Avifauna of the Pilón Lajas Biosphere Reserve and Communal Lands, Bolivia

Bird Conservation International (2003) 13:319–349. BirdLife International 2003DOI: 10.1017/S0959270903003241 Printed in the United Kingdom

Avifauna of the Pilon Lajas BiosphereReserve and Communal Lands, BoliviaA. BENNETT HENNESSEY, SEBASTIAN A. HERZOG, MICHAEL KESSLERand DANIEL ROBISON

Summary

Pilon Lajas Biosphere Reserve and Communal Lands (Pilon Lajas) ranges from 300 m to1,400 m altitude in the departments of Beni and La Paz, Bolivia. It is located in the Bolivianand Peruvian lower yungas Endemic Bird Area (054) and within one of the regions ofhighest conservation priority in the Neotropics. Pilon Lajas includes primary evergreentropical lowland forest, foothill forest, and lower montane forest. Vegetation heterogeneityforms the basis for the high species richness of the area. A population of approximately600 Chiman, Moseten and Tacana indigenous people live within the reserve. Little hasbeen published regarding the avifauna of Pilon Lajas. Here we present the results of visualobservations and tape recordings of 22 ornithological surveys, recording 502 bird species.Serranıa Pilon is the most intensively studied and species-rich mountain range with 332species, 48 of which have been recorded only in this area within Pilon Lajas. We present26 new departmental records and evidence of breeding for 42 species. The reserve protectsthree globally Vulnerable and three globally Near Threatened species, four species ofHigh Conservation Priority and 32 of Medium Conservation Priority. Together withMadidi National Park and the adjacent Bahuaja Sonene National Park in south-easternPeru, Pilon Lajas forms a unique protected area system of more than 3.5 million ha andplays an important role in the establishment of biological corridors along the easternAndean slope in Bolivia.

Introduction

Pilon Lajas Biosphere Reserve and Communal Lands (Reserva de la Biosfera –Tierra Comunitaria de Orıgen Pilon Lajas in Spanish, hereafter referred to as PilonLajas) covers c. 400,000 ha on the Andean foothills in north-west Bolivia (Figure1). It is located in the Bolivian and Peruvian lower yungas Endemic Bird Area(EBA 054) of Stattersfield et al. (1998) and within one of the regions of highestconservation priority in the Neotropics (Stotz et al. 1996). Initially proposed in1974, Pilon Lajas was recognized as a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 1977 andas a Biosphere Reserve and Indigenous Territory by the Bolivian Government in1992 (Sherholtz 1997). The area was legally designated but had no physical pro-tection until 1994, when Veterinarians Without Frontiers (VSF) received fundingfrom the European Union to design an operational plan for the reserve. Throughan agreement with the Bolivian National Protected Areas Service, VSF has beenco-administering Pilon Lajas since 1996.

Pilon Lajas is in an area with a moderate level of historic and current humanactivity and settlement. A population of approximately 600 Chiman, Moseten

A.B. Hennessey et al. 320

Figure 1. Map showing Pilon Lajas Biosphere Reserve, Bolivia.

and Tacana indigenous people live within the reserve. The Beni River, the west-ern border of Pilon Lajas (Figure 1), was the principal ‘‘highway’’ between theAndes and the rubber/brazil nut forests to the north for a century until a newroad was completed in 1989. This new road, forming Pilon Lajas’ eastern borderand connecting the area to the city of La Paz, was used for a government-sponsored colonization programme of families from other parts of the country.Many of these colonists believe they have a right to land within Pilon Lajas.Although parts of the reserve are extremely remote, requiring expeditions ofseveral days to be reached, other parts have long been accessible. It is estimatedthat only 1% of Pilon Lajas has been deforested for agriculture in the last century,but perhaps 80% of the lower tropical forest has been heavily hunted during thealligator hide and wildlife skin boom in the 1960s and 1970s. Between 1980 and1996, the mahogany lumber boom heavily affected the same area, particularlywithin 10 km of rivers and large streams. Up until 1996, five lumber companieswith dubious legal status and approximately 300 chain sawyers selectivelylogged and hunted in the reserve.

The Pilon Lajas management plan has subdivided the reserve into specificzones to combine indigenous community rights with conservation initiatives.Since 1996, a core of 20 park guards (many belonging to local indigenous groups)has been hired and trained and four park guard stations have been establishedin highly sensitive areas along borders to protect the reserve.

Avifauna of the Pilon Lajas Biosphere Reserve 321

Table 1. Survey areas visited by 22 ornithological expeditions in Pilon Lajas, Bolivia, between 1989and 1999.

Survey area Elevational range (m) Number of visits

Lowland forest areas 350–500 5Serranıa Bala 450–800 2Serranıa Beu 500–1,400 4Serranıa Cuchilla 450–1,000 2Serranıa Pilon 400–1,100 8Serranıa Zaguacales 400–800 1

The aim of this paper is to bring together unpublished avifaunal informationinto an extensive document that can be used for informed conservation decisionmaking and land protection priority assessments. This is important for the pro-tection and global attention of Pilon Lajas and the general Andean protected areacorridor of Madidi and Bahuaja Sonene National Parks.

Methods

This paper is based on 22 unpublished ornithological surveys by 15 researchersover 148 days between 1989 and 1999 (Table 1, Appendix 1) in Pilon Lajas. Theprincipal survey methods were non-systematic visual and acoustic observationsas well as tape recordings of vocalisations. Limited mist-netting was carried outby the first author (ABH) in Serranıa Cuchilla in 1999 and by F. Osorio andothers (Coleccion Boliviana de Fauna, La Paz; Appendix 1). A small number ofspecimens were collected by F. Osorio and others and deposited at the ColeccionBoliviana de Fauna.

Altitude ranges and abundance estimates are based on survey results by ABH.ABH surveyed different points at least 200 m apart, arriving before sunrise andidentifying and sound-recording vocalizations of the dawn chorus. Thereafter,different trails were surveyed, covering 1–3 km, often pausing work between12h00 and 15h00. ABH observed, sound-recorded and verified identificationswith the use of prerecorded tapes or playback, including rebound playback(broadcasting the first response to playback). Each evening ABH completed achecklist of the day’s observations, noting estimated abundances, field time, dis-tance walked and evidence (sight records, heard or tape-recorded). Abundanceestimates were classified as; common, recorded (visual observation or auditory)daily in small numbers (> 5); fairly common, recorded daily in small numbers(< 5); uncommon, recorded once in three days; and rare, recorded once duringthe survey. Tape-recording bird vocalizations is the most effective method forrapidly surveying neotropical forest avifaunas (Parker 1991; see also Haselmayerand Quinn 2000) and is an accurate means of species identification that can beeasily referenced. Over 400 recordings by ABH from Pilon Lajas have been arch-ived at the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Macaulay Library of NaturalSounds (MLNS). Fieldwork covered all months except for January, March andMay, and included all habitat types within Pilon Lajas and as much area aspossible with the largest gap between sites being 15 km. For the purpose ofvegetation classification, we used the elevational belts of Stotz et al. (1996): lower


tropical forest (< 500 m), hill tropical forest (500–900 m) and upper tropical forest(900–1,600 m). This was modified as necessary by reference to topographical loca-tion (level areas, slopes, ridges, etc.), geological substrate and state of vegetationsuccession. It should be noted that Parker (1989) erroneously gave 1,200 m as thehighest altitude of the road crossing Serranıa Pilon south of Yucumo (Figure 1).Rather, as indicated by Parker et al. (1991) and as confirmed by our measure-ments, the highest point of this road is located at c. 1,000 m.

Study Area

Pilon Lajas is situated at 14°26′ to 15°28′S and 68°42′ to 68°02′W in Beni and La Pazdepartments with an altitudinal range from 300 m to 1,400 m, although there prob-ably are a few peaks up to 1,600 m (detailed topographical maps of the area areunavailable). These mountain ranges are relatively isolated from themain Andeanridges. The nearest range of similar altitude is about 35 km to the south-west andthe closest peaks above 1,400 m are about 75 km to the south of Pilon Lajas.

The vegetation of Pilon Lajas is quite varied, changing in relation to humidity,elevation and geological substrate. At Rurrenabaque (14°26′S 68°31′W, 227 m),just north of Pilon Lajas (Figure 1), mean annual precipitation is 2,150 mm witha marked peak from November to April and a mean annual temperature of25.8 °C. The natural vegetation in about 38% of the reserve corresponds to ever-green tropical lowland forest. Higher elevations in Pilon Lajas, particularly thoseexposed to incoming clouds from the north-east, are somewhat cooler, receiveconsiderably more precipitation and, above c. 1,000 m, are frequently shroudedin mist. Here, forests are covered in epiphytic mosses, liverworts, ferns, brome-liads and orchids, and trees are often stunted.

Geologically, the area consists mainly of schists, loams and white sandstonesof Tertiary age. Flat valley bottoms with mixed alluvial, nutrient-rich soils andgood water supply are periodically flooded in the rainy season and support 30–40 m tall forest with abundant palms (e.g. Iriartea deltoidea, Socratea exorrhiza), figsand leguminaceous trees. Gentle to fairly steep slopes are covered with forest ofsomewhat lower stature with up to 150 tree species and about 200 species ofvascular epiphytes per ha (Seidel 1995, Smith and Killeen 1998, T. Kromer pers.com.). Above about 1,000 m the tree flora is dominated by the families Lauraceae,Leguminosae and Melastomataceae. Locally, there are dense stands of mahoganySwietenia macrophylla, many of which have been exploited in the last decades.Areas with white sand soils are very poor in nutrients and support a distinctand quite species-rich flora (Kessler 2001). Steep slopes, particularly at higherelevations, are characterized by unstable soils and frequent landslides and thusoften support vegetation in different stages of succession, ranging from low,dense thickets to young, 10–15 m tall forest with many slender trees. The highestridges often have shallow, leached soils and stunted, species-poor forest.

The overall picture emerging from the above combination of ecological factorsis a striking heterogeneity of the vegetation that is conspicuous in the field(particularly from the air) and that forms the basis for the high biological speciesrichness of the area. Botanically, individual vegetation types are of about averagediversity compared with other Neotropical areas, but the high number of distinctvegetation types leads to an exceedingly diverse overall flora that contains


numerous elements not known elsewhere in the Bolivian Andes (Smith and Kil-leen 1998, Kessler 2001).

