·ha-1

+ pyraclostrobine at the rate of 67

g·ha-1

, fluopyram at the rate of 200

g·ha-1

+ tebuconazole at the rate of

200 g·ha-1

and azoxystrobine at the

rate of 200 g·ha-1

distinguished them-

selves by a very good action on the

infection process of Botrytis cinerea.

The biological efficacy of boscalid at

the rate of 267 g·ha-1

+ pyra-

clostrobine at the rate of 67 g·ha-1

,

fluopyram at the rate of 200 g·ha-1

+


and azoxystrobine at the rate of 200

g·ha-1

reached on average 93.77%,

87.38% and 80.80%, respectively

(Fig. 4-6).

Grey mould

(%)



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138

Note: 1 - azoxystrobine 200 g·ha-1

(3 applications)

2 - boscalid 267 g·ha-1

+ pyraclostrobine 67 g·ha-1

(3 applications)

3 - tebuconazole 250 g·ha-1

(3 applications)

4 - fluopyram 200 g·ha-1


(3 applications)

5 - iprodione 500 g·ha-1

(3 applications)

Fig. 4. Efficiency of fungicides to control grey mould in cabbages Lennox F1 during the

storage (November-February of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010)

Note: see Fig. 4

Fig. 5. Efficiency of fungicides to control grey mould in cabbages Kingston F1 during

the storage (November-February of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010)

Efficiency (%)

Efficiency (%)



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139

Note: see Fig. 4

Fig. 6. Efficiency of fungicides to control grey mould in cabbages Paradox F1 during the

storage (November-February of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010)

DISCUSSION

Various infectious diseases,

which cause the disorders growth and

development of cabbages, causing

economic losses, are pathogenic by

Alternaria spp., Botrytis cinerea, and

bacteria. Grey mould (Botrytis ciner-

ea) is serious problem in most cases

in stored cabbage crops. The disease

can be seen as a grey fluffy fungal

mass on the outside of the cabbage

and can progress to a brown soft rot

that penetrates deeply into the head

(Dixon 1981, Geeson 1983, Bedlan

1998, Vasinauskienė 1998, Bedlan

2001, Koike et al. 2007). In compari-

son, a slightly damaged vegetables rot

during storage in our trials is associat-

ed with cabbages cultivar features.

Cabbage cultivars which differed in

ability to withstand storage showed

differential susceptibility to Botrytis

cinerea. The outer leaves on the head

were less susceptible than inner

leaves, thick areas on leaves were less

susceptible than thin areas, and adaxi-

al surfaces of leaves were less suscep-

tible than abaxial surfaces (Yoder &

Whalen 1975).

The influence of many fungi-

cides on the pathogens of the diseases

of the stored vegetables is already

investigated or still under investiga-

tions in the world. The data often are

contradictory. Pesticides influence the

soil and plant microflora; cause the

essential quantitative and qualitative

changes of their composition. The

way of the effect depends on many

factors - the amount of organic matter

in the soil, nutrition, display of dis-

eases and intensity, resistance of

pathogens.

The investigations proved the ef-

ficiency of iprodione against Alter-

naria brassicae, Alternaria bras-

sicicola, Phoma lingam and Botrytis

cinerea (Bedlan 1998, Datta & Gopal

1999). In this study the effect of the

Efficiency (%)



_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

140

fungicide Rovral Aqua Flo inhibiting

the incidence of grey mould in cab-

bages was from fair to good, and it

explained by the action of the contact

active ingredient iprodione.

It was obtained a good effect of

the strobilurin-containing fungicides,

such as Signum 33 WG and Amistar

250 SC. Good effect has also been

confirmed by the experiments of other

authors (Hedke et al. 1997, Shokes &

Snajder 1999, Ńidlauskienė 2001,

Rosenzweig & Stevenson 2002). The

results obtained from the field exper-

iments and after storage of vegetable

roots indicate that the protective

treatments against the alternaria leaf

blight on carrot, powdery mildew on

parsley, and septoria leaf spot on ce-

leriac plants during the vegetative

period have a significant effect on the

health status of these vegetables. The

highest efficacy against the above-

mentioned diseases was exhibited by

azoxystrobin, azoxystrobin + chloro-

talonil and pyraclostrobine + boscalid,

which proved to be highly effective in

preventing infection with storage dis-

eases (over 90%), and had a beneficial

effect on the storage life of these veg-

etable roots in comparison with un-

protected objects (Robak & Adamicki

2007).

