0

July 2004

Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) The Nature Conseravation Sector

United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Global Environmental Facility (GEF)

Medicinal Plants Conservation Project

1

Contents Research team------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2

Acknowledgements------------------------------------------------------------------ 3

Executive Summary----------------------------------------------------------------- 4

Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

Climatology--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

Methodology-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

Checklist------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16

Redlist of the threatened species-------------------------------------------------- 56

Economic importance of the recorded species--------------------------------- 58

Conclusions---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60

Recommendations------------------------------------------------------------------- 62

References----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63

Photos----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66

Arabic summary

2

Research Team K. H. Shaltout Team leader Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta S. Z. Heneidy Team member Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria Y. M. Al-Sodany Team member

Biological & Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education at Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta University, Kafr El-Sheikh. A. M. Marie Team member

Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo. E. M. Eid Research assistant Biological & Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education at Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta University, Kafr El-Sheikh. M. Z. Hatim Research assistant Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta A. E. El-Gharaib Research assistant

Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta

3

Acknowledgements

This study has been carried out within the framework of "Medicinal Plants

Conservation Project" implemented by Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) and

funded by "United Nation Development Program (UNDP)" and "Global Environment Facility

(GEF)". The research team wishes to thank Prof. K.H. Batanouny, the National Advisor of the

project for the advices who offered during the preparation of the plan of this mission and the

suggestions for improving this scientific report. We wish also to thank Prof. M. El-Demerdash,

the Manager of the Project for the kind facilities and supports during the field trips, we didn't

forget his fruitful discussion during the pressing of the plant materials in the night, after

coming back from the field.

Our thanks are also due to Prof. M. M. Fouda, the Head of Nature Conservation Sector

(NCS) in EEAA for the valuable comments on the previous draft of this report. Our thanks

are extended to Mr. T. Khafaga and Mr. K. Soliman from Saint Katharine Protectorate (SKP)

for facilitating the accommodation and transportation during the field trips. The preparing of

the location map by Mr. A. El-Tokhy, the GIS specialist in SKP is also acknowledged. The car

drivers, cameleers and Bedouin guides are the people who without them, this work cannot be

done.

4

Excutive Summary

The present study has been carried out within the framework of "Medicinal Plants

Conservation Project" implemented by EEAA and granted by UNDP and GEF. It aims at

collecting and identifying the vascular natural flora of the mountainous Southern Sinai (Saint

Katharine Protectorate) and preparing a standard herbarium that helps in identification of

these species. Four field excursions (each of one week) had been carried out during April and

May 2004. During these excursions, 164 sites belong to 46 gorges, wadis, mountains, spot like

oases and plains had been visited.

Four hundred and ten species belong to 272 genera and 64 families (of which 14 species

are endemic) were collected and identified. Compositae, Gamineae, Leguminosae, Crucifereae

and Labiatae were the most represented families. The species that had low constancy (C < 1

%) were 132 (32.2 % of the total species) and those that had moderate to high constancy (C

20 %) were 22. Six species only had constancy 40 % : Zilla spinosa ( C = 66.2 % ),

Artemisia judaica ( C = 62.9 % ), Fagonia mollis (C = 58.9 % ), Alkanna orientalis ( C = 41.7 %

) and Artemisia herba-alba ( C = 41.1 % ).

The threatened species according to the IUCN Red List Categories are 51 species: 13

endangered, 14 vulnerable, 20 rare and 4 indeterminate species. Such species should take a

priority in any conservation program.

Some recommendations are included such as carrying out long–term national research

project for filling the gaps in our knowledge about the flora of southern Sinai mountainous

region; construct specialized herbarium based on the plant collection of the present study, as

well as the available collections of the previous studies; data base and distribution maps for

the endemic species, threatened species and the environmentally and economically important

species (i.e. multipurpose species).

5

Introduction The montane country in southern Sinai is an elevated triangular plateau with an

approximate area of 28000 km2 which is located between the Gulf of Suez to the west and the

Gulf of Aqaba to the east. The plateau is composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks with the

highest peaks of Gebel Saint Katharine (2641 m a.s.l.), Gebel Um Shomer (2586 m a.s.l.) and

Gebel Musa (2285 m a.s.l.). This Montane country is bordered to the north by a calcareous

plateau (33000 km2, 1620 – 540 m a.s.l.) which constitutes the Sinaitic sector of the Isthmic

Desert territory. Further to the north is a flat expanse (8000 km2, 100 m a.s.l.) which slopes

gradually to the Mediterranean coast and constitutes the Sinaitic sector of the Mediterranean

coastal land. Because of its altitude, the montane country receives ample rainfall which drains to

the Gulfes of Suez and Aqaba through a network of deep gorges and relatively shallower wadis

(El-Hadidi and Hosny 2000).

Plant exploration in Sinai since the beginning of the eighteenth century was reviewed

by Batanouny (1985), a chronological list of notable scholars and their contributions to the flora

and other aspects of plant life in Sinai were reported. According to El Hadidi and Fayed

1994/1995 the flora of mountainous southern Sinai comprises about 540 species which

constitute more than half of the number of species recorded in Sinai Peninsula. Phytochoria of

Saharo-Sindian regional zone prevail in mountainous southern Sinai (42% of the recorded

species). Those of Irano-Turanian regional centre of endemism and of Sahelian region

transitional zone are represented by 32% and 18%, respectively. Among 31 endemic species to

Sinai Peninsula, 24 species are confined to the southern mountain country; which constitute

50% of the endemic species of Egypt (El-Hadidi and Hosny 2000). This region was declared a

National Park by decree No. 613 in 1988 and expanded by decree No. 940 in 1996 to encompass

4350 km2 of the granitic massif of southern Sinai.

The activities of Medicinal Plants Conservation Project (Conservation and Sustainable

Use of Medicinal Plants in Arid and Semi-arid Ecosystems in Egypt) include updating and

completing baseline survey, biomass levels, plant ecology and distribution maps of medicinal

plant species in this Protectorate. Two recent botanical surveys were carried out in this region

by Moustafa (1998) who recorded 316 species, and Omar et al. (2003) who recorded 103 species.

The present work aims at collecting and identifying the vascular natural flora of the Saint

Katharine mountainous region, and preparing a standard field herbarium that helps in the

determination of the medicinal plants as well as the economically and environmentally

important species in this region.

6

Climatology

The climate of southern Sinai is extremely arid with hot rainless summers and cool winters. The area lies in the low rain belt of Egypt with an average rainfall of 57 mm/year. The high mountains in the Saint Katharine area receive higher amounts of precipitation as rain and snow (100 mm/year). In parts of Sinai, floods resulting from convective rains have been observed during all seasons. Saint Katharine is the coolest area in Sinai owing to its high elevation. The recorded mean air temperature ranged between 3.1 C and 30.1 C with the lowest temperature in January and February and the highest in July and August. The monthly mean relative humidity ranged between 37.1 % in May and 64 % in February (Moustafa 1990).

The available two-year recent climatic records (2002-2003) in Saint Katharine indicate that January (8.0˚C) and December (7.8˚C) were the coldest months, while July (24.6˚C) and August (25.0˚C) were the hottest (Table 1). The monthly and annual variations in rainfall were highly heterogeneous. In 2002, the annual rainfall was 13.7 mm fallen in only month (October). On the other hand, in 2003 the annual rainfall was 30.0 mm fallen in several months, but January (6.0 mm) and December (15.2 mm) were the wettest. Regarding the wind speed, March and April were characterized by the highest values (13.6 and 11.0 km/h, respectively), while the lowest values were recorded in August (7.0 mm) and November (7.1 mm). Table 1. Monthly variation in air temperature (˚C), rainfall (mm) and wind speed (km / ha)

in Saint Katharine during 2002 and 2003 (data presented by Tamer Khafaga in Saint Katharine Protectorate, personal communication). RF: rainfall, WS: wind speed.

Average 2003 2002

Month WS (km/h)

RF (mm)

Temp (˚C)

WS (km/h)

RF (mm)

Temp (˚C)

WS (km/h)

RF (mm)

Temp (˚C)

9.1 3.0 8.0 8.1 6.0 9.8 10.1 0.0 6.2 Jan. 8.9 0.1 8.3 11.9 0.2 7.2 5.9 0.0 9.3 Feb.

13.6 0.9 10.6 14.0 1.8 9.3 13.1 0.0 11.8 Mar. 11.0 1.4 17.2 10.9 4.0 17.8 11.1 0.0 16.6 Apr. 9.3 0.0 21.1 9.6 2.8 22.3 9.0 0.0 19.9 May. 7.8 0.0 22.9 7.6 0.0 22.4 8.0 0.0 23.3 Jun. 8.1 0.0 24.6 8.1 0.0 23.9 8.0 0.0 25.3 Jul. 7.0 0.0 25.0 6.5 0.0 24.9 7.5 0.0 25.1 Aug. 7.8 6.9 23.0 8.3 0.0 23.2 7.2 0.0 22.7 Sep. 7.7 0.0 20.3 6.7 0.0 20.4 8.6 13.7 20.1 Oct. 7.1 0.0 14.6 6.7 0.0 14.0 7.4 0.0 14.9 Nov. 9.1 7.6 7.8 10.1 15.2 7.3 8.0 0.0 8.3 Dec. 8.9 19.9 16.2 9.1 30.0 16.9 8.7 13.7 17.0 Average

7

Methodology

The records and observations in the present study were based on 4 field excursions to the St. Katharine mountainous region (1/4 – 24/5/2004). 164 sites distributed in 46 gorges, wadis, mountains, spot-like oases and plains were surveyed (Fig. 1). The itinerary of these excursions and the characteristics of the examined sites are indicated in Table 2. Duplicate specimens of the present vascular plants have been collected during all the 4 visits. Approximately 2000 herbarium specimens have been prepared to present the flora of the study area. Plant specimens have been identified with the help of numerous local and regional floras including Zohary (1966, 1972), Täckholm (1974), Feinbrum-Dothan (1978, 1986), El-Hadidi (1989), Hosny (1989), El-Naggar (1989), El-Hadidy (1989), El-Karemy and El-Naggar (1989), Hosni (1989 a, b), El-Husseini and Zareh (1989), Fayed (1989), El-Husseini and Husni (1989), Boulos and El-Hadidi (1994) and Boulos (1999, 2000, 2002). The nomenclature of the monocot species has been updated according to the checklists of Boulos (1995) and El-Hadidi and Fayed (1994/1995).

The "absolute constancy" refers to the number of stands (or sites) in which a given species occur (Muller – Dombois and Ellenberg 1974). Consequently, the relative constancy (C) of species was calculated as follows:

C % = (Number of sites in which the species occurs/ total number of sites) X 100 The threatened species in the Egyptian flora are determined, according to the IUCN (1994) redlist categories by El-Hadidi (2000). These categories are identified as follows: 1- Extinct: species is no longer known to exist in the wild. Searchers of the localities where it

once found or other possible sites have failed to detect this species. 2- Endangered: species is likely of going extinct in the near future. The number of individuals

have been recorded to the point that the survival of this species is unlikely, if present trends continue.

3- Vulnerable: the species may become endangered in the medium-term future because its populations are decreasing in size throughout their ranges.

4- Rare: species with small total numbers of individuals, often due to limited geographical range or low population density. Although it may not face immediate threat, yet the small numbers of individuals or populations make it likely to become endangered.

8

Fig.1. Location map of the surveyed sites

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Table ( 2 ). Itinerary and characteristics of the sampled sites for the botanical survey in St. Katharine area during 1/4 – 24/5/2004.

Serial No.

Date of sampling

Location Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Altitude (m)

The first dominant species Habitat

1 01/4/2004 Wadi El-Malga (St. 1) 28 33 44.6 33 56 14.0 1643 Alkanna orientalis W. Bed & slope

2 01/4/2004 Wadi El- Malga (St. 2) 28 33 52.6 33 56 11.7 1643 Alkanna orientalis W. Bed & slope 3 01/4/2004 Wadi Tilah (St. 3) 28 34 07 33 55 58 1543 Peganum harmala W. Bed (Garden)

4 01/4/2004 Wadi Tal'a Saghira (St. 4) 28 34 07 33 55 58 1543 Mentha longifolia W. Bed 5 01/4/2004 Wadi El-Arbain (St. 5) 28 33 13.3 33 56 57.3 1604 Alkanna orientalis W. Bed & slope

6 02/4/2004 Wadi El-Arbain (Encl. 2) 28 33 14.9 33 56 56.8 1580 Origanum syriacum subsp. sinaicum W. Slope

7 02/4/2004 Wadi El-Arbain (Encl. 3) 28 32 56.9 33 56 56.2 1650 Adiantum capillus-veneris Cave 8 02/4/2004 Wadi El-Arbain (New 1) 28 32 56.9 33 56 56.2 1650 Tanacetum sinaicum W. Slope

9 02/4/2004 Wadi El-Arbain (St. 6) 28 33 00.4 33 57 02.6 1616 Achillea fragrantissima W. Bed & slope 10 02/4/2004 Wadi El-Arbain (St. 7) 28 33 00.4 33 57 02.6 1616 Teucrium polium W. Bed & slope

11 02/4/2004 Wadi El-Arbain (St. 8) 28 33 12.5 33 56 52.5 1583 Arundo donax W. Bed (Garden) 12 02/4/2004 Wadi El-Arbain (Research Center) 28 33 12.5 33 56 52.5 1583 Sisymbrium irio W. Bed (Garden) 13 03/4/2004 Wadi El-Arbain (Encl. 1) 28 33 06.3 33 59 59.4 1570 Lycium shawii W. Slope

14 04/4/2004 Wadi El-Arbain (Encl. 4) 28 32 41 33 57 03 1597 Tanacetum sinaicum W. Slope 15 04/4/2004 Wadi El-Arbain (Encl. 5) 28 32 14.7 33 57 48.2 1754 Juncus rigidus W. Bed

16 04/4/2004 Wadi El-Arbain (Encl. 6) 28 32 42.1 33 57 48.5 1739 Rosa arabica W. Bed 17 04/4/2004 Wadi El-Arbain (New 2) 28 32 14.8 33 57 48.2 1754 Nepeta septemcrenata W. Slope

18 04/4/2004 Wadi El-Arbain (New 3) 28 32 14.8 33 57 48.2 1754 Stachys aegyptiaca W. Slope

19 05/4/2004 Wadi Abu Zeituna (St. 11) 28 35 29.2 33 58 57.7 1500 Fagonia mollis W. Slope 20 05/4/2004 Wadi Abu Zeituna (St. 12) 28 35 35.2 33 58 53 1536 Fagonia mollis W. Slope

21 05/4/2004 Wadi Abu Zeituna (St. 13) 28 35 50.7 33 58 42.7 1605 Fagonia mollis W. Bed 22 05/4/2004 Wadi Anshil El'Ala (St. 14) 28 36 08 33 58 20.8 1577 Alkanna orientalis W. Bed

23 05/4/2004 Wadi Anshil Essufla (St. 15) 28 36 46.6 33 58 6.6 1550 Arundo donax W. Bed (Garden) 24 05/4/2004 Wadi Anshil Essufla (St. 16) 28 36 52.7 33 57 59 1544 Achillea fragrantissima W. Bed & slope

25 06/4/2004 Wadi El-Fara'a (Encl. 22) 28 32 21 33 57 56.1 1860 Artemisia herba-alba W. Slope

26 06/4/2004 Wadi El-Fara'a (Encl. 23) 28 32 23.4 33 57 59.7 1862 Artemisia judaica W. Slope 27 06/4/2004 Wadi El-Fara'a (Encl. 24) 28 32 29.2 33 57 57 1841 Pterocephalus sanctus W. Slope

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Serial No.