Results

Currently, 502 bird species are known from Pilon Lajas (Appendix 2), more thanone third of the 1,398 species reported in Bolivia (Hennessey et al. 2003). Webelieve that this includes at least 90% of the resident bird species in the reserve.Whereas 309 species (62%) were recorded in the approximately 150,000 ha oflower tropical forest in Pilon Lajas, only 79 species were exclusively found inthis zone. The lower tropical forest of Pilon Lajas appears quite species poor incomparison with other nearby lowland localities such as Alto Madidi,departamento (dpto.) La Paz, with 405 species (Parker and Bailey 1991) and the5,000 ha Tambopata-Candamo Reserved Zone, Peru, with 572 species (Parker etal. 1994). This relatively low diversity may well be a result of the geographicalposition of Pilon Lajas on the southern edge of the Amazon basin where tropicallowland forest is limited to a narrow, 10–30 km wide belt along the Andeanfoothills.

Serranıa Pilon is the most intensively studied and species-rich range withinPilon Lajas with 332 species, 48 of which have only been recorded in this area.Abundances of birds appear to be higher on Serranıa Pilon than on comparablenearby ranges. Daily mixed-species flock encounters on serranıas Bala and Cuch-illa (Figure 1) as well as on Serranıa Sadiri in Bolivia’s Madidi National Park(ABH pers. obs.) ranged between one and three per day, whereas encounter rateson Serranıa Pilon were between three and five per day. This is probably due toa higher level of precipitation in the area and the unusual topography of SerranıaPilon with several peaks, opposed to a typical single-peaked range, creating morehabitat area between 600 m and 900 m.

Upper tropical forest exists in Pilon Lajas only on serranıas Bue, Chepete andMuchanes. All surveys in this habitat were restricted to Serranıa Beu, where 246bird species have been recorded, 46 of which were only found in upper tropicalforest. Serranıa Beu is the only area in Pilon Lajas with large patches of bambooforest between 1,200 to 1,400 m; they cover an area of approximately 300 ha.

With respect to Arribas et al. (1995) and Remsen and Traylor (1989), the PilonLajas bird list includes 26 new records for dpto. Beni and three for dpto. La Paz(Appendix 2). However, these new records by no means represent true rangeextensions for the respective species. Bolivian departments are formed by arbit-rary political borders that have little or no value in a habitat or conservationcontext. For example, about 85% of the area of the department of Beni is coveredby pampas (savannah grasslands) whereas less than 1% contains hill tropicalforest, from where most of our new records originated.

Pilon Lajas is located approximately 25 km south of a large expanse of pampas,and its northern and eastern border is formed by a main road. Through the years,the area has seen the establishment of pampas bird species as colonists havecleared forest. In Rurrenabaque, each year more open-country species areobserved as the 30 km wide forest corridor between the town and the truepampas is being settled and destroyed. With continued forest clearing activitiesan increasing number of open-country species and austral migrants can be


expected in open areas of Pilon Lajas with many of the former probably becom-ing resident along the edge of the reserve.

The majority of birds in Pilon Lajas increase their territorial singing in Sep-tember/October. The full onset of the breeding season is linked with the begin-ning of the rainy season in November. During the rainy season there is a markedincrease in insect abundance and more trees bear fruit. Local hunters claim thatlarge mammals have more fat from February to April. We found reproductiveevidence for 42 species (Appendix 2). Nest-building activity was observedbetween late July and mid-November (18 species), nesting activity (egg andhatchling stages) from mid-September to early November (nine species) andrecent fledglings (15 species) between early October and mid-February (with twoexceptions in mid-July).

Mixed-species flocks

ABH observed 45 mixed-species foraging flocks containing a total of 102 speciesin hill tropical forest (500–900 m). In the tropical lowlands, foraging flocks areoften strictly separated into canopy and understorey flocks (e.g. Munn 1985, Jul-lien and Thiollay 1998). Due to the variable nature of hill tropical forest withsteep slopes, landslides, cliffs, forest edges, stunted forest and tall forest, flockformations in Pilon Lajas were loosely categorized into three types: omnivoroustanager flocks, mid-canopy and understorey insectivorous mixed-species flocks.

The tanager canopy flocks were fast-moving, omnivorous flocks of the uppercanopy based around Tangara species with Paradise Tanager Tangara chilensis asthe nuclear species and Green-and-gold Tanager T. schrankii, Turquoise TanagerT. mexicana and Blue Dacnis Dacnis cayana as other characteristic species. Mid-canopy insectivorous flocks ranged from c. 5 m above ground to well inside thehighest canopy. These flocks were slower moving and sometimes large (c. 40individuals) with most species foraging for insects. Characteristic species wereSlate-throated Redstart Myioborus miniatus, Black-spotted Barbet Capito niger,Masked Tityra Tityra semifasciata, Guira Tanager Hemithraupis guira, Bronze-greenEuphonia Euphonia mesochrysa, Bay-headed Tanager Tangara gyrola and TropicalParula Parula pitiayumi. The nuclear species of understorey insectivorous flockswas Red-crowned Ant Tanager Habia rubica, with Buff-throated Foliage GleanerAutomolus ochrolaemus, Carmiol’s Tanager Chlorothraupis carmioli, Chestnut-tailedAntbird Myrmeciza hemimelaena, McConnell’s Flycatcher Mionectes macconnelliand Tawny-crowned Greenlet Hylophilus ochraceiceps as other characteristic spe-cies.

However, the majority of species in these flocks in hill tropical forest were notexclusive or even particular to any of the three flock types. This strongly contrastswith the rigidly organized flocks of Amazonian lowlands (Munn 1985, Jullienand Thiollay 1998) and supports the notion that conclusions on mixed-speciesflock structure and organization drawn from Neotropical lowland forests cannotbe generalized to all tropical forests (Jullien and Thiollay 1998, Herzog et al.submitted MS).

Species Accounts

Orinoco Goose Neochen jubataThis Near Threatened species has been observed only once in Pilon Lajas at an


unknown date in 1994 by F. Osorio and others, although indigenous people saythe bird is sporadically seen on Rio Quiquebey. If a population still exists inPilon Lajas, it will be in isolated regions away from hunters.

Harpy Eagle Harpia harpyja

This globally Near Threatened species has never been sighted in Pilon Lajas bytrained observers. However, the Chiman and Moseten indigenous people arefamiliar with the bird and call it Bonij, but they do not have a name for thesimilar Crested Eagle Morphnus guianensis. ABH was shown a photo of a shotHarpy Eagle taken by an unknown tourist on the shore of the Beni River within Pilon Lajas around 1970, proving that it did exist in the area, but the exactlocation of the dead bird was unclear. A Moseten elder reported that a family ofHarpy Eagles exists east of S. Beu and described the species accurately as he saidthey ate one bird five years ago while hunting for White-bellied Spider MonkeysAteles belzebuth. A Chiman hunter reported the location of a nest in Pilon Lajassouth-west of the mouth of the Suapi River. We believe that a handful of HarpyEagles still exists within Pilon Lajas, but that this population is threatened andrestricted to areas with low human impact.

Southern Horned Curassow Pauxi unicornis

Parker (1989) gave the following account of this globally Vulnerable species froma 1989 survey in Serranıa Pilon along the Caranavi-Yucumo road at the south-eastern border of Pilon Lajas: ‘‘A man who has lived for one year near the roadpass on the Serranıa del Pilon accurately described this species and was certainthat he had seen (eaten?) it in ridgetop forest several times. Called ‘‘mutum’’.’’This record would appear to be a communication error as the name mutun loc-ally refers to Razor-billed Curassow Mitu tuberosa.

None of the 22 expeditions in Pilon Lajas, including two to inaccessible, pris-tine and apparently suitable habitat for this species between serranıas Beu andChepete, has resulted in a single observation of this species. Likewise, numerousinterviews including a survey of local indigenous knowledge by ABH and A.Perry have failed to produce any indication that the species has ever occurred inthe reserve. We believe that Pauxi unicornis does not exist in Pilon Lajas.

Oilbird Steatornis caripensis

Oilbird is a gregarious species, breeding colonially in caves. A single cave canhold up to 1,000 individuals (Thomas 1999; Duguid in litt. 2000). Only eight cavesites are known in Bolivia (ABH pers. obs.). Oilbirds could be threatened byhabitat loss and scarcity of isolated breeding areas. On 4 November 1998, ABHand park guards observed 350 individuals leaving an inaccessible cave at 600 mon the edge of Serranıa Chepete, beside the Beni River, during sunset and foundfresh eggshells below the entrance to the cave.

Lanceolated Monklet Micromonacha lanceolata

One immature and two adults were observed for approximately 15 min on 9December 1995 by ABH and A. Perry in the subcanopy 8 m above ground at


1,150 m on Serranıa Beu, dpto. La Paz. One adult fed a small unidentified insectto the immature and then perched 30 cm away while the second adult landedbeside the immature and gave it a katydid-like insect longer than its bill. Theimmature clasped the insect in its bill for approximately 2 min before swallowingit. The immature’s breast had less clearly defined black streaks and greyer mot-tling than both adults. These birds were observed on a steep forested slope withmany successional stages from frequent landslides to dense forest patches withyoung trees. Another individual was observed in Pilon Lajas by A. Perry and R.Mitchell (pers. comm.) on the eastern edge of Serranıa Beu at 1,000 m on 3December 1996. These are the second and third observation of Lanceolated Mon-klet in Bolivia (Arribas et al. 1995). The first record was obtained by S. Cardiffand J.V. Remsen (in litt. 1998) at Cerro Asunta Pata (15°03′S 68°28′W), dpto. LaPaz, in 1993. The species was also observed in Carrasco National Park, dpto.Cochabamba, in July 1998 by A. Mee (in litt. 1998).

Scaled Fruiteater Ampelioides tschudii

Two birds, possibly a pair were noted repeatedly on Serranıa Cuchilla, dpto.Beni, at 900 m in 1998 and 1999, especially by voice (MLNS 101799, 101819,101874, 101877; Mayer 2000). On 17 November 1999 a male was observed byABH and M. Olivera feeding an immature an orange fruit of approximately 2.5cm in diameter and regurgitated half bill-sized black fruits. Previously known inBolivia only from Serranıa Bellavista (38 km N Caranavi), dpto. La Paz (Parkeret al. 1980), and Rıo Tuichi Valley, dpto. La Paz (Perry et al. 1997). ABH alsorecorded calls of one individual (MLNS 101845) at 900 m on Serranıa Sadiri(14°13′S 67°56′W) in Madidi National Park on 30 November 1999.

Subtropical Pygmy Owl Glacidium parkeri

C. Konig identified the first record of this species for Bolivia through recordingsmade by T.A. Parker during a 1979 expedition by the Museum of Natural Sci-ence, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, to Serranıa Bellavista, dpto. LaPaz (T.S. Schulenburg pers. comm.). B.M. Whitney (in litt. 2001) obtained thesecond record for Bolivia on Serranıa Eslabon in Madidi National Park in August1995 and the third in Pilon Lajas on Serranıa Pilon at 700 m on 9 August 1997.Subsequently the species was recorded by ABH (MLNS 101656, 101689) severaltimes on both the western (1,300 m) and eastern (1,200 m) slope of Serranıa Beuand once at 750 m on Serranıa Tequeje, Madidi National Park, on 6 April 2000.