Strobilurin fungicides have be-

come a very valuable tool for manag-

ing diseases. They are effective against

several different plant pathogenic fun-

gi. For all parameters evaluated, fungi-

cide boscalid + pyraclostrobine gave

comparable or even better results in

comparison with the fungicides con-

taining mancozeb, mancozeb + met-

alaxyl, benalaxyl, triazole, iprodione to

control diseases such as Phytophthora

porri in leek, Erysiphe heraclei and

Alternaria dauci in carrot, Myco-

sphaerella spp., Albugo candida and

Alternaria spp. in Brussels sprouts,

Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclero-

tiorum in outdoor lettuce (Callens et al.

2005).

The duration of action of system-

ic pesticide depends on their ability to

divide the plant, the speed and nature

of degradation, but little dependent on

the weather. Exceed their perfor-

mance guarantee better protection of

plant against pathogenic organisms

(Hedke et al. 1997, Adamicki & Rob-

ak 2000, Rosenzweig & Stevenson

2002, Callens et al. 2005).

The active ingredient of fungi-

cides - azoxystrobine is noted for the

broad spectrum of effect.

Azoxystrobine preserves for a longer

time green leaf area, stops the process-

es of plant aging, stimulates the for-

mation of chlorophyll, therefore the

plant vegetation extends and a big

additional yield is obtained (Hedke et

al. 1997, Rosenzweig & Stevenson

2002, Shokes & Snajder 1999,

Ńidlauskienė 2001). This is confirmed

by the investigations of the efficiency

of fungicides azoxystrobine and bos-

calid + pyraclo-strobine of strobilurin

group in white cabbages, when in vari-

ants with fungicides the better results

were obtained.

Mixture of fluopyram and tebu-

conazole belongs to a new generation

of fungicidal active ingredients, which

effects on the pathogenic organisms

are studied. Therefore, it is still diffi-

cult to compare data with results other

researchers.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The results indicate that the tested

fungicides significantly suppressed



_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

141

the incidence of grey mould and

reduced losses during the four-

month storage period.

2. Obtained data showed that the

efficacy of pre-harvest treatments

with different fungicides ranged

from 64.73% to 93.776% and it

corresponded to fair, good and ex-

cellent effect.

3. The lowest disease level was es-

tablished in the treatment applied

with azoxystrobine at the rate of

200 g·ha-1

, boscalid at the rate of

267 g·ha-1

+ pyraclostrobine at the

rate of 67 g·ha-1

, fluopyram at the

rate of 200 g·ha-1

+ tebuconazole

at the rate of 200 g·ha-1

, however,

no significant differences were es-

tablished.

4. It was found that cabbage cv.

Kingston F1 has the best storage

qualities.

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fungicide treatments before harvest

on the incidence of grey mould

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53: 45-53.

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parasitäre Schädligungen des Chi-

nakohls während der Lagerung und

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207.

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Rosenzweig N., Stevenson W. 2002.

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WPŁYW ZABIEGÓW ŚRODKAMI GRZYBOBÓJCZYMI

NA SZARĄ PLEŚŃ KAPUSTY

Streszczenie

Doświadczenia przeprowadzono w Instytucie Ogrodnictwa w latach 2008-2010.

Badania były wspierane przez Państwową Litewską Fundację Nauki i Badań Nauko-

wych. Celem niniejszych badań było ustalenie wpływu zabiegów środkami grzybobój-

czymi na zwalczanie szarej pleśni u odmian kapusty Kingston F1, Lennox F1 i Paradox

F1 w okresie przechowywania. Wykonano trzy zabiegi następującymi substancjami

aktywnymi: azoksystrobina w dawce 200 g·ha-1

(Amistar 250 SC), boskalid w dawce

267 g·ha-1

+ piraklostrobina w dawce 67 g·ha-1

(Signum 33 WG), tebukonazol w dawce

250 g·ha-1

(Folicur 250 EW), iprodion w dawce 500 g·ha-1

(Rovral Aqua Flo) oraz fluo-

piram w dawce 200 g·ha-1

+ tebukonazol w dawce 200 g·ha-1

(produkt Bayer Crop-

Science) w drugim etapie wegetacji roślin (faza wzrostu 41-46 na skali BBCH). Po

zbiorze główki kapusty (20 sztuk z każdego powtórzenia) przechowywano w chłodni

przez cztery miesiące. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że zabiegi środkami grzybobójczym

pozwalają na zmniejszenie częstości występowania szarej pleśni i zredukowanie strat

podczas cztero-miesięcznego okresu przechowywania średnio od 64,73 do 93,77%.


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Influence of Fungicide Treatment on Grey Mould of Cabbage

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