Date of sampling

Location Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Altitude (m)

The first dominant species Habitat

28 06/4/2004 Wadi El-Fara'a (Encl. 25) 28 32 33.9 33 57 54 1843 Artemisia herba-alba W. Slope

29 06/4/2004 Wadi El-Fara'a (Encl. 26) 28 32 48.2 33 57 43.7 1824 Artemisia herba-alba W. Bed 30 06/4/2004 Wadi El-Fara'a (Encl. 27) 28 32 49.4 33 57 41.2 1862 Tanacetum sinaicum W. Bed

31 15/4/2004 Wadi Graginya (Encl. 14) 28 31 33 33 58 12 1920 Phlomis aurea W. Slope 32 15/4/2004 Wadi Garginya (Encl. 15) 28 31 31 33 58 11 1920 Phlomis aurea W. Slope

33 15/4/2004 Wadi Garginya (Encl. 16) 28 31 26 33 58 09 1920 Origanum syriacum subsp. sinaicum Cave

34 15/4/2004 Farsh El-Losa (Encl. 20) 28 32 55.2 33 58 17.2 1996 Tanacetum sinaicum Terrace 35 15/4/2004 Farsh El-Losa (Encl. 21) 28 33 7.6 33 58 0.2 1970 Artemisia herba-alba Plain

36 15/4/2004 Ras Safsafa (St. 49) 28 33 10.5 33 58 0.3 1997 Thymus decussatus W. Bed (Helf) 37 15/4/2004 Ras Safsafa (St. 50) 28 33 1.4 33 58 2.2 1997 Tanacetum sinaicum W. Bed (Helf)

38 16/4/2004 Musa's Gorge (Encl. 17) 28 32 41 33 58 54 1590 Origanum syriacum subsp. sinaicum Gorge

39 16/4/2004 Musa's Gorge (Encl. 18) 28 32 38 33 58 51 1980 Atraphaxis spinosa Gorge 40 16/4/2004 Musa's Gorge (Encl. 19) 28 32 37 33 58 50 1770 Artemisia herba-alba Gorge

41 16/4/2004 Wadi El-Dair (Encl. 31) 28 33 28 33 58 40.8 1652 Echinops spinosissimus W. Slope 42 16/4/2004 Wadi El-Dair (Encl. 32) 28 33 31.3 33 58 38.1 1654 Echinops spinosissimus Gorge

43 16/4/2004 Wadi El-Dair (Encl. 33) 28 35 31.3 33 58 26.4 1586 Bituminaria bituminosa W. Bed 44 16/4/2004 Wadi El-Dair (Encl. 34) 28 33 37.3 33 58 16.8 1544 Artemisia judaica Stream

45 16/4/2004 Gebel Muneiga (Encl. 35) 28 32 48 33 59 05 1580 Artemisia herba-alba W. Slope

46 16/4/2004 Wadi El-Dair (St. 39) 28 33 28.8 33 58 24.7 1586 Mentha longifolia W. Bed 47 17/4/2004 Naqb Abu Sila (St. 17) 28 35 30 33 55 43.6 1525 Hyoscyamus boveanus W. Bed & slope

48 17/4/2004 Naqb El-Hawa (St. 18) 28 36 13.4 33 55 16.7 1520 Fagonia mollis W. Bed & slope 49 17/4/2004 Naqb El-Hawa (St. 19) 28 36 41.3 33 54 59.1 1416 Artemisia judaica W. Bed & slope

50 17/4/2004 Naqb El-Hawa (St. 20) 28 37 17.9 33 54 34 1324 Artemisia judaica W. Bed & slope 51 17/4/2004 Naqb El-Hawa (St. 21) 28 37 37.5 33 54 5.3 1240 Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana W. Bed & slope

52 17/4/2004 Naqb El-Hawa (St. 22) 28 36 39.9 33 54 59.7 1420 Anabasis articulata W. Bed & slope

53 17/4/2004 Naqb El-Hawa (St. 23) 28 37 58.3 39 53 47.3 1185 Zygophyllum simplex W. Bed (Garden) 54 17/4/2004 Gebal Abaas Basha (St. 51) 28 33 23.4 33 54 35.4 1945 Atraphaxis spinosa W. Slope

55 17/4/2004 Gebal Abaas Basha (St. 52) 28 33 35 33 54 28.8 1883 Zilla spinosa subsp. spinosa W. Slope 56 17/4/2004 Wadi Tubug (St. ) 28 32 34.6 33 56 8.6 1584

11

Serial No.

Date of sampling

Location Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Altitude (m)

The first dominant species Habitat

57 18/4/2004 Wadi Abu Tuweita (Encl. 37) 28 34 39.8 33 53 24.8 1805 Salvia multicaulis W. Slope

58 18/4/2004 Shagg Groseiah (New 6) 28 34 29.4 33 54 00 1846 Colutea istria W. Slope 59 18/4/2004 Wadi Abu Tuweita (New 7) 28 34 32.1 33 53 28.5 1797 Rosa arabica W. Bed

60 18/4/2004 Farsh Umm S'la (New 8) 28 34 28.4 33 53 13.4 1890 Salvia multicaulis W. Slope 61 18/4/2004 Wadi Umm Qusum (St. 24) 28 33 3.4 34 00 37.1 1620 Artemisia judaica W. Slope

62 18/4/2004 Wadi Hamtat (St. 25) 28 34 24.6 34 00 34.8 1668 Artemisia judaica W. Bed & slope

63 18/4/2004 Wadi Umm Qusum (St. 26) 28 34 30.8 34 01 12.5 1710 Anabasis articulata W. Bed & slope 64 18/4/2004 El-Masad (St. 27) 28 34 22.4 34 01 50.7 1825 Anabasis articulata W. Bed & slope

65 18/4/2004 Wadi Sdod (St. 28) 28 33 2.3 34 00 53.3 1650 Artemisia judaica W. Bed & slope 66 18/4/2004 Wadi Gharba (St. 29) 28 39 21.6 33 58 45.7 1192 Anabasis articulata W. Bed & slope

67 18/4/2004 Wadi Gharba (St. 30) 28 39 12.3 33 59 55.3 1235 Anabasis articulata W. Bed & slope

68 18/4/2004 Wadi Abu Tuweita (St. 53) 28 33 51 33 54 20.7 1842 Zilla spinosa subsp. spinosa W. Bed 69 18/4/2004 Wadi Abu Tuweita (St. 55) 28 34 32.1 33 53 28.5 1797 Crataegus x sinaica W. Bed (Garden)

70 18/4/2004 Wadi Abu Tuweita (St. 56) 28 34 25.8 33 35 38.6 1844 Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum W. Bed (Garden) 71 18/4/2004 Wadi Abu Tuweita (St. 54) 28 34 6.1 33 54 0.9 1839 Phlomis aurea W. Bed (Garden)

72 19/4/2004 Wadi Sulaf (St. 31) 28 38 8.7 33 49 9.2 1028 Artemisia judaica W. Bed & slope 73 19/4/2004 Wadi Sulaf (St. 32) 28 38 26.1 33 44 59.9 900 Haloxylon salicornicum W. Bed & slope

74 19/4/2004 Wadi Sulaf (St. 33) 28 39 5.0 33 43 41.7 863 Haloxylon salicornicum W. Bed & slope

75 19/4/2004 Wadi El-Gasm (St. 34) 28 40 37.6 33 55 19.5 1228 Fagonia mollis W. Bed & slope 76 19/4/2004 Wadi Ginab (St. 35) 28 34 55.3 33 52 5.0 1130 Fagonia mollis W. Bed & slope

77 19/4/2004 Wadi Sahab (St. 36) 28 38 57.6 33 52 31.6 1130 Fagonia mollis W. Bed & slope 78 19/4/2004 Wadi Sahab (St. 37) 28 42 3.2 33 48 9.6 984 Retama raetam W. Bed

79 19/4/2004 Wadi Sahab (St. 38) 28 42 55.7 33 46 2.0 890 Tamarix aphylla W. Bed 80 19/4/2004 Wadi Talet El-Kalb (St. 41) 28 36 39.3 33 59 23.9 1414 Artemisia judaica W. Bed & slope

81 19/4/2004 Wadi El-Kabshah (St. 42) 28 39 57.3 33 59 17.8 1329 Artemisia judaica W. Bed & slope

82 19/4/2004 Wadi Feiran (St. 43) 28 43 54.1 33 49 28.6 975 Haloxylon salicornicum W. Bed & slope 83 19/4/2004 El-Tarfa (St. 44) 28 41 43.7 33 55 16.5 1135 Cynodon dactylon W. Bed (Garden)

84 19/4/2004 Wadi El-Sheikh (St. 40) 28 36 40.9 33 59 39 1413 Artemisia judaica W. Bed & slope 85 20/4/2004 Wadi Esbaiea (Encl. 36) 28 33 59.8 33 59 36.9 1533 Alkanna orientalis Plain

12

Serial No.

Date of sampling

Location Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Altitude (m)

The first dominant species Habitat

86 20/4/2004 Wadi Esbaiea (New 4) 28 32 27.5 33 59 35.7 1645 Artemisia judaica W. Slope

87 20/4/2004 Wadi Esbaiea (New 5) 28 32 27.9 33 59 35.1 1656 Achillea fragrantissima W. Slope 88 20/4/2004 Wadi Zaghra (New 9) 28 3953.5 34 189.7 1651 Moringa peregrina W. Slope

89 20/4/2004 Wadi Esbaiea (St. 45) 28 33 58.1 33 59 35 1528 Alkanna orientalis W. Bed (Garden) 90 20/4/2004 Gebel Musa (St. 46) 28 32 26.8 33 59 34.9 1653 Artemisia judaica W. Bed

91 06/5/2004 Gebel Katharina (Encl. 29) 28 31 7.7 23 57 20.9 2357 Artemisia herba-alba W. Slope

92 06/5/2004 Gebel El-Ahmar (Encl. 30) 28 31 30.4 33 56 58.3 2161 Thymus decussatus Terrace 93 07/5/2004 Wadi Feiran (St. 47) 28 47 22.9 33 27 23.3 349 Haloxylon salicornicum W. Bed & slope

94 07/5/2004 Wadi Feiran (St. 48) 28 47 39.0 33 29 25.2 370 Zilla spinosa subsp. spinosa W. Bed 95 07/5/2004 Wadi Feiran (St. 57) 28 46 59.3 33 30 46.8 390 Zilla spinosa subsp. spinosa W. Bed

96 07/5/2004 Wadi Feiran (St. 58) 28 46 04.5 33 32 20.9 423 Haloxylon salicornicum W. Bed & slope

97 07/5/2004 Wadi Feiran (St. 73) 28 46 22.2 33 31 51.6 413 Haloxylon salicornicum W. Slope 98 07/5/2004 Wadi Feiran (St. 74) 28 45 22.3 33 33 4.7 445 Haloxylon salicornicum W. Slope

99 07/5/2004 Wadi Feiran (St. 75) 28 44 23.0 33 33 54.2 493 Haloxylon salicornicum W. Slope 100 07/5/2004 Wadi Feiran (St. 76) 28 43 10.5 33 35 15.2 540 Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana W. Bed & slope

101 07/5/2004 Wadi Feiran (St. 77) 28 43 40.9 33 36 44.1 598 Capparis spinosa var. spinosa W. Slope 102 07/5/2004 Feiran Oasis (St. 80) 28 42 15 33 40 14 715 Chenopodium murale W. Bed (Garden)

103 07/5/2004 Feiran Oasis (St. 81) 28 42 00 33 38 59 667 Cynodon dactylon W. Bed (Garden)

104 08/5/2004 Shagg Musa (Encl. 7) 29 33 14.9 33 56 56.8 1880 Origanum syriacum subsp. sinaicum Gorge 105 08/5/2004 Shagg Musa (Encl. 8) 28 30 28.2 33 58 10.7 1920 Origanum syriacum subsp. sinaicum W. Slope

106 08/5/2004 Shagg Musa (Encl. 9) 28 31 26.3 33 57 35.2 1920 Phlomis aurea W. Slope 107 08/5/2004 Shagg Musa (Encl. 10) 28 31 30.8 33 57 41.6 1920 Artemisia herba-alba W. Slope

108 08/5/2004 Shagg Musa (Encl. 11) 28 31 28.2 33 57 44.3 2055 Cotoneaster orbicularis W. Slope 109 08/5/2004 Shagg Musa (Encl. 12) 28 31 25.2 33 57 39.9 2050 Crataegus x sinaica Gorge

110 08/5/2004 Shagg Musa (Encl. 13) 28 31 23.0 33 57 36.6 2092 Nepeta septemcrenata Gorge& Slope

111 08/5/2004 Gebel Katharina (Encl. 28) 28 31 6.3 33 57 20.9 2377 Artemisia herba-alba Foothill 112 08/5/2004 Shagg Musa (St. 70) 28 31 23.0 33 57 36.6 2092 Tanacetum sinaicum W. Slope

113 08/5/2004 Shagg Musa (St. 71) 28 31 25.2 33 57 39.9 2050 Tanacetum sinaicum W. Slope 114 08/5/2004 Shagg Musa (St. 72) 28 31 28.2 33 57 44.3 2055 Tanacetum sinaicum W. Slope

13

Serial No.

Date of sampling

Location Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Altitude (m)

The first dominant species Habitat

115 08/5/2004 Wadi Feiran (St. 78) 28 42 18.4 33 37 55.9 600 Retama raetam W. Bed & slope

116 08/5/2004 Wadi Feiran (St. 79) 28 41 34.3 33 40 20.6 774 Retama raetam W. Bed & slope 117 08/5/2004 Wadi Feiran (St. 80**) 28 43 39.7 33 48 56.9 947 Cynodon dactylon W. Bed (Garden)

118 08/5/2004 Feiran Oasis (St. 82) 28 42 20 33 38 47 642 Alhagi graecorum W. Bed (Garden) 119 08/5/2004 Feiran Oasis (St. 83) 28 42 16 33 37 58 645 Cynodon dactylon W. Bed (Garden)

120 08/5/2004 Feiran Oasis (St. 84) 28 42 13 33 38 44 643 Cynodon dactylon W. Bed (Garden)

121 08/5/2004 Feiran Oasis (St. 85) 28 41 56 33 39 14 686 Cynodon dactylon W. Bed (Garden) 122 08/5/2004 Feiran Oasis (St. 86) 28 41 55 33 39 20 678 Medicago sativa W. Bed (Garden)

123 08/5/2004 Feiran Oasis (St. 87) 28 41 55 33 39 19 676 Cynodon dactylon W. Bed (Garden) 124 08/5/2004 Feiran Oasis (St. 88) 28 42 24 33 39 32 691 Cynodon dactylon W. Bed (Garden)

125 09/5/2004 Wadi Zaghra (St. 89) 28 37 51 34 04 56 1261 Tamarix nilotica W. Bed (Garden)

126 09/5/2004 Wadi Zaghra (St. 90) 28 38 6.5 34 06 36.2 1190 Artemisia judaica W. Bed 127 09/5/2004 Wadi Zaghra (St. 91) 28 38 06.0 34 08 23 1258 Artemisia judaica W. Bed

128 09/5/2004 Wadi Zaghra (St. 92) 28 38 33.5 34 09 50.9 1024 Artemisia judaica W. Bed 129 09/5/2004 Wadi Zaghra (St. 93) 28 37 19.0 34 14 30.0 790 Artemisia herba-alba W. Bed

130 09/5/2004 Wadi Zaghra (St. 94) 28 38 13.5 34 15 55.5 731 Fagonia mollis W. Bed 131 09/5/2004 Wadi Zaghra (St. 95) 28 39 53.0 34 19 59.0 790 Zygophyllum coccineum W. Bed (Garden)

132 10/5/2004 Wadi Zaghra (St. 96) 28 39 54.5 34 20 1.9 543 Zygophyllum coccineum W. Bed

133 10/5/2004 Wadi Zaghra (St. 97) 28 39 34.0 34 21 35.0 790 Zygophyllum coccineum W. Bed 134 10/5/2004 Wadi Zaghra (St. 98) 28 38 39.6 34 22 36.6 536 Zygophyllum coccineum W. Bed

135 20/5/2004 Wadi Zaghra (St. 100) 28 34 57.6 34 27 20.0 210 Solenostemma arghel W. Bed 136 20/5/2004 Wadi Rahaba (St. 99) 28 26 16 34 00 01 1582 Artemisia judaica W. Bed

137 20/5/2004 Wadi Rahaba (St. 101) 28 25 02 33 59 37 1662 Artemisia judaica Terrace 138 20/5/2004 Wadi Rahaba (St. 102) 28 26 7.3 34 00 9.4 1575 Artemisia judaica W. Bed & slope

139 20/5/2004 Wadi Rahaba (St. 103) 28 25 05 33 59 19 1677 Tanacetum sinaicum W. Bed & slope

140 20/5/2004 Wadi Rahaba (St. 104) 28 25 54.2 34 00 29.9 1614 Artemisia herba-alba W. Slope 141 20/5/2004 Wadi Rahaba (St. 105) 28 23 32 33 57 12 1899 Artemisia herba-alba W. Slope

142 21/5/2004 Wadi Tal'a Saghira (St. 106) 28 33 44.4 33 56 01.4 1600 Fagonia mollis W. Slope 143 21/5/2004 Wadi Tal'a Saghira (St. 107) 28 34 02 33 55 52 1618 Fagonia mollis W. Slope

14

Serial No.