Bolivian Recurvebill Simoxenops striatus

Until recently, this globally Vulnerable species was known from only three Boliv-ian localities (Parker et al. 1992), and Parker et al. (1996) considered it a highconservation and research priority. ABH observed and recorded several indi-viduals on Serranıa Beu at 800 m to 1,250 m from 17 to 24 September 1998 (MLNS101637) and on Serranıa Cuchilla at 800 m between 16 and 19 October 1998(MLNS 101778; Mayer 2000), which represent two new localities for the speciesin Bolivia. Additionally, it has been found at three other new sites in dptos. La


Paz, Cochabamba and Santa Cruz by SKH and MK in 1996 and 1997. Furtherdetails will be published elsewhere.

Yungas Antwren Myrmotherula grisea

A single female-plumaged bird of this globally Vulnerable Bolivian endemic wasseen by SKH in an understorey mixed-species flock at c. 850 m on Serranıa Pilonon 4 August 1997, which represents the only record for Pilon Lajas. The bird wascharacterized by unmarked wing-coverts and warm olivish-brown upperpartswith a slight rufous tinge on wings and tail (in contrast to the all-grey upperpartsof the female Grey Antwren M. menetriesii) and it resembled a female YungasAntwren seen and tape-recorded by SKH together with a male (both singing) inAmboro National Park (dpto. Santa Cruz). Despite the presence of apparentlysuitable habitat within the species’s elevational range, Yungas Antwren appearsto be rare in Pilon Lajas.

Phyllomyias sp.

This undescribed species was first observed and tape-recorded in June 1989 at850–900 m on Serranıa Pilon along the Caranavi–Yucumo road (Parker et al.1991), who tentatively identified the birds as Planalto Tyrannulets Phyllomyiasfasciatus. However, they noted that their vocalizations were faster and higherpitched than those of birds in south-east Brazil and north-east Argentina andconcluded that ‘‘the Serranıa Pilon population may represent an undescribedform’’. On 2 June 1997 SKH tape-recorded three unidentified Phyllomyias tyran-nulets in the canopy of humid forest edge at 1,150 m at Cerro Asunta Pata, dpto.La Paz (15°03′S 68°28′W), and this recording was later identified with the helpof B.M. Whitney as belonging to the same undescribed Phyllomyias taxon asrecorded by Parker and Gell-Mann on Serranıa Pilon (see Mayer 2000). On 3September 1998, SKH and J.A. Balderrama collected two specimens at CerroAsunta Pata and rediscovered the Serranıa Pilon population at 850–1,000 m alongthe Caranavi–Yucumo road on 8 October 1998. Several tape-recordings from bothlocalities show that the vocal differences noted by Parker et al. (1991) betweenAndean and south-east Brazilian populations are both consistent and significant(recordings of P. fasciatus from south-east Brazil provided by J. Mazar Barnett). Aformal description of the species is currently in preparation (Herzog unpublisheddata).

It is noteworthy that despite the presence of apparently suitable hill tropicalforest habitat on Serranıas Beu, Cuchilla and Pilon the species has so far onlybeen found at a single locality in Pilon Lajas, indicating that it may have a natur-ally patchy distribution and a small range.

Shrike-like Cotinga Laniisoma elegans

This globally Vulnerable species was observed by ABH on 22 September 1999 15m above the ground on the northern side of Serranıa Beu in steep-sloped hilltropical forest (850 m). This is only the second observation for Bolivia of thispoorly known species (Hennessey et al. 2003).


Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea

This Nearctic-Neotropical migrant has suffered population declines attributedto habitat loss in its wintering range (McNair and Escobar 1993). However, itsnon-breeding distribution in South America is poorly known (Parker et al. 1996).ABH observed this species on Serranıa Pilon in November 1996 and February1997 and 1998, on Serranıa Cuchilla in November 1999, and on Serranıa Sadiriin Madidi National Park in November 1999. Wintering males were identified bytheir contrasting black wings in November, and by the splotchy breeding plum-age in February. The identification of females was assumed through their pres-ence with Scarlet Tanager males, which in February consisted of associatinggroups of 5–8 individuals. The species was fairly common in all years and areas.For example, on a total of seven days on Serranıa Pilon during the months statedabove, ABH daily observed between two and seven individuals in non-breedingplumage in mid-canopy foraging flocks of hill tropical forest (600–900 m). Webelieve these records from serranıas Pilon, Cuchilla and Sadiri indicate that aconsiderable portion of the species’ population winters along the humid foothillsof the Bolivian Andes. This habitat is still largely unaltered in Bolivia; hence, adecline due to habitat loss is probably largely caused by the alteration of habitatin the breeding range or along the migration route of Scarlet Tanager.

Buff-rumped Warber Basileuterus fulvicauda

J. Ohlson (pers comm.) observed several individuals on Serranıa Bala from 25 to28 April 1999 and recorded one (Mayer 2000). Observations and recordings(MLNS 87814 and 101816) by ABH and SKH on serranıas Pilon and Cuchillahave exclusively been of the similar River Warbler Basileuterus rivularis. The songof both species is difficult to differentiate. Thus, both species occur within atmost 30 km of each other in Pilon Lajas, but the actual contact zone as well asthe degree of sympatry and hybridization (if any) remain to be determined.

Discussion

Recorded from Pilon Lajas are four species of Bolivian endemics, eight species ofrange-restricted endemics (Stattersfield et al. 1998), 28 zoogeographical regionalendemics (Stotz et al. 1996), three Vulnerable and three Near Threatened species(BirdLife International 2000), and four High Conservation Priority and 32Medium Conservation Priority species (Parker et al. 1996) (Appendix 2, Table 2).Of the High and Medium Conservation Priority species, eight have their centreof abundance in lower tropical (< 500 m), nine in hill tropical (500–900 m), 17 inupper tropical (900–1,600 m) and two in middle tropical (1,600–2,600 m) forest.All High Conservation Priority species in Pilon Lajas appear to be rare, with onlyone record per species, except for Simoxenops striatus. These apparently extremelylow population densities imply that optimal conditions for these species may notbe met in Pilon Lajas despite the presence of apparently suitable habitat and thatthe reserve alone cannot warrant their effective conservation in Bolivia.

Pilon Lajas protects a healthy part of the Bolivian and Peruvian lower YungasEBA (054) (Stattersfield et al. 1998). Eight range-restricted species have been


Table 2. Species in Pilon Lajas, Bolivia, listed as High and Medium Conservation Priorities by Parkeret al. (1996) and Vulnerable (*) or Near Threatened (**) by BirdLife International (2000). Researchpriority and centre of abundance after Parker et al. (1996). Numbers in parentheses refer to thenumber of records.

Species Conservation Research Centre of Pilon Lajaspriority priority abundance abundance

Orinoco Goose**Neochen jubata High High Lower tropical Very rare (1)

Fasciated Tiger Heron Medium High Hill tropical Very rare (2)Tigrisoma fasciatum

Solitary Eagle Medium Medium Upper tropical Very rare (2)Harpyhaliaetus solitarius

Harpy Eagle** Medium High Lower tropical Very rare (?)Harpia harpyja

Red-throated Caracara Medium Medium Lower tropical Fairly commonIbycter americanus

Maroon-chested Ground Dove Medium Medium Middle montane Very rare (1)Claravis mondetoura

Blue-and-yellow Macaw Medium Medium Lower tropical Fairly commonAra ararauna

Military Macaw* Medium Medium Upper tropical UncommonAra militaris

Red-billed Parrot Medium Medium Upper tropical UncommonPionus sordidus

Rufous-vented Ground Cuckoo Medium Medium Lower tropical Very rare (1)Neomorphus geoffroyi

Band-bellied Owl Medium Medium Hill tropical Fairly commonPulsatrix melanota

Silky-tailed Nightjar Medium Medium Lower tropical Very rare (1)Caprimulgus sericocaudatus

White-browed Hermit Medium Medium Hill tropical Very rare (1)Phaethornis stuarti

Rufous-crested Coquette Medium Medium Upper tropical Very rare (1)Lophornis delattrei

Many-spotted Hummingbird Medium Medium Hill tropical Very rare (1)Taphrospilus hypostictus

Crested Quetzal Medium Medium Upper tropical Fairly commonPharomachrus antisianus

Ash-browed Spinetail Medium Medium Upper tropical RareCranioleuca curtata

Bolivian Recurvebill* High High Hill tropical UncommonSimoxenops striatus

Yungas Antwren* High High Hill tropical Very rare (1)Myrmotherula grisea

Rough-legged Tyrannulet Medium Medium Hill tropical UncommonPhyllomyias burmeisteri

Spectacled Bristle Tyrant Medium Medium Hill tropical UncommonPhylloscartes orbitalis

White-bellied Pygmy Tyrant Medium Medium Hill tropical Fairly commonMyiornis albiventris

Yungas Tody Tyrant Medium Medium Upper tropical CommonHemitriccus spodiops

Buff-throated Tody Tyrant** Medium Medium Upper tropical RareHemitriccus rufigularis

Shrike-like Cotinga High High Upper tropical Very rare (1)Laniisoma elegans


Table 2. Continued.

Species Conservation Research Centre of Pilon Lajaspriority priority abundance abundance

Scaled Fruiteater Medium Medium Upper tropical UncommonAmpelioides tschudii

Andean Cock-of-the-Rock Medium Medium Upper tropical Fairly commonRupicola peruviana

Orange-eared Tanager Medium Medium Upper tropical Very rare (1)Chlorochrysa calliparaea

Pale-winged Trumpeter Medium Low Lower tropical RarePsophia leucoptera

Red-and-green Macaw Medium Low Lower tropical Fairly commonAra chloroptera

Upland Antshrike Medium Low Upper tropical Fairly commonThamnophilus aroyae

Scaled Antpitta Medium Low Upper tropical RareGrallaria guatimalensis

Slaty Gnateater Medium Low Upper tropical UncommonConopophaga ardesiaca

Slaty Tanager Medium Low Middle montane Very rare (1)Creurgops dentata

Bronze-green Euphonia Medium Low Upper tropical CommonEuphonia mesochrysa

Golden-eared Tanager Medium Medium Upper tropical Very rare (2)Tangara chrysotis

recorded of a potential 13 species found in Bolivia. The range-restricted endem-ism of Serranıa Beu demonstrated the area to be a potential Important Bird Area.Serranıa Beu and the surrounding area are sufficiently difficult to access throughclimbing, long hikes and the lack of road access, that the areas may be easilyprotected from habitat destruction through local population pressure.