Date of sampling

Location Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Altitude (m)

The first dominant species Habitat

144 21/5/2004 Wadi Tal'a Saghira (St. 108) 28 33 28 33 56 06 1613 Teucrium polium W. Slope

145 21/5/2004 Wadi Tal'a Saghira (St. 108) 28 33 16 33 56 08 1718 Teucrium polium W. Slope 146 21/5/2004 Wadi Tal'a Saghira (St. 109) 28 33 14 33 56 08 1635 Sisymbrium irio W. Bed (Garden)

147 21/5/2004 Wadi Tal'a Saghira (St. 110) 28 33 13.1 33 56 6.3 1639 Teucrium polium W. Bed & slope 148 21/5/2004 Wadi Tal'a Saghira (St. 111) 28 34 02 33 55 52 1618 Phlomis aurea W. Bed (Garden)

149 22/5/2004 Wadi Sa'al (St. 112) 28 42 15 34 04 40 1281 Artemisia judaica W. Bed

150 22/5/2004 Wadi Sa'al (St. 113) 28 43 11 34 05 55 1214 Zilla spinosa subsp. spinosa W. Bed 151 22/5/2004 Wadi Sa'al (St. 114) 28 43 37 34 06 51 1148 Zilla spinosa subsp. spinosa W. Slope

152 22/5/2004 Wadi Sa'al (St. 115) 28 43 1.6 34 09 52.3 1071 Retama raetam W. Bed 153 22/5/2004 Wadi Sa'al (St. 115) 28 45 19.7 34 14 53.2 888 Acacia tortolis subsp. raddiana W. Bed

154 22/5/2004 Wadi Marra (St. 116) 28 47 36.5 34 14 59.4 858 Artemisia herba-alba W. Bed

155 22/5/2004 Wadi Marra 28 41 10 34 01 57 1396 Zygophyllum coccineum W. Bed 156 23/5/2004 W. Sa'al (St. 117) 28 45 32 34 16 12 Acacia tortolis subsp. raddiana W. Bed

157 23/5/2004 W. Sa'al (St. 117) 28 45 41 34 17 25 Acacia tortolis subsp. raddiana W. Bed 158 23/5/2004 Ein Khudra (St. 118) 28 33 21 34 25 04 720 Retama raetam W. Bed

159 23/5/2004 Ein Khudra (St. 119) 28 53 44.5 34 25 18.3 700 Lasiurus scindicus W. Bed (Garden) 160 23/5/2004 Ein Khudra (St. 120) 28 53 52.9 34 25 24 684 Imperata cylindrica W. Bed (Garden)

161 24/5/2004 Wadi Feiran (St. 121) 28 43 6.1 33 36 31.3 583 Cynodon dactylon W. Bed (Garden)

162 24/5/2004 Wadi Feiran (St. 122) 28 45 47.5 33 23 44.2 239 Citrullus colocynthis W. Bed (Garden) 163 24/5/2004 Wadi Feiran (St. 123) 28 45 48.5 33 23 48 242 Atriplex glauca W. Bed (Garden)

164 24/5/2004 Wadi Feiran (St. 124) 28 42 47.8 33 19 50.8 147 Cynodon dactylon W. Bed (Garden)

15

5- Indeterminate: the species probably belongs to one of the above conservation

categories (2-4), but is insufficiently known to be assigned to a specific category. The species in categories 2-4 are considered to be "threatened" with extinction.

16

Checklist of the Flora

of St. Katharine Mountainous Region

The following is a field checklist of the collected species of vascular plants

(Pterodophyta, Gymnospermae and Angiospermae) in the study area. No species

reported previously by other authors is included in this list except it is collected by the

authors of the present study. For each species, the list includes (in a sequential manner)

a serial number, the valid Latin name with author citation, life form, relative constancy,

the types of the most favoured habitat, the IUCN (1994) Red List Category (after El-

Hadidi 2000), economic uses, and the available synonyms. The families are arranged

according to Engler System as reported by Täckholm (1974), Boulos (1995), El-Hadidi

and Fayed (1994/1995) and Boulos (1999, 2000, 2002), while the species are arranged

alphabetically.

Division I: PTERIDOPHYTA

Equisetaceae Richard 1- Equisetum ramosissimum Desf., Perennial, 2.0%, Moist sandy places, Rare, highly

grazed

Syn. Equisetum ramosum DC.

Adiantaceae Presl 2- Adiantum capillus-veneris L., Perennial, 3.3%, Moist shady places

Division II: SPERMATOPHYTA

Subdivision 1. GYMNOSPERMAE

Ephedraceae Dum. 3- Ephedra alata Decne., Shrub, 3.3%, Sandy wadi beds, grazed

4- Ephedra ciliata Fischer & C. A. Mey., Shrub, 4.6%, In the mountains, grazed

Syns. Ephedra foliata Boiss.

17

Ephedra peduncularis Boiss. & Hausskn.

Subdivision 2. ANGIOSPERMA Class a. Dicotyledoneae

Salicaceae Mirbel 5- Salix mucronata Thunb., Shrub or tree, 2.0%, In and near water, medicinal, fuel,

grazed

Syns. Salix subserrata Willd.

Salix safsaf Trautv.

Moraceae Link 6- Ficus palmata Forssk., Shrub, 10.6%, Rocky slopes, fuel, grazed

Syn. Ficus pseudo-sycomorus Decne.

7- Ficus carica L., Shrub, 0.7%, In the mountains, Endangered, food

Urticaceae A. Juss. 8- Parietaria alsinifolia Delile, Annual, 20.5%, Shady rock crevices, highly grazed

9- Forsskaolea tenacissima L., Perennial, 14.6%, Sand plains and rocky ground, grazed

Syns. Caidbeja adhaerens Forssk.

Forsskaolea cossoniana Webb

10- Urtica urens L., Annual, 0.7%, Winter weed

Polygonaceae A. Juss. 11- Atraphaxis spinosa L. var. sinaica (Jaub & Spach.) Boiss., Shrub, 6.6%, in

mountains, Vulnerable, highly grazed

Syn. Atraphaxis sinsica Jaub. & Spach

12- Polygonum equisetiforme Sm., Perennial, 2.7%, Sandy places and waste land, grazed

13- Rumex vesicarius L., Annual, 1.3%, Moist places

14- Rumex dentatus L., Annual, 2.0%, Weed in farmland and moist places, food, grazed

Aizoaceae J. G. Agardh 15- Aizoon canariense L., Annual, 5.3%, Moist sand

18

Syn. Glinus chrystallinus Forssk.

Portulacaceae A. Juss. 16- Portulaca oleracea L., Annual, 6.0%, Moist places, medicinal, food, grazed

Caryophyllaceae A. Juss. 17- Arenaria deflexa Decne, Perennial, 0.7%, Rocky places, grazed

18- Bufonia multiceps Decne, Frutescent, 2.0%, Rocky slopes, Endangered, highly

grazed

19- Dianthus sinaicus Boiss., Perennial, 0.7%, Rocky habitats, Rare, grazed

20- Gymnocarpos decandrus Forssk., Frutescent, 30.5%, Sand plains and rocky ridges,

highly grazed

Syns. Trianthema fruticosa Vahl

Gymnocarpos fruticosus Pers.

21- Gypsophila capillaris (Forssk.) C. Chr., Annual or perennial, 2.7%, Sandy soils and

hill slopes

22- Gypsophila viscosa Murray, Annual, 4.0%, Sandy soils and mountainous rocky

slopes.

23- Herniaria hirsuta L., Annual, 0.7%, Silty wet places

24- Minuartia meyeri (Bois.) Bornm., Annual, 8.7%, Rocky slopes and wadi beds, grazed

Syns. Alsine meyeri Boiss.

Alsine brevis Boiss.

25- Paronychia sinaica Fresen., Perennial, 4.6%, Sandy wadi beds, highly grazed

Syn. Paronychia flavescens Boiss.

26- Polycarpaea repens (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf., Perennial, 0.7%, Sand plains and

wadi beds

Syns. Corrigiola repens Forssk.

Polycarpaea fragilis Delile

27- Polycarpaea robbairea (Kuntze.) Greuler & Bardit., Annual or short-lived Perennial,

0.7%, Sand plains and wadi beds

Syns. Polycarpon robbairea Kuntze

Polycarpaea confusa Maire

Robbairea delileana Milne-Redh

19

Robbairea major (Asch. & Schweinf.) Botsch.

28- Sclerocephalus arabicus Boiss., Annual, 0.7%, Rocky slopes, Vulnerable, grazed

Syn. Paronychia sclerocephala Decne.

29- Silene arabica Boiss., Annual or perennial, 1.3%, desert plains and wadi beds, highly

grazed

Syn. Silene affinis Boiss.

30- Silene linearis Decne, Annual or short-lived perennial, 0.7%, Wadi beds and rocky

ground, highly grazed

31- Silene schimperiana Boiss., Perennial, 2.0%, Rocky slopes and crevices, Endangered,

highly grazed

32- Silene villosa var. villosa Forssk., Annual, 5.3%, Sandy desert, edges of cultivations,

grazed

33- Spergularia diandra (Guss.) Boiss., Annual, 15.2%, Sand plains and wadi beds,

grazed

Syns. Arenaria diandra Guss.

Spergula diandra (Guss.) Murb.

34- Stellaria pallida (Dumort.) Pire, Annual, 1.3%, Winter weed, grazed

Syns. Alsine pallida Dumort.

Stellaria pallida (Dumort.) Piré

Stellaria media (L.) Vill. subsp. pallida (Dumort.) Asch. & Graebn.

Chenopodiaceae Vent. 35- Agathophora alopecuroides (Delile) Moq., Frutescent, 0.7%, Limestone rocks and

sandy soils

Syns. Salsola alopecuroides Delile

Halogeton alopecuroides (Delile) Moq.

Anabasis alopecuroides (Delile) Moq. in A. DC.

36- Anabasis articulata (Forssk.) Moq. In A. DC., Shrub, 11.3%, Sandy plains, fuel,

medicinal

Syn. Salsola articulata Forssk.

37- Anabasis setifera Moq., Shrub, 0.7%, Desert plains and wadi beds

38- Atriplex glauca L., Frutescent, 4.0%, Chalky hills, grazed

20

Syns. Atriplex alexandrina Boiss.

Atriplex crystallina Boiss.

Atriplex palaestina Boiss.

Atriplex stylosa Viv.

39- Atriplex halimus L., Frutescent, 1.3%, Saline sandy soils, medicinal, food, grazed

40- Atriplex leucoclada var. inamoena (Aellen) Zohary, Frutescent, 2.7%, Wadi beds,

grazed

Syn. Atriplex inamoena Aellen

41- Bassia eriophora (Schrad.) Asch., Annual, 0.7%, Dry habitats of mountains

Syns. Kochia eriophora Schrad.

Kochia latifolia Fresen.

Bassia latifolia (Fresen.) Asch. in Schweinf.

42- Bassia muricata (L.) Asch. in Schweinf., Annual, 4.0%, Sandy soils

Syns. Salsola muricata L.

Kochia muricata (L.) Schrad.

43- Beta vulgaris L., Annual or short-lived perennial, 2.6%, Escape from cultivation,

food

44- Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Annual, 0.7%, Wet places, medicinal

45- Chenopodium album L., Annual., 0.7%, Winter weed and saline soils, medicinal

46- Chenopodium murale L., Annual, 4.7%, Winter weed

47- Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss., Shrub, 17.9%, Desert plains and

wadi beds, fuel

Syns. Caroxylon salicornicum Moq. in Dc.

Haloxylon schweinfurthii Asch.

Hammada articulatum (Cav.) Bunge

Hammada elegans (Bunge) Botsch.

Hammada salicornica (Moq.) Iljin

48- Salsola imbricata Forssk., Shrub, 0.7%, Desert plains and wadi beds

49- Suaeda aegyptiaca (Hasselq.) Zohary, Annual, 5.3%, Saline sandy soils

Syns. Chenopodium aegyptiacum Hasselq.

Suaeda hortensis Forssk.

Suaeda baccatta Forssk. ex J.F. Gmel.

Schanginia bacata (Forssk. ex J.F. Gmel.) Moq.

Schagninia hortensis (Forssk. ex J.F. Gmel.) Moq.

21

Schanginia aegyptiaca (Hasselq.) Aellen in Rech.f.

50- Suaeda monoica Forssk. ex J.F. Gmel., Shrub or small tree, 2.7%, Saline sandy soils,

fuel

Amaranthaceae A. Juss.

51- Amaranthus lividus L., Annual, 0.7%, Weed of cultivation and waste places

Syns. Amaranthus blitum L.

Amaranthus oleraceus L.

Amaranthus ascendens Loisel.

52- Amaranthus viridis L., Annual, 0.7%, Summer weed

Syns. Amaranthus gracilis Poir.

Albersia caudata (Jacq.) Boiss.

53- Amaranthus hybridus subsp. hybridus L., Annual, 6.0%, Weed in wet places

Syns. Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.

Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd.

Amaranthus patulus Bertel.

54- Amaranthus retroflexus L., Annual, 5.3%, Summer weed

Syn. Amaranthus delilei Loret

55- Amaranthus graecizans L., Annual, 0.7%, Summer weed and sandy habitats

Syns. Amaranthus angustifolius Lam.

Amaranthus ascheronianus (Thell.) Chiov.

56- Amaranthus spinosus L., Annual, 0.7%, Introduced and naturalized

57- Aerva javanica (Burm. f.) Juss. ex Schult. in Roem. & Schult., Shrub, 17.9%, Desert

plains and rocky ground

Syn. Iresine javanica Burm.

58- Aerva javanica var. bovei Webb in Hook., Shrub, 17.9%, Desert plains and rocky

ground

Syns. Aerva bovei (Webb) Edgew.

Aerva tomentosa Forssk.

Ranunculaceae A. Juss. 59- Ranunculus asiaticus L., Perennial, 0.7%, Coastal plains and barley fields, Rare

Syns. Ranunculus asiaticus subsp. latilobus Vierh.

22

Ranunculus asiaticus subsp. tenuilobus (Boiss.) Vierh.

Menispermaceae A. Juss. 60- Cocculus pendulus (J. R. & G. Forst.) Diels, Liane or shrub, 3.3%, Sandy plains and

wadi beds, Rare

Syns. Epibaterium pendulum J. R. & G. Forst.

Cocculus leoeba (Delile) DC.

Guttiferae A. Juss. 61- Hypericum sinaicum Boiss., Perennial, 3.3%, Rocky ground, Rare

Papaveraceae A. Juss. 62- Papaver decaisnei Elkan., Annual, 8.6%, Wadi beds, medicinal

63- Roemeria hybrida subsp. hybrida (L.) DC., Annual, 8.6%, Weed in barley fields

64- Glaucium arabicum Fresen., Perennial, 1.3%, Moist rocky habitats, Rare

65- Glaucium corniculatum (L.) Rudolph., Annual, 1.3%, Winter weeds

Syns. Chelidonium corniculatum L.

Glaucium phoeniceum Crantz

Glaucium rubrum Sm.

Glaucium tricolor Besser

Fumariaceae DC. 66- Fumaria bracteosa Pomel, Annual, 1.3%, Sandy soils

Syns. Fumaria parlatoreana (Boiss.) Bornm.

Fumaria emarginata Braun-Blanq.

Fumaria densiflora DC. subsp. bracteolosa (Pomel) Murb.

67- Hypecoum pendulum L., Annual, 0.7%, Sandy soils

Syns. Hypecoum parviflorum Kar. & Kir.

Hypecoum tetragonum Bertol.

Capparaceae A. Juss. 68- Capparis sinaica Veill., Shrub, 15.6%, Rocky slopes, medicinal, food, fuel

23

Syns. Capparis cartilafinea Decne.

Capparis galeata Fresen.

Capparis spinosa L. subsp. cartilaginea (Decne.) Maire & Weiller

69- Capparis spinosa L. var. spinosa, Shrub, 11.3%, Rocky slopes, Rare, medicinal, fuel

Syns. Capparis aegyptia Lam.

Capparis spinosa L. var. aegyptia (Lam.) Boiss.

Cleomaceae (Pax) Airy-Shaw 70- Cleome arabica L., Perennial, 13.9%, Sandy plains, medicinal

Syn. Cleome trinervia Fresen.

71- Cleome amblyocarpa Barratte & Murb., Annual, 2.0%, Desert plains and wadi beds,

medicinal

72- Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Delile, Frutescent, 5.3%, Sand plains and wadi beds,

Indereminate, medicinal

Syn. Roridula droserifolia Forssk.

Cruciferae A. Juss. 73- Alyssum homalocarpum (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Boiss., Annual, 0.7%, Calcareous

ground

Syn. Psilonema homalocarpum Fisch. & C. A. Mey.

74- Biscutella didyma L., Annual, 0.7%, Sandy soils and rocky slopes, Endangered

Syns. Biscutella apula L.

Biscutella ciliata DC.

Biscutella leiocarpa DC.

75- Carrichtera annua (L.) DC., Annual, 0.7%, Sandy plains

Syn. Vella annua L.

76- Clypeola jonthlaspi L., Annual, 0.7%, Rocky ground

Syns. Clypeola microcarpa Moris

Clypeola glabra Boiss.

Clypeola hispida C. Presl

Clypeola jonthlaspi subsp. macrocarpa (Caruel) Fiori

77- Diplotaxis acris (Forssk.) Boiss., Annual, 8.0%, Sandy plains

Syn. Hesperis acris Forssk.

24

78- Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss., Perennial, 19.9%, Sandy plains and rocky ground

Syn. Sinapis harra Forssk.

79- Eremobium aegyptiacum var. lineare (Delile) Zohary, Annual, Desert plains and

moist ground

Syns. Mattiola linearis Delile

Eremobium lineare (Delile) Asch. & Schweinf. ex Boiss.

Eremobium diffusum (Decne.) Botsch.

80- Eruca sativa Mill., Annual, 4.0%, Common weed, medicinal, food

Syn. Eruca lativalvis Boiss.

81- Farsetia aegyptia Turra, Shrub, 8.6%, Sandy plains

Syns. Farsetia oblongata C. Presl

Farsetia ovalis Boiss.

82- Farsetia longisiliqua Decne, Perennial, 1.3%, Sandy plains and rocky slopes

83- Hymenolobus procumbens (L.) Nutt ex Torr., Annual, Weed

Syns. Lepidium procumbens L.

Capsella procumbens (L.) fries

84- Isatis microcarpa Boiss., Annual, Rocky slopes

85- Lipidium draba L., Annual, 0.7%, Sandy soils

Syn. Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.

86- Malcolmia africana (L.) R. Br. in W. T. Aiton, Annual, 0.7%, Moist places

Syns. Hesperis africana L.

Malcolmia calycina Sennen

Strigosella africana (L.) Botsch.

87- Matthiola arabica Boiss., Perennial, 22.5%, Rocky slopes, Vulnerable

Syn. Mattoila arabica Velen. in Stizungsber.

88- Matthiola longipetala subsp. livida (Delile) Maire, Annual, 0.7%, Sand plains

Syns. Cheiranthus lividus Delile

Matthiola livida (Delile) DC.

89- Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis (Sm.) P. W. Ball, Annual, 6.0%, Sandy plains

and rocky ground

Syns. Cheiranthus bicornis Sm.

Matthiola bicornis (Sm.) DC.

90- Morettia canescens Boiss., Perennial, Sandy plains and rocky ground

91- Moricandia sinaica (Boiss.) Boiss., Frutescent, 2.7%, Rocky slopes

25

Syn. Brassica sinaica Boiss.

92- Raphanus raphanistrum L., Annual, 1.3%, Weed, medicinal, food

93- Savignya parviflora (Delile) Webb, Annual, 0.7%, Sandy soils

Syns. Lunaria parviflora Delile

Savignya aegyptiaca DC.

94- Schouwia purpurea (Forssk.) Schweinf., Annual, 1.3%, Sandy soils

Syns. Subularia purpurea Forssk.

Schouwia arabica DC.

Schouwia thebaica Webb

Schouwia schimperi Jaub. & Spach

95- Schimpera arabica Hochst. & Steud. ex Boiss., Annual, Sandy plains

Syn. Schimpera persica Boiss.

96- Sinapis arvensis L. var. orientalis, Annual, Weed

97- Sisymbrium irio L., Annual, 9.3%, Common weed

98- Sisymbrium septulatum DC., Annual, 1.3%, Moist places

99- Zilla spinosa subsp. spinosa (L.) Prrantl in Engl. & Prantl, Shrub, 66.2%, Sandy

plains

Resedaceae S. F. Gray 100- Ochradenus baccatus Delile, Shrub, 25.8%, Sandy plains and wadi beds, highly

grazed

101- Oligomeris linifolia (Harnem.) J.F. Mucbr., Annual, 2.0%, Weed in saline soils

Syns. Reseda subulata Delile

Reseda linifolia Vahl ex Hornem.

Oligomeris glaucescens Cambess. in Jacquem.

Oliogmaris subulata (Delile) Webb

102- Reseda arabica Boiss., Annual, 17.9%, Sandy plains, highly grazed

103- Reseda decursiva Forssk., Annual or biennial, 0.7%, Maritime sand, fuel

Syn. Reseda alba L. subsp. decursiva (Forssk.) Maire in Jahand & Maire

104- Reseda muricata C. Presl, Perennial, 7.3%, Sandy plains and rocky habitats

Syn. Reseda patzakiana Rech. f.

105- Caylusea hexagyna (Forssk.) M. L. Green, Annual or short-lived perennial, 39.1%,

Sandy plains

26

Syns. Reseda hexagyna Forssk.

Caylusea canescens A. St. Hil.

Caylusea jaberi Abedin

Moringaceae R. Br. 106- Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori, Tree, 2.7%, Rocky slopes of wadis, Vulnerable,

medicinal

Syns. Hyperanthera peregrina Forssk.

Moringa aptera Gaertn.

Moringa arabica Pers.

Crassulaceae DC. 107- Umbilicus horizontalis (Guss.) DC., Perennial, 0.7%, Rocky habitats

Syns. Cotyledon horizontalis Guss. in Ten.

Umblicus pendulinus DC. var. horizontalis (Guss.) Post

Rosaceae A. Juss. 108- Cotoneaster orbicularis Schltdl., Shrub, 3.3%, Rocky mountain sides on igneous

formations, Vulnerabe, grazed, fuel

109- Crataegus x sinaica Boiss., Shrub, 10.6%, Mountain sides, Vlunerable, grazed, fuel

Syn. Crataegus azarolus L. x monogyna Jacq.

110- Rosa arabica Crep., Shrub, 4.0%, Rocky slopes of higher altitude, Endangered, fuel

111- Rubus sanctus Schreb., Shrub, 0.7%, Naturalized, Indeterminate, fuel

Neuradaceae 112- Neurada procumbens L., Annual, 0.7%, Sandy soils

Leguminosae A. Juss. 113- Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana (Savi) Brenan, Tree, 25.2%, Wadi beds, food

Syn. Acacia raddiana Savi

114- Alhagi graecorum Boiss., Frutescent, 4.6%, Weed of waste places, medicinal, food,

fuel, grazed

27

Syn. Alhagi mannifera Jaub. & Spach

115- Astragalus asterias subsp. radiatus (Butt.) Greuter, Annual, 9.3%, Desert plains,

grazed

Syns. Astragalus radiatus Bunge

Astragalus cruciatus Link subsp. radiatus Batt.

Astragalus stella, sensu Täckh.

116- Astragalus cretaceus Boiss. & Kotschy, Perennial, 3.3%, Desert wadis

Syn. Astragalus calophyllus Boiss.

117- Astragalus caprinus L., Perennial, 0.7%, Sandy soils

Syns. Astragalus langigerus desf.

Astragalus alexandrinus Boiss.

118- Astragalus corrugatus Bertol., Annual, 1.3%, Sandy soils

Syn. Astragalus cruciatus Link

119- Astragalus dactylocarpus Boiss., Frutescent, 2.0%, Rocky habitats

120- Astragalus eremophilus Boiss., Annual, 2.0%, Wadi beds and sandy plains

Syn. Astragalus falcinellus Boiss.

121- Astragalus hispidulus DC., Annual, 2.0%, Sandy soils

122- Astragalus sieberi DC., Frutescent, 4.6%, Rocky habitats

123- Astragalus spinosus (Forssk.) Muschl., Shrub, 15.6%, Sandy plains

Syns. Colutea spinosa Forssk.

Astragalus forsskaolii Boiss.

Astragalus microthamnus Boiss. & Hausskn. in Boiss.

Astragalus kneuckeri Freyn

124- Astragalus tribuloides Delile, Shrub, 1.3%, Sandy plains, grazed

125- Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C. H. Stirt., Perennial, 2.7%, Rocky ground, highly

grazed

Syns. Psoralea bituminosa L.

Psoralea palaestina Gouan

126- Colutea istria Mill., Shrub, 0.7%, Rocky slopes, Rare, highly grazed

Syn. Colutea halepica Lam.

127- Crotalaria aegyptiaca Benth., Shrub, 9.9%, Sandy plains, highly grazed

128- Crotalaria thebaica (Delile) DC., Shrub, 0.7%, Sandy plains and rocky ground, highly

grazed

Syn. Spartium thebicum Delile

28

129- Lotononis platycarpa (Viv.) Pic. Serm., Annual or short-lived perennial, 1.3%,

Sandy plains, grazed

Syns. Lotus platycarpos Viv.

Lotononis persica (Jaub. & Spach) Boiss.

130- Lotus arabicus L., Annual, 2.7%, Winter weed, grazed

Syns. Lotus roseus Forssk.

Lotus mossamedensis Baker

131- Lotus glinoides Delile, Annual, 3.3%, Sandy plains and rocky ground, grazed

Syns. Lotus trigonelloides Webb in Webb & Berthel.

Lotus schimperi Steud. ex Boiss.

Lotus ehrenbergii Schweinf. ex Vierh.

132- Lotus peregrinus L., Annual, 3.3%, Sandy plains, grazed

Syn. Lotus carmeli Boiss.

133- Medicago intertexta (L.) Mill. var. ciliaris (L.) Heyn, Annual, 0.7%, Winter weed,

grazed

Syns. Medicago polymorpha var. ciliaris L.

Medicago ciliaris (L.) All.

134- Medicago sativa L., Perennial, 2.0%, Naturalized, highly grazed

135- Melilotus indicus (L.) All., Annual, 5.3%, Most common winter weed, grazed

Syns. Trifolium melilotus-indica L.

Melilotus parviflorus Desf.

Melilotus bonplandii Ten.

Melilotus tommasinii Jord.

136- Melilotus sulcatus Desf., Annual, 0.7%, Weed, grazed

137- Onobrychis ptolemaica (Delile) DC., Perennial, 0.7%, Sandy plains and rocky

ground, grazed

Syns. Hedysarum ptolemaicum Delile

Onobrychis lanata Boiss.

Onobrychis olivieri Boiss.

138- Ononis serrata Forssk., Annual, 0.7%, Coastal plains and wadi beds, grazed

Syns. Ononis glaucescens Pomel

Ononis marmorata Murb.

139- Ononis sicula Guss., Annual, 0.7%, Rocky ground

140- Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) Macbr., Shrub, 0.7%, Sandy plains

29

Syns. Mimosa farcta Banks & Sol. in Russel

Prosopis stephaniana (M. Bieb.) Spring.

Lagonychium farctum (Banks & Sol.) Bobrov in Komarov

141- Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb. & berthel subsp. raetum, Shrub, 25.8%, Coastal

plains and wadi beds, fuel

Syns. Genista raetum Forssk.

Retama duriaei (Spach) Webb

Lygos raetum (Forssk.) Heywood

142- Senna alexandrina Mill., Frutescent, 6.0%, Sandy plains and wadi beds

Syns. Cassia senna L.

Cassia lancealata Forssk.

Cassia acutifolia Delile

143- Senna italica Mill., Frutescent, 0.7%, Desert outskirsts, medicinal

Syns. Cassia aschrek Forssk.

Cassia obovata Collad.

Cassia italica (Mill.) F. W. Andrews

144- Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr., Shrub or small tree, 0.7%, Naturalized

Syns. Aeschynomene sesban L.

Sesbania aegyptiaca Poir. in Lam.

145- Tephrosia purpurea subsp. apollinea (Delile) Hosni & El-Karemy, Frutescent,

4.6%, Moist habitats and wadi beds

Syns. Galega apollinea Delile

Tephrosia apollinea (Delile) Link

146- Trifolium resupinatum L., Annual, 0.7%, Winter weed, highly grazed

Syn. Trifolium suaveolens Willd.

147- Trigonella berythea Boiss. & Blanche, Annual, 3.3%, Weed, highly grazed

148- Trigonella stellata Forssk., Annual, 26.5%, Sandy plains and moist places, highly

grazed

Oxalidaceae R. Br. 149- Oxalis corniculata L., Perennial, 2.7%, Moist places

Syns. Oxalis repens Thunb.

Oxalis villosa M. Bieb.

30

Geraniaceae A. Juss. 150- Erodium ciutarium (L.) L'Her. in Aiton., Annual, 5.3%, Sandy soils

Syns. Geranium cicutarium L.

Erodium arenarium Jord.

151- Erodium crassifolium L'Her. in Aiton. , Perennial, 0.7%, Sandy soils, highly grazed

Syns. Geranium hirtum Forssk.

Erodium hirtum (Forssk.) willd.

152- Erodium glaucophyllum L'Her. in Aiton., Annual, 7.3%, Soils rich in gypsum

Syn. Geranium glaucophyllum L.

153- Erodium laciniatum subsp. pulverlentum (Boiss.) Batt. & Trab., Annual, 4.0%,

Rocky ground

Syns. Geranium pulverulentum Cav.

Erodium pulverulentum (Cav.) Willd.

Erodium laciniatum var. pulverulentum (Cav.) Boiss.

Erodium pulverulentum subsp. bovei (Delile) Schönb.-tem. in Rech.f.

154- Geranium molle L., Annual, 0.7%, Sandy soils

Syn. Geranium stipulare Kunze

155- Monsonia heliotrioides (Cav.) Boiss., Perennial, Desert plains

Syns. Geranium heliotropioides Cav.

Monsonia hispida Boiss.

Monsonia densiflora Täckh. & Boulos

Monsonia heliotropioides Cav. var. hassibii Täckh. & Boulos

Zygophyllaceae R. Br. 156- Fagonia arabica var. arabica L., Frutescent, 27.2%, Common polymorphic species

Syns. Fagonia tilhoana Maire

Fagonia arabica L. var. tilhoana (Maire) Maire

Fagonia arabica L. var. imamii Hadidi

Fagonia boulosii Hadidi

Fagonia boulosii Hadidi var. crameri Hadidi

Fagonia arabica L. var. negevensis Zohary

157- Fagonia bruguieri DC., Frutescent, 9.3%, Polymorphic species in sandy plains

31

Syns. Fagonia echinella Boiss.

Fagonia diversifolia Boiss.

Fagonia burguieri DC. var. laxa Boiss.

Fagonia burguieri DC. var. haplotricha Hadidi in Rech. f.

Fagonia haplotricha (Hadidi) Hadidi & El-Garf

158- Fagonia glutinosa Delile, Perennial, 3.3%, Sandy plains

Syns. Fagonia glutinosa Delile var. grandiflora Boiss.

Fagonia glutinosa Delile var. nuda Hadidi

159- Fagonia mollis Delile, Frutescent, 58.9%, Polymorphic species in rocky habitats,

medicinal, grazed

160- Fagonia mollis var. hispida Zohary, Frutescent, Rocky ground, medicinal, grazed

Syns Fagonia tristis Sickenb.

Fagonia tristis Sickenb. var boveana Hadidi

Fagonia boveana (Hadidi) Hadidi & Garaf.

161- Fagonia scabra Forssk., Perennial, 9.9%, Rocky ground

Syns. Fagonia sinaica Boiss.

Fagonia kahirina Boiss.

Fagonia kahirina Boiss. var. sinaica (Boiss.) Boiss.

Fagonia sinaica Boiss. var longipes Maire

Fagonia sinaica Boiss. var. kahirina (Boiss.) Hadidi

162- Fagonia schimperi Presl, Perennial, 9.9%, Rocky habitats

Syns. Fagonia myriacantha Boiss.

Fagonia kassasii hadidi

163- Peganum harmala L., Perennial, 31.1%, Sandy places, grazed

164- Tribulus terrestris L., Annual, 2.7%, Sand plains, waste places and weed in gardens

Syns. Tribulus lanuginosus L.

Tribulus robustus Boiss. & Noë in Boiss.