Serranıa Pilon is an important area in Pilon Lajas to protect foothill-specializedspecies. The foothill forest, though not considered specialization enough todeserve EBA status, is a unique ecosystem that deserves conservation attention.Through high levels of precipitation and the mix between lowland and Yungasspecies, these areas tend to be the richest sites of avian diversity on the planet.With no avifaunal data from Serranıa del Tigre (13°38′S 68°40′W), mostly outsidethe Madidi National Park border, Serranıa Pilon is the richest area of foothillforest in Bolivia. The site, with a main road travelling through the area, alsocontains ecotourism-sustainable development possibilities.

Pilon Lajas has common borders with Madidi National Park to the north-westand with the Moseten Indigenous Area, which applies sustainable forestry prac-tices, to the south. However, the north- and south-eastern borders of Pilon Lajasare adjacent to major roads that have enabled human settlement on the parkboundaries, posing a serious future threat to the reserve. Pilon Lajas is trying tocounteract this encroachment with two park guard stations along both roadsand the implementation of public education programmes. Recently a sustainableecotourism project has been designed with a local indigenous group at the mouthof Rio Quiquebey.

Together with Madidi National Park and the directly adjacent Bahuaja Sonene


National Park in south-eastern Peru, Pilon Lajas forms part of a unique protectedarea system of more than 3.5 million ha. It further represents a vital link towardsfoothill and montane forest areas further south and plays an important role in theestablishment of biological corridors along the eastern Andean slope in Bolivia.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Veterinarians Without Frontiers and the British, Dutchand Swiss Governments for their support and efforts to protect this special areaof the earth and to support our insistence for more field investigations. ABHwould like to especially thank Sjoerd Mayer for his meticulous review of PilonLajas sound recordings, the use of his pre-release CD-ROM Birds of Bolivia 2,and the hundreds of email messages on ‘‘mystery’’ sounds, queries and birdsound discussions. We are grateful to Bret M. Whitney for his assistance withPilon Lajas research and for his time and patience with his remarkable identifica-tions of ‘‘mystery’’ sounds that no one else could identify. ABH is most appreci-ative for the donations of tapes and equipment by Greg Budney at Cornell’sMacaulay Library of Natural Sounds. In addition, we thank Doug Stotz, TomSchulenberg and Jon Fjeldså for their informative answers to the many questionsinvolving Pilon Lajas research. Financial support was provided to ABH by Veter-inarians Without Frontiers as well as the British, Dutch and Swiss Governments,and to MK by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.

Appendix 1. Ornithological surveys in Pilon Lajas, Bolivia.

Researchers Site Date Period(days)

T.A. Parker S. Pilon (600–1,000 m) June 1989 4F. Osorio, S. Barrera, Quiquibey and Suapi rivers and June 1993 10J.F. Guerra, J. Colorado (350–500 m)Sarmiento, L. VillalbaABH Suapi River (450 m) November 1995 4A. Perry, ABH S. Beu (western end, 700–1,300 m) December 1995 7F. Sagot Colorado (350–400 m) June 1996 6ABH, R. Silva Colorado to Quiquibey (350–400 m) July 1996 7ABH S. Bala (400–700 m) October 1996 3ABH, R. Mitchell S. Bala (500–900 m) November 1996 4ABH S. Pilon (600–1,000 m) November 1996 7A. Perry, R. Mitchell S. Zaguacales (350–700 m) November 1996 6A. Perry, R. Mitchell S. Beu (eastern end, 600–1,400 m) December 1996 11ABH S. Pilon (700–750 m) February 1997 1ABH S. Pilon (500–1,000 m) April 1997 5ABH S. Pilon (600–1,000 m) June 1997 7SKH, MK S. Pilon (450–1,000 m) July 1997 18B.M. Whitney, ABH S. Pilon (400–750 m) August 1997 3ABH S. Pilon (350–1,000 m) February 1998 11ABH S. Beu (western end, 1,200–1,450 m) September 1998 7ABH S. Beu (western end, 800–1,000 m) September 1998 5SKH, J.A. Balderrama S. Pilon (450–500 m) October 1998 4ABH S. Cuchilla (500–900 m) October 1998 6ABH S. Cuchilla (700–900 m) November 1999 12


Ap

pen

dix

2:L

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ofB

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spec

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Pil

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Ap

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Ap

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Ap

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Potoo

T1,

2,6

L80

0R

Nyc

tibi

usae

ther

eusLon

g-taile

dPotoo

T1,

5L

900

RN

ycti

bius

gris

eusCom

mon

Potoo

O1

L50

0R

Cho

rdei

les

rupe

stri

sSa

nd-colored

Nightha

wk

O1

L50

0R

Nyc

tidr

omus

albi

colli

sParau

que

O1,

4L

500

RN

ycti

phry

nus

ocel

latu

sOcella

tedPoo

rwill

T5

L90

0R

Cap

rim

ulgu

sru

fusRufou

sNightjar

O5

L90

0VR(2Ms)

Cap

rim

ulgu

sse

rico

caud

atus

Silky-taile

dNightjar

O1

L50

0VR(1)

Hyd

rops

alis

clim

acoc

erca

Lad

der-tailedNightjar

SP1

L50

0VR(2)

Stre

ptop

rocn

eru

tila

Che

stnu

t-colla

redSw

ift

O1

L50

0VR(1)

Stre

ptop

rocn

ezo

nari

sWhite-collaredSw

ift

O1–

6L

1,40

0C

Cha

etur

aci

nere

iven

tris

Grey-rumpe

dSw

ift

O1,

5L

900

UC

haet

ura

brac

hyur

aSh

ort-taile

dSw

ift

O1,

5L

1,40

0F-U

Thr

enet

esle

ucur

usPale-taile

dBarbthroa

tO

1,4,

5L

900

RP

haet

horn

ism

alar

isLon

g-taile

dHermit

T1,

4–6

L1,

300

FP

haet

horn

ishi

spid

usWhite-beard

edHermit

O1,

3–6

L80

0U

Pha

etho

rnis

stua

rtiWhite-browed

Hermit*

O5

700

700

VR(1)

Pha

etho

rnis

rube

rRed

dishHermit

T1,

3–6

L1,

400

CC

ampy

lopt

erus

larg

ipen

nisGrey-breasted

Sabrew

ing

O1,

3–6

L1,

300

UFl

oris

uga

mel

livor

aWhite-necke

dJacobin

O1,

5–6

L85

0U

Ant

hrac

otho

rax

nigr

icol

lisBlack-throa

tedMan

goO

1,6

L90

0R

Kla

isgu

imet

iViolet-he

aded

Hum

mingb

ird

T3–

570

01,

000

ULo

phor

nis

dela

ttre

iRufou

s-crestedCoq

uette

O5

900

900

VR(1)

Loph

orni

sch

alyb

eusFe

stiveCoq

uette

O1,

5L

600

F


Ap

pen

dix

2:Con

tinu

ed.

Species

Eviden

ceSites

Min

Max

Abu

ndan

ceBreed

ing

Inform

ation

Chl

oros

tilb

onm

ellis

ugus

Blue-taile

dEmerald

O1,

6L

1,20

0R

Tha

lura

nia

furc

ataFo

rk-tailedWoo

dny

mph

O1,

5–6

L1,

400

UH

yloc

hari

scy

anus

White-chinn

edSa

pphire

O1,

5L

700

RC

hrys

uron

iaoe

none

Golden

-tailedSa

pphire

T1,

4–5

L90

0F

Tap

hros

pilu

shy

post

ictu

sMan

y-sp

ottedHum

mingb

ird

O5

875

875

VR(1)

Am

azili

ave

rsic

olor

VersicoloredEmerald

O1,

5L

900

UA

maz

ilia

lact

eaSa

pphire-spa

ngledEmerald

O5

875

875

VR(1)

Ade

lom

yia

mel

anog

enys

Speckled

Hum

mingb

ird

O6

1,20

01,

450

FP

olyp

lanc

taau

resc

ensGou

ld’s

Jewelfron

tT

1,4,

5L

900

UH

elio

thry

xau

rita

Black-eared

Fairy

O5,

687

590

0VR(2)

Cal

liphl

oxam

ethy

stin

aAmethy

stW

oodstar

O1,

5L

800

UP

haro

mac

hrus

anti

sian

usCrested

Que

tzal

T4,

690

01,

400

FT

rogo

nm

elan

urus

Black-tailedTrogo

nT

1–6

L1,

000

FT

rogo

nvi

ridi

sWhite-tailedTrogo

nT

2,5,

6L

700

UT

rogo

nco

llari

sCollaredTrogo

nT

1,2,

4,5

L1,

200

UT

rogo

ncu

rucu

iBlue-crow

nedTrogo

nT

1–6

L1,

400

FT

rogo

nvi

olac

eusViolaceou

sTrogo

nO

1L

450

UE

lect

ron

plat

yrhy

nchu

mBroad

-billed

Motmot

O1–

6L

1,00

0U

Bar

ypht

heng

usm

arti

iRufou

sMotmot

T1–

3,5,

665

01,

000

F-U

Mom

otus

mom

otaBlue-crow

nedMotmot

T1–

3,5

L50

0F

Cer

yle

torq

uata

Ringe

dKingfi

sher

O1,

2,4,

5L

600

FC

hlor

ocer

yle

amaz

onaAmazon

Kingfi

sher

T1,

2,5

L50

0U

Chl

oroc

eryl

eam

eric

anaGreen

Kingfi

sher

O1,

5L

500

UC

hlor

ocer

yle

inda

Green

-and

-rufou

sKingfi

sher

O2

L50

0R

Chl

oroc

eryl

eae

neaPyg

myKingfi

sher

O1,

6L

500

RN

otha

rchu

sm

acro

rhyn

chus

White-necke

dPuffbird

T4–

660

090

0U

Buc

com

acro

dact

ylus

Che

stnu

t-capp

edPuffbird

O1

L45

0VR(1)

Nys

talu

sst

riol

atus

Striolated

Puffbird

T1,

3–6

L80

0U

Mic

rom

onac

hala

nceo

lata

Lan

ceolated

Mon

klet

O6

1,15

01,

200

VR(2)

Mon

asa

nigr

ifron

sBlack-fronted

Nun

bird

O1,

2L

500

FM

onas

am

orph

oeus

White-fronted

Nun

bird

O1,

2,5,

6L

500

F


Ap

pen

dix

2:Con

tinu

ed.

Species

Eviden

ceSites

Min

Max

Abu

ndan

ceBreed

ing

Inform

ation

Che

lidop

tera

tene

bros

aSw

allow-w

ing

O1,

4,6

L50

0U

Gal

bula

rufic

auda

Rufou

s-taile

dJacamar

O1,

2,5,

6L

500

FC

apit

oni

gerBlack-spo

tted

Barbe

tT

1–6

L95

0C

Eub

ucco

rich

ards

oniLem

on-throa

tedBarbe

tO

1,4–

6L

850

RE

ubuc

cove

rsic

olor

VersicoloredBarbe

t*

T6

1,20

01,

400

FA

ulac

orhy

nchu

spr

asin

usEmeraldTou

cane

tT

4–6

L1,

000

FA

ulac

orhy

nchu

sde

rbia

nusChe

stnu

t-tipp

edTou

cane

tT

5,6

800

1,40

0F

Pte

rogl

ossu

sin

scri

ptus

LetteredAracari

O6

800

800

VR(1)

Pte

rogl

ossu

sfla

viro

stri

sIvory-bille

dAracari

O1,

5,6

L1,

000

UP

tero

glos

sus

cast

anot

isChe

stnu

t-earedAracari

T1,

2,5,

6L

1,00

0C

Pte

rogl

ossu

sbe

auha

rnae

siiCurl-crestedAracari

*T

1,5

L80

0R

Sele

nide

rare

inw

ardt

iiGolden

-collaredTou

cane

tT

1,2,

4–6

L80

0R

Ram

phas

tos

vite

llinu

sCha

nnel-billed

Tou

can

T1–

6L

1,40

0C

Ram

phas

tos

tuca

nusRed

-billed

Tou

can

T1–

6L

1,00

0C

Pic

umnu

sm

inut

issi

mus

Arrow

head

Piculet

O4,

5L

800

RP

icum

nus

auri

fron

sBar-breastedPiculet

*T

4,5

L90

0R

Mel

aner

pes

crue

ntat

usYellow-tuftedW

oodpe

cker

T1–

6L

700

CV

enili

orni

sfu

mig

atus

Smok

y-brow

nWoo

dpe

cker

T6

1,30

01,

400

UV

enili

orni

spa

sser

inus

LittleWoo

dpe

cker

O1,

3,4

L80

0U

Ven

ilior

nis

affin

isRed

-stained

Woo

dpe

cker

O1,

540

01,

000

FP

icul

usle

ucol

aem

usWhite-throa

tedWoo

dpe

cker

T1,

3–6

L1,

000

FP

icul

usch

ryso

chlo

rosGolden

-green

Woo

dpe

cker

T5,

650

070

0VR(3)

Pic

ulus

rubi

gino

susGolden

-oliv

eWoo

dpe

cker

T5,

650

01,

400

UC

eleu

sgr

amm

icus

Scale-breasted

Woo

dpe

cker

T4

900

900

VR(1)

Cel

eus

flavu

sCream

-colou

redW

oodpe

cker

O1

L50

0R

Dry

ocop

uslin

eatu

sLineatedWoo

dpe

cker

O1,

550

01,

000

RC

ampe

philu

sm

elan

oleu

cosCrimson-crestedWoo

dpe

cker

O5

400

400

VR(1)

Cam

peph

ilus

rubr

icol

lisRed

-necke

dW

oodpe

cker

T1–

6L

1,30

0F

F08

–10–

96D

endr

ocin

cla

fulig

inos

aPlain-brownW

oodcreepe

rT

1,2,

4–6

L1,

000

FD

econ

ychu

ralo

ngic

auda

Lon

g-taile

dWoo

dcreepe

rT

1,5,

6L

900

USi

ttas

omus

gris

eica

pillu

sOliv

aceo

usW

oodcreepe

rT

1,3–

6L

1,30

0F


Ap

pen

dix

2:Con

tinu

ed.

Species

Eviden

ceSites

Min

Max

Abu

ndan

ceBreed

ing

Inform

ation

Den

drex

etas

tes

rufig

ulaCinna

mon

-throa

tedW

oodcreepe

rT

4,5

L80

0R

Xip

hoco

lapt

espr

omer

opir

hync

husStrong

-billed

Woo

dcr.

T1,

4–6

L90

0F

Den

droc

olap

tes

cert

hiaBarredWoo

dcreepe

rT

1,4

L70

0F

Den

droc

olap

tes

picu

mnu

sBlack-ban

ded

Woo

dcreepe

rT

4–6

L90

0U

Xip

horh

ynch

uspi

cusStraight-billed

Woo

dcreepe

rT

1,6

L80

0R

Xip

horh

ynch

usoc

ella

tusOcella

tedWoo

dcreepe

rT

1,3,

5L

900

UX

ipho

rhyn

chus

spix

iiSp

ix’s

Woo

dcreepe

rT

1–6

L90

0F

Xip

horh

ynch

usgu

ttat

usBuff-throated

Woo

dcreepe

rT

1–6

L1,

000

FLe

pido

cola

ptes

albo

linea

tusLineatedWoo

dcreepe

rT

1,5,

6L

900

UC

ampy

lorh

amph

ustr

ochi

liros

trisRed

-billed

Scythe

bill

SP1,

5,6

L1,

300

UFu

rnar

ius

leuc

opus

Pale-legg

edHorne

roO

1L

350

USy

nalla

xis

azar

aeAzara’s

Spinetail*

T6

1,30

01,

400

FSy

nalla

xis

caba

nisiCab

anis’S

pine

tail*

T5,

680

01,

300

FSy

nalla

xis

guja

nens

isPlain-crowne

dSp

inetail

T1,

2L

500

FC

rani

oleu

cacu

rtat

aAsh

-browed

Spinetail

T5,

670

090

0R

Cra

niol

euca

gutt

urat

aSp

eckled

Spinetail

O1

L50

0VR(1)

Pre

mno

plex

brun

nesc

ensSp

ottedBarbtail

T6

1,30

01,

300

VR(1)

Hyl

octi

stes

subu

latu

sStripe

dW

oodha

unter

O5,

670

01,

300

VR(3)

Anc

istr

ops

stri

gila

tusChe

stnu

t-winge

dHoo

kbill

O5

800

800

VR(1)

Sim

oxen

ops

stri

atus

BolivianRecurve

bill*,**,***

T4,

670

01,

300

U–R

Phi

lydo

rer

ythr

ocer

cusRufou

s-rumpe

dFo

liage

-glean

erO

3,4

600

900

VR(3)

Phi

lydo

rer

ythr

opte

rusChe

stnu

t-winge

dFo

liage

-glean

erO

570

085

0VR(2)

Aut

omol

usoc

hrol

aem

usBuff-throated

Folia

ge-glean

erT

1,2,

4–6

L1,

400

FX

enop

sru

tila

nsStreak

edXen

ops

O1,

5,6

500

700

UX

enop

sm

inut

usPlain

Xen

ops

SP1,

5,6

600

900

USc

leru

rus

albi

gula

risGrey-throated

Leaftosser

T3,

5,6

700

800

RSc

leru

rus

mex

ican

usTaw

ny-throa

tedLeaftosser

T4,

570

080

0U

Cym

bila

imus

linea

tusFa

sciatedAntsh

rike

O1,

4,5

L1,

000

FT

arab

am

ajor

Great

Antsh

rike

O1,

2,5,

6L

1,00

0C

Tha

mno

philu

spa

lliat

usChe

stnu

t-ba

cked

Antsh

rike

T6

1,20

01,

400

RT

ham

noph

ilus

aeth

iops

White-sho

uldered

Antsh

rike

T1,

4–6

L1,

000

F


Ap

pen

dix

2:Con

tinu

ed.

Species

Eviden

ceSites

Min

Max

Abu

ndan

ceBreed

ing

Inform

ation

Tha

mno

philu

ssc

hist

aceu

sPlain-w

inge

dAntsh

rike

T1–

6L

1,00

0C

Tha

mno

philu

sar

oyae

Uplan

dAntsh

rike

*,**

T5,

61,

200

1,40

0F

Tha

mno

philu

sca

erul

esce

nsVariableAntsh

rike

T6

1,30

01,

300

VR(1)

Dys

itha

mnu

sm

enta

lisPlain

Antvireo

T1,

3,5,

645

01,

000

FT

ham

nom

anes

schi

stog

ynus

Bluish-slateAntsh

rike

*T

2,4,

560

01,

000

UM

yrm

othe

rula

brac

hyur

aPyg

myAntwren

T1,

4,5

L1,

000

FM

yrm

othe

rula

long

icau

daStripe

-che

sted

Antwren

O1,

560

090

0R

Myr

mot

heru

laha

uxw

elliPlain-throa

tedAntwren

O1

LL

VR(1)

Myr

mot

heru

lale

ucop

htha

lmaWhite-eye

dAntwren*

O5,

6L

900

VR(2)

Myr

mot

heru

laax

illar

isWhite-flan

kedAntwren

O1,

5.6

L1,

000

UM

yrm

othe

rula

gris

eaYun

gasAntwren*,**,***

O5

850

850

VR(1)

Myr

mot

heru

lam

enet

ries

iiGreyAntwren

T4,

5L

1,00

0F

Dic

hroz

ona

cinc

taBan

ded

Antbird

T4,

550

080

0U

Her

psilo

chm

usru

fimar

gina

tusRufou

s-winge

dAntwren

T2–

6L

1,00

0C-F

Dry

mop

hila

devi

lleiStriated

Antbird

T2,

5,6

700

1350

FC

erco

mac

raci

nera

scen

sGreyAntbird

T1,

2,4–

6L

1,00

0C

Cer

com

acra

nigr

esce

nsBlackishAntbird

O1

LL

RNM

07–1

0–98

Cer

com

acra

serv

aBlack

Antbird

T1,

4–6

L1,

000

UP

yrig

lena

leuc

onot

aWhite-backe

dFire-eye

T5,

670

01,

400

FM

yrm

obor

usle

ucop

hrys

White-browed

Antbird

O2

LL

RM

yrm

obor

usm

yoth

erin

usBlack-faced

Antbird

T1–

6L

1,40

0C

Hyp

ocne

mis

cant

ator

WarblingAntbird

T2,

5,6

L80

0C

Per

cnos

tola

leuc

osti

gmaSp

ot-w

inge

dAntbird

O1

LL

VR(2)

Myr

mec

iza

hem

imel

aena

Che

stnu

t-taile

dAntbird

T1,

2,4–

6L

1,20

0C

NE

21–0

9–97

Myr

mec

iza

atro

thor

axBlack-throa

tedAntbird

T1,

2,4–

6L

1,00

0C

Rhe

gmat

orhi

nam

elan

osti

ctaHairy-crested

Antbird

T4–

650

090

0R

Hyl

ophy

lax

naev

iaSp

ot-backe

dAntbird

SP1,

2,4–

6L

1,00

0U

Hyl

ophy

lax

poec

ilino

taScale-ba

cked

Antbird

O5

600

600

VR(1)

Form

icar

ius

colm

aRufou

s-capp

edAntthrush

T1

L50

0R

Form

icar

ius

anal

isBlack-faced

Antthrush

T1–

6L

1,00

0C

Cha

mae

zaca

mpa

niso

naSh

ort-taile

dAntthrush

T1,

5,6

1,20

01,

400

C


Ap

pen

dix

2:Con

tinu

ed.