165- Zygophyllum coccineum L., Frutescent, 6.6%, Sand plains and wadis

Syns. Zygophyllum desertorum Forssk.

Zygophyllum propinquum Decne.

Zygophyllum coccineum L. var. berenicense Muschl.

Zygophyllum berenicense (Muschl.) Hadidi

166- Zygophyllum simplex L., Annual or short-lived perennial, 6.0%, Sandy soils

Syn. Zygophyllum portulacoides Forssk.

32

Nitrariaceae Lindl. 167- Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) Asch., Shrub, 1.3%, Salty plains, fuel, food

Syns. Peganum retusum Forssk.

Nitraria sengalensis Poir. in Lam.

Nitraria tridentata Desf.

Nitraria sericea Jaub. & Spach

Euphorbiaceae A. Juss.

168- Andrachne aspera Spreng., Perennial, 6.6%, Rocky crevices

169- Chrozophora oblongifolia (Delile) Spreng., Perennial, 6.0%, Waste places

Syn. Croton oblongifolius Delile

170- Euphorbia heterophylla L., Annual, 2.0%, Naturalized

Syns. Euphorbia geniculata Ortega

Euphorbia prunifolia Jacq.

171- Euphorbia helioscopia L., Annual, 0.7%, Winter weed

172- Euphorbia peplus L., Annual, 6.0%, Common weed

Syns. Euphorbia peploides Gouan

Euphorbia peplus L. var. peploides (gouan) Vis.

173- Euphorbia prostrata Aiton, Annual, 1.3%, Common weed

Syns. Tithymalus prostratus (Aiton) Samp.

Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small

174- Euphorbia retusa Forssk., Frutescent, 4.6%, Sandy soils

Syns. Euphorbia kahirensis Raeusch.

Euphorbia cornuta Pers.

175- Euphorbia sanctae-catharinae Fayed, Short-lived perennial, 21.2%, Wadi beds at

high altitude, Rare

176- Ricinus communis L., Annual or perennial tree-like herb with woody base, 0.7%,

Naturalized and escape from cultivation, medicinal, fuel

Rutaceae A. Juss. 177- Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) Juss., Perennial, 1.3%, Sandy plains

Syns. Ruta tuberulata Forssk.

33

Haplophyllum longifolium Boiss.

Haplophyllum obovatum (Hochst. ex Boiss.) Hand.-Mazz.

Polygalaceae A. Juss. 178- Polygala sinaica Botsch., Frutescent, 0.7%, Crevices in smooth-faced limestone,

Rare

Syn. Polygala spinescens Decne.

Rhamnaceae A. Juss. 179- Rhamnus dispermus Boiss., Shrub, 0.7%,, Rocky crevices, Rare

180- Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf., Tree, 1.3%, Desert plains, wadi beds and

cultivated land, fuel

Syn. Rhamnus spina-christi L.

Tiliaceae A. Juss. 181- Corchorus olitorius L., Annual, 0.7%, Summer weed, food

Malvaceae A. Juss. 182- Abutilon fruticosum Guill. & Perr., Shrub, 0.7%, Desert plains

Syn. Abutilon denticulatum (Fresen.) Webb

183- Althaea ludwigii L., Annual or short-lived perennial, 5.3%, Moist places,

Indeterminate

184- Malva neglecta Wallr., Annual, 2.0%, Cultivated ground, grazed

185- Malva parviflora L., Annual, 10.6%, Winter weed, medicinal, food, grazed

Syn. Malva flexuosa Hornem.

Cistaceae A. Juss. 186- Helianthemum kahiricum Delile, Frutescent, 2.0%, Stony slopes, highly grazed

187- Helianthemum lippii (L.) Dum. Cours., Frutescent, 9.9%, Stony slopes and gravel

deserts, highly grazed

Syns. Cistus lippii L.

34

Cistus sessiliflorus desf.

Helianthemum sessiliflorum (Desf.) Pers.

Helianthemum velutinum Pomel

Helianthemum lippii (L.) Dum. Cours. var. sessiliflorum (Desf.) Murb.

188- Helianthemum sancti-antonii Schweinf. ex Boiss., Frutescent, 2.0%, Stony slopes,

Endangered, grazed

Tamaricaceae S. F. Gray 189- Tamarix aphylla (L.) H. Karst., Tree or large shrub, 4.0%, Wide wadis with sand-

silty ground, medicinal, fuel

Syns. Thuja aphylla L.

Tamarix orientalis Forssk.

Tamarix articulata Vahl

190- Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge, Shrub or tree, 7.3%, Common in maritime

sands, salt marshes, waste land and cultivated fields, medicinal, fuel, grazed

Syns. Tamarix (gallica) nilotica Ehreb.

Tamarix arabica Bunge

Tamarix mannifera Bunge

Tamarix arborea (Ehenb.) Bunge

191- Reaumuria hirtella Jaub. & Spach, Frutescent, 1.3%, Desert wadis and rocky

ground

Cucurbitaceae A. Juss. 192- Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad., Perennial, 22.5%, Wadis with sandy-silty

ground, medicinal, fuel

Syns. Cucumis colocynthis L.

Colocynthis vulgaris schrad.

193- Cucumis prophetarum subsp. prophetarum , Perennial, 9.3%, Desert plains,

medicinal, fuel

Syns. Cucumis arabicus Delile

Cucumis amarus Stocks ex Naudin

Cucumis anguinus Anders.

Cucumis mascatensis Gand.

35

Umbelliferae A. Juss. L., Annual, 3.3%, Winter weed, medicinal

Syn. Apium ammi Crantz.

195- Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam., Annual, 1.3%, Weed in moist places, medicinal

Syn. Daucus visnaga L.

196- Anethum graeveolens L., Annual, 0.7%, Escape from cultivation, medicinal, food

197- Deverra tortuosa L., Frutescent, 16.6%, Sand plains, medicinal, fuel, grazed

Syns. Bubon tortuosum Desf.

Pituranthos tortuosus (Desf.) Benth ex Asch. & Schweinf.

198- Deverra triradiata Poir., Shrub, 9.9%, Sandy soils, medicinal, fuel, grazed

Syn. Pituranthos triradiatus (Hochst. ex Boiss.) Asch. & Shweinf.

199- Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum (Ucria) Cout., Biennial or short-lived

perennial, 0.7%, Naturalized, medicinal, grazed, food

Syns. Anethum piperitum Ucria

Foeniculum piperitum (Ucria) Presl

200- Pynocycla tomentosa Decne., Perennial, 0.7%, Rocky places, Rare, medicinal,

highly grazed

201- Scandix stellata Banks & Sol. in Russell., Annual, 0.7%, Steppes on stony slopes

Syns. Scandix pinnatifida Vent.

Scadicum stellatum (Bank & sol.) Thell.

202- Zosima absinthifolia (Vent.) Link., Perennial 0.7%, Steppes on stony soils, Rare

Syns. Heracleum absinthifolium Vent.

Tordylium absinthifolium (Vent.) Pers.

Heracleum tomentosum Sibth. & Sm.

Zosima orientalis Hoffm.

Primulaceae Vent. 203- Anagallis arvensis L., Annual, 6.6%, Winter weed, highly grazed

204- Primula boveana Duby, Perennial, 4.0%, Rock crevices, Endangered, highly grazed

Plumbaginaceae A. Juss. 205- Limonium pruinosum (L.) Chaz., Perennial, 0.7%, Sand plains and rocky ground

36

Syns. Statice pruinosa L.

Limonium pruinosum (L.) Kuntze

Asclepiadaceae R. Br. 206- Asclepias sinaica (Boiss.) Muschl., Shrub, 17.2%, Sandy soils, Vulnerable,

medicinal

Syn. Gomphocarpus sinaicus Boiss.

207- Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton, Shrub or small tree, 1.3%, Sandy soils and

waste ground, medicinal, fuel

Syn. Asclepias procera Aiton

208- Cynanchum acutum L., Perennial, 1.3%, Waste moist ground

Syn. Cynanchum monspeliacum L.

209- Pergularia tomentosa L., Frutescent, 4.0%, Sandy soils, medicinal

Syns. Daemia cordata R. Br.

Daemia tomentosa (L.) pomel

210- Solenostemma arghel (Delile) Hayne, Frutescent, 2.7%, Wadis, medicinal, fuel

Syns. Cynanchum arghel delile

Cynanchum oleifolium Nectoux

Solenostemma oleifolium (Nectoux) Bullock & Bruce

211- Periploca aphylla Decne., Shrub or small tree, 1.3%, Rocky places, highly grazed

Rubiaceae A. Juss. 212- Crucianella ciliata Lam., Annual, 3.3%, Sandy soils, medicinal, grazed

Syns. Crucianella diffusa Roth

Crucianella hispida Decne.

Crucianella ciliata Lam. var. hispidula (Decne.) Boiss.

213- Galium setaceum Lam., Annual, 0.7%, Rocky slopes, highly grazed

214- Galium spurium L., Annual, 0.7%, Rocky slopes, highly grazed

215- Galium sinaicum (Delile ex Decne.) Boiss., Perennial, 0.7%, Crevices of hard rocks,

highly grazed

Syn. Asperula sinaica Delile ex Decne.

Convolvulaceae A. Juss.

37

216- Convolvulus arvensis L., Perennial, 4.0%, Common weed, medicinal

Syns. Convolvulus hastatus Forssk.

Convolvulus auriculatus desr. in Lam.

Convolvulus longipedicellatus Sa'ad

217- Cuscuta palaestina Boiss., Annual, 4.6%, On few perennials

Syn. Cuscuta globularis Bertol.

218- Cuscuta planiflora Ten., Annual, 0.7%, On a great variety of plants

219- Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet, Perennial, 1.3%, Escape from cultivation

Syns. Convolvulus cairicus L.

Ipomoea palmata Forssk.

Convolvulus tuberculatus desr. in Lam.

Ipomoea sengalensis Lam.

Ipomoea vesiculosa P. Beauv.

Ipomoea tuberculata (Desr.) Roem. & Schult.

Boraginaceae A. Juss. 220- Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss., Perennial, 41.7%, Rocky slopes and crevices,

medicinal, grazed

Syns. Anchusa orientalis L.

Lithospermum orientale (L.) L.

221- Anchusa hispida Forssk., Annual, 4.0%, Desert plains and moist places

Syns. Gastrocotyle hispida (Forssk.) Bunge

Anchusa hispida Forssk. var. songarica Trautv.

222- Anchusa milleri Willd., Annual, 0.7%, Moist places, highly grazed

223- Arnebia hispidissima (Lehm.) DC., Annual, 0.7%, Sandy soils

Syns. Lithospermum hispidissimum Lehm.

Dioclea hispidissma Spreng.

Echiochilon hispidissima Tausch

224- Arnebia linearifolia A. DC., Annual, 0.7%, Wadi beds

Syns. Arnebia flavescens Boiss.

Echioides linearifolium (A. DC.) Rothm.

225- Echium rubrum Forssk., Annual, 0.7%, Coastal plains and rocky ground

Syns. Echium setosum Vahl

38

Echium spathulatum Viv.

Echium vercundum Viv.

226- Heliotropium arbainense Fresen., Frutescent, 9.3%, Wadis and stony slopes

227- Heliotropium digynum (Forssk.) C. Chr., Frutescent, 4.0%, Mobile sands and sandy

wadi beds

Syns. Lithospermum digynum Forssk.

Heliotropium luteum Poir. in Lam.

228- Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk., Frutescent, 0.7%, Sandy-silty soils and stony

slopes, highly grazed

229- Lappula spinocarpos (Forssk.) Asch. ex Kunze, Annual, 0.7%, Desert and sand

plains

Syns. Anchusa spinocarpos Forssk.

Myosotis spinocarpos (Forssk.) Vahl

Echinospermum spinocarpos (Forssk.) Boiss.

230- Paracaryum bungei (Boiss.) Brand in Engl., Annual, 1.3%, Rocky ground and

sandy desert outskirts, Rare, highly grazed

Syns. Echinospermum bungei Boiss.

Paracaryum bornumuelleri Brand

Mattiastrum bungei (Boiss.) rech. f. & Riedl in Köie & rech. f.

231- Trichodesma africanum (L.) R. Br., Annual or short-lived perennial, 15.9%, Stony

or rocky wadi beds

Syns. Borago africana L.

Borago verrucosa Forssk.

Boraginella africana (L.) Kuntze

Verbenaceae Jaume St-Hilaire 232- Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene, Perennial, 0.7%, Moist places and weed of water

bodies, grazed

Syns. Verbena nodiflora L.

Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx

Labiatae A. Juss. 233- Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb., Perennial, 0.7%, Stony wadis, highly grazed

39

Syns. Ajuga tridactylites Benth.

Ajuga chia Schreb. var. tridactylites (Benth.) Boiss.

234- Ballota damascena Boiss., Perennial, 9.3%, Sunny hillsides, highly grazed

235- Ballota saxatilis C. Presl, Perennial, 1.3%, Limestones crevices, Vulnerable, highly

grazed

236- Ballota undulata (Fresen.) Benth., Perennial, 27.2%, Rocky habitats, grazed

Syn. Marrubium undulatum Fresen.

237- Lavandula coronopifolia Poir., Perennial, 4.0%, Wadi beds, medicinal, fuel

Syn. Lavandula stricta Delile

238- Lavandula pubescens Decne., Perennial, 8.6%, Wadi beds, highly grazed

239- Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds., Perennial, 19.2%, Moist habitats, medicinal, food

Syns. Mentha spicata L. var. longifolia L.

Mentha sylvestris L.

Mentha lavandulacea Willd.

240- Micromeria sinaica Benth., Frutescent, 1.3%, Rock crevices, Rare, highly grazed

Syn. Satureja sinaica (Benth.) Briq. in Engl. & Prantl

241- Nepeta septemcrenata Benth., Perennial, 14.6%, Rocky habitats, Endangered,

medicinal, grazed

242- Origanum syriacum subsp. sinaicum (Boiss.) Greater & Burdet., Perennial, 17.2%,

Wadis, Endangered, medicinal

Syn. Origanum maru L. var. sinaicum Boiss.

243- Otostegia fruticosa subsp. schimperi (Benth.) Sebald, Frutescent, 1.3%, Rocky

ground, Indeterminate, medicinal

Syns. Ballota schimperi Benth. in A. DC.

Otostegia schimperi (Benth.) Boiss.

Otostegia kaiseri Täckh.

244- Phlomis aurea Decne., Perennial, 33.1%, Wadi beds, Endangered

245- Salvia aegyptiaca L., Frutescent, 4.0%, Sandy plains, highly grazed

Syn. Salvia pumila Benth.

246- Salvia deserti Decne., Frutescent, 4.0%, Rocky habitats, highly grazed

247- Salvia multicaulis Vahl, Perennial, 1.3%, Rocky habitats, medicinal, highly grazed

Syns. Salvia acetabulosa sensu Täckh.

Salvia pinsrdii sensu Täckh.

248- Salvia sclarea L., Perennial, 0.7%, Rocky slopes and plains, grazed

40

249- Salvia spinosa L., Perennial, 1.3%, Sandy plains, grazed

250- Stachys aegyptiaca Pers., Frutescent, 30.1%, Rocky deserts, highly grazed

251- Teucrium decaisnei C. Presl, Frutescent, 0.7%, Rocky habitats, Vulnerable,

medicinal

Syns. Teucrium sinaicum Boiss.

Teucrium pilosum (Decne.) Asch. & Schweinf.

Teucrium polium L. var. pilosum Decne.

252- Teucrium leucocladum Boiss., Frutescent, 7.3%, Wadi beds, Vulnerable, medicinal

253- Teucrium polium L., Frutescent, 43.7%, Sandy plains

254- Thymus decussatus Benth., Shrub, 7.3%, Gravelly wadi beds, Endangered

Solanaceae A. Juss. 255- Datura innoxia Mill., Annual, 2.7%, Weed in waste and moist places, medicinal

256- Datura stramonium L., Annual, 0.7%, Weed in waste ground, roadsides, orchards

and fields, medicinal

Syn. Datura tatula L.

257- Hyoscyamus boveanus (Dunal) Asch. & Schweinf., Perennial, 8.6%, Sand plains

and wadi beds, medicinal

Syn. Scopolia boveana Dunal in DC.

258- Hyoscyamus desertorum (Asch. Ex Boiss.) Tackh., Annual, 5.3%, Sand plains,

medicinal

Syns. Hyoscyamus albus L. var. desertorum Asch. ex Boiss.