Species

Eviden

ceSites

Min

Max

Abu

ndan

ceBreed

ing

Inform

ation

Gra

llari

agu

atim

alen

sisScaled

Antpitta

T5,

670

01,

000

RH

ylop

ezus

berl

epsc

hiAmazon

ianAntpitta*

O1

350

350

VR(1)

Con

opop

haga

arde

siac

aSlatyGna

teater

*T

61,

200

1,40

0U

Scyt

alop

usbo

livia

nusWhite-crowne

dTap

aculo

T6

1,20

01,

400

CP

hyllo

myi

asbu

rmei

ster

iRou

gh-leg

gedTyran

nulet

O5

800

1,00

0U?

Phy

llom

yias

scla

teriSclater’sTyran

nulet*

O5

480

1,20

0F

Phy

llom

yias

,und

escribed

species*,**,***

T1,

587

51,

000

U?

Zim

mer

ius

grac

ilipe

sSlen

der-foo

tedTyran

nulet

T1,

5,6

L1,

100

CO

rnit

hion

iner

meWhite-lored

Tyran

nulet

O1,

3–5

L90

0U

Cam

ptos

tom

aob

sole

tum

S.Beard

less

Tyran

nulet

O5

800

800

VR(1Ms)

Tyr

annu

lus

elat

usYellow-crowne

dTyran

nulet

O1

L50

0VR(1)

Myi

opag

isga

imar

diiFo

rest

Elaen

iaT

1,5

L95

0F

Myi

opag

isca

nice

psGreyElaen

iaO

4,5

L90

0R

Myi

opag

isvi

ridi

cata

Green

ishElaen

iaO

1L

500

?E

laen

iaal

bice

psWhite-crested

Elaen

iaT

5L

1,00

0R

Ela

enia

obsc

uraHighlan

dElaen

iaO

4,5

800

950

RSe

rpop

haga

cine

reaTorrent

Tyran

nulet

O6

1,10

01,

100

VR(1Mm)

Mio

nect

esst

riat

icol

lisStreak

-necke

dFlyc

atch

erT

61,

350

1,35

0VR(1Mm)

Mio

nect

esol

eagi

neus

Och

re-bellie

dFlyc

atch

erT

1,2,

5,6

L1,

100

FF

15–1

1–99

Mio

nect

esm

acco

nnel

liMcC

onne

ll’sFlyc

atch

erT

1,4–

6L

1,00

0U

Lept

opog

onam

auro

ceph

alus

Sepia-capp

edFlyc

atch

erT

1,5,

6L

1,00

0F

Lept

opog

onsu

perc

iliar

isSlaty-capp

edFlyc

atch

erT

5,6

850

1,30

0U

Phy

llosc

arte

sop

htha

lmic

usMarble-facedBristle

Tyran

tT

580

01,

000

RP

hyllo

scar

tes

orbi

talis

Spectacled

Bristle

Tyran

tO

5,6

700

1,00

0U

Phy

llosc

arte

sfla

vive

ntri

sRufou

s-loredTyran

nulet

O5

900

900

VR(1)

Cor

ytho

pis

torq

uata

Ringe

dAntpipit

T2,

5,6

L95

0U

Myi

orni

sal

bive

ntri

sWhite-bellie

dPyg

myTyran

t*

T2,

4–6

600

1,10

0F

Myi

orni

sec

auda

tusSh

ort-taile

dPyg

myTyran

tT

1,3–

6L

950

FNM

27–0

7–97

Hem

itri

ccus

flam

mul

atus

Flam

mulated

Tod

yTyran

t*

O5

L70

0R

Hem

itri

ccus

zost

erop

sWhite-eye

dTod

yTyran

tT

1,2,

5,6

L90

0F

Hem

itri

ccus

spod

iops

Yun

gasTod

yTyran

t*,**,***

T5,

61,

200

1,40

0C


Ap

pen

dix

2:Con

tinu

ed.

Species

Eviden

ceSites

Min

Max

Abu

ndan

ceBreed

ing

Inform

ation

Hem

itri

ccus

rufig

ular

isBuff-throated

Tod

yTyran

t*

T5,

680

01,

350

RT

odir

ostr

umpl

umbe

icep

sOch

re-faced

Tod

yFlyc

atch

erO

5L

500

UT

odir

ostr

umch

ryso

crot

aphu

mGolden

-browed

Tod

yFlyc

atch

erO

1,5,

60

1,00

0R

Ram

phot

rigo

nru

ficau

daRufou

s-taile

dFlatbill

O1

060

0VR(1)

Rhy

ncho

cycl

usol

ivac

eusOliv

aceo

usFlatbill

T1,

50

950

RT

olm

omyi

assu

lphu

resc

ensYellow-oliv

eFlyc

atch

erT

1,5,

6L

900

RNM

02–0

8–97

Tol

mom

yias

polio

ceph

alus

Grey-crow

nedFlyc

atch

erT

1,5

L?

?T

olm

omyi

asfla

vive

ntri

sYellow-breastedFlyc

atch

erT

480

080

0VR(2)

Pla

tyri

nchu

sco

rona

tusGolden

-crowne

dSp

adeb

illO

1,2

L60

0R

Ter

enot

ricc

user

ythr

urus

Rud

dy-taile

dFlyc

atch

erO

580

01,

100

RM

yiob

ius

villo

susTaw

ny-breastedFlyc

atch

erT

61,

200

1,35

0R

Myi

opho

bus

fasc

iatu

sBran-coloured

Flyc

atch

erT

1,5

L1,

000

FP

yrrh

omyi

asci

nnam

omea

Cinna

mon

Flyc

atch

erO

690

090

0VR(1Mm)

Con

topu

sfu

mig

atus

Smok

e-coloured

Pew

eeO

550

01,

000

RC

onto

pus

vire

nsEastern

Woo

d-Pew

eeT

2–5

L1,

000

C-F

(Mn)

Con

topu

sci

nere

usTropicalPew

eeO

5L

1,00

0R

Em

pido

nax

eule

riEuler’s

Flycatch

erT

1,4–

6L

1,00

0F

Cne

mot

ricc

usfu

scat

usFu

scou

sFlyc

atch

erT

560

060

0VR(1)

Sayo

rnis

nigr

ican

sBlack

Pho

ebe

O5,

6L

900

UP

yroc

epha

lus

rubi

nusVermilion

Flyc

atch

erO

1L

500

F(M

s)O

chth

oeca

litto

ralis

DrabWater

Tyran

tO

1,2,

5L

500

FM

usci

saxi

cola

fluvi

atili

sLittleGroun

dTyran

tO

1L

500

FK

nipo

legu

ssi

gnat

usAnd

eanTyran

t*

O5

1,20

01,

200

VR(1Mm)

Col

onia

colo

nusLon

g-taile

dTyran

tO

6L

500

RSa

trap

aic

tero

phry

sYellow-browed

Tyran

tO

544

044

0VR(1)

Att

ilabo

livia

nusWhite-eye

dAttila

T3,

445

070

0U

Att

ilasp

adic

eusBrigh

t-rumpe

dAttila

T1,

3–6

L1,

300

FF

21–1

1–99

Rhy

tipt

erna

sim

plex

Greyish

Mou

rner

T1–

6L

1,00

0F-U

Siry

stes

sibi

lato

rSirystes

O5

L70

0R

Myi

arch

ustu

berc

ulife

rDus

ky-cap

pedFlyc

atch

erT

1L

500

RM

yiar

chus

fero

xSh

ort-crestedFlyc

atch

erT

1,5

L70

0F


Ap

pen

dix

2:Con

tinu

ed.

Species

Eviden

ceSites

Min

Max

Abu

ndan

ceBreed

ing

Inform

ation

Myi

arch

usty

rann

ulus

Brown-crestedFlyc

atch

erT

1,5

L90

0U

Pit

angu

ssu

lphu

ratu

sGreat

Kiska

dee

O1

L50

0F

Meg

aryn

chus

pita

ngua

Boa

t-bille

dFlyc

atch

erO

1,5

L60

0F

Myi

ozet

etes

caya

nens

isRus

ty-m

argine

dFlyc

atch

erT

1,5

450

800

RM

yioz

etet

essi

mili

sSo

cial

Flycatch

erO

1,5

L70

0R

Myi

ozet

etes

lute

iven

trisDus

ky-che

sted

Flyc

atch

erO

1L

500

VR(1)

Con

opia

str

ivir

gata

Three-striped

Flyc

atch

erO

6L

900

RM

yiod

ynas

tes

chry

soce

phal

usGolden

-crowne

dFlyc

atch

erT

1,5

L1,

400

C-F

Myi

odyn

aste

sm

acul

atus

Streak

edFlyc

atch

erT

1–3,

5,6

L1,

000

FM

yiod

ynas

tes

lute

iven

trisSu

lphu

r-be

llied

Flyc

atch

erT

4–5

500

900

F(M

n)Le

gatu

sle

ucop

haiu

sPiratic

Flycatch

erT

1–6

L1,

000

FNA

12–1

0–96

Em

pido

nom

usva

rius

Variega

tedFlyc

atch

erO

360

060

0VR(1)

Em

pido

nom

usau

rant

ioat

rocr

ista

tusCrowne

dSlatyFlyc

atch

erO

570

070

0VR(1)

Tyr

annu

sal

bogu

lari

sWhite-throa

tedKingb

ird

O5,

670

095

0R

Tyr

annu

sm

elan

chol

icus

TropicalKingb

ird

T1,

3–6

L1,

200

CT

yran

nus

tyra

nnus

Eastern

Kingb

ird

O1,

4L

500

R(M

n)P

achy

ram

phus

cast

aneu

sChe

stnu

t-crow

nedBecard

O1

LL

VR(1)

Pac

hyra

mph

uspo

lych

opte

rusWhite-w

inge

dBecard

O1,

4,5

L80

0R

Pac

hyra

mph

usm

argi

natu

sBlack-cap

pedBecard

O1,

4–6

L1,

000

RP

achy

ram

phus

min

orPink-throated

Becard

T1,

3–5

L70

0U

NB

08–1

0–96

Pac

hyra

mph

usva

lidus

Crested

Becard

O1,

4L

1,00

0VR(2)

Tit

yra

caya

naBlack-tailedTityra

O1

LL

VR(1)

Tit

yra

sem

ifasc

iata

Maske

dTityra

T1–

6L

1,30

0F

NM

27–0

7–97

Lani

isom

ael

egan

sSh

rike

-likeCotinga

O6

850

850

VR(1)

Am

pelio

ides

tsch

udiiScaled

Fruiteater

T4

850

900

RLa

nioc

era

hypo

pyrr

aCinereo

usMou

rner

O1,

4L

500

RLi

paug

usvo

cife

rans

Scream

ingPiha

T1–

6L

900

CC

otin

gaca

yana

Span

gled

Cotinga

O1,

6L

800

VR(2)

Gym

node

rus

foet

idus

Bare-ne

cked

Fruitcrow

O1,

6L

600

VR(2)

Que

rula

purp

urat

aPurple-throated

Fruitcrow

T1,

3–6

L90

0F

Cep

halo

pter

usor

natu

sAmazon

ianUmbrellabird

O6

900

900

VR(1)


Ap

pen

dix

2:Con

tinu

ed.

Species

Eviden

ceSites

Min

Max

Abu

ndan

ceBreed

ing

Inform

ation

Rup

icol

ape

ruvi

anaAnd

eanCock-of-the

-Rock

T6

700

1,20

0U

Schi

fforn

istu

rdin

usThrus

h-lik

eMan

akin

T1,

2,4–

680

01,

400

FF

06–1

0–98

Pip

rite

sch

lori

sWing-ba

rred

Man

akin

T1–

660

01,

000

FT

yran

neut

esst

olzm

anni

DwarfTyran

tMan

akin

O1,

2,6

L80

0R

Mac

haer

opte

rus

pyro

ceph

alus

Fiery-capp

edMan

akin

SP1,

5L

400

VR(2)

Chi

roxi

phia

boliv

iana

Yun

gasMan

akin

*,**

T5,

61,

000

1,40

0C

Pip

raco

rona

taBlue-crow

nedMan

akin

O2,

660

01,

200

RP

ipra

fasc

iicau

daBan

d-tailedMan

akin

SP1,

2L

500

RP

ipra

chlo

rom

eros

Rou

nd-tailedMan

akin

T1–

6L

800

CT

achy

cine

taal

bive

nter

White-w

inge

dSw

allow

O1

L50

0C

Pro

gne

chal

ybea

Grey-breasted

Martin

O1

400

400

VR(1)

Not

ioch

elid

oncy

anol

euca

Blue-an

d-w

hite

Swallow

T3,

570

01,

400

FA

ttic

ora

fasc

iata

White-ban

ded

Swallow

O1,

2,4

L50

0C

Stel

gido

pter

yxru

ficol

lisS.

Rou

gh-w

inge

dSw

allow

O1–

5L

900

CC

ampy

lorh

ynch

ustu

rdin

usThrus

h-lik

eW

ren

T1,

3–5

L50

0F

Thr

yoth

orus

geni

barb

isMou

stache

dW

ren

T1–

6L

800

CT

hryo

thor

usgu

aray

anus

Fawn-breasted

Wren

T1

500

500

VR(1)

Tro

glod

ytes

aedo

nHou

seWren

T1,

3,5

L1,

300

FH

enic

orhi

nale

ucop

hrys

Gray-breasted

Woo

d-W

ren

T6

1,20

01,

400

CM

icro

cerc

ulus

mar

gina

tusNightinga

leW

ren

T1–

6L

900

CC

ypho

rhin

usar

adaMus

icianWren

T1

L40

0U

Don

acob

ius

atri

capi

llusBlack-cap

pedDon

acob

ius

O1,

5L

500

FC

incl

usle

ucoc

epha

lusWhite-cap

pedDippe

rO

670

070

0VR(1Mm)

Ram

phoc

aenu

sm

elan

urus

Lon

g-bille

dGna

twren

T1–

5L

900

FC

atha

rus

ustu

latu

sSw

ains

on’s

Thrus

hT

4–6

700

1,00

0F(M

n)P

laty

cich

lale

ucop

sPale-ey

edThrus

hT

61,

400

1,40

0VR(1)

Tur

dus

nigr

icep

sSlatyThrus

hO

5L

700

VR(2)

Tur

dus

amau

roch

alin

usCream

y-be

llied

Thrus

hT

1,3–

5L

700

FT

urdu

sig

nobi

lisBlack-billed

Thrus

hO

1,3–

5L

1,00

0F

Tur

dus

law

renc

iiLaw

renc

e’sThrus

hO

1,2

L50

0U

Tur

dus

haux

wel

liHau

xwell’s

Thrus

hO

1L

LR


Ap

pen

dix

2:Con

tinu

ed.

Species

Eviden

ceSites

Min

Max

Abu

ndan

ceBreed

ing

Inform

ation

Tur

dus

albi

colli

sWhite-necke

dThrus

hO

5L

900

FC

ycla

rhis

guja

nens

isRufou

s-brow

edPep

pershrike

T1,

3L

500

UV

ireo

lani

usle

ucot

isSlaty-capp

edSh

rike

-Vireo

T1,

3–6

L90

0U

Vir

eool

ivac

eusRed

-eye

dVireo

T1–

6L

1,00

0F

Vir

eofla

vovi

ridi

sYellow-green

Vireo

O5

700

900

R(M

n)V

ireo

leuc

ophr

ysBrown-capp

edVireo

O5

600

1,00

0R

Hyl

ophi

lus

thor

acic

usLem

on-che

sted

Green

let

O5,

660

01,

000

RH

ylop

hilu

shy

poxa

nthu

sDus

ky-cap

pedGreen

let

T1–

6L

900

CH

ylop

hilu

soc

hrac

eice

psTaw

ny-crowne

dGreen

let

T1–

6L

900

CA

mm

odra

mus

auri

fron

sYellow-browed

Sparrow

O1,

2,4–

6L

600

FC

yano

cora

xcy

anom

elas

PurplishJay

O1,

2,5

L70

0C

Cya

noco

rax

ynca

sGreen

Jay

T5,

61,

200

1,40

0U

Vol

atin

iaja

cari

naBlue-blackGrassqu

itO

1L

LVR(1Ms)

Spor

ophi

laco

llari

sRus

ty-collaredSe

edeater

O5

LL

VR(1Ms)

Spor

ophi

lalin

eola

Lined

Seed

eater*

O1

LL

VR(1Ms)

Spor

ophi

laca

erul

esce

nsDou

ble-colla

redSe

edeater

O1,

2,3

LL

R(M

s)Sp

orop

hila

cast

anei

vent

risChe

stnu

t-be

llied

Seed

eater

O1

LL

VR(2Ms)

Ory

zobo

rus

ango

lens

isLesserSe

edfinc

hO

5L

700

RA

rrem

onta

citu

rnus

PectoralSp

arrow

T1–

6L

1,00

0C

Par

oari

agu

lari

sRed

-cap

pedCardinal

O1

500

500

VR(1)

Phe

ucti

cus

aure

oven

tris

Black-backe

dGrosbeak

T1,

3,5,

6L

1,00

0C

Par

kert

hrau

stes

umer

alisYellow-sho

uldered

Grosbeak

T1,

4–6

L80

0R

Salt

ator

ross

usSlate-coloured

Grosbeak

T1,

4,5

L1,

400

RSa

ltat

orm

axim

usBuff-throated

Saltator

T1–

6L

1,40

0F

Salt

ator

coer

ules

cens

Greyish

Saltator

O1,

3,4

L60

0C

Cya

noco

mps

acy

anoi

desBlue-blackGrosbeak

T1–

6L

800

CC

yano

com

psa

bris

soni

iUltramarineGrosbeak

O3

700

700

VR(1)

Cis

sopi

sle

veri

anaMag

pieTan

ager

O1,

2,4–

60

1,30

0F

Chl

oros

ping

usop

htha

lmic

usCom

mon

Bus

hTan

ager

T5,

690

01,

450

CT

hlyp

opsi

sso

rdid

aOrang

e-he

aded

Tan

ager

O5

900

900

VR(1)

Hem

ithr

aupi

sgu

iraGuira

Tan

ager

T1,

5L

1,00

0C


Ap

pen

dix

2:Con

tinu

ed.

Species

Eviden

ceSites

Min

Max

Abu

ndan

ceBreed

ing

Inform

ation

Hem

ithr

aupi

sfla

vico

llisYellow-backe

dTan

ager

T1,

4–6

L1,

000

FN

emos

iapi

leat

aHoo

ded

Tan

ager

O1

L80

0R

Chl

orot

hrau

pis

carm

ioliCarmiol’s

Tan

ager

T1–

6L

1,20

0C

Lani

ove

rsic

olor

White-w

inge

dSh

rike

Tan

ager

*T

1,4–

6L

1,00

0F

Cre

urgo

psde

ntat

aSlatyTan

ager

*,**

O6

1,40

01,

400

VR(1)

Tac

hyph

onus

cris

tatu

sFlam

e-crestedTan

ager

O5

600

600

VR(1)

Tac

hyph

onus

rufiv

ente

rYellow-crested

Tan

ager

*O

1,4–

6L

1,00

0F

Tac

hyph

onus

luct

uosu

sWhite-sho

uldered

Tan

ager

T1,

3–6

L1,

000

FT

rich

othr

aupi

sm

elan

opsBlack-gog

gled

Tan

ager

O5,

690

01,

200

RH

abia

rubi

caRed

-crowne

dAnt-Tan

ager

T1–

6L

1,00

0C

Pir

anga

flava

Hep

atic

Tan

ager

T1,

3,5

700

1,00

0F

NA

15–1

1–99

Pir

anga

rubr

aSu

mmer

Tan

ager

O4,

5L

1,80

0U

(Mn)

Pir

anga

oliv

acea

ScarletTan

ager

O4,

570

01,

000

F(M

n)P

iran

gale

ucop

tera

White-w

inge

dTan

ager

T5,

670

01,

200

FR

amph

ocel

usca

rboSilver-beake

dTan

ager

T1–

6L

1,40

0C

Thr

aupi

sep

isco

pusBlue-grey

Tan

agar

O1,

4L

900

UT

hrau

pis

saya

caSa

yaca

Tan

ager

O1,

2,5,

6L

1,40

0C

Thr

aupi

spa

lmar

umPalm

Tan

ager

T1–

6L

1,40

0C

NB

20–1

1–99

Ani

sogn

athu

sfla

vinu

chaBlue-winge

dMou

ntainTan

ager

O6

1,30

01,

400

UE

upho

nia

chlo

roti

caPurple-throated

Eup

honia

T1,

3,5,

6L

700

CE

upho

nia

lani

iros

trisThick-billed

Eup

honia

T1,

3–6

L1,

200

FNM

20–1

1–99

Eup

honi

acy

anoc

epha

laBlue-ho

oded

Eup

honia

O1

LL

R(?Ms)

Eup

honi

ach

ryso

past

aWhite-lored

Eup

honia

T1,

4–5

L1,

000

UNM

02–0

8–97

Eup

honi

am

esoc

hrys

aBronz

e-greenEup

honia

T1,

4–6

600

1,20

0C

Eup

honi

am

inut

aWhite-ven

tedEup

honia

T1,

4L

1,00

0U

Eup

honi

axa

ntho

gast

erOrang

e-be

llied

Eup

honia

T4–

6L

1,40

0C

Eup

honi

aru

fiven

trisRufou

s-be

llied

Eup

honia

T1–

6L

1,00

0F

Chl

orop

honi

acy

anea

Blue-na

pedEup

honia

T1,

5,6

L1,

400

UC

hlor

ochr

ysa

calli

para

eaOrang

e-earedTan

ager

O6

1,30

01,

300

VR(1)

Tan

gara

mex

ican

aTurqu

oise

Tan

ager

T1,

4–6

L1,

300

CNM

06–1

0–98

Tan

gara

chile

nsisParad

iseTan

ager

T1,

3–6

L1,

300

CNM

17–1

1–99


Ap

pen

dix

2:Con

tinu

ed.