Hyoscyamus cylindrocalyx Rech.f.

259- Hyoscyamus muticus L., Perennial, 5.3%, Sand plains and wadi beds, medicinal

Syns. Hyoscyamus datora Forssk.

Scopolia mutica (L.) Dunal in DC.

Scopolia datora (Forssk.) Dunal in DC.

260- Hyoscyamus pusillus L., Annual, 2.7%, Sand plains and wadi beds, Rare, medicinal

261- Lycium schweinfurthii Dammar, Shrub, 4.0%, Sand plains and rocky ground, fuel

262- Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult., Shrub, 17.2%, Wadi beds and sandy plains, fuel

Syns. Lycium arabicum Schweinf. ex Boiss.

Lycium mediterraneum Dunal var. cinnamomeum Dunal in DC.

Lycium mediterraneum Dunal var. leucocladum Dunal in DC.

41

263- Nicotiana glauca Graham, Frutescent, 0.7%, Moist places and sandy plains

264- Nicotiana rustica L., Annual, 0.7%, Moist places

265- Solanum nigrum L., Annual, 9.9%, Common weed in fields and wasteland

266- Solanum sinaicum Boiss., Frutescent, 6.6%, Rocky slopes, Vulnerable

267- Withania obtusifolia Täckh., Frutescent, 2.0%, Rocky ground, Vulnerable

Scrophulariaceae A. Juss. 268- Anarrhinum pubescens Fresen., Frutescent, 9.3%, On granite rocks, Endangered,

highly grazed

269- Kickxia acerbiana (Boiss.) Täckh. & Boulos, Perennial, 4.0%, Rocky slopes, highly

grazed

Syns. Linaria acerbiana Boiss.

Linaria nubica Skan in Dyer

Linaria kneuckeri Bornm.

Kichxia nubica (Skan) Dandy in Andrews

Kichxia scariosepala Täckh. & Boulos

Kichxia scariosepala Täckh. & Boulos

270- Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nābelek, Frutescent, 13.3%, Sandy-silty ground in wadis

and on slopes, highly grazed

Syns. Antirrhinum aegyptiacum L.

Linaria aegyptiaca (L.) Dum. Cours.

Elatinoides aegyptiaca (L.) Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl

271- Kickxia scoparia (Spreng.) Kunkel, Frutescent, 0.7%, desert wadis, highly grazed

Syns. Linaria scoparia (Spreng.)

Linaria spartioides Brouss. ex Buch

Kichxia spartioides (Brouss. ex Buch) Janch.

272- Scrophularia libanotica Boiss., Perennial, 11.9%, Rock crevices, highly grazed

273- Scrophularia xanthogolssa Boiss., Annual, 1.3%, Pebbly wadis

Syn. Scrophularia gileadensis Post

274- Verbascum sinaiticum Benth., Biennial, 7.3%, Rocky wadis, Rare, medicinal

275- Verbascum sinuatum L., Biennial, 7.3%, Rocky habitats, medicinal

276- Veronica anagalis –aquatica L., Perennial, 1.3%, Ditches and wet places

42

277- Veronica rubrifolia subsp. respectatissima M. A. Fisch., Perennial, 4.0%, Stony

slopes

Syns. Veronica pseudodivaricata Parsa

Veronica iranica Rech. f.

Veronica accessoria Rech. f.

Veronica islensis E. Gamal-Eldin

Globulariaceae DC. 278- Globularia arabica Jaub. & Spach, Shrub, 3.3%, Rock crevices, medicinal

Syns. Globularia eriocephala Pomel

Globularia alypum L. var. arabica (Jaub. & Spach)

Acanthaceae Juss. 279- Blepharis edulis (Forssk.) Pers., Perennial, 4.0%, Wadis

Syns. Acanthus edulis Forssk.

Acanthodium spicatum Delile

Belpharis ciliaris auct. mult.

Orobanchaceae Vent. 280- Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Hook.f., Perennial, 0.7%, On Tamarix, Retama,

Lycium

Syns. Phelipaea tubulosa Schenk

Cistanche lutea Wight

281- Orobanche cernua Reut., Perennial, 2.7%, Mainly on tomato, medicinal

Syns. Orobanche curviflora Viv.

Orobanche nicotianeae Wight

Orobanche cernua Loefl. var. desertorum (Beck) Stapf in Dyer

Orobanche cernua Loefl. var. nepalensis Reut. in A. DC.

Plantaginaceae A. Juss. 282- Plantago afra L., Annual, 2.7%, Roadsides and waste ground

Syns. Plantago psyllium L.

43

Plantago parviflora Desf.

283- Plantago albicans L., Perennial, 0.7%, Wadi beds

284- Plantago amplexicaulis Cav., Annual, 0.7%, Rocky habitats

Syn. Plantago bauphula Edgew

285- Plantago ciliata Desf., Annual, 2.0%, Silty-sandy wadis

286- Plantago major L., Perennial, 0.7%, Weed, medicinal

Syns. Plantago intermedia Gilib.

Plantago major L. subsp. intermedia (Gilib.) Lange

287- Plantago ovata Forssk., Annual, 3.3%, Rock habitats

Syn. Plantago decumbens Forssk.

288- Plantago sinaica (Barneoud) Decne., Frutescent, 0.7%, Rock crevices

Syns. Plantago psyllium L. var. sinaica Barn.

Plantago arabica Boiss.

Psyllium sinaicum (Barn.) Holub

Dipsacaceae A. Juss. 289- Pterocephalus sanctus Decne., Frutescent, 8.6%, Rocky habitats, highly grazed

290- Scaboisa olivieri L., Annual, 11.9%, Sandy-silty ground

Syn. Lomelosia olivieri (Coult.) Greuter & Burdet

Compositae Giseke 291- Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch. Bip., Frutescent, 33.1%, Desert plains and

wadis, grazed

Syn. Santolina fragrantissima Forssk.

292- Artemisia herba-alba Asso, Frutescent, 41.1%, Steppes on stony and rocky slopes

and sandy soils, medicinal, highly grazed

Syn. Artemisia inculata Delile

293- Artemisia judaica L., Frutescent, 62.9%, Sandy-silty wadi beds, medicinal

294- Asteriscus hierochunticus (Michon) Wiklund, Annual, 1.3%, Stony and rocky

slopes

Syns. Saulcya hierochuntica Michon

Asteriscus aquaticus (L.) Less. var. pymaeus DC.

Odontospermum pygmaeum (DC.) Coss. & Durieu in Blansa

44

295- Atractylis carduus (Forssk.) C. Chr., Perennial, 0.7%, Sandy soils and stony slopes

Syns. Centaurea carduus Forssk.

Atractylis flava Desf.

Atractylis citrina Coss. & Kralik

296- Atractylis mernephthae Asch., Annual, 0.7%, Sandy soils

297- Bidens pilosa L., Annual, 0.7%, Naturalized, along water bodies

Syns. Bidens sudanica Blume

Bidens pilosa L. var. minor (Bl.) Sherff

298- Calendula arvensis L., Annual, 0.7%, Cultivated and waste ground

Syns. Calendula aegyptiaca Pers.

Calendula bicolor Raf.

Calendula persica C. A. Mey.

Calendula cristagalli Viv.

Calendula ceratosperma Viv.

Calendula gracilis DC.

Calendula micrantha Boiss.

299- Carduus pycnocephalus L., Annual, 0.7%, Rocky habitats

300- Centaurea aegyptiaca L., Biennial or short-lived perennial, 9.9%, Sandy-silty soils,

grazed

301- Centaurea calcitrapa L., Annual or short-lived perennial, 2.0%, Cultivated and

fallow fields, waste ground, roadsides and wetlands, medicinal

302- Centaurea eryngioides Lam., Perennial, 4.6% Rock crevices, grazed

303- Centaurea sinaica DC., Annual, 2.7%, Rocky slopes

304- Centaurea scoparia Sieber ex Spreng., Frutescent, 6.0%, Rocky habitats

Syn. Phaeopappus scoparius (Sieber ex Spreng.) Boiss.

305- Chiliadenus montanus (Vahl) Brullo., Shrub, 27.8%, Rock crevices and pebbly

wadis

Syns. Chrysocoma montana Vahl

Varthemia montana (Vahl) Boiss.

Jasonia montana (Vahl) Botsch.

306- Cichorium endivia L. subsp. divaricatum (Schousb.) P.D. Sell., Annual, 0.7%,

Cultivated and fallow fields, medicinal, food

Syns. Cichorium pumilum Jacq.

Cichorium divaricatum Schousb.

45

Cichorium ambiguum Schult.

Cichorium glaucum Hoffmans. & Link

Cichorium minimum Port.

Cichorium inhybus L. var. divaricatum (Schousb.) DC.

Cichorium endivia L. var. divaricatum (Jacq.) Vis.

Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. & Heut. in Boiss.

Cichorium calvum Sch. Bip. ex Asch in Schweinf.

Cichorium noeanum Boiss.

Cichorium polystachyum Pomel

Cichorium intybus L. subsp. pumilum (Jacq.) Ball

Cichorium endivia L. subsp. pumilum (Jacq.) Cout

307- Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist, Annual, 4.6%, Common summer weed,

medicinal

Syns. Erigeron banariensis L.

Erigeron crispus Pourr.

Erigeron linifolium Willd.

Conyza ambigua DC.

Conyza linifolia (Willd.) Täckh.

308- Conyza stricta Willd., Perennial, 2.0%, Rocky habitats

Syns. Conyza triloba Decne.

Erigeron trilobum (Decne.) Boiss.

309- Cotula cinerea Delile, Annual, 5.3%, Sand sheets and sandy wadis

Syns. Brocchia cinerea (Delile) Vis.

Tanacetum cinereum (Delile) DC.

310- Crepis sancta (L.) Bornm., Annual, 0.7%, Stony slopes

311- Echinops macrochaetus Fresen., Perennial, 19.9%, Stony and rocky slopes, Rare

312- Echinops spinosissimus Turra., Perennial, 23.2%, Roadsides, waste ground and

sand plains, grazed

Syn. Echinops viscosus DC.

313- Filago desertorum Pomel, Annual, 11.3%, Desert plains and wadis, grazed

Syns. Filago spathulata C. Presl forma desertorum (Pomel) Pamp.

Evax mauritanica Pomel var. cyrenaica Pamp.

314- Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) sch. Bip. subsp. spicata, Annual, 2.0%, Gravelly soils,

medicinal, grazed

46

Syns. Chrysocoma spicata Forssk.

Chrysocoma spicatum (Forssk.) Vahl

315- Iphiona mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf., Shrub, 6.6%, Rocky habitats

Syns. Chrysocoma mucronata Forssk.

Conyza pungens Lam.

Staehelina spinosa Vahl

Chrysocoma spinosa (Vahl) Delile

316- Iphiona scabra DC., Shrub, 16.6%, Rocky mountainous habitats

317- Koelpinia linearis Pall., Annual, 0.7%, Roadsides and stony hillsides

Syns. Lapsana koelpinia L.f.

Rhagadiolus koelpinia (L.f.) Willd.

318- Lactuca saligna L., Annual or short-lived perennial, 1.3%, Sandy moist places

319- Lactuca serriola L., Annual or short-lived perennial, 0.7%, Disturbed soils and

irrigated area, grazed

320- Lasiopogon muscoides (Desf.) DC., Annual, 0.7%, Gravelly soils

Syn. Gnaphalium muscoides Desf.

321- Launaea capitata (Spreng.) Dandy, Annual or short-lived perennial, 9.9%, Silty

ground, grazed

Syns. Sonchus capitatus Spreng.

Sonchus mareoticus Delile

Lomatolepis glomerata Cass. in Cuvier

Microrhynchus glomeratus (Cass.) Jaub. & Spach

Zollikoferia glomerata (Cass.) Boiss.

Launaea glomerata (Cass.) Hook. f.

322- Launaea mucronata (Forssk.) Muschl., Annual or short-lived perennial, 3.3%,

Sandy soils, grazed

Syns. Leontodon mucranatum Forssk.

Zollikoferia mucronata (Forssk.) Boiss.

Launaea resedifolia subsp. mucronata (Forssk.) Maire

323- Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook. F., Perennial, 15.6%, Silty wadis and stony slopes,

grazed

Syns. Chondrilla nudicaulis L.

Lomatolepis nudicaulis (L.) Cass. in Cuvier

Microrhynchus nudicaulis (L.) Less.

47

Sonchus nudicaulis (L.) Sch. Bip. in Webb & Berthel.

Zollikoferia nudicaulis (L.) Boiss.

324- Launaea spinosa (Forssk.) Sch. Bip. Ex Kuntze, Shrub, 41.1%, Sandy wadis,

grazed

Syns. Prenanthes spinosa Forssk.

Atalanthus spinosus (Forssk.) D. Don

Sonchus spinosus (Forssk.) DC.

Rhabdotheca spinosa (Forssk.) Webb in Hook.

Zollikoferia spinosa (Forssk.) Boiss.

325- Leysera leyseroides (Desf.) Maire, Annual, 0.7%, Sandy places of high mountains,

grazed

Syns. Gnaphalium leyseroides Desf.

Longchampia capillifolia Willd.

Leysera capillifolia (Willd.) DC.

Asteropterus leyseroides (Desf.) Rothm.

326- Nauplius graveolens (Forssk.) Wiklund, Shrub, 0.7%, Wadis

Syns. Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk.

Asteriscus graveolens (Forssk.) Less.

Odontospermum graveolens (Forssk.) Sch. Bip. in Webb & Berthel.

Asteriscus schimperi (Boiss.) Boiss.

327- Onopordum ambiguum Fresen., Biennial, 13.3%, Gravelly and rocky habitats,

Vulnerable

328- Osteospermum vaillantii (Decne.) Norl., Annual, 0.7%, Sandy soils

Syn. Tripteris vaillantii Decne.

329- Phagnalon nitidum Fresen., Freutescent, 0.7%, Crevices of hard rocks

330- Phagnalon sinaicum Bornm. & Kneuck., Frutescent, 6.6%, Rock crevices, Rare

331- Picris cyanocarpa Boiss., Annual, 0.7%, Stony slopes

332- Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC., Shrub, 1.3%, Moist habitats and waste lands,

medicinal

Syns. Baccharis dioscoridis L.

Conyza odora Forssk.

Conyza dioscoridis (L.) desf.

Baccharis aegyptiaca Forssk. ex DC.

Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC. var. glabra Oliv. & Hiern

48

333- Pulicaria inuloides (Poir.) DC., Perennial, 7.3%, Moist marshy habitats

Syns. Erigeron inuloides Poir.

Pulicaria longifolia Boiss.

Pulicaria aspera Pomel

334- Pulicaria undulata (L.) C. A. Mey., Frutescent, 17.2%, Silty, gravelly or pebbly

moist ground

Syns. Inula undulata L.

Aster crispus Forssk.

Inula crispa (Forssk.) Pers.

Francoeuria crispa (Forssk.) Cass.

Pulicaria crispa (Forssk.) oliv. in Grant

Francoeuria undulata (L.) Lack in Rech. f.

335- Pulicaria incisa (Lam.) DC., Annual or short-lived perennial, 4.0%, Wadi beds,

medicinal

Syns. Inula incisa Lam.

Inula undulata sensu Delile

Pulicaria undulata sensu Boiss.

336- Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth., Perennial, 0.7%, Rocky habitats, grazed

Syns. Scorzonera picroides L.

Sonchus picroides (L.) Lam.

337- Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth, Annual or short-lived perennial, 9.3%, Stony slopes,

silty and sandy soils, grazed

Syns. Scorzonera tingitana L.

Scorzonera orientalis L.

Picridium tingitanum (L.) desf. Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth var. arabica (Hochst. & Steud.) Asch. & Shweinf.

Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth var. orientalis (L.) Asch. & Shweinf.

338- Scariola orientalis (Boiss.) Soják, Frutescent, 1.3%, Pebbly wadis and stony slopes

Syns. Phaenopus orientalis Boiss.

Lactuca orientalis (Boiss.) Boiss.

339- Scorzonera schweinforthii Boiss., Perennial, 2.7%, Stony slopes, Endangered,

medicinal

Syn. Scorzonera edumea Eig in Eig

340- Senecio glaucus L., Annual, 0.7%, Weed

49

341- Senecio flavus (Decne.) Sch. Bip., Annual, 2.0%, Crevices among boulders and

gravelly localities

Syns. Crassocephalum flavum Decne.

Senecio decaisnei DC.