Species

Eviden

ceSites

Min

Max

Abu

ndan

ceBreed

ing

Inform

ation

Tan

gara

schr

anki

iGreen

-and

-goldTan

ager

T1–

6L

1,30

0C

F05

–02–

98T

anga

raar

thus

Golden

Tan

ager

O5,

670

01,

400

RT

anga

raxa

ntho

ceph

alaSa

ffron-crow

nedTan

ager

O6

1,20

01,

400

UT

anga

raxa

ntho

gast

raYellow-bellie

dTan

ager

T1,

3–6

L1,

200

FT

anga

rach

ryso

tisGolden

-eared

Tan

ager

O6

1,20

01,

400

VR(2)

Tan

gara

gyro

laBay

-headed

Tan

ager

T1–

6L

1,20

0C

NM

17–1

1–99

Tan

gara

rufic

ervi

xGolden

-nap

edTan

ager

O6

1,30

01,

300

VR(1)

Tan

gara

cyan

icol

lisBlue-ne

cked

Tan

ager

O6

1,30

01,

350

VR(2)

Tan

gara

nigr

ocin

ctaMaske

dTan

ager

T1,

3–6

L1,

200

CF

16–1

1–99

Tan

gara

nigr

ovir

idisBeryl-spa

ngledTan

ager

O5

1,00

01,

000

VR(1)

Dac

nis

linea

taBlack-faced

Dacnis

T1,

3–6

L1,

250

FD

acni

sfla

vive

nter

Yellow-bellie

dDacnis

O1,

4,5

L80

0F

Dac

nis

caya

naBlueDacnis

T1,

3–6

L1,

300

CC

hlor

opha

nes

spiz

aGreen

Hon

eycreepe

rT

1,4–

60

1,40

0F

Cya

nerp

esca

erul

eusPurpleHon

eycreepe

rT

1.4–

60

1,00

0C

Cya

nerp

escy

aneu

sRed

-leg

gedHon

eycreepe

rT

1,5

01,

200

FF

07–0

2–98

Dig

loss

agl

auca

Deep-blue

Flow

erpiercer

O6

1,20

01,

200

VR(1)

Ter

sina

viri

disSw

allow

Tan

ager

T1,

3–6

L1,

400

UP

arul

api

tiay

umiTropicalParula

T1,

3–6

01,

300

CM

yiob

orus

min

iatu

sSlate-throated

Red

start

T2,

4–6

600

1,40

0C

NM

06–0

8–97

Bas

ileut

erus

bivi

ttat

usTwo-ba

nded

Warbler

T4–

670

01,

400

CB

asile

uter

usco

rona

tusRus

set-crow

nedW

arbler

T4

800

900

FB

asile

uter

uscu

liciv

orus

Golden

-crowne

dWarbler

T1–

4L

900

FF

19–1

0–98

Bas

ileut

erus

tris

tria

tusThree-striped

Warbler

T3,

680

01,

400

FB

asile

uter

usfu

lvic

auda

Buff-rumpe

dW

arbler

T3

600

600

R?

Bas

ileut

erus

rivu

lari

sRiver

Warbler

T1–

6L

900

F?F

20–0

7–97

Con

iros

trum

spec

iosu

mChe

stnu

t-ve

nted

Con

ebill

O1

450

450

VR(1)

Con

iros

trum

albi

fron

sCap

pedCon

ebill

O4

700

700

VR(1)

Psa

roco

lius

decu

man

usCrested

Orope

ndola

T1–

6L

1,30

0C

NA

20–1

0–98

Psa

roco

lius

atro

vire

nsDus

ky-green

Orope

ndola*

T6

400

1,40

0C

NB

04–1

1–98


References

Arribas, M. A., Jammes, L. and Sagot, F. (1995) Lista de las aves de Bolivia. Santa Cruz:Armonıa.

BirdLife International (2000) Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, U.K.:Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International.

Haselmayer, J. and Quinn, J. S. (2000) A comparison of point counts and sound recordingas bird survey methods in Amazonian southeast Peru. Condor 102: 887–893.

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Herzog, S. K., Soria A., R., Troncoso J., A. and Matthysen, E. (submitted MS) Compositionand spatial structure of avian mixed-species flocks in a high-Andean Polylepis forest inBolivia. Ecotropica.

Hilty, S. L. and Brown, W. L. (1986) A guide to the birds of Colombia. Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press.

Jullien, M. and Thiollay, J. M. (1998) Multi-species territoriality and dynamic ofneotropical forest understorey bird flocks. J. Anim. Ecol. 67: 227–252.

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Mayer, S. (2000) Birds of Bolivia 2.0 (CD-ROM). Westernieland: Bird Songs International.McNair, D. B. and Escobar, J. (1993) Verified winter record of Scarlet Tanager inCharleston, SC, and a review of the winter status of Scarlet Tanager in the SoutheastUnited States. Chat 57: 25–31.

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Parker, T. A., III, and Bailey, B. (1991) A Biological Assessment of the Alto Madidi Region andadjacent areas of Northwest Bolivia, May 18–June, 1990. Washington, D.C.: ConservationInternational (RAP Working Papers 1).

Parker, T. A., III, Remsen, J. V., Jr., and Heindel, J. A. (1980) Seven bird species new toBolivia. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 100: 160–162.

Parker, T. A., III., Castillo U., A., Gell-Mann, M. and Rocha O., O. (1991) Records of newand unusual birds from northern Bolivia. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 111: 120–138.

Parker, T.A., III, Bates, J.M. and Cox, G. (1992) Rediscovery of the Bolivian Recurvebillwith notes on other little-known species of the Bolivian Andes. Wilson Bull. 104: 173–178.

Parker, T. A., Donahue, P. K. and Schulenberg, T. S. (1994) Birds of the Tambopata Reserve(Explorer’s Inn Reserve). In R. B. Foster, T. A. Parker III, A. H. Gentry, L. H. Emmons,A. Chicchon, T. S. Schulenberg, L. Rodrıguez, G. Lamas, H. Ortega, J. Icochea, W. Wust,M. Romo, J. A. Castillo, O. Phillips, C. Reynal, A. Kratter, P. K. Donahue and L. J.Barkley, eds. The Tambopata Reserved Zone of southeastern Peru: a biological assessment.Washington, D.C.: Conservation International (RAP Working Papers 6).

Parker, T. A., III., Stotz, D. F. and Fitzpatrick, J. W. (1996) Ecological and distributionaldatabases. In D. F. Stotz, Fitzpatrick, J.W., Parker, T. A., III, and Moskovits, D.K.Neotropical birds: ecology and conservation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Perry, A., Kessler, M. and Helme, N. (1997) Birds of the central Rıo Tuichi Valley, withemphasis on dry forest, Parque Nacional Madidi, dpto. La Paz, Bolivia. Orn. Monogr.48: 557–576.


Remsen, J. V., Jr., and Traylor, M. A., Jr. (1989) An annotated list of the birds of Bolivia.Vermillion, SD: Buteo Books.

Sagot, F. (1998) Nuevas especies en el paıs en relacion a la Lista de las Aves de Boliviade Armonıa de 1995. Pp. 25–31 in F. Sagot and J. Guerrero, eds. Aves y conservacion enBolivia No 1 (Actas IV Enc. Bol. Cons. Aves, 25–27 Oct. 97, Tarija). Santa Cruz: Armonıa.

Smith, D. N. and Killeen, T. J. (1998) A comparison of the structure and composition ofmontane and lowland tropical forest in the Serranıa Pilon Lajas, Beni, Bolivia. Pp. 681–700 in F. Dallmeier and J. A. Comiskey, eds. Forest biodiversity in North, Central and SouthAmerica and the Caribbean. Research and Monitoring. Paris and New York: UNESCO andParthenon Publishing Group.

Seidel, R. (1995) Inventario de los arboles en tres parcelas de bosque primario en laSerranıa de Marimonos, Alto Beni. Ecologıa en Bolivia 25: 1–35.

Stattersfield, A. J., Crosby, M. J., Long, A. J. and Wege, D. C. (1998) Endemic Bird Areas ofthe world. Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife International.

Stotz, D. F., Fitzpatrick, J. W., Parker, T. A., III, and Moskovits, D.K. (1996) Neotropicalbirds: ecology and conservation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Thomas B.T. (1999) Family: Steatornis. Pp 244–251 in J. Del Hoyo, A. Elliot and J. Sargatal,eds. The handbook of the birds of the world, V. Barcelona: Lynx Editions

A. BENNETT HENNESSEYArmonıa/ BirdLife Int., Casilla 3566, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. E-mail: [email protected]

SEBASTIAN K. HERZOGInstitut fur Vogelforschung ‘‘Vogelwarte Helgoland’’, An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386

Wilhelmshaven, Germany.

MICHAEL KESSLERAlbrecht-von-Haller-Institut fur Pflanzenwissenschaften, Abteilung Systematische Botanik,

Untere Karspule 2, 37073 Gottingen, Germany.

DANIEL ROBISONRurrenabaque, La Paz, Bolivia.

Received April 2002; revision accepted 9 June 2003

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Avifauna of the Pilón Lajas Biosphere Reserve and Communal Lands, Bolivia

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