342- Sonchus asper (L.) Hill., Annual, 0.7%, Moist places, grazed, food

Syn. Sonchus oleraceus L. var. asper L.

343- Sonchus oleraceus L., Annual, 8.6%, Weed, grazed, food

Syns. Sonchus ciliatus Lam.

Sonchus galber Gilib.

Sonchus lacerus Willd.

344- Symphyotrichum squamatum (Spreng.) Nesom, Annual or short-lived perennial,

2.0%, Moist places

Syns. Conyza squamata Spreng.

Aster squamatus (Spreng.) Hieron.

Conyzanthus squamatus (Spreng.) Tamamsch.

Aster subulatus Michx.

345- Tanacetum sinaicum (fresen.) Delile ex Bremer & humphries, Perennial, 33.8%,

Rocky habitats, medicinal

Syns. Santolina sinaica Fresen.

Pyrethrum santolinoides DC. in Decne.

Tanacetum santolinoides (DC.) Feinbrun & Fertig

346- Tragopogon sinuatus Avé-Lall, Biennial or short-lived perennial, 0.7%, Cultivated

fields, waste ground or stony hillsides

Syns. Tragopogon australis Jord.

Tragopogon coelesyriacus Boiss.

Tragopogon longirostris Bisch. ex Sch. Bip. in Webb & Berthel.

347- Urospermum picroides (L.) F. W. Schmidt, Annual, 3.3%, Weed, grazed, food

Syn. Tragopogon picroides L.

Class b. Monocotyledonae

Liliaceae A. Juss. 348- Asparagus stipularis Forssk., Shrub, 1.3%, Sandy soils and rocky ground

50

349- Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav., Annual, 9.9%, Sandy moist places and a weed

Syn. Aspholdelus fistulosus L. var. tenuifolius (Cav.) Baker

Alliaceae J. G. Agardh 350- Allium desertorum Forssk., Perennial, 0.7%, Rocky ground

Syn. Allium modestum Boiss.

Amaryllidaceae Jaume St-Hil. 351- Pancratium maritimum L., Perennial, 0.7%, Coastal dunes, medicinal

Juncaceae A. Juss. 352- Juncus acutus L., Perennial, 0.7%, Salt marshes and moist places, grazed

Syn. Juncus spinosus Forssk.

353- Juncus bufonius L., Annual, 7.3%, Moist places, grazed

354- Juncus effusus L., Perennial, 2.7%, Moist places near wells, grazed

355- Juncus punctorius var. punctorius L.f., Perennial, 0.7%, Moist places near wells,

Rare, grazed

356- Juncus rigidus Desf., Perennial, 8.6%, Marshes and saline soils, grazed

Syns. Juncus maritimus Lam. var. arabicus Asch. & Buchenau in Boiss.

Juncus arabicus (Asch. & Buchenau) Adamson

Gramineae A. Juss. 357- Ammochloa palaestina Boiss., Annual, 0.7%, Sandy soils and rocky ground, highly

grazed

358- Arundo donax L., Perennial, 5.3%, Moist ground and canal banks, highly grazed

Syn. Donax arundinaceus P. Beauv.

359- Avena barbata Pott ex Link in Schrad., Annual, 5.3%, Weed in fields, highly grazed

360- Avena fatua L., Annual, 1.3%, Common weed, road sides, highly grazed

361- Boissiera squarrosa (Banks & Sol.) Nevski, Annual, 0.7%, Sandy soils and rocky

ground, highly grazed

Syns. Pappophorum squarrosum Banks & Sol. in Russ.

51

Bromus bromoides Hochst. ex Steud.

Bromus pumilio (Trin.) Hack. in Stapf

362- Brachypodium distachyum (L.) P. Beauv., Annual, 0.7%, Weed in fields and moist

places, highly grazed

Syns. Bromus distachyos L.

Trachynia distachya (L.) Link

363- Bromus catharticus Vahl, Annual, 2.7%, Weed in fields and moist lands, highly

grazed

Syn. Bromus willdenowii Kunth

364- Bromus pectinatus Thunb., Annual, 11.3%, Moist places around wells and springs,

highly grazed

Syns. Bromus japonicus Thunb. var. sinaicus Hack.

Bromus sinaicus (Hack.) Täckh. in Täckh. & Drar

365- Cenchrus echinatus L., Annual, 0.7%, Moist places, highly grazed

366- Crypsis aculeata (L.) Aiton, Annual, 0.7%, Moist sandy and saline soils, highly

grazed

Syn. Schoenus aculeatus L.

367- Cutandia dichotoma (Forssk.) Trab. in Batt & Trab., Annual, 0.7%, Weed, highly

grazed

Syns. Festuca dichotoma Forssk.

368- Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Perennial, 21.2%, One of the commonest weeds and a

lawn grass, highly grazed

Syns. Panicum dactylon L.

Cynodon glabratus Steud.

369- Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd., Annual, 0.7%, Summer weed and sandy

places, highly grazed

Syn. Cynosurus aegyptius L.

370- Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Annual, 3.3%, Weed, highly grazed

Syn. Panicum sanguinale L.

371- Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz., Annual, 0.7%, Summer weed, highly grazed

Syn. Cynosurus retroflexus Vahl

372- Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, Annual, 0.7%, Commenest summer weed, highly

grazed

Syn. Panicum colonum L.

52

373- Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv., Annual, 1.3%, Weed in moist places, highly

grazed

Syn. Panicum crusgalli L.

374- Eragroostis cilianensis (All.) F.T. Hubb.. Annual, 0.7%, Weed in moist and waste

places, highly grazed

Syns. Poa cilianensis All.

Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vignolo

375- Eremopyrum bonaepartis (Spreng.) Nevski, Annual, 0.7%, Moist sandy places, highly

grazed

376- Hordeum marinum Huds., Annual, 6.0%, Weed in fields and moist places, highly

grazed

377- Hordeum murinum L. subsp. galucum (Steud.) Tzvelev, Annual, 2.7%, Weed in

fields, moist ground and road sides, highly grazed

Syn. Hordeum glaucum Steud.

378- Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf., Perennial, 0.7%, Rocky slopes and crevices, highly

grazed

Syn. Andropogon hirtus L.

379- Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch., Perennial, 3.3%, Dry or moist waste land, road

sides and a weed, highly grazed

Syns. Lagurus cylindricus L.

Saccharum koenigii Retz.

Imperata arundinacea Cirillo

380- Lasiurus scindicus Henrard., Perennial, 1.3%, Sandy plains, highly grazed

Syns. Saccharum hirsutum Forssk.

Rottboellia hirsuta Vahl

Elionurus hirsutus (Vahl) Munro ex Benth.

381- Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth, Perennial, 0.7%, Moist places and salt marshes,

highly grazed

Syns. Festuca fusca L.

Bromus polystachios Forssk.

Diplachne fusca (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.

382- Lolium multiflorum Lam., Annual or short-lived perennial, 2.0%, Polymorphic

winter weed in fields, gardens and road sides, highly grazed

53

383- Lolium rigidum Gaudin, Annual, 2.7%, Polymorphic winter and summer weed,

highly grazed

384- Melanocenchris abyssinica (R. Br. ex Fresen.) Hochst., Annual, 0.7%, Wadi beds, highly

grazed

Syns. Eutriana abyssinica R. Br. ex fresen.

Melanocenchris plumosa (Steud.) Hochst.

385- Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Asch. & Schweinf., Perennial, 12.6%, Moist shady places

among thickets of other plants, highly grazed

Syns. Agrostis miliacea L.

Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss.

386- Panicum turgidum Forssk., Perennial, 11.3%, Sandy and stony plains, highly

grazed

387- Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br., Annual, 0.7%, Summer weed and in moist places,

highly grazed

Syns. Panicum glaucum L.

Panicum americanum L.

Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv.

388- Phalaris minor Retz.., Annual, 3.3%, Winter weed, highly grazed

389- Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., Perennial, 3.3%, Moist places and

bwetlands, highly grazed

Syns. Arundo australis Cav.

Phragmites communis Trin.

390- Poa sinaica Steud., Perennial, 4.0%, Rocky ground and slopes, Vulnerable, highly

grazed

391- Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf., Annual, 9.3%, Weed in fields, and wetlands,

highly grazed

Syns. Alopecurus monspeliensis L.

Phalaris cristata Forssk.

392- Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr., Perennial, 4.0%, Weed in fields and moist places,

highly grazed

Syns. Agrostis viridis Gouan

Phalaris semiverticillata Forssk.

Agrostis verticillata Vill.

Polypogon semiverticillatus (Forssk.) Hyl.

54

393- Schismus barbatus (L.) Thell., Annual, 19.9%, Sandy plains and wadi beds, highly

grazed

Syns. Festuca barbata L.

Schismus calycinus (L.) K. Koch

394- Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult., Annual, 0.7%, Summer weed and in moist

places, highly grazed

Syn. Panicum pumilum Poir. in Lam.

395- Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv., Annual, 6.6%, Weed in cultivated fields and

waste places

Syn. Panicum verticillatum L.

396- Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv., Annual, 4.0%, Weed in reclaimed lands and sand

plains, highly grazed

Syn. Panicum viride L.

397- Sorghum virgatum (Hack.) Stapf, Annual, 2.0%, Weed in fields and wetlands,

highly grazed

Syn. Andropogon sorghum (L.) Brot. subsp. halepensis (L.) Hack. var. virgatus Hack. in DC.

398- Sphenopus divaricatus (Gouan) Rchb., Annual, 0.7%, Alluvial, Saline and

calcareous soils, highly grazed

Syn. Poa divaricata Gouan

399- Stipa parviflora Desf., Perennial, 13.9%, Sand plains and wadi beds, highly grazed

400- Stipagrostis ciliata (Desf.) de Winter, Perennial, 5.3%, Sand plains and wadi beds,

highly grazed

Syn. Aristida ciliata Desf. in Schrad.

401- Stipagrostis plumosa (L.) Munro ex T. Anderson, Perennial, 2.7%, polymorphic,

sand plains, highly grazed

Syn. Aristida plumosa L.

402- Tetrapogon villosus Desf., Perennial, 0.7%, Rocky slopes, highly grazed

Syns. Chloris villosa (Desf.) Pers.

Chloris villosa (Desf.) Pers. var. sinaicus Decne.

Tetrapogon villosus Desf. var. monostachys Batt. & Trab.

Tetrapogon villosus desf. var. sinaicus (Decne.) Täckh.

403- Tricholaena teneriffae (L. f.) Link, Perennial, 0.7%, Rocky ground and slopes, highly

grazed

Syns. Saccharum teneriffae L.

55

Panicum teneriffae (L.f.) Spreng.

Melinis teneriffae (L.f.) Hack.

Palmae A. Juss. 404- Phoenix dactylifera L., Tree, 8.6%, Cultivated and subspontaneous, medicinal,

food, fuel, grazed

Typhaceae A. Juss. 405- Typha domingensis (Pers.) Poir. ex Steud., Perennial, 1.3%, Moist places and

marshes, medicinal, grazed

Syns. Typha australis Schum. & Thonn. in Schum.

Typha angustata Bory & Chaub. in Bory

Cyperaceae A. Juss. 406- Cyperus articulatus L., Perennial, 0.7%, Marshy ground, medicinal

Syn. Cyperus niloticus Forssk.

407- Cyperus laevigatus subsp. laevigatus L., Perennial, 1.3%, Moist places and salt

marshes, grazed

Syns. Cyperus mucronatus Rottb.

Cyperus lateralis Forssk.

Juncellus laevigatus (L.) C. B. Clarke in Hook. f.

408- Cyperus rotundus L., Perennial, 4.6%, Common winter weed, medicinal, grazed

409- Schoenus nigricans L., Perennial, 0.7%, Moist places and around springs

410- Scirpus holoschoenus L., Perennial, 0.7%, Moist places and around wells, grazed

Syns. Scirpus romanus L.

Scirpus australis Murray in L.

Holoschoenus vulgaris Link

Scirpus ho;oschoenus L. var. australis (Murray) W. D. J. Koch

56

Redlist of the threatened species The present flora includes 51 threatened species (the latin name is followed by

the author, life form and constancy percentage) according to the IUCN Redlist

Categories (after El-Hadidi 2000). They are distributed as follows: 13 endangered, 14

vulnerable, 20 rare and 4 indeterminate species. These species should take a priority in

any conservation program.

I: Endangered species 1- Anarrhinum pubescens Fresen., Frutescent, 9.3%,

2- Biscutella didyma L., Annual, 0.7%,

3- Bufonia multiceps Decne, Frutescent, 2.0%

4- Ficus carica L., Shrub, 0.7%

5- Helianthemum sancti-antonii Schweinf. ex Boiss., Frutescent, 2.0%,

6- Nepeta septemcrenata Benth., Perennial, 14.6%,

7- Origanum syriacum subsp. sinaicum (Boiss.) Greater & Burdet., Perennial, 17.2%,

8- Phlomis aurea Decne., Perennial, 33.1%,

9- Primula boveana Duby, Perennial, 4.0%,

10- Rosa arabica Crep., Shrub, 4.0%,

11- Scorzonera schweinforthii Boiss., Perennial, 2.7%,

12- Silene schimperiana Boiss., Perennial, 2.0%,

13- Thymus decussatus Benth., Shrub, 7.3%,

II: Vulnerable species 1- Asclepias sinaica (Boiss.) Muschl., Shrub, 17.2%,

2- Atraphaxis spinosa L. var. sinaica (Jaub & Spach.) Boiss., Shrub, 6.6%

3- Ballota saxatilis C. Presl, Perennial, 1.3%,

4- Cotoneaster orbicularis Schltdl., Shrub, 3.3%,

5- Crataegus x sinaica Boiss., Shrub, 10.6%,

6- Matthiola arabica Boiss., Perennial, 22.5

7- Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori, Tree, 2.7%,

8- Onopordum ambiguum Fresen., Biennial, 13.3%,

9- Poa sinaica Steud., Perennial, 4.0%,

10- Sclerocephalus arabicus Boiss., Annual, 0.7%

57

11- Solanum sinaicum Boiss., Frutescent, 6.6%,

12- Teucrium decaisnei C. Presl, Frutescent, 0.7%,

13- Teucrium leucocladum Boiss., Frutescent, 7.3%,

14- Withania obtusifolia Täckh., Frutescent, 2.0%,

III: Rare species 1- Capparis spinosa var. aegyptia (Lam.) Boiss., Shrub, 11.3%

2- Cocculus pendulus (J. R. & G. Forst.) Diels, Liane or shrub, 3.3%,

3- Colutea istria Mill., Shrub, 0.7%,

4- Dianthus sinaicus Boiss., Perennial, 0.7%,

5- Echinops macrochaetus Fresen., Perennial, 19.9%

6- Equisetum ramosissimum Desf., Perennial, 2.0%

7- Euphorbia sanctae-catharina Fayed, Short-lived perennial, 21.2%,

8- Glaucium arabicum Fresen., Perennial, 1.3%,

9- Hyoscyamus pusillus L., Annual, 2.7%,

10- Hypericum sinaicum Boiss., Perennial

11- Juncus punctorius var. punctorius L.f., Perennial, 0.7%,

12- Micromeria sinaica Benth., Frutescent, 1.3%,

13- Paracaryum bungei (Boiss.) Brand in Engl., Annual, 1.3%,

14- Phagnalon sinaicum Bornm. & Kneuck., Frutescent, 6.6%,

15- Polygala sinaica Botsch., Frutescent, 0.7%

16- Pynocycla tomentosa Decne., Perennial, 0.7%,

17- Ranunculus asiaticus L., Perennial,

18- Rhamnus dispermus Boiss., Shrub, 0.7%,

19- Verbascum sinaiticum Benth., Biennial, 7.3%,

20- Zosima absinthifolia (Vent.) Link., Perennial 0.7%,

IV: Indeterminate species 1- Althaea ludwigii L., Annual or short-lived perennial, 5.3%,

2- Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Delile, Frutescent, 5.3%

3- Otostegia fruticosa subsp. schimperi (Benth.) Sebald, Frutescent, 1.3%,

4- Rubus sanctus Schreb., Shrub,0.7%

Fortunately, almost all these species are included in permanent enclosures

since 1998 (see Moustafa 2001, Shaltout et al. 2004).

58

Economic importance of the recorded species Two-hundred and thirty four species indicated in this report have at least

one aspect of the potential or actual economic uses (see El-Kady 1987, Boulos

1983 & 1989, Mostafa 1998; they represent 57.1% of all the recorded species in

the study area. Seventy-three of these species (31.2% of the total economic

species) are of actual or potential medicinal uses (Table 3). The domestic and

wild animals can graze and browse 170 of the species growing in this region

(72.7% of the total economic species). On the other hand, 28 species are cut for

fuel (12.0% of the total economic species) and 21 species are used as human food

(9.0% of the total economic species).

Table 3. Plant species of actual or potential medicinal use in St. Katharine

Protectorate.

Species Species

Alhagi graecorum Hyoscyamus desertorum Alkanna orientalis Hyoscyamus muticus Ammi majus Hyoscyamus pusillus Ammi visnaga Ifloga spicata Anabasis articulata Lavandula coronopifolia Anethum graeveolens Malva parviflora Artemisia herba-alba Mentha longifolia Artemisia judaica Moringa peregrina Asclepias sinaica Nepeta septemcrenata Atriplex halimus Origanum syriacum subsp.

sinaicum Calotropis procera Orobanche cernua Capparis sinaica Otostegia fruticosa subsp.

schimperi Capparis spinosa var. spinosa Pancratium maritimum Centaurea calcitrapa Papaver decaisnei Chenopodium album Pergularia tomentosa Chenopodium ambrosioides Phoenix dactylifera Cichorium endivia subsp. divaricatum Plantago major Citrullus colocynthis Pluchea dioscoridis Cleome amblyocarpa Portulaca oleracea Cleome arabica Pulicaria incisa Cleome droserifolia Pynocycla tomentosa Convolvulus arvensis Raphanus raphanistrum Conyza bonariensis Ricinus communis Crucianella ciliata Salix mucronata

59

Species Species

Cucumis prophetarum subsp. prophetarum

Salvia multicaulis

Cyperus articulatus Scorzonera schweinforthii Cyperus rotundus Senna italica Datura innoxia Solenostemma arghel Datura stramonium Tamarix aphylla Deverra tortuosa Tamarix nilotica Deverra triradiata Tanacetum sinaicum Eruca sativa Teucrium decaisnei Fagonia mollis Teucrium leucocladum Fagonia mollis var. hispida Typha domingensis Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum Verbascum sinaiticum Globularia arabica Verbascum sinuatum Hyoscyamus boveanus

60

Conclusions

1- Four hindered and ten species of vascular plants were identified in the present

survey in southern Sinai Mountainous region (Saint Katharine Protectorate). These

species belong to 272 genera and 64 families.

2- Pteridophytes have 2 species, 2 genera and 2 families; while Gymnosperms have 2

species, one genus and one family. On the other hand, Dicots have 343 species, 221

genera, and 53 families; while Monocots have 63 species, 48 genera and 8 families.

3- The families that have the highest contribution to the total flora are six:

Compositae (57 species = 13.9 %), Gramineae (47 species = 11.5 %), Leguminosae

(36 species = 8.8 %), Cruciferae (27 species = 6.6 %), Labiatae (22 species = 5.4 %),

and Caryophyllaceae (18 species = 4.4 %). All these six families have collectively 207

species which represent 50.5 % of the total flora.

4- The number of families that have only one species (less represented families) are 24.

5- The species that have constancy percentage ≥ 20 % are 22 (= 5.4 % of the total

species), while these that have constancy percentage ≤ 1 % (i.e. rare species) are 132

( = 32.2 % of the total species ).

6- The most frequent species in the study are five arranged according to their constancy

percentage (C) as follows: Zilla spinosa (C= 66.2 % ), Artemisia judaica (C = 62.9 %

), Fagonia mollis (C= 58.9 %), Alkanna orientalis (C = 41.1 %), Launaea spinosa

(41.1%) and Artemisia herba-alba (C = 41.1 %).

7- The endemic species recorded in the present study are 11 (arranged according to their

relative constancy) as follows:

Phlomis aurea Decne., Perennial, 33.1%, Wadi beds, Endangered

Euphorbia sanctae-catharinae Fayed, Short-lived perennial, 21.2%, Wadi beds at

high altitude, Rare

61

Origanum syriacum subsp. sinaicum (Boiss.) Greater & Burdet., Perennial, 17.2%,

Wadis, Endangered

Nepeta septemcrenata Benth., Perennial, 14.6%, Rocky habitats, Endangered

Anarrhinum pubescens Fresen., Frutescent, 9.3%, Granite rocks, Endangered

Primula boveana Duby, Perennial, 4.0%, Rick crevices, Endangered

Rosa arabica Crep., Shrub, 4.0%, Rocky slopes of higher altitude, Endangered

Hypericum sinaicum Boiss., Perennial, 3.3%, Rocky ground, Rare

Bufonia multiceps Decne, Frutescent, 2.0%, Rocky slopes, Endangered

Silene schimperiana Boiss., Perennial, 2.0%, Rocky slopes and crevices, Endangered

Polygala sinaica Botsch., Frutescent, 0.7%, Crevices in smooth-faced limestone,

Rare

8- The threatened species, in the present study, according to IUCN Redlist Categories

are 51 species distributed as follow: 13 endangered, 14 vulnerable, 20 rare and 4

indeterminate species.

9- Two–hundred and thirty four species indicated in this report (57.1% of the recorded

species) have at least one aspect of the potential or actual economic uses. Seventy-

three of them are used as medicinal plants, 170 as animal fodder, 28 species are cut

for fuel and 21 species are used as human food.

62

Recommendations

1- Carrying out a long-term national project for studying the flora of Sinai in general,

and that of southern Sinai mountainous region, in particular, is strongly

recommended to fill the gap of knowledge about the plant resources of this region.

For example, the inspection of "Students’ Flora of Egypt" (Täckholm 1974) indicates

the presence of about 800 species in this region, while "Flora Aegyptiaca" (El –

Hadidy and Hosny 2000) indicated that this number is 540 species. Our rich

collection supports the higher figure of Täckholm.

2- It is also recommended to establish a standard herbarium for the flora of Southern

Sinai. This herbarium should include, among others, the herbarium sheets of the

present study, and those of the previous related studies (e.g. Moustafa 1998 and

Omar et al. 2003).

3- Preparing a data base about the collected species (the species indicated in the Redlist

should take a priority). The available information should include the followings:

acceptable and synonymic scientific names, families, life forms, national

geographical regions, floristic regions, rarity classes, flowering times, sex forms,

dispersal types, environmental and economic importance and physical defenses

against grazing animals; among others.

4- Preparing distribution maps for the endemic species, threatened species indicated in

the Redlist, and the environmentally and economically important species using the

grid technique. The available data from the present study and the previous related

studies are excellent for carrying out this process.

5- It is recommended to conserve the 13 endangered and 14 vulnerable species using

full protected enclosures, as they are under the risk of extinction in the near future. On the other hand, the 20 rare species could be conserved through the traditional

helf system. In addition further studies are urgent for the 4 indeterminate species in

order to clarify their threatening status.

63

References Batanouny, K.H. (1985). Botanical exploration of Sinai. Qatar Univ. Sci. Bull. 5: 187-

211.

Boulos, L. (1983). Medicinal plants of North Africa. Reference Publ., Inc., Michigan, pp.

286.

Boulos, L. (1989). Egyptian desert plants with promising economic potential. Arab Gulf

J. Sci. Res., 7(2): 91-108.

Boulos, L. (1995). Flora of Egypt: Checklist. Al-Hadra Publishing, Cairo, Egypt, pp. 283.

Boulos, L. (1999). Flora of Egypt: Volume One (Azollaceae- Oxalidaceae). Al-Hadara

Publishing, Cairo, Egypt, pp. 419.

Boulos, L. (2000). Flora of Egypt: Volume Two (Geraniaceae- Boraginaceae). Al-Hadara

Publishing, Cairo, Egypt, pp. 352.

Boulos, L. (2002). Flora of Egypt: Volume Three (Verbinaceae- Compositae). Al-Hadara

Publishing, Cairo, Egypt, pp. 373.

Boulos, L. and El-Hadidi, N.M. (1994). The Weed Flora of Egypt. American University

in Cairo Press, Cairo, pp. 361.

El Hadidi, M.N. (1989). Annotated list of the flora of Sinai (Egypt). 1. introduction, the

taxa of Pteridophyta and Gymnospermae. Taeckholmia 12: 1-6.

El Hadidi, M.N. and Fayed, A. (1994/1995). Material for Excursion Flora of Egypt

(EFE). Taeckholmia 15: 1-233.

El Hadidi, M.N. and Hosny, H.A. (2000). Flora Aegyptiaca. Vol. 1, Part 1. Cairo

University Herbarium. The Palm Press, Cairo, pp. 187.

El Hadidy, A. (1989). Annotated list of the flora of Sinai (Egypt). 4. Angiospermae:

Crassulaceae - Leguminosae. Taeckholmia 12: 25-42.

El-Husseini, N. and Zareh, M.M. (1989). Annotated list of the flora of Sinai (Egypt). 7.

Angiospermae: Primulaceae - Plantaginaceae. Taeckholmia 12: 55-68.

El-Husseini, N. and Hosni, H.A. (1989). Annotated list of the flora of Sinai (Egypt). 9.

Angiospermae: Hydrocharitaceae - Juncaceae. Taeckholmia 12: 79-86.

El-Kady, H. F. (1987). A study of range ecosystem of the western Mediterranean

coastal desert of Egypt. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Landscape Devlopment,

Technical Univ. Berlin West. pp 136.

64

El Karemy, Z.A. and El Naggar, S.M. (1989). Annotated list of the flora of Sinai

(Egypt). 5. Angiospermae: Oxalidaceae - Thymelaeaceae. Taeckholmia 12: 43-

48.

El Naggar, S.M. (1989). Annotated list of the flora of Sinai (Egypt). 3. Angiospermae:

Papaveraceae - Moringaceae. Taeckholmia 12: 17-24.

Fayed, A.A. (1989). Annotated list of the flora of Sinai (Egypt). 8. Angiospermae:

Campanulaceae - Compositae. Taeckholmia 12: 69-78.

Feinbrun-Dothan, N. (1978). Flora Palastina: Part Three, Text (Ericaceae –

Compositae). The Israel Academy of Science and Hummanities, Jerusalem

Academic Press, Jerusalem, pp. 481.

Feinbrun-Dothan, N. (1986). Flora Palastina: Part Four, Text (Alismataceae –

Orchidaceae). The Israel Academy of Science and Hummanities, Jerusalem

Academic Press, Jerusalem, pp. 462.

Hosni, H.A. (1989 a). Annotated list of the flora of Sinai (Egypt). 6. Angiospermae:

Cistaceae - Umbelliferae. Taeckholmia 12: 49-54.

Hosni, H.A. (1989 b). Annotated list of the flora of Sinai (Egypt). 10. Angiospermae:

Gramineae - Orchidaceae. Taeckholmia 12: 87-100.

Hosny, A.I. (1989). Annotated list of the flora of Sinai (Egypt). 2. Angiospermae:

Salicaceae - Menispermaceae. Taeckholmia 12: 7-16.

IUCN (1994). IUCN Redlist Categories. Prepared by the Special Survival Commission.

IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Moustafa, A.R. (1998). Botanical Survey of Saint Katharine Protectorate. Saint Katharine

Protectorate Development Project, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency

(EEAA), Cairo, pp. 112.

Moustafa, A.R. (1990). Environmental Gradients and Species Distribution on Sinai

Mountains. Ph.D., Thesis, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia,

pp. 115

Moustafa, A.R (2001). Botanical Conservation Measures and Ecological Monitoring

Program. Saint Catherine Protectorate Development Project, Egyptian

Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), Cairo, pp. 112.

Mueller-Dombois, D. and Ellenberg, H. (1974). Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology.

John Wiley & Sons, New York. pp. 547.

Omar, E.A., Hamed, A.M., Khafaga, T.A., Hatab, E.E. and El-Aqamy, H.E. (2003).

Floral Communities in Some Wadis in Saint Katharine Protectorate. Medicinal

65

Plants Conservation Project, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency

(EEAA), Cairo, pp. 81.

Shaltout, K.H., Heneidy, S.Z. and Al-Sodany, Y.M. (2004). Evaluation of Botanical

Conservation Measures in Saint Katharine Protectorate. Medicinal Plants

Conservation Project, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA),

Cairo, pp. 78.

Täckholm, V. (1974): Student’s Flora of Egypt. Cairo University Press. Cairo, Egypt, pp. 888.

Zohary, M. (1966). Flora Palastina: Part One, Text (Equisetaceae – Moringaceae). The

Israel Academy of Science and Hummanities, Jerusalem Academic Press,

Jerusalem, pp. 346.

Zohary, M. (1966). Flora Palastina: Part Two, Text (Platanaceae – Umbelliferae). The

Israel Academy of Science and Hummanities, Jerusalem Academic Press,

Jerusalem, pp. 489.

66

Photo 1. A liane Cocculus pendulus ( J.R.& G. Forst ) Diels climbing on Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana (Savi ) Brenan. (Wadi Sa'al )

Photo 2. Cocculus pendulus (J.R. & G. Forst.) Diels (Wadi Gharba)

67

Photo 3. Bir Abu Orok (Wadi Abu Zeituna). See the camel that carries the luggages of the research team.

Photo 4. Wadi Abu Zeituna

68

Photo 5. Heavy accumulation of black rock fragments in Wadi Gharba.

Photo 6. Mushroom-like structure, a product of differential withering (Wadi Ghazala)

69

Photo 7. Feiran Oasis

Photo 8. One of the farms at the down-stream part of Wadi Feiran.

70

Photo 9. Camel Grazing at Wadi Zaghra

Photo 10. Feral donkeys at Wadi Zaghra

71

Photo 11. Environmental Center at Wadi Rahaba.

Photo 12. The research team in front of the Environmental Center (Wadi Rahaba)

72

Photo 13. Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss. (Wadi El Malga)

Photo 14. Anabasis setifera Moq. ( Wadi Feiran )

73

Photo 15. Asclepias sinaica (Boiss.) Muschl. (Wadi Ta'la)

Photo 16. Crataegus x sinaica Boiss. (Wadi El-Arbain)

74

Photo 17. Euphorbia sanctae – catharinae Fayed (Wadi Rahaba).

Photo 18. Fagonia mollis Delile (Wadi Abu Zeituna)

75

Photo 19. Ficus palmata Forssk. (Bir Abu Orok)

Photo 20. Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) Juss. (Wadi Feiran)

76

Photo 21. Hyocyamus boveanus (Dunal) Asch. & Schweinf. (Naqb El-Hawa)

Photo 22. Nepeta septemcrenata Benth. (Shagg Musa)

77

Photo 23. Nitraria retusa (Forssk. ) Asch. (Ain Khudra)

Photo 24. Opuntia – Aloe embracing in the garden of the Research Center of Suez Canal University (Saint Katharine).

78

Photo 25. Origanum syriacum subsp. sinaicum (Boiss.) Greater & Burdent. (Shagg Musa).

Photo 26. Peganum harmala L. (Wadi Rahaba).

79

Photo 27. Periploca aphylla Decne (Wadi El-Sheikh)

Photo 28. Phlomis aurea Decene (Shagg Musa)

80

Photo 29. Primula boveana Duby (Shagg Musa)

Photo 30. Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb & Benthel. ( Wadi Zaghra)

81

Photo 31. Tanacetum sinaicum (D C. ) Feinbran & Fertig. (Wadi Rahaba)

Photo 32. Verbascum sinuatum L. (Wadi El-Arbain)

82

2004يوليو

وزارة شئون البيئة البيئة شئون جهاز

برنامج األمم المتحدة اإلنمائى مرفق البيئة العالمى

مشروع صون النباتات الطبية***************************

83

الفریق البحثى************

رئیس الفریق كمال حسین شلتوت

قسم النبات ، كلية العلوم ، جامعة طنطا: عضو سلیم زیدان ھنیدي قسم النبات ، كلية العلوم ، جامعة اإلسكندرية: عضو یس محمد السوداني

ة بكفر الشیخ ، جامعة طنطا، كلیة التربی لعلوم البیولوجبة والجیولوجیةقسم ا

عضو مرعى عبدو مرعى زھرالنبات ، كلیة العلوم ، جامعة األ قسم

بمعاونة

إبراھیم محمد عید ، كلية التربية بكفر الشيخ ، جامعة طنطا لعلوم البيولوجبة والجيولوجيةقسم ا

محمد زكریا حاتم قسم النبات ، كلیة العلوم ، جامعة طنطا

دسوقي الغریبأحمد ال قسم النبات ، كلیة العلوم ، جامعة طنطا

84

العربى لملخصا